View source for Namazu

{{Short description|Japanese mythical creature}}
{{Redirect|Namazu-e|the Pokémon|Namazun|the song|Fauna (Oh Land album)}}

[[File:Namazu-e.jpg|thumb|300px|An image of humans battling a Namazu]]

In [[Japanese mythology]], the {{Nihongo|'''Namazu'''|[[wikt:鯰|鯰]]}} or {{Nihongo|'''Ōnamazu'''|[[wikt:大|大]][[wikt:鯰|鯰]]}} is a giant underground [[catfish]] who causes [[earthquakes]].

The creature lives under the islands of Japan and is guarded by the god [[Takemikazuchi]] enshrined at [[Kashima, Ibaraki|Kashima]], who restrains the catfish with a stone.  When the Kashima-god lets his guard fall, Namazu thrashes about, causing violent earthquakes.

== Myth ==

The legend or myth in Japan is that a gigantic ''namazu'' (catfish) lives inside or beneath the earth (or in the mud<ref name=rabitz/>) which causes earthquakes.{{sfnp|Ouwehand|1964|p=6}}

The association of the ''namazu'' with earthquake seems to have first occurred in the area around [[Lake Biwa]], around the 16th century.{{sfnp|Smits|2009|pp=10–11}} The ''namazu'' had been depicted in the ''[[Otsu-e|Ōtsu-e]]'' ("pictures from the city of Otsu") which were manufactured in that area.{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|''Ōtsu-e'' are regarded as precursors to ''ukiyo-e''.{{sfnp|Smits|2006|loc=n13}}{{sfnp|Ouwehand|1964|p=46}}}}

This earthquake-causing creature became associated with the deity and "foundation stone" in [[Kashima, Ibaraki]].{{sfnp|Smits|2009|pp=10–11}} According to myth, the god [[Takemikazuchi]] enshrined at Kashima restrains the catfish underneath a stone ({{wikt-lang|ja|要石}}, ''[[kaname-ishi]]'', perhaps "foundation stone" but maybe more aptly "cap stone").{{sfnp|Smits|2009|pp=10–11}}{{sfnp|Ouwehand|1964|pp=67–72}} When the Kashima-god lets his guard fall, Namazu thrashes about, causing violent earthquakes.<ref name=rabitz/>

===Explanation===
Widespread connections between catfish and earthquakes in Japan were not present until the late 17th century, and only rose to popularity as symbolically causing or predicting earthquakes during the 19th century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Smits|first=Gregory|date=2012|title=Conduits of Power: What the Origins of Japan's Earthquake Catfish Reveal about Religious Geography|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41592687|journal=Japan Review|issue=24|pages=41–65|jstor=41592687|issn=0915-0986}}</ref> Prior to the [[1855 Edo earthquake]], an eel fisherman reportedly spotted unusually active catfish in a river, which he took as a predictor of an earthquake. Later that night, the earthquake struck.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smits|first=Gregory|title=Seismic Japan : the long history and continuing legacy of the Ansei Edo earthquake|date=2014|publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3910-9|location=Honolulu|oclc=869303977}}</ref> The anecdote, recorded in an 1856 chronicle of journalistic reporting on the earthquake, is the earliest known claim that catfish can naturally predict earthquakes.<ref name=":0" /> In the 1930s, Japanese seismologists Shinkishi Hatai and Noboru Abe demonstrated that catfish in aquaria showed increased agitation several hours before earthquakes occurred, and were able to predict quakes with 80% accuracy.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=November 1933|title=Sensitivity of Fish to Earthquakes|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=132|issue=3343|pages=817|doi=10.1038/132817b0|bibcode=1933Natur.132R.817.|issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== History ==
{{multiple image
 | align = right
 | total_width = 400

 | image1 = Namazu-e - Kashima absent-minded.jpg
 | alt1 = A donkey
 | caption1 = Ebisu falls asleep guarding the stone for Kajima, who returns belated on horseback. Kaminari creating thunder from the posterior.

 | image2 = Namazu-e - Kashima controls namazu.jpg
 | alt2 = Kashima controls catfish
 | caption2 = Kashima controls the ''namazu''.

 | footer = <!---->
}}

=== Namazu-e ===
{{Nihongo|'''''Namazu-e'''''|鯰絵||"catfish prints"}} <!--are a minor genre of [[ukiyo-e]]{{vf}}(not stated by Smits 2006)--> were a known item in the 19th century,{{sfnp|Smits|2009|p=10}} and these [[Broadside (printing)|broadsides]] were printed in great quantity following the [[1855 Ansei Edo earthquake|1855 earthquake near Edo]] (modern day Tokyo), one of the [[Ansei great earthquakes]].<ref>{{harvp|Smits|2006|p=1055}}; {{harvp|Smits|2009|pp=10–11}}</ref>

These ''namazu-e'' [[Woodblock printing in Japan|woodblock-prints]] encompass a large variety of scenes, typically depicting the god subduing the earthquake-causing catfish under a sword or the ''kanameishi'' stone.{{sfnp|Ouwehand|1964|p=6}} The creature is sometimes referred to as just the "earthquake fish" (''jishin-no-uo''),{{sfnp|Ouwehand|1964|p=4}} and despite the text calling it a catfish, the illustration may be that of a [[dragon]]-serpent.{{sfnp|Ouwehand|1964|p=6}}

Even though the Namazu was held responsible for the disaster,{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|And even referred to as ''norakura namazu'' ("good-for-nothing namazu") for being such an opportunist catching the gods off-guard.{{sfnp|Ouwehand|1964|p=16}}}} it was also ironically hailed as a ''yonaoshi daimyōjin'' (god of "world rectification"), that is to say, a sort of an "avenger of social injustice" which expressed the public's political sentiment at the time.{{sfnp|Smits|2006|p=1046}}<ref>{{harvp|Ouwehand|1964|pp=14–16}}. "''yo-naoshi daimyōjin''.</ref> The rich had hoarded their wealth but these were largely disgorged due to the earthquake, and redistributed to the world at large: such is the symbolism of the large gold coins (''[[Koban (coin)|koban]]'', etc.) scattered by the earthquake depicted in the pictures. A large amount of money went into the rebuilding effort, and the job opportunities resulted in a [[redistribution of wealth]].{{sfnp|Smits|2006|p=1055}}<br />
One picture is printed with a jingle with the refrain "''yo-naoshi, yo-naoshi, tate-naoshi''" (literally "world-fixing, world-fixing, re-building",{{sfnp|Ouwehand|1964|p=16}} which explicitly makes this connection.

==Modern use==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}
*Catfish are depicted on pictures of emergency earthquake preparedness activities in Japan. For example, the [[Earthquake Early Warning (Japan)|Earthquake Early Warning]] (EEW) logo by the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] utilizes pictures of the catfish on devices capable of issuing an early warning. The popular earthquake early warning [[mobile application]] [[Yurekuru Call]] also has a catfish as their icon.
*In Naruto: Path of the Ninja 2, the Spirit Beast is a giant Namazu demon who had the evil thoughts of countless people sealed inside it
*Namazu is also the name of a song on Danish singer Oh Land's first studio album ''Fauna'', which features a large catfish on the album cover.
*In the Japanese version of ''[[Secret of Mana]]'', the Earth Slide (Earthquake in the Japanese version) spell is a catfish icon in the ring menu.
*In ''[[The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past]]'', a catfish gives Link the Quake Medallion.
*A giant catfish mimicking Namazu's habits appears as a boss figure in the video game ''[[Lufia II]]''.
*The [[Pokémon]] [[Whiscash]], named "Namazun" in Japan, resembles a catfish and has "Earthquake" as its signature move. An episode of the ''[[Pokémon (anime)|Pokémon]]'' anime featuring Whiscash was scheduled to air on November 4, 2004, but was skipped over after the [[2004 Chūetsu earthquake]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041024183543/pc.webnt.jp/anime/disc_base.php?oid=402793/ Newtype: ''ポケットモンスター アドバンスジェネレーション テレビ東京系 木''] </ref>
*The Namazu was featured in the episode of ''[[River Monsters]]'', "Cold-Blooded Horror".
*Namazu appears in a crossover comic book featuring [[Stan Sakai]]'s ''[[Usagi Yojimbo]]'' and [[IDW Publishing|IDW's]] [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (IDW Publishing)|''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'']].<ref>[http://ew.com/books/2017/04/01/stan-sakai-new-usagi-yojimbo-tmnt-crossover/ Entertainment Weekly: ''Stan Sakai previews new Usagi Yojimbo, TMNT crossover''] (April 1, 2017)</ref>
*The Namazu are a race that resembles short, chubby, bipedal catfish in ''[[Final Fantasy XIV: Stormblood]]''. The player can undertake crafting and gathering quests for them, or fight Namazu that have forsaken "civilized" garments and have taken up banditry.
*In S1:E7 of ''[[Dragon Ball GT]]'', the character Zoonama appears as a giant catfish that wiggles his whiskers when detecting earthquakes, and repeats the word "Namazu" in his speech.
*The myth of Namazu is briefly mentioned by the character Kenjaku in Chapter 133 of the manga [[Jujutsu Kaisen]].
*The myth of Namazu and a scroll of namazu-e is referenced throughout the 2022 Japanese animated fantasy film of [[Makoto Shinkai]], ''[[Suzume (film)|Suzume]]''.

==Gallery==
{{Commons category|Namazu-e}}
<gallery>
File:Takemikazuchi-pins-Namazu-with-Kaname-ishi-spirit-stone-1855.png|Takemikazuchi pins down a catfish (namazu) with a spirit stone (kaname-ishi) to prevent earthquakes 1855.
File:Namazu-e - Namazu the saviour.jpg|Namazu the savior{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}.
File:Earthquake Early Warning FM Radio EAQ-001.jpg|Earthquake Early Warning FM Radio containing an [[Earthquake Early Warning (Japan)|EEW]] Namazu logo (lower right of top photo)
File:Namazu Emergency Road Earthquake Warning, Tokyo, 2025.jpg|Namazu on an earthquake warning roadsign in Tokyo
</gallery>

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
;Citations
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=rabitz>Rabitz, Albrecht; Rabitz, Gisela (2010). “When the ''Namazu'' Shakes its Body”, ''[[Society for Japanese Arts|Andon]]'' (88), pp. 5–27.</ref>
}}

;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Ouwehand |first=Cornells |author-link=:nl:Cornells Ouwehand<!--1920---> |title=Namazu-e and Their Themes: An Interpretative Approach to Some Aspects of Japanese Folk Religion |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |date=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1P4UAAAAIAAJ |page= }}
* {{cite journal |last=Smits |first=Gregory |author-link=Gregory Smits |title=Shaking up Japan: Edo Society and the 1855 Catfish Picture Prints |journal=Journal of Social History |volume=39 |issue=4 |date=Summer 2006 |url=http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/g/j/gjs4/Shaking_Up_Japan.pdf |pages=1045–1078 |doi=10.1353/jsh.2006.0057 |s2cid=53392354 |archive-date=2010-11-05 |access-date=2010-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105080336/http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/g/j/gjs4/Shaking_Up_Japan.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite journal |last=Smits |first=Gregory |author-link=Gregory Smits |author-mask=2 |title=Warding off Calamity in Japan: A Comparison of the 1855 Catfish Prints and the 1862 Measles Prints |journal=East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine |volume=30 |date=2009 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/228878313.pdf |pages=9–31 |doi=10.1163/26669323-03001003 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://pinktentacle.com/2011/04/namazu-e-earthquake-catfish-prints/ Namazu-e: Earthquake catfish prints] from the period after the Great Ansei Earthquake struck the city of Edo (now Tokyo) in November 1855.

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{{Japanese folklore long}}

[[Category:Ukiyo-e genres]]
[[Category:Legendary fish]]
[[Category:Shinto kami]]
[[Category:Monsters]]
[[Category:Mythological creatures]]
[[Category:Fish in religion]]
[[Category:Earthquake myths]]