View source for NTLDR

{{Short description|Boot loader for Microsoft Windows}}
'''NTLDR''' ([[abbreviation]] of '''''NT''' '''l'''oa'''d'''e'''r''''') is the [[Booting|boot loader]] for all releases of [[Windows NT]] [[operating system]] from 1993 with the release of [[Windows NT 3.1]] up until [[Windows XP]] and [[Windows Server 2003]]. From [[Windows Vista]] onwards it was replaced by the [[BOOTMGR]] bootloader. NTLDR is typically run from the primary [[Storage device (computing)|storage device]], but it can also run from portable storage devices such as a [[CD-ROM]], [[USB flash drive]], or floppy disk. NTLDR can also load a non NT-based operating system given the appropriate [[boot sector]] in a file.

NTLDR requires, at the minimum, the following two files to be on the [[system partition and boot partition|system volume]]:

* {{Mono|ntldr}}, the main boot loader itself
* {{Mono|NTDETECT.COM}}, required for booting an NT-based OS, detects basic hardware information needed for successful boot

An additional important file is ''boot.ini'', which contains boot configuration (if missing, NTLDR will default to ''\Windows'' on the first partition of the first hard drive).

NTLDR is launched by the [[volume boot record]] of system partition, which is typically written to the disk by the Windows {{Mono|[[Format (command)|FORMAT]]}} or {{Mono|[[SYS (command)|SYS]]}} command.

==History==
Windows NT was originally designed for [[Advanced RISC Computing|ARC]]-compatible platforms, relying on its boot manager support and providing only ''osloader.exe'', a loading program accepting ordinary command-line arguments specifying Windows directory partition, location or boot parameters, which is launched by ARC-compatible boot manager when a user chooses to start specific Windows NT operating system. However, because [[IBM PC compatible]] machines lacked any of the ARC support, as that platform preceded ARC, the additional layer was added specifically for that platform: custom boot manager code presenting text menu allowing the user to choose from one or more operating system and its options configured in ''boot.ini'' configuration file, prepended by special StartUp module which is responsible for some preparations such as switching the [[Central processing unit|CPU]] to the protected mode. When a user chooses an operating system from the boot menu, the following command-line arguments are then passed to the part of the ''osloader.exe'' common to all processor architectures:

{{Pre|1='''load''' '''osloader'''=''<Windows Path>''\System32\NTLDR '''systempartition'''=''<Windows Partition>'' '''osloadpartition'''=''<Windows Partition>'' '''osloadoptions'''=''<Windows Boot Parameters>'' '''consolein'''=multi(0)key(0)keyboard(0) '''consoleout'''=multi(0)video(0)monitor(0) '''x86systempartition'''=''<NTLDR partition>''}}

In Windows releases starting from [[Windows Vista]] and [[Windows Server 2008]], NTLDR has been split off back to its boot manager and system loader parts: the [[Windows Boot Manager]] and ''[[Windows Boot Manager#winload.exe|winload.exe]]''. The boot manager part has been completely rewritten; it no longer uses ''boot.ini'' as a configuration file, although the ''[[bootcfg]]'' utility for modifying boot.ini is still present for the case of multi-boot configurations with Windows versions up to [[Windows XP]] and [[Windows Server 2003]].

==Command-line interface==
{{Infobox software
| name                   = bootsect
| logo                   = 
| screenshot             = 
| screenshot size        = 
| caption                = 
| developer              = [[Microsoft]]
| released               = 
| latest release version = 
| latest release date    = 
| operating system       = [[Microsoft Windows]]
| genre                  = [[Command (computing)|Command]]
| license                = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]] [[commercial software]]
| website                = {{URL|1=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-vista/cc749177(v=ws.10)|2=Bootsect Command-Line Options}}
}}
{{Expand section|date=June 2020}}
The '''bootsect.exe''' utility program in the [[Windows Preinstallation Environment|Windows PE]] tools has options '''/nt52''' (NTLDR) and '''/nt60''' (Vista and up) to store a NTLDR or Vista boot record in the first sector of a specified partition.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc749177(WS.10).aspx
|title=Bootsect Command-Line Options
|work=Windows Vista: Technical Reference
|publisher=[[Microsoft]] Technet
|year=2009
|access-date=2011-07-03}}</ref> The [[command (computing)|command]] can be used for [[File Allocation Table|FAT]] and [[NTFS]] based [[file systems]]. It replaces the FixFAT and FixNTFS tools.<ref name="bootsect">{{cite web |url=https://www.computerhope.com/bootsect.htm |title=MS-DOS and Windows command line bootsect command}}</ref>

===Example===
The following example applies the NTLDR compatible master boot code to the D: volume:<ref name="bootsect" />
<syntaxhighlight lang="doscon">
C:\>bootsect /nt52 D:
</syntaxhighlight>

==Startup process==
{{further|Windows NT startup process}}
When a PC is powered on its [[BIOS]] follows the configured boot order to find a bootable device. This can be a harddisk, floppy, CD/DVD, network connection, USB-device, etc. depending on the BIOS. In the case of a floppy the BIOS interprets its boot sector (first sector) as code, for NTLDR this could be a NTLDR boot sector looking for the <code>ntldr</code> file on the floppy. For a harddisk the code in the [[Master Boot Record]] (first sector) determines the active partition. The code in the boot sector of the active partition could then be again a NTLDR boot sector looking for <code>ntldr</code> in the root directory of this active partition. In a more convoluted scenario the active partition can contain a Vista boot sector for the newer Vista boot manager with an <nowiki>{ntldr}</nowiki> entry pointing to another partition with a NTLDR boot sector.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2008-R2-and-2008/cc721886(v=ws.10)
|title=Boot Configuration Data Editor Frequently Asked Questions
|work=Windows Server
|year=2007
|publisher=[[Microsoft Learn]]
|access-date=2024-01-04}}</ref>

When booting, the loader portion of NTLDR does the following in order:

#Accesses the file system on the boot drive (either [[File Allocation Table|FAT]] or New Technology File System, [[NTFS]]).
#If Windows was put in the hibernation state, the contents of ''hiberfil.sys'' are loaded into memory and the system resumes where it left off.
#Otherwise, reads ''boot.ini'' and prompts the user with the boot menu accordingly.
#If a non NT-based OS is selected, NTLDR loads the associated file listed in ''boot.ini'' (''bootsect.dos'' if no file is specified or if the user is booting into a DOS based OS) and gives it control.
#If an NT-based OS is selected, NTLDR runs ''[[ntdetect.com]]'', which gathers information about the computer's hardware. (If ''ntdetect.com'' hangs during hardware detection, there is a debug version called ''ntdetect.chk'' that can be found on Microsoft support.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/techinfo/reskit/tools/existing/ntdetect-o.asp |title=Ntdetect.com (Installd.cmd)  |website=[[Microsoft]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206082801/http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/techinfo/reskit/tools/existing/ntdetect-o.asp |archive-date=2006-02-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref>)
#Starts ''[[ntoskrnl.exe]]'', passing to it the information returned by ''ntdetect.com''.<ref>{{cite book| author=Microsoft| author-link=Microsoft| year=2000| title=Windows 2000 Professional Resource Kit| edition=1st| publisher=Microsoft Press| location=Redmond, WA| isbn=1-57231-808-2| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/microsoftresourc00micr}}</ref>

== boot.ini ==
NTLDR's first action is to read the ''boot.ini'' file.<ref>{{cite web |author=Rick Maybury |author-link=Rick Maybury |url=http://www.pctoptips.co.uk/Bootcamp/2009/559.htm |title=Startup and Shutdown Problems, part 1 |work=Bootcamp |date=2009 |access-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711014954/http://www.pctoptips.co.uk/Bootcamp/2009/559.htm |archive-date=2012-07-11 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> NTLDR allows the user to choose which operating system to boot from at the menu. For NT and NT-based operating systems, it also allows the user to pass preconfigured options to the kernel. The menu options are stored in ''boot.ini'', which itself is located in the root of the same disk as NTLDR.  Though NTLDR can boot DOS and non-NT versions of Windows, boot.ini cannot configure their boot options.

For NT-based OSs, the location of the operating system is written as an [[Advanced RISC Computing]] (ARC) path.

''boot.ini'' is protected from user configuration by having the following [[file attribute]]s: system, hidden, read-only. To manually edit it, the [[User (system)|user]] would first have to remove these attributes.
A more secure fashion to edit the file is to use the ''bootcfg'' command from a console. ''bootcfg'' will also relock the file (setting the file back to system, hidden, and read-only). Additionally, the file can be edited within Windows using a text editor if the folder view option "Show hidden files and folders" is selected, the folder view option "Hide protected operating system files" is unchecked, and the "Read-only" option is unchecked under the file's properties.

''bootsect.dos'' is the boot sector loaded by NTLDR to load DOS, or if there is no file specified when loading a non NT-based OS.

=== Example ===
An example of a ''boot.ini'' file:
<syntaxhighlight lang="ini">
[boot loader]
timeout=40
default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS
[operating systems]
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Microsoft Windows XP Professional" /fastdetect
</syntaxhighlight>

If the boot loader timeout option in ''boot.ini'' is set to 0, the NTLDR boot menu does not appear.
Extreme caution should be taken when modifying the boot loader, as erroneous information can result in an OS that fails to boot.

=== NT kernel switches ===
{{how-to|section|date=July 2016}}
[[File:Windows Advanced Options menu.png|thumb|300px|'''NTLDR''' Bootloader's Advanced Option Menu]]
* '''{{Mono|/3GB}}''' {{En dash}} Forces [[x86]]-based systems to ''increase'' the virtual address space allocated for user  programs to 3 GB, and to ''decrease'' to 1 GB allocated to the [[kernel (operating system)|kernel]] and to executive components.  Used for some programs that require more than the standard 2 GB allocated to user programs and 2 GB allocated to the system.  Some configurations of [[Windows Server 2003]] that run [[virtual memory]]-intensive applications such as database servers or [[History of Microsoft Exchange Server#Exchange Server 2003|Microsoft Exchange Server 2003]] may require this switch<ref name="switches">{{cite web |author=Microsoft |title=Available switch options for the Windows XP and the Windows Server 2003 Boot.ini files |url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/windows-server/performance/switch-options-for-boot-files |date=November 28, 2007 |access-date=January 4, 2024}}</ref> or may benefit from improved performance.<ref name="bootopts">{{cite web |first=Mark |last=Russinovich |publisher=Microsoft |title=Boot INI Options Reference |website=Microsoft Learn |url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/bb963892(v=msdn.10) |date=November 1, 2006 |access-date=January 4, 2023}}</ref> Activating this option may break VMR-9 video.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forum.videohelp.com/threads/292160-Loss-of-DirectDraw-Overlay-and-VMR9-after-upgrade-update|title = Loss of DirectDraw Overlay and VMR9 after upgrade/update |website=VideoHelp Forum |date=July 2008}}</ref> Activating this option may also cause audio problems with Creative SB X-Fi series sound cards with (X-Fi Gamer / X-Fi Titanium @ WINXP 32-bit 3/2012). These problems may be connected to the way that Creatives drivers handle memory over 2 GB.
* '''{{Mono|/BASEVIDEO}}''' {{En dash}} Forces the system into standard 640 × 480 16-color [[VGA]] mode by using a video [[device driver]] that is compatible with any [[video adapter]]. If the operating system fails to load due to a faulty or incorrectly configured video driver, this switch allows the system to load, so the user may then remove, update, or roll back the video driver causing the problem.  Using this switch in conjunction with the {{Mono|/SOS}} switch helps to determine the driver that is triggering a failure.<ref name="switches"/>
* '''{{Mono|/BAUDRATE{{=}}<var>nnn</var>}}''' {{En dash}} Sets the [[baud rate]] of the debug port that is used for kernel debugging. Use of this switch automatically enables the {{Mono|/DEBUG}} switch.<ref name="switches"/>  Specifies an override for the default baud rate (19200) at which a remote kernel debugger host will connect.<ref name="bootopts" />  Example: {{Mono|/BAUDRATE{{=}}115200}}.
* '''{{Mono|/BOOTLOG}}''' {{En dash}} Turns on boot logging to a file named {{Mono|[[%SYSTEMROOT%#System path variables|%SystemRoot%]]\Ntbtlog.txt}}.<ref name="switches"/>
* '''{{Mono|/BOOTLOGO}}''' {{En dash}} Displays an alternate 640 × 480 16-color custom [[bitmap]]. The bitmap must be saved in the \Windows directory with the name {{Mono|boot.bmp}}. Use with the {{Mono|/NOGUIBOOT}} switch.<ref name="bootopts" />
* '''{{Mono|/BURNMEMORY{{=}}<var>nnn</var>}}''' {{En dash}} Specifies the amount of memory, in megabytes, that Windows cannot use. Use this parameter to confirm a performance problem or other problems that are related to [[Random-access memory|RAM]] depletion.<ref name="switches"/>
* '''{{Mono|/CHANNEL{{=}}<var>nn</var>}}''' {{En dash}} Use with the {{Mono|/DEBUG}} switch and the {{Mono|/DEBUGPORT{{=}}1394}} switch to selects the [[IEEE 1394]] interface channel (numbered 0 to 62) through which kernel debugging communications will flow.<ref name="switches"/>
* '''{{Mono|/CRASHDEBUG}}''' {{En dash}} Loads the [[kernel debugger]] at OS startup, but it remains inactive until a [[Blue Screen of Death|Stop error]] occurs. With this switch, the COM port can be used for normal operations while Windows is running. If Windows crashes, the switch converts the port to a debug port. (This action turns on remote debugging.)<ref name="switches"/>
* '''{{Mono|/DEBUG}}''' {{En dash}} Turns on the [[kernel debugger]] when Windows starts. Unlike the {{Mono|/CRASHDEBUG}} switch, {{Mono|/DEBUG}} uses the COM port whether you use debugging or not.<ref name="switches"/>
* '''{{Mono|/DEBUGPORT{{=}}com<var>x</var>}}''' {{En dash}} Specifies the [[Serial port|COM port]] to use for the debug port. By default, {{Mono|/DEBUGPORT}} uses COM2 if it exists. Otherwise, the default is COM1. Use of this switch automatically enables the {{Mono|/DEBUG}} switch.<ref name="switches"/>
* '''{{Mono|/FASTDETECT[:com<var>x</var>[,com<var>y</var>]]}}''' {{En dash}} Turns off serial and bus mouse detection for the specified port(s), or for all ports if none are specified. Use this switch when there is a component other than a mouse attached to a serial port during the startup process. Ports may be separated with commas to turn off more than one port. (Note: In earlier versions of Windows, including [[Windows NT 4.0]], this switch was named {{Mono|/NOSERIALMICE}}.)<ref name="switches"/>
* '''{{Mono|/HAL{{=}}<var>filename</var>}}''' {{En dash}} Defines the [[Hardware Abstraction Layer]] that is loaded at startup. This switch is useful to try out a different HAL before you rename the file to {{Mono|HAL.DLL}}. This switch is also useful when you want to try to switch between starting in multiprocessor mode and starting in single processor mode. To do this, use this switch with the {{Mono|/KERNEL}} switch. <var>filename</var> must be in System32 directory. It can be a simple file, hard link, but not a symbolic link or a junction point.<ref name="switches"/>
* '''{{Mono|/KERNEL{{=}}<var>filename</var>}}''' {{En dash}} Defines the kernel that is loaded at startup. With this switch, the [[User (system)|user]] can switch between a debug-enabled kernel that is full of debugging code and a regular kernel. Same limitations for <var>filename</var> location and type as for /HAL switch.<ref name="switches"/>
* '''{{Mono|/MAXMEM{{=}}<var>nnn</var>}}''' {{En dash}} Specifies the maximum amount of [[random access memory|RAM]], in megabytes, that Windows can use.<ref name="switches"/> However, the {{Mono|/MAXMEM}} switch does not account for memory holes. Therefore, it is recommended to use the {{Mono|/BURNMEMORY}} switch instead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff556246.aspx |title=/burnmemory (Windows Drivers |work=Boot.ini Boot Parameter Reference |publisher=Microsoft |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110184955/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff556246.aspx |archive-date=2013-01-10 |url-status=deviated}}</ref>
* '''{{Mono|/MININT}}''' {{En dash}} This option is used by [[Windows Preinstallation Environment]] (WinPE) and loads the [[Windows registry#HKEY LOCAL MACHINE .28HKLM.29|Registry SYSTEM hive]] as a volatile hive such that changes made to it in memory are not saved back to the hive image.<ref name="bootopts"/>
* '''{{Mono|/NODEBUG}}''' {{En dash}} Turns off debugging. This scenario can cause a [[Blue Screen of Death|Stop Error]] if a program has a debug hardcoded breakpoint in its software.<ref name="switches"/>
* '''{{Mono|/NOEXECUTE{{=}}{OPTIN{{pipe}}OPTOUT{{pipe}}ALWAYSON{{pipe}}ALWAYSOFF}}}''' {{En dash}} This option is only available on 32-bit versions of Windows when running on processors supporting [[Data Execution Prevention]] (DEP). It enables DEP, which results in the memory manager marking pages containing data as no-execute so that they cannot be executed as code. This can be useful for preventing malicious code from exploiting buffer overflow bugs with unexpected program input in order to execute arbitrary code. No-execute protection is always enabled on 64-bit versions of Windows on processors that support no-execute protection. There are several options the [[User (system)|user]] can specify with this switch:<ref name="bootopts"/>
** '''{{Mono|/NOEXECUTE{{=}}OPTIN}}''' {{En dash}} Enables DEP for core system images and those specified in the DEP configuration dialog.
** '''{{Mono|/NOEXECUTE{{=}}OPTOUT}}''' {{En dash}} Enables DEP for all images except those specified in the DEP configuration dialog.
** '''{{Mono|/NOEXECUTE{{=}}ALWAYSON}}''' {{En dash}} Enables DEP on all images.
** '''{{Mono|/NOEXECUTE{{=}}ALWAYSOFF}}''' {{En dash}} Disables DEP.
* '''{{Mono|/NOGUIBOOT}}''' {{En dash}} Displays the device driver names while they are being loaded. Use with the {{Mono|/BASEVIDEO}} switch to determine the driver that is triggering a failure.<ref name="switches" />
* '''{{Mono|/NOPAE}}''' {{En dash}} Forces Ntldr to load the non-[[Physical Address Extension]] (PAE) version of the Windows kernel, even if the system is detected as supporting [[x86]] PAEs and has more than 4 GB of physical memory.<ref name="bootopts"/>
* '''{{Mono|/NOSERIALMICE[{{=}}com<var>x</var>]}}''' {{En dash}} (Obsolete on all versions post-[[Windows NT 4.0]]) Replaced by the absence of the {{Mono|/FASTDETECT}} switch. Disables serial mouse detection on the specified COM ports. Using {{Mono|/NOSERIALMICE}} without specifying a COM port disables serial mouse detection on all COM ports.<ref name="bootopts"/>
* '''{{Mono|/NUMPROC{{=}}<var>nnn</var>}}''' {{En dash}} Sets the number of [[Central processing unit|processors]] that Windows will run at startup. With this switch, the [[User (system)|user]] can force a multiprocessor system to use only the quantity of processors (number) that you specify. Useful for troubleshooting performance problems and defective CPUs.<ref name="switches"/>
* '''{{Mono|/ONECPU}}''' {{En dash}} Equivalent to using {{Mono|/NUMPROC{{=}}1}}. Causes Windows to use only one CPU on a multiprocessor system.<ref name="bootopts"/>
* '''{{Mono|/PAE}}''' {{En dash}} Enables [[Physical Address Extension]] support. In [[Safe Mode]], the computer starts by using normal kernels, even if the {{Mono|/PAE}} switch is specified.<ref name="switches"/>
* '''{{Mono|/PCILOCK}}''' {{En dash}} For [[x86]]-based systems, this stops the [[operating system]] from dynamically assigning hardware input, hardware output, and [[interrupt request]] resources to [[Peripheral Component Interconnect|PCI]] devices. Instead, the [[BIOS]] configures the devices.<ref name="switches"/>
* '''{{Mono|/REDIRECT}}''' {{En dash}} Turns on [[Emergency Management Services]] (EMS) on a [[Windows Server 2003#Enterprise|Windows Server 2003, Enterprise Edition]]-based computer. To turn on EMS by editing the Boot.ini on an [[x86]]-based computer, edit both the [boot loader] section and the [operating systems] section of the Boot.ini file.<ref name="switches"/>
* '''{{Mono|/SAFEBOOT:{MINIMAL{{pipe}}NETWORK{{pipe}}DSREPAIR}[(ALTERNATESHELL)]}}''' {{En dash}} Starts Windows in [[Safe Mode]]. You must include the colon plus one of the three types listed above. An additional option the [[User (system)|user]] can append is {{Mono|(ALTERNATESHELL)}}, which tells Windows to use the program specified by the {{Mono|HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\SafeBoot\AlternateShell}} value as the graphical shell rather than to use the default, which is Windows Explorer.<ref name="bootopts"/> The user can also combine other {{Mono|boot.ini}} parameters with {{Mono|/SAFEBOOT:<var>type</var>}}. The following examples illustrate the parameters that are in effect when you select a Safe Mode option from the startup recovery menu. (Note: The {{Mono|/SOS}}, {{Mono|/BOOTLOG}}, and {{Mono|/NOGUIBOOT}} switches are not required with any one of these settings, but the switches can help with troubleshooting.)<ref name="switches"/>
** '''Safe Mode''' ({{Mono|/SAFEBOOT:MINIMAL /SOS /BOOTLOG /NOGUIBOOT}}) {{En dash}} Default: Uses a minimal set of [[device driver]]s and services to start Windows.<ref name="safemodes">{{cite web |url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/315222 |title=A description of the Safe Mode Boot options in Windows XP |website=Microsoft Support |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219071404/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/315222/ |archive-date=2015-02-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
** '''Safe Mode with Networking''' ({{Mono|/SAFEBOOT:NETWORK /SOS /BOOTLOG /NOGUIBOOT}}) {{En dash}} Default mode together with the drivers necessary to load networking.<ref name="safemodes"/>
** '''Safe Mode with Command Prompt''' ({{Mono|/SAFEBOOT:MINIMAL(ALTERNATESHELL) /SOS /BOOTLOG /NOGUIBOOT}}) {{En dash}} Default mode, except that [[Cmd.exe]] starts instead of [[Windows Explorer]].<ref name="safemodes"/>
** '''Windows in [[Directory Services Restore Mode]]''' ({{Mono|/SAFEBOOT:DSREPAIR /SOS}}) {{En dash}} (This mode is valid only for Windows-based domain controllers.) Performs a directory service repair.<ref name="safemodes"/>
* '''{{Mono|/SOS}}''' {{En dash}} Disables the graphical boot screen and uses the NT4 style text-boot, listing the Windows build number, version number, etc. In Windows 2000 and XP, the text is rendered inside the CHKDSK bitmap (and with a progress bar in 2000).
* '''{{Mono|/USEPMTIMER}}''' {{En dash}} Specifies that Windows uses the Power Management Timer (PM_TIMER) timer settings instead of the [[Time Stamp Counter]] (TSC) timer settings if the processor supports the PM_TIMER settings.<ref name="switches"/> By default, Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 2 (SP2) uses the PM timer for all multiprocessor [[Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller|APIC]] or [[Advanced Configuration and Power Interface|ACPI]] [[Hardware abstraction layer|HAL]]s. If you are not running Windows Server 2003 SP2, you must force the computer to use the PM timer by using the {{Mono|/USEPMTIMER}} switch.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-US/troubleshoot/windows-server/performance/programs-queryperformancecounter-function-perform-poorly |title=Programs that use the QueryPerformanceCounter function may perform poorly |website=Microsoft Support|date=23 February 2023 }}</ref>
* '''{{Mono|/USERVA{{=}}<var>nnn</var>}}''' {{En dash}} Customizes the amount of memory, in megabytes, that is allocated to processes when using the {{Mono|/3GB}} switch. This switch permits more [[page table]] entry kernel memory but still maintains almost 3 GB of process memory space.<ref name="safemodes"/>
* '''{{Mono|/WIN95}}''' {{En dash}} Directs Ntldr to boot the Windows boot sector stored in {{Mono|bootsect.w40}}.<ref name="bootopts"/>
* '''{{Mono|/WIN95DOS}}''' {{En dash}} Directs Ntldr to boot the MS-DOS boot sector stored in {{Mono|bootsect.dos}}.<ref name="bootopts"/>
* '''{{Mono|/YEAR{{=}}<var>yyyy</var>}}''' {{En dash}} Instructs the Windows core time function to ignore the year that the computer's real-time clock reports and instead use the one indicated. Example: {{Mono|/YEAR{{=}}2001}}. (This switch was created to assist in [[Year 2000 problem|Y2K]] testing.)<ref name="bootopts"/>

== See also ==
* [[Booting process of Windows NT]]
* [[ntoskrnl.exe]]
* [[ntdetect.com]]
* [[Emergency Management Services]]
* [[Comparison of boot loaders]]
* [[Windows Boot Manager]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;289022 How to edit the Boot.ini file in Windows XP]
* [http://support.microsoft.com/?id=102873 BOOT.INI and ARC Path Naming Conventions and Usage]
* MS Knowledge Base help on "NTLDR Is Missing" error message in [http://support.microsoft.com/?kbid=318728 Windows 2000] and [http://support.microsoft.com/?kbid=320397 Windows XP] (also [http://www.annoyances.org/exec/forum/winxp/t1132075053] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613145151/http://www.annoyances.org/exec/forum/winxp/t1132075053 |date=2007-06-13 }}, [http://www.protostorm.com/bcupdate2.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709190210/http://www.protostorm.com/bcupdate2.html |date=2007-07-09 }}, [http://pcsupport.about.com/od/findbyerrormessage/a/ntldrmissingxp.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716035114/http://pcsupport.about.com/od/findbyerrormessage/a/ntldrmissingxp.htm |date=2007-07-16 }}, [http://tinyempire.com/notes/ntldrismissing.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228161843/http://tinyempire.com/notes/ntldrismissing.htm |date=2009-02-28 }})
* [http://community.sony.com/t5/VAIO-Upgrade-Backup-Recovery/NTLDR-is-missing/m-p/234095 How to fix "NTLDR Is Missing" error]
* [http://thestarman.pcministry.com/asm/mbr/bootini.htm#bid Explanation of BOOT.INI] by Daniel B. Sedory

{{Windows Components}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ntldr}}
[[Category:Windows components]]
[[Category:Boot loaders]]