View source for Naturism

{{Short description|Practice and advocacy of social nudity}}
{{other uses}}
{{distinguish|Naturalism (disambiguation)|Nature worship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=March 2021}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0710-419,_Berlin,_M%C3%BCggelsee,_Sonnenbad.jpg|thumb|[[Sun tanning|Sunbathers]] at [[Müggelsee]] lake beach, [[East Berlin]], 1989]]
'''Naturism''' is a lifestyle of practicing non-sexual social [[nudity]] in private and in public; the word also refers to the [[cultural movement]] which advocates and defends that lifestyle. Both may alternatively be called '''nudism'''. Though the two terms are broadly interchangeable, ''nudism'' emphasizes the practice of nudity, whilst ''naturism'' highlights an attitude favoring harmony with nature and respect for the environment, into which that practice is integrated.{{sfn|Choin|2002|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} That said, naturists come from a range of philosophical and cultural backgrounds; there is no single naturist ideology.

Ethical or philosophical nudism has a long history, with many advocates of the benefits of enjoying nature without clothing. At the turn of the 20th century, organizations emerged to promote social nudity and to establish private [[Campsite|campgrounds]] and [[Naturist resort|resorts]] for that purpose.{{sfn|Mindlin|1932}} Since the 1960s, with the acceptance of public places for clothing-optional recreation, individuals who do not identify themselves as naturists or nudists have been able to casually participate in nude activities. [[Nude recreation]] opportunities vary widely around the world, from isolated places known mainly to locals through officially designated nude beaches and parks, and on to public spaces and buildings in some jurisdictions.

== Definition and lexicology ==
The XIV Congress of the [[International Naturist Federation]] (INF) held at Agde, France in 1974 defined naturism as:{{Sfn|Deschênes|2016|p=2}}

{{blockquote
|text=...a way of life in harmony with nature characterised by the practice of communal nudity with the intention of encouraging self-respect, respect for others and for the environment.
}}

Many contemporary naturists and naturist organisations advocate that the practice of social nudity should not be linked with sexual activity. Some recent studies show that naturism can help grow self-esteem,{{Sfn|West|2018}} and thus have a positive impact on having a well-balanced sexuality, too. For various sociocultural and historical reasons, the lay public, the media, and many contemporary naturists and their organisations have, or present, a simplified view of the relationship between naturism and sexuality. {{as of|2009}}, research has begun to explore this complex relationship.{{sfn|Smith|King|2009}}

The International Naturist Federation explains:{{sfn|Choin|2002|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}{{efn|The Hannover based ''Bund für freies Lebensgestaltung'' wrote: "Naturism is a new lifestyle caring for the body, the soul and the spirit in society. We live the ideal of freedom, conscious of its limits, taking up our responsibility. The expression of our will is nudity, our admission of sincerity".}}

{{blockquote
|text=Each country has its own kind of naturism, and even each club has its own special character, for we too, human beings, have each our own character which is reflected in our surroundings.
}}

The usage and definition of these terms varies geographically and historically.{{efn|In his book, ''Cinema Au Naturel'',{{sfn|Storey|2003|p=13}} author Mark Storey states "two related terms that we will continually run across are ''nudist'' and ''naturist''. Although, the meanings of the two terms are virtually identical, they often have different connotations for those who prefer one to the other. In America people who believe that it is physically, socially, emotionally, and perhaps spiritually healthy to go about fully nude individually and in groups of mixed sex whenever weather permits and others are not offended generally refer to themselves as "nudists". In Europe, such people more often than not refer to themselves as "naturists".}} Naturism and nudism have the same meaning in the United States,{{sfn|Montananaturist.org}} but there is a clear distinction between the two terms in Great Britain.{{efn|The English version of the Agde definition was translated differently in ''Guide Mondial de Naturisme 96 97''.{{sfn|Anon|1997|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} ''Naturism (American "nudism") is a way of life in harmony with nature characterised by the practice of communal nudity with the intention of encouraging self-respect, respect for others and the environment.''}}{{explain|date=November 2019}}

In naturist parlance, the terms "[[wikt:textile|textile]]" or "textilist" refer to non-naturist persons, behaviours or facilities (e.g. "the textile beach starts at the flag", "they are a mixed couple&nbsp;&ndash; he is naturist, she is textile"). "Textile" is the predominant term used in the UK ("textilist" is unknown in British naturist magazines, including ''[[H&E naturist]]''), but some naturists avoid using this term due to perceived negative or derogatory connotations. "Textilist" is said to be used interchangeably with "textile", but no dictionary definition to this effect exists, nor are there any equivalent examples of use in mainstream literature such as those for "textile".{{Sfn|SNS|2018}}

== Naturist places and events ==
{{see also|Naturist resort|Nude recreation}}

=== Naturist facilities ===

At naturist-organised events or venues, clothing is usually optional. At naturist swimming pools or sunbathing places, however, complete nudity is expected (weather permitting). This rule is sometimes a source of controversy among naturists. Staff at a naturist facility are usually required to be clothed due to health and safety regulations.{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

Facilities for naturists are classified in various ways. A landed or members' [[naturist club]] is one that owns its own facilities. Non-landed (or travel) clubs meet at various locations, such as private residences, swimming pools, hot springs, landed clubs and resorts, or rented facilities. Landed clubs can be run by members on democratic lines or by one or more owners who make the rules. In either case, they can determine membership criteria and the obligations of members. This usually involves sharing work necessary to maintain or develop the site.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

[[File:Outdoor bathing at Jhiben Hot Spring 20121110.jpg|thumb|left|Families bathing nude at a hot spring in Taiwan]]

The international naturist organizations were mainly composed of representatives of landed clubs.{{sfn|Choin|2002|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} "[[Nudist colony]]" is no longer a favored term, but can be used by naturists to address landed clubs that have rigid non-inclusive membership criteria.

A holiday centre is a facility that specializes in providing apartments, chalets and camping pitches for visiting holidaymakers. A center is run commercially, and visitors are not members and have no say in the management. Most holiday centers expect visitors to hold an INF card (that is, to belong to an INF-affiliated organization), but some have relaxed this requirement, relying on the carrying of a trade card. Holiday centers vary in size. Larger holiday centres may have swimming pools, sports pitches, an entertainment program, kids' clubs, restaurants and supermarkets. Some holiday centres allow regular visitors to purchase their own chalets, and generations of the same families may visit each year.{{sfn|Montananaturist.org}} Holiday centres are more tolerant of clothing than members-only clubs; total nudity is usually compulsory in the swimming pools and may be expected on the beaches, while on the football pitches, or in the restaurants in the evening, it is rare.{{sfn|Montananaturist.org}}

[[File:Nudist couple at Terra Cotta Inn, Palm Springs, CA.JPG|thumb|Nudist couple at Terra Cotta Inn, Palm Springs, California, 
US]]

A naturist resort is, to a European, a private property with accommodation and facilities where naturism is the norm. Centre Helio-Marin in [[Vendays-Montalivet|Vendays Montalivet]], France (the first naturist resort, established in 1950); the naturist village of [[Charco del Palo]] on [[Lanzarote]], Canary Islands; [[Vera, Spain|Vera Playa]] in Spain;{{Sfn|VeraPlaya|2006}} and Vritomartis Resort{{sfn|Schneider|2009|p=41}} in Greece are examples.

In US usage, a [[naturist resort]] can mean a holiday centre.{{Sfn|TerraCotta|2011}} [[Freikörperkultur]] (FKK)—literally translated as 'free body culture'—is the name for the general movement in Germany. The abbreviation is recognised outside of Germany and can be found on informal signs indicating the direction to a remote naturist beach.{{sfn|Constanze|2019}}

=== Nude beaches ===
{{main|Nude beach}}
[[File:Beach nudism.jpg|thumb|People bathing naked after the [[World Naked Bike Ride]] in [[Brighton]], 2017]]
[[File:At the nudist beach.jpg|thumb|A group of naturists at a nude beach in [[Crimea]], 2008]]

In some European countries, such as Denmark,{{Sfn|SNP|2012}} all beaches are clothing optional, and in others like Germany (and experimentally in France){{Sfn|Guardian|2017a}} there are naturist sunbathing areas in public parks (e.g., [[Englischer Garten#Schönfeldwiese and surroundings|in Munich]]{{Sfn|ganz-muenchen.de}} and Berlin).{{Sfn|ActiveNaturists|2015a}} Beaches in some holiday destinations, such as Crete, are clothing optional except some central urban beaches.{{Sfn|ActiveNaturists|2014}} There are two centrally located clothes-optional beaches in Barcelona.{{Sfn|ActiveNaturists|2012}} Sweden allows nudity on all beaches.{{sfn|Mapes|2019}}

In a survey by ''The Daily Telegraph'', Germans and Austrians were most likely to have visited a nude beach (28%), followed by Norwegians (18%), Spaniards (17%), Australians (17%), and New Zealanders (16%). Of the nationalities surveyed, the Japanese (2%) were the least likely to have visited a nude beach.{{sfn|Bridge|2014}} This result may indicate the lack of nude beaches in Japan; however, the Japanese are open with regard to family bathing nude at home and at [[onsen]]s (hot springs).{{Sfn|JapanToday|2012}}

=== Festival naturism ===
From [[Woodstock]] to [[Edinburgh Festival|Edinburgh]], and [[Nambassa]] in the southern hemisphere, communal nudity can be seen at music and [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]] festivals.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

The Nambassa [[hippie]] festivals held in New Zealand in the late 1970s were examples of non-sexual naturism. Of the 75,000 patrons who attended the 1979 Nambassa three-day festival, an estimated 35% of attendees spontaneously chose to remove their clothing,{{Sfn|Nambassa|2011}} preferring complete or partial nudity.{{sfn|Jones|Broadley|1979|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

[[File:People pix in the village.jpg|thumb|left|Naturist couple at the [[Nambassa]] festival, New Zealand, 1981]]

Some nudist festivals are held to celebrate particular days of the year, and activities may include nude [[bodypainting]]. One example is the Neptune Day Festival held in [[Koktebel]], Crimea to depict mythological events.{{Sfnm|1a1=Jenison|1y=2016|2a1=Naked Club|2y=2015}} Another is the Festival Nudista Zipolite organized by the Federación Nudista de México (Mexican Nudist Federation) held annually since 2016 on the first weekend of February.{{Sfn|FNdM}}

A few camps organize activities in the nude, such as oil wrestling{{Sfn|Eleftheriou-Smith|2016}} by camp Gymnasium.{{Sfn|ActiveNaturists|2015b}}

[[File:Posing nude at Burning Man.jpg|thumb|right|Naked participant at [[Burning Man]] 2016 posing{{Sfn|αNaturist|2016}} as [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s [[Vitruvian Man]]]]

<!-- needs to be expanded -->

===Summer naturism===

Naturism tends to be more common during the warmer summer months. 
Some regions host first-time naturists and people who have recently started to practice the naturist lifestyle.{{Sfn|McLellan|2007}}
One study noted that some of these people are seasonal naturists who wear clothes during other times of the year.{{Sfn|Casler|1964}}

== History ==
{{Main|History of nudity|l1=Nudity in History}}
{{see also|Timeline of social nudity}}

Nudity in social contexts has been practised in various forms by many cultures and in all time periods.{{Sfn|ActiveNaturists|2015c}} In modern Western society, social nudity is most frequently encountered in the contexts of bathing, swimming and using saunas, but throughout history and in many contemporary tropical cultures, nudity is a norm at many sports events and competitions.{{Sfn|ActiveNaturists|2015d}}

The first known use of the word {{lang|fr|naturisme}} occurred in 1778. A French-speaking Belgian, Jean Baptiste Luc Planchon (1734–1781), used the term to advocate nudism as a means of improving the {{lang|fr|hygiène de vie}} or healthy living.{{Sfn|Planchon|1778|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}|ps=: "Le naturisme est la doctrine qui consiste à laisser agir la nature plutot que d'intervenir de manière artificielle".}}

The earliest known naturist club in the western sense of the word was established in British India in 1891. The Fellowship of the Naked Trust was founded by Charles Edward Gordon Crawford, a widower who was a [[District Courts of India|District and Sessions Judge]] for the [[Bombay]] [[Indian Civil Service|Civil Service]]. The commune was based in [[Matheran]] and had just three members at the beginning: Crawford and two sons of an [[Anglican]] missionary, Andrew and Kellogg Calderwood.{{Sfn|Kulkarni|2010}} The commune fell apart when Crawford was transferred to [[Ratnagiri]]; he died soon after in 1894.{{sfn|Farrar|2005a}}

[[File:Koch, Max (1859–1930) - 1897 - Freilicht - vmp 01 (cropped).jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|left|[[Max Friedrich Koch|Max Koch]]'s ''Freilicht'' (Open-Air), {{Circa}} 1894/1897]]

In 1902, a series of philosophical papers was published in Germany by Dr. [[Heinrich Pudor]] under the pseudonym Heinrich Scham, who coined the term {{lang|de|[[Naturism in Germany|Nacktkultur]]}} (Nude Culture). In 1906, he wrote a three-volume treatise with this term as its title, which discussed the benefits of nudity in co-education and advocated participating in sports while being free of cumbersome clothing.{{sfn|Buchy|2005}} [[Richard Ungewitter]] (''Nacktheit'', 1906, ''Nackt'', 1908, etc.) proposed that combining physical fitness, sunlight, and fresh-air bathing with the nudist philosophy contributed to mental and psychological fitness, good health, and an improved moral-life view.{{sfn|Buchy|2005}} Major promoters of these ideas included [[Adolf Koch]] and {{Interlanguage link|Hans Surén|de|Hans Surén}}, who was an instructor and manager at the German Army School of Military Physical Education in [[Wünsdorf]]. Germany published the first journal of nudism from 1902 to 1932, during which time it evolved and became known as ''[[Freikörperkultur]]'' (FKK), the free body culture movement.{{sfn|Kennedy|2013|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

The wide publication of those papers, and others, contributed to an explosive worldwide growth of nudism in which nudists participated in various social, recreational, and physical fitness activities in the nude. The first organized club for nudists on a large scale, {{lang|de|Freilichtpark}} (Open-Air Park), was opened near Hamburg in 1903 by Paul Zimmerman.{{sfn|Buchy|2005}}
In 1919, German doctor [[Kurt Huldschinsky]] discovered that exposure to sunlight helped to cure [[rickets]] in many children, causing sunlight to be associated with improved health.{{Sfn|Evans|2014}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1983-0815-302, FKK-Strände des Senftenberger Erholungsgebietes.jpg|thumb|Naturist family on [[Lake Senftenberg]] in 1983]]

In France in the early 20th century, the brothers [[Gaston Durville|Gaston]] and [[André Durville]], both physicians, studied the effects of psychology, nutrition, and environment on health and healing. They became convinced of the importance of natural foods and the natural environment on human well-being and health. They named this concept {{lang|fr|naturisme}}. The profound effect of clean air and sunlight on human bodies became evident to them and so nudity became a part of their naturism.{{Sfn|Baubérot|2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

Naturism became a more widespread phenomenon in the 1920s in Germany, the United Kingdom, France and other European countries and spread to the United States, where it became established in the 1930s.{{sfn|Barcan|2004}} In Brazil, nudist magazines were already published in the 1930. In mid 50s, there were several of such publications and some editors were persecuted by police and sued by authorities under the charge of "indecent exposure".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Herold Junior |first1=Carlos |last2=Machado |first2=Alisson Bertão |last3=Campanholi |first3=Carolini Aparecida |last4=Solera |first4=Bruna |last5=Parizotto |first5=Pedro Gabriel Gil |date=2018-03-29 |title=O CORPO A PARTIR DO MOVIMENTO NUDISTA: RIO DE JANEIRO NA DÉCADA DE 1950 |url=https://seer.ufrgs.br//index.php/Movimento/article/view/65075 |journal=Movimento |volume=24 |language=pt |pages=49–64 |doi=10.22456/1982-8918.65075 |issn=1982-8918|doi-access=free }}</ref>

By 1951, the various national federations united to form the International Naturist Federation.{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Some naturists preferred not to join clubs, and after 1945, pressure arose to designate beaches for naturist use. From the middle of the 20th century, with changing leisure patterns, commercial organisations began opening holiday resorts to attract naturists who expected the same&nbsp;– or better&nbsp;– standards of comfort and amenity offered to non-naturists. More recently, naturist holiday options have expanded to include cruises.{{sfn|Buchy|2005}}

In the early 21st century, many organised clubs saw a decline in attendance by young people, which worried many naturists about the future of the movement. The clubs' aging memberships may have put younger people off. A rise in [[social conservatism]], re-asserting a nudity taboo, also may have contributed to the decline. However, since tolerance for nudity in general is increasing over time,{{sfn|Anderson|2000}} and is higher among younger generations,{{Sfn|NZHerald|2008}} an alternative hypothesis is that younger naturists no longer feel they need to join a club or visit a resort in order to practise naturism.{{Sfn|Haskell Smith|2015}} Active recruitment of younger members is being pursued by some organisations.{{Sfnm|1a1=Glaister|1y=2007 |2a1=Briggs|2y=2013 |3a1=Connolly|3y=2019}} The phenomenon varies by country, with, for example, naturism in France experiencing steady growth in a younger demographic during the 2010s.{{Sfnm|1a1=Renou|1y=2017|2a1=le dauphiné|2y=2018}} A similar trend is seen in Germany, with young people eager to depart from social norms and beauty standards.{{sfn|France 24|2022}}

== Writers ==
Naturism was part of {{ill|Naturism (literary movement)|fr|Naturisme (mouvement littéraire)|lt=a literary movement}} in the late 19th century (see the writings of [[André Gide]]) that also influenced the art movements of the time, specifically [[Henri Matisse]] and other [[Fauvism|Fauve]] painters. This movement was based on the French concept of ''[[joie de vivre]]'', the idea of reveling freely in physical sensations and direct experiences and a spontaneous approach to life.{{sfn|Harrison|Perry|1993|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

* [[Heinrich Pudor]] wrote on methods to improve social hygiene in his book {{lang|de|Nackende Menschen und Jauchzen der Zukunft}} ('Naked people and the rejoicing of the future') and then {{lang|de|Nacktkultur}} ('Nude Culture'). It prescribes an austere lifestyle and nudity.{{sfn|Anderson |2000}}
* Paul Zimmermann opened the Freilicht Park in Lübeck which was open to those who subscribed to {{lang|de|Nacktkultur}} principles.{{sfn|Anderson|2000}}
* [[Richard Ungewitter]] wrote {{lang|de|Die Nacktheit}} ('Nakedness') which sold 90,000 copies, prescribed a similar Utopian lifestyle, where everyone would be nude, eat only vegetables and abstain from alcohol and tobacco. In his Utopia, everyone was to be Germanic with blue eyes and blonde hair.{{sfn|Anderson|2000}}
* [[Adolf Koch]], a left-wing primary-school teacher, sought to use social nudity to free the people from "authority fixated conditioning which held proletarians in deference of their masters: parental authority, paternalism of the church, the mass media and organs of law and order."{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} He used Organic-Rhythmic exercises in Berlin schools in the 1920s. In 1932 there were about 100,000 Germans involved with naturism, of which 70,000 were in Koch's {{lang|de|Körperschülen}} schools.{{sfn|Anderson|2000}}
* {{ill|Hans Surén|de}} taught nude gymnastics to soldiers for five years, and on being forced to leave the army, he wrote (in 1924) {{lang|de|Der Mensch und die Sonne}} ('Man and the Sun') which ran to 61 reprints.{{sfn|Anderson|2000}}
* American writers [[Walt Whitman]]{{Sfn|Whitman|1883|p=104|ps=: "Somehow I seem'd to get identity with each and every thing around me, in its condition. Nature was naked, and I was also. It was too lazy, soothing, and joyous-equable to speculate about."}} and [[Henry David Thoreau]]{{sfn|Killingsworth|2004}} both wrote of nudity within the natural environment.

== Health ==
Naturist activities can have positive psychological benefits including greater life satisfaction, more positive body image, and higher self-esteem.{{Sfn|West|2018}} Social nudity leads to acceptance in spite of differences in age, body shape, fitness, and health.{{Sfn|Veltheim|1994}}

== Religion ==
{{main|Nudity in religion}}
{{see also|Gymnosophist|Gymnosophy|American Gymnosophical Association|Christian naturism}}
[[File:Naga Sadhu and Devotee - Gangasagar Fair Transit Camp - Kolkata 2013-01-12 2601.JPG|thumb|right|A Naga [[Sadhu]], or naked [[Hinduism|Hindu]] holy man]]
[[Christian naturism]] includes various members associated with most [[Christian denomination|denominations]]. Although beliefs vary, a common theme is that much of Christianity has misinterpreted the events regarding the [[Garden of Eden]], and that God was displeased with [[Adam and Eve]] for covering their bodies with [[fig leaf|fig leaves]].{{Sfn|Johnson|2000}}

== Controversy ==
Naturism is usually promoted as not being sexual, but there are resorts where social nudity is practised alongside [[exhibitionism]], [[voyeurism]], and other alternative lifestyles like [[Swinging (sexual practice)|swinging]]. Mainstream discourse around naturism sometimes conflates sexual and non-sexual variations, though family-oriented naturism organisations try to resist this stigma. Some naturist clubs have shifted to catering to swingers, and as a result may be expelled from mainstream naturist organizations,{{sfn|Blumetti|2019}} whilst some naturist villages, notably [[Cap d'Agde]], have been successfully overtaken by swingers and "[[libertine]]s".{{sfn|Lichfield|2010}} Others struggle with wanting to maintain a family image while being lax in behavior enforcements for fear of losing revenue and no longer being financially viable.{{sfn|Cinder|1998|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Attempts have been made to legislate naturist activity, such as children's summer camps.{{sfn|Lessig|2004}}

Many films and published materials in the middle decades of the 20th century were presented as documentaries of the naturist lifestyle. In fact this was largely a pretext to exploit a loophole in censorship laws restricting the exhibition of nudity.{{sfn|Sconce|2007|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Additionally, child pornography has been distributed under the guise of naturist media.{{sfn|Kolker|2021}} Precisely defining the distinction has proved challenging for law enforcers, as it depends on the subjective question of whether the purpose of the production is sexual.{{sfn|Kolker|2021}} Court cases attempting to differentiate naturist publications from pornography reach back almost a century.{{sfn|Murphy|Spear|2011|loc=Chapter 9 [https://books.google.com/books?id=flAU0cgjLkkC&pg=PT238 via Google Books]}}

==Africa==

===South Africa===
[[File:Signpost at Mpenjati Naturist Beach.jpg|thumb|Signpost at Mpenjati Naturist Beach]]
Mpenjati beach in [[KwaZulu-Natal]] province of South Africa has nude-beach status.{{sfn|SA-V}}

== Europe ==
<!-- Needs to be rewritten and sourced.-->{{main|List of social nudity places in Europe}}

In most European countries, nudity is not explicitly forbidden. Whether it is tolerated on beaches which are not marked as official nudist beaches varies greatly. The only country with substantially different laws is Denmark, where beach nudity is explicitly allowed on all beaches, except for two in the far west of the country.{{Sfn|NaturistNet|2012}}<!--(The German Wikipedia wrongly claims that this is the case in Sweden and Norway as well, though this is wrong and the references given there do not back this up. Someone from higher up in Wikipedia should investigate why this misinformation can persist.)-->

=== Belgium ===
Organized naturism in Belgium began in 1924 when engineer Joseph-Paul Swenne founded the Belgian League of Heliophilous Propaganda (usually abbreviated to {{lang|fr|Hélios}}) in [[Uccle]]. This was followed four years later by {{lang|nl|De Spar}}, founded by Jozef Geertz and hosted on the country estate of entrepreneur Oswald Johan de Schampelaere. Belgian naturism was influenced in equal part by French naturism and German {{lang|de|Freikörperkultur}}.{{Sfn|Peeters|2011|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Belgian naturists are represented by the {{lang|nl|Federatie van Belgische Naturisten}} (FBN).{{Sfn|FBN}}

=== Croatia ===
[[File:Nudist_camp_Valalta.JPG|thumb|right|A woman naked on the beach at Valalta, Croatia]]

Croatia is world famous for naturism, which accounts for about 15% of its tourism industry. It was also the first European country to develop commercial naturist resorts.{{Sfn|Euro-POI|2011}} During a 1936 Adriatic cruise, [[King Edward VIII]] and [[Wallis Simpson]] stopped at a beach on the [[island of Rab]] where King Edward obtained special permission from the local government to swim naked. This event marked the beginning of nudist tourism in Croatia.{{Sfn|Thomas|2017}}

=== Finland ===
[[File:Badstuga, efter illustration i Acerbis Travels, Nordisk familjebok.png|thumb|left|''Finnish Sauna'' (1802)]]
In Finnish culture, nudism is considered to be a relatively normal way to live. It is not uncommon to see entire families spending time together naked. Families may be naked while bathing, in a [[Finnish sauna|sauna]], swimming in a pool, or playing on a beach, and it is not unusual to see children playing naked in a family yard for example. Nudity as a whole is considered less taboo than in many other countries.{{Sfnm|1a1=Duner|1y=1942|1p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}|2a1=White|2y=1991|2p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}|3a1=Woycke|3y=2003|3p={{page needed|date=August 2024}} |4a1=Terp|4y=2012 |5a1=Mapes|5y=2014}}

=== France ===
{{main|Naturism in France}}
[[File:Nude hiking in Gard.jpg|thumb|Randonue in [[Aiguillon (Cèze)|Les Concluses]], [[Gard]], 2008]]

Marcel Kienné de Mongeot is credited with starting naturism in France in 1920. His family had suffered from tuberculosis, and he saw naturism as a cure and a continuation of the traditions of the ancient Greeks. In 1926, he started the magazine {{lang|fr|Vivre intégralement}} (later titled {{lang|fr|Vivre}}) and the first French naturist club, {{lang|fr|Sparta Club}}, at Garambouville, near Évreux. The court action that he initiated established that nudism was legal on private property that was fenced and screened.{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

Drs. André and Gaston Durville bought {{convert|70|ha|acre}} on the [[Île du Levant]] where they established the village of Héliopolis, which was open to the public. In 1925, Dr. François Fougerat de David de Lastours wrote a thesis on [[heliotherapy]], and in that year, he opened the {{lang|fr|Club gymnique de France}}. In 1936, the naturist movement was officially recognised.{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

Albert and Christine Lecocq were active members of many of these clubs, but they left after disagreements, and in 1944, they founded the {{lang|fr|Club du Soleil}} with members in 84 cities. Four years later, they founded the {{ill|Fédération Française de Naturisme|fr}} (FFN); in 1949, they started the magazine {{lang|fr|Vie au Soleil}}, and in 1950, they opened the [[CHM Montalivet]], the world's first naturist holiday centre, where the INF was formed.{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

[[Henri Zisly]] was another prominent figure and primitivist in the French naturism movement who wrote on a return to lifestyles based on self-sufficiency.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Boni |first1=Stefano |chapter=Zisly, Henri (1872–1945) |title=The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest |page=1 |date=2010 |language=en |isbn=978-1-4051-9807-3 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp1749 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

=== Germany ===
{{main|Naturism in Germany}}
{{See also|Freikörperkultur}}
[[File:FKK-Gelande Sudstrand (2200636875).jpg|thumb|right|Public naturist recreation area at Lake Unterbach; Strandbad Süd, [[Düsseldorf-Unterbach#Lake Unterbach|Düsseldorf-Unterbach]], Germany]]
German naturism ({{lang|de|[[Freikörperkultur]]}}, FKK) was part of the {{lang|de|[[Lebensreform]]}} movement and the {{lang|de|[[Wandervogel]]}} youth movement of 1896, from [[Steglitz]], Berlin, which promoted ideas of fitness and vigour. At the same time, doctors of the {{lang|de|Naturheilbewegung}} (Natural Healing Movement) were using heliotherapy, treating diseases such as tuberculosis, rheumatism, and scrofula with exposure to sunlight.{{sfn|Anderson|2000}}

{{lang|de|Nacktkultur}}, a term coined in 1903 by Heinrich Pudor, connected nudity, vegetarianism and social reform, and was practised in a network of 200 members clubs.{{sfn|Toepfer|1997|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} The movement gained prominence in the 1920s by offering a health-giving lifestyle with Utopian ideals. Germany published the first naturist journal from 1902 to 1932,{{sfn|Kennedy|2013|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} but it became politicised by radical socialists who believed it would lead to classlessness and a breakdown of society. It eventually became associated with [[pacificism]].{{sfn|Hau|2003|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

In 1926, [[Adolf Koch]] established a school of naturism in Berlin, encouraging a mixing of the sexes, open air exercises, and a programme of "sexual hygiene". In 1929 the Berlin school hosted the first International Congress on Nudity.{{sfn|Toepfer|1997|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

After World War II, [[East Germany|East Germans]] were free to practice naturism, chiefly at beaches rather than clubs (private organizations were regarded as potentially subversive). Naturism became a large element in DDR politics. The {{lang|de|Proletarische Freikörperkulturbewegung}} subsection of the Workers Sports Organisation had 60,000 members.{{sfn|Anderson|2000}} Since [[German reunification|reunification]] there are many clubs, parks and beaches open to naturists,{{sfn|Choin|2002|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} though nudity has become less common in the former eastern zone.{{Sfn|Guardian|2017b}} Germans are typically the most commonly seen visitors at nude beaches in France and around Europe.{{Sfn|Krien|2007}}

=== Greece ===
There are no official nude beaches, however there are unofficial nude beaches on the islands frequented by tourists,{{Sfnm|1a1=Postcards|1y=2017 |2a1=GTP|2y=2013}} like Crete,{{Sfn|Greek Islands US}} Mykonos or Karpathos, and on smaller islands like Skopelos or Skiathos{{Sfn|Zikakou|2014}} where nudity is tolerated, usually at the more remote ends or secluded areas of beaches.{{Sfn|Regula|2019}}

[[Toplessness]] also is widely practiced by locals and tourists alike as there are no cultural taboos against it.{{Sfnm|1a1=Τσεμπερλιδου|1y=2014 |2a1=TheToc|2y=2015}}

In 2015, a court in Thessaloniki, Greece's second largest city, acquitted nudist activists who were charged for wandering naked in the city as part of their activist actions for promoting the urban nudism. In its ruling, the court deemed these acts to be "not lewd or lascivious", and vindicated the activists, thus recognizing their right to be naked publicly.{{sfn|Koutsoumbu|2015}}

=== Italy ===
Full nudity is allowed in Italy in the official naturist beaches and places of the country, and in many other places where there is an established tradition of naturist attendance, as confirmed by a recent absolution sentence.{{Sfn|ANITA|2019}} In all other public places, full nudity is generally prohibited by civil law and could be punished with fines that have been recently reduced (minimum €51 to maximum €309).{{sfn|Corte Costituzionale|2022}}
In the last decades, six regions have created laws to promote naturist tourism,{{Sfn|Patti|2015}} and actually there are more than 20 official naturist beaches in Italy, where naturism is recognised and guaranteed by administrative acts, and more than 30 beaches with a long tradition of naturist attendance where nudity is accepted.{{sfn|FENAIT|2019}} Naturist accommodations are located in most of the regions and it is estimated that the number of nudists and naturists in Italy is about 500,000 people.{{sfn|Ribolzi|2017}} Since the 1960s, there have been naturist associations in many regions, and a naturist federation on a national level.{{citation needed|date=August 2024|reason=previous source was home page for "Federazione Naturista Italiana" and did not contain info referenced.}}

Female [[toplessness]] is allowed, in a nonsexual context, in all the beaches of the country. On March 20, 2000, the Supreme Court of Cassation through sentence No. 3557 has determined that the exposure of the nude female breast since some decades is considered a "commonly accepted behavior" and therefore has "entered into the social custom".{{Sfn|Corte Suprema di Cassazione|2004}} Since then, local government regulations forbidding toplessness are extremely rare.

=== Netherlands ===
The oldest Dutch naturist association is {{lang|nl|Zon en Leven}} ('Sun and Life'), founded in 1946 with the aim of promoting healthy physical and mental development and a natural way of life.{{Sfn|NFN}} The national association is {{lang|nl|Naturisten Federatie Nederland}} (NFN), which in 2017 adopted the name {{lang|nl|Bloot Gewoon!}} ('Simply Naked') in an effort to become more accessible to casual naturists and strengthen the acceptance of nude recreation.{{Sfn|NFN|2017}}

In general, Dutch people are very tolerant of beach nudity, as long as it does not impact others, or involve inappropriate staring or sexual behaviour. Topless sunbathing is permitted on most beaches except where prohibited by signage.{{Sfn|NLTourism|2014}}

=== Portugal ===
{{main|Naturism in Portugal}}
The {{lang|pt|Federação Portuguesa de Naturismo}} (Portuguese Naturist Federation) or FPN was founded on 1 March 1977 in Lisbon.{{Sfnm|1a1=FPN|1y=2017 |2a1=FPN|2y=2020}} In the 21st century, naturism is considered a tolerated practice, whereas there are many officially designated nudist beaches.{{Sfn|TimeOut|2020}}

=== Poland ===
<!-- Do not remove these images. Wikipedia is not censored and the current consensus is for this article to have images -->
[[File:Woodstock Poland 2014 -- FKK.jpg|thumb|right|Nude men at the [[Przystanek Woodstock]] festival, 2014]]
In modern-day Poland, naturism is practiced in a number of seaside and inland beaches. Most Polish beaches of this type are actually [[Free beach|clothing-optional]] rather than naturist. One such beach is [[Międzyzdroje|Międzyzdroje-Lubiewo]].{{Sfn|Ciazela|Roszak|2018}}

=== Spain ===
[[File:Nude couple in Barcelona, Spain - 20070928.jpg|thumb|left |Couple walking naked in the streets of Barcelona, Spain]]
Public nudity in Spain is not illegal since there is no law banning its practice. Spanish legislation foresees felony for exhibitionism but restricts its scope to obscene exposure in front of children or mentally impaired individuals, i.e. with sexual connotation.{{Sfn|BOE|1995}}{{clarify|date=November 2019}} There are, however, some municipalities (like [[San Pedro del Pinatar, Spain|San Pedro del Pinatar]]) where public nudity has been banned by means of by-laws. Other municipalities (like Barcelona, Salou, Platja de Palma and Sant Antoni de Portmany) have used similar provisions to regulate partial nudity, requiring people to cover their torsos on the streets. Some naturist associations have appealed these by-laws on the grounds that a fundamental right ([[freedom of expression]], as they understand nudism to be self-expression) cannot be regulated with such a mechanism. Some courts have ruled in favour of nudist associations.{{Sfnm|1a1=EuropaPress|1y=2011 |2a1=Digital|2y=2014}} Nudism in Spain is normally practised by the seaside, on beaches or small coves with a tradition of naturism. In Vera, Spain, there is a wide residential area formed by nudist urbanisations. Nudist organisations may organise some activities elsewhere in inner territory.

Research was done on the island of [[Menorca]], where naturism is practiced at small, isolated beaches apart from the island's developed resorts. Not everyone on these beaches, even within a group, is nude, and both types of participants were interviewed. Most were white heterosexuals between the ages of 25 and 40 who live in cities such as Madrid or Barcelona. For them, being nude on a beach is about bodily sensations of sun, sea, and sand directly on the skin, not about cultural meanings or performance of bodily appearance. The behaviors that support the non-sexual definition of the situation work by downplaying the visual, most of all by not staring at others. It is also unacceptable for a person to actively seek the gaze of others. Naturists may see the decision not to be nude is holding on to the visual, and non-naturists may see beach nudity as a form of exhibitionism.{{sfn|Obrador-Pons|2007}}

Legal provisions regarding partial nudity (or toplessness) are analogous to those regarding full nudity, but social tolerance towards toplessness is higher. The law does not require women to cover their breasts in public swimming, or on any beach in Spain.{{Sfn|PARÍS|2017}} The governments of the municipalities of Galdakao and L'Ametlla del Vallès legalized female toplessness on their public pools in March 2016 and June 2018, respectively.{{Sfnm|1a1=Andueza|1y=2016 |2a1=Publico|2y=2018}}

Naturists were a prominent [[affinity group]] among [[anarchism in Spain|Spanish anarcho-syndicalists]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Guérin|title=Anarchism: From Theory to Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mZQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT110|year=1970|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-1-58367-492-5|pages=110–}}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
{{main|British Naturism}}
{{See also|List of social nudity places in Europe#United Kingdom}}
[[File:WNBR London 2016 (31088095095).jpg|thumb|upright|[[World Naked Bike Ride]] in London, 2016]]
In the United Kingdom, the first official nudist club was established in Wickford, Essex, in 1924. According to Michael Farrar, writing for [[British Naturism]], the club adopted the name "Moonella Group" from the name of the owner of the ground and called its site The Camp. Moonella, who was still living in 1965 but whose identity remains to be discovered, had inherited a house with land in 1923 and made it available to certain members of the New Gymnosophy Society. This society was founded a few years before by H.C. Booth, M.H. Sorensen and Rex Wellbye under the name of the English Gymnosophical Society. It met for discussions at the Minerva Cafe at 144 [[High Holborn]] in London, the headquarters of the [[Women's Freedom League]]. Those who were permitted to join the Moonella Group were carefully selected, and the club was run by a leadership of the original members, all of whom had club names to preserve their anonymity. The club closed in 1926 because of construction on adjacent land.{{Sfnm|1a1=BNTimeLine|1y=2011 |2a1=Farrar|2y=2005b}}

By 1943, there were a number of "sun clubs", and together they formed the British Sun Bathers Association, or BSBA. In 1954, a group of clubs unhappy with the way the BSBA was being run, split to form the Federation of British Sun Clubs, or FBSC. In 1961, the BSBA Annual Conference agreed that the term nudist was inappropriate and should be discarded in favour of naturist.{{Sfn|BNTimeLine|2011}} The two organisations rivalled each other before eventually coming together again in 1964 as the Central Council for British Naturism, or CCBN. This organisational structure has remained much the same but {{as of|2011|lc=y}} it is called British Naturism or BN.{{Sfn|BNTimeLine|2011}}

The first official nude beach was opened at [[Fairlight Glen]] in Covehurst Bay near Hastings in 1978 (not to be confused with Fairlight Cove, which is {{convert|2|km|mi}} to the east), followed later by the beaches at Brighton and Fraisthorpe. Bridlington opened in April 1980.{{Sfn|BNTimeLine|2011}}

== Oceania ==
{{See also|List of social nudity places in Oceania}}

===Australia===
[[File:Skinny dipping hippy girls.jpg|thumb|right|Naturist swimmers in Australia]]
Australia's first naturist club was founded in Sydney in 1931 by the French-born anarchist and pacifist [[Kleber Claux]].{{sfn|Cockington|2005|pp=74–78}} In 1975, the southern half of [[Maslin Beach]], south of Adelaide, was declared Australia's first official nude beach.{{Sfn|Steel|1975}} The beach is almost {{convert|3|km|miles}} long, so the area reserved for nude bathing is away from other beach users.

Also in [[South Australia]], Sunland nudist holiday village was established in 1974, on {{convert|100|ha}} of beachfront property on the south coast, near the town of [[Robe, South Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-25 |title=Sunland (nudist) Holiday Village |url=https://www.sunlandholidayvillage.net.au/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Australian Naturist Federation (ANF) represents naturists in Australia. Many naturist clubs, resorts and other organisations are Affiliate members of the ANF. Individual membership is also available to naturists who wish to support the organisation, and have access to member-only online events and forums.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-25 |title=Australian Naturist Federation|url=https://www.australiannaturist.au/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Queensland Naturist Association (QNA) is a non-profit advocacy group committed to fostering positive changes in clothing-optional recreation in [[Queensland, Australia]]. QNA organises naturist events, such as parties and nude cruises.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-25 |title=Queensland Naturist Association|url=https://qldnaturistassoc.org/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>.

=== New Zealand ===
{{main|Naturism in New Zealand}}
Nudist clubs (called ''sun clubs'') were established in Dunedin and Auckland in early 1938; the Auckland Sun Group went into recess shortly afterwards due to the outbreak of World War II. In 1958 the allied nudist clubs of New Zealand established the New Zealand Sunbathing Association, later renamed the New Zealand Naturist Federation. The Federation includes 17 affiliated clubs with a total membership (in 2012) of 1,600 people. In 2016 the Federation, in conjunction with [[Tourism New Zealand]], hosted the [[International Naturist Federation#World Congress|World Congress of the International Naturist Federation]] at the [[Wellington Naturist Club]], marking the second time the Congress had ever been held in the Southern Hemisphere.{{Sfnm|1a1=Cook|1y=2013 |2a1=NZNF|2y=2018 |3a1=NatLibNZ|3y=2020}}

Outside formal naturist organizations, social nudity is practised in a variety of contexts in New Zealand culture. It is a feature of many summer music festivals, including Convergence,{{Sfn|Convergence|2021}} [[Kiwiburn]], Luminate,{{Sfn|Todd|2019}} [[Rhythm & Vines]], and [[Splore]],{{Sfn|NZHerald|2018}} in a tradition going back to [[Nambassa]] in the late 1970s.{{Sfn|Nambassa|2015}} It is also associated with the culture of [[Rugby football|rugby]], most prominently in the nude rugby match held in Dunedin each winter from 2002 to 2014 (and sporadically thereafter) as pre-match entertainment for the first professional rugby game of the season,{{Sfn|Goosselink|2016}} and in the mock public holiday "National Nude Day", an event in which viewers of the talk show ''[[SportsCafe]]'' were invited – chiefly by former rugby player [[Marc Ellis (rugby)|Marc Ellis]], the show's most irrepressibly comic presenter – to send in photos and video of themselves performing daily activities in the nude.{{Sfnm|1a1=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |1y=2009 |2a1=NZonScreen|2y=2005 |3a1=NZa2z|3y=2020}}

While a large proportion of New Zealanders are tolerant of nudity, especially on beaches,{{Sfn|NZHerald|2008}} there remains a contingent who consider it obscene.{{Sfn|Andelane|2020}} Naturists who engage in casual public nudity, even in places where this is lawful, risk being reported to police by disapproving people.{{Sfnm|1a1=Hudson|1y=2019 |2a1=Davison|2y=2023}} Legally, nudity is permissible on any beach where it is "known to occur",<ref>{{cite court|litigants=Ceramalus v Police|opinion=AP No 76/91|court=High Court of New Zealand|date=5 July 1991}}</ref> in consequence of which New Zealand has no official nude beaches. The indecent exposure provision of the Summary Offences Act is, in practice, reserved for cases of public sexual gratification,{{Sfn|FreeBeaches|1995}} but public nudity may still be prosecuted under the "offensive behaviour" provision.<ref>{{cite court|litigants=Ceramalus v Police|opinion=AP No 131/95|court=High Court of New Zealand|date=27 October 1995}}</ref>

== North America ==
=== Canada ===
{{see also|List of social nudity places in North America#Canada}}
[[File:Human standing nude on the third peak of Stawamus Chief (DSCF7840).jpg|thumb|Nudist hiker in British Columbia]]

In Canada, individuals around the country became interested in nudism, [[Nude swimming|skinny-dipping]], and physical culture in the early part of the 20th century. ''Sunbathing & Health'', a magazine targeted toward Canadian naturists and which occasionally carried local news, began publication after 1940. There were scattered groups of naturists in several cities during the 1930s and 1940s, and some of these groups attracted enough interest to form clubs on private land.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} The most significant clubs were the Van Tan Club, formed in 1939, which is still operating in North Vancouver, BC,{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} and the Sun Air Club, in Ontario.

Canadians who served in the military during the Second World War met like-minded souls from across the country, and often visited clubs while in Europe. They were a ready pool of recruits for post-war organizers. A few years later, the wave of post-war immigration brought many Europeans with their own extensive experience, and they not only swelled the ranks of membership, but often formed their own clubs, helping to expand nudism from coast to coast.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

Most clubs eventually united in the Canadian Sunbathing Association, which affiliated with the American Sunbathing Association in 1954. Several disagreements between eastern and western members of the CSA resulted in its division into the Western Canadian Sunbathing Association (WCSA) and the Eastern Canadian Sunbathing Association (ECSA) in 1960. The ECSA endured much in-fighting over the next fifteen years, which led to its official demise in 1978. The WCSA changed its name to the American Association for Nude Recreation – Western Canadian Region, a region of the American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR), which itself was formerly known as the ASA.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

In 1977 the {{lang|fr|[[La Fédération Québécoise de Naturisme|Fédération québécoise de naturisme]]}} (FQN) was founded in Quebec by Michel Vaïs, who had experienced European naturism at Montalivet. In 1985 the [[Federation of Canadian Naturists]] (FCN) was formed with the support of the FQN. In 1988 the FQN and FCN formed the [[FQN-FCN Union]] as the official Canadian representative in the International Naturist Federation.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

=== Cuba ===

Naturism was a major component of the [[Cuban anarchist]] movement, alongside [[anarchist communism]] and [[anarcho-syndicalism]], as an alternative health and lifestyle movement. Adrián del Valle in particular advocated for the emancipatory" function of naturism in a society.<ref>{{Cite book|title= Anarchism and countercultural politics in early twentieth-century Cuba|last= Shaffer|first= Kirwin R.|location= Gainesville|publisher= University Press of Florida|date= 2005|isbn= 0813027918|url= http://raforum.info/spip.php?article3061|access-date= 2011-05-06|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305043620/http://raforum.info/spip.php?article3061|archive-date= 2016-03-05|url-status= dead}}</ref>

=== Mexico ===
[[File:WestEndZipoliteNudes.JPG|thumb|right|The far west end of Zipolite Beach, Oaxaca, Mexico]]
Federación Nudista de México{{Sfn|FNdM}} is a members organization with both individual and organization members. It promotes social nudity in Mexico, and it is recognized by the International Naturist Federation as the official national naturist organization in that country.

{{As of|2016}}, [[Playa Zipolite]] is Mexico's first and only legal public nude beach.{{Sfnm|1a1=FNdM|1y=2016 |2a1=Ditzian|2y=2017 |3a1=Storey|3y=2010}} A free beach and unofficially nudist for more than 50 years,{{Sfn|TomZap|2021}} this beach is reputed to be the best place for nudism in the country. The numerous nude sunbathers, and the long tradition, make it safe for nudism and naturism. Annually since 2016, on the first weekend of February, Zipolite has hosted Festival Nudista Zipolite{{Sfn|Clarín|2018}} that in 2019 attracted 7,000–8,000 visitors.{{Sfn|Imparcial|2019}}

=== United States ===
{{main|Naturism in the United States}}
{{see also|American Association for Nude Recreation|List of social nudity places in the United States}}<!-- Nude beach is important aspect of many naturists' lives. So if you wish to remove the below pic, please discuss on Talk page first. -->
[[File:FYN 09.jpg|thumb|right|Florida naturists]]

Kurt Barthel founded the [[American League for Physical Culture]] in 1929 and organized the first nudist event. In about 1930 they organized the [[American Gymnosophical Association]]. Barthel founded America's first official nudist camp, Sky Farm in New Jersey, in May, 1932.{{Sfn|Ellensberg|1932}} Around 1932, the AGA established the [[Rock Lodge Club]] as a nudist facility in Stockholm, New Jersey and [[Ilsley Boone]], a [[Dutch Reformed]] minister, formed the Christian naturism movement. Naturism began to expand nationwide.{{Sfnm|1a1=M.|1y=2020 |2a1=FCN|2y=2013 |3a1=Lupin|3y=2012 |4a1=NEF|4y=1966}}

The [[American Association for Nude Recreation]] (AANR) is the national naturist organization. [[Arnd Krüger]] compared nudists in Germany and the United States and came to the conclusion that in Germany the racial aspects ({{lang|de|Zuchtwahl}}) were important for the breakthrough (e.g. the Commanding General of the Army served as patron for nudists events), while in the U.S. nudism was far more commercial and had thus more difficulties.{{sfn|Krüger|1992|p=343}}

In 2008, Florida Young Naturists held its first Naked Bash, which has been repeated multiple times per year and has grown into one of the larger young naturist gatherings in the world.{{Sfn|Freyman|2013}}

In 2009, a campaign to promote nudism in the United States occurred with an effort by the AANR to record the largest simultaneous skinny dip at several U.S. clubs and beaches, which occurred on July 11 of that year.{{Sfn|Wreck Beach|2020}}

In 2010, an organization formed called [[Young Naturists America]], which was mostly focused on the younger generation, as well as social issues, such as [[body image]].{{Sfn|Fallon|2015}} Young Naturists and Nudists America closed in 2017.{{Sfn|NatCorn|2017}}

== Asia ==
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2021}}
[[File:Beautiful sunrise from Taitung beach.jpg|thumb|right|Sunrise on the beach, [[Taitung County]], Taiwan]]

=== Indonesia ===
In the 1970s, nudity on Bali's remote and deserted beaches was common, but with the massive growth of tourism this practice has disappeared. In 2002, nudity was declared illegal on Petitenget Beach, the last beach in [[Seminyak]] that tolerated discreet nudity. Individuals began to practice nudity in private villas and resorts. Laki Uma Villa, the first naturist facility to open, was for gay men only. Bali au Naturel, the first adult-only nudist resort for both genders, opened its doors in 2004. It subsequently expanded from 3 to 15 rooms and added two more swimming pools.

Indonesia has an underground naturist community who defy the laws against public nudity.{{Sfn|BBC|2017}}

=== Thailand ===
Nudism was introduced in 2012 by The Thailand Naturist Association in Pattaya (Chan Resort), and five more nudist resorts have been created across Thailand: Barefeet Resort in Bangkok, Lemon Tree Resort in Phuket City, Oriental Village in Chiangmai, Phuan Naturist Village in Pattaya, and Peace Blue Naturist Resort in Phuket.

Since 2020 during the worldwide pandemic, Lemon Tree Resort in Phuket, Oriental Village in Chiangmai, and Phuan Naturist Village in Pattaya have closed.

Dragonfly Naturist Village in Pattaya (a member of American Association for Nude Recreation) has opened and expanded its property as the largest naturist resort in Thailand.

== South America ==
{{See also|List of social nudity places in South America}}

=== Argentina ===
{{Main|Naturism in Argentina}}
Naturism is allowed in the official nude beaches of Puerto Escondido,{{sfn|Playa Escondida}} located near Miramar, and Playa Querandí,{{sfn|Apanna}} located in Villa Gesell. Total nudity is permitted in some private naturist resorts.

=== Brazil ===
In general, public nudity tends to be condemned by the Brazilian authorities, which commonly see it as [[indecent exposure]]. However, the country has the highest number of official nude beaches in Latin America, being eight in total, and this number partially is explained by the fact that the Brazilian territory has more than {{convert|8000|km|mi}} of ocean coast. Moreover, there are a few private naturist clubs throughout the country where full nudity is accepted as well. Naturism in Brazil is regulated by the Brazilian Naturism Federation (in Portuguese: ''Federação Brasileira de Naturismo'', abbreviated as ''FBrN'').{{sfn|FBrN}}{{verify source|date=August 2024|reason=The ref is a home page and I could not find these details.}}

=== Chile ===
The first nude beach in the country, called [[Playa Luna]], was legalized in 2000, and there are unofficial restricted areas that were created in Playa Luna Norte ([[Tarapacá]]), Playa Luna Sur (Coliumo), Playa Escondida ([[Antofagasta]]), Playa Blanca ([[Tongoy]]) and [[Pichilemu]].{{sfn|El Observatodo|2015}}

=== Uruguay ===
{{Main|Naturism in Uruguay}}
There are two official nude beaches where the practice of naturism is allowed: Chihuahua,{{sfnm|1a1=Lewin|1y=2018 |2a1=Nöllmann|2y=2022}} located in the resort [[Chihuahua, Uruguay|of the same name]], and [[La Sirena Beach|La Sirena]],{{sfnm|1a1=Montevideo|1y=2012 |2a1=Cano|2y=2021}} located in the resort of [[Aguas Dulces]].

== Naturist media ==
=== Magazines ===
{{Original research section|date=July 2022}}
Magazines published by, for or purportedly about naturists can be grouped into the following:

* Magazines published by an "official" national organisation, such as ''BN'' (British Naturism), ''Going Natural/Au naturel'' (FCN/FQN), ''Nude & Natural Magazine'' (The Naturist Society), ''gonatural'' (New Zealand Naturist Federation).
* Independent magazines published for naturists, such as ''Naturally'', ''[[H&E naturist]]'' and ''TAN'' (acronym of ''The Australian Naturist'').
* Magazines that print photographs only or primarily of young female professional models. These types of publications are disapproved of by many naturists and non-naturists alike.

Magazines in the second and, occasionally, third groups feature naturist editorial and advertising. While some naturists argue over which magazines belong in which of these categories, these views may change as publishers and editors change. Many clubs and groups have benefited from magazines which, while not exclusively or even predominantly naturist in character, made naturist information available to many who would not otherwise have been aware of it.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} The information and advertising provided online, along with the wide availability of free online pornography, has meant the disappearance of old-style "skin" magazines presenting significant glamour content masquerading as, or alongside, naturist content. Naturist magazines have to appeal strongly to naturists to succeed; they cannot sit on the fence between naturism and glamour. Some naturists feel that the worthwhile editorial content in some magazines is not a fair balance for the disapproved-of photographic content.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

=== Photography, films and videos ===
[[File:Nudist tea for two.jpg|thumb|A publicity photo showing a North American naturist couple making tea]]
Although photographing others when they are nude in a public place may not violate their rights to privacy, individuals retain the [[personality rights]] to their own image in many countries. If so, recognizable photographs of any person cannot be published without permission.

Some naturist clubs have been willing to allow filming by the media on their grounds, though content that proved not to be of genuine naturism can end up being parodied by the media.{{Sfn|Edwards|2006}}

Some commercial 'naturist' DVDs are dominated by imagery of naked children. Such material can be marketed in ways that appear to appeal directly to [[pedophile]] inclinations, and ownership of these DVDs (and their earlier video cassette incarnations) has resulted in successful British prosecutions for possession of indecent images of children.{{Sfnm|1a1=Independent|1y=2007 |2a1=4IE|2y=2007 |3a1=BBC|3y=2007}} One case was appealed, unsuccessfully, to the [[European Court of Human Rights]].<ref>{{cite court|litigants=O'Carroll v the United Kingdom|reporter=ECHR CaseLaw|court=European Court of Human Rights|date=2005-03-15|url=http://echr.ketse.com/doc/35557.03-en-20050315/view/|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-03-06|quote=the Court unanimously Declares the application inadmissible.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304195758/http://echr.ketse.com/doc/35557.03-en-20050315/view/}}</ref>

Photo shoots, including major high-profile works by [[Spencer Tunick]], are done in public places including beaches.{{sfn|O'Brien|2011}}

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Breastfeeding in public]]
* [[List of places where social nudity is practised]]
* [[List of social nudity organizations]]
* [[Naked party]]
* [[Streaking]]
* [[Timeline of non-sexual social nudity]]
* [[Topfreedom]]
{{div col end}}

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

== References ==
=== Books ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book|author=Anon|title=Guide Mondial de Naturisme 96 97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bb_RPAAACAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Moorland Publishing Company, Limited|isbn=978-90-6716-833-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Baubérot |first=Arnaud |url=http://books.openedition.org/pur/22872 |title=Histoire du naturisme: Le mythe du retour à la nature |date=2004 |publisher=Presses universitaires de Rennes |isbn=978-2-7535-0020-4 |location=Rennes |pages=Chapter XII. Naturism, between regeneration and leisure p. 281–307 |language=fr |doi=10.4000/books.pur.22872 }}
* {{cite book|first=Mireille|last=Choin|title=World Handbook Naturisme 2002 - 2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2n9nQEACAAJ|year=2002|publisher=International Naturist Federation.|isbn=978-90-5583-833-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cinder |first=Cec |year=1998 |title=The Nudist Idea |publisher=The Ultraviolet Press |isbn=0-9652085-0-8 |location=Riverside, California}}
*{{cite book|last=Cockington|first=James|title=Banned: Tales from the Bizarre History of Australian Obscenity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aa_ZAAAACAAJ |year=2005|publisher=ABC Books|isbn=978-0-7333-1502-2}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Story: Naturism |encyclopedia=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/naturism/print |access-date=2021-03-04 |last=Cook |first=Hera |date=5 September 2013}}
* {{cite book|first=Marc-Alain|last=Descamps|title=Vivre nu: psychosociologie du naturisme|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MUoPQAACAAJ |year=1987|publisher=Trismégiste|isbn=978-2-86509-026-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Duner |first=Paul |title=A Year and a Day |date=1942 |publisher=L. Drummond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xgSgAAAAMAAJ |access-date=27 February 2021}}
* {{cite book |first1=Charles |last1=Harrison |first2=Gillian |last2=Perry |year=1993 |title=Primitivism, Cubism, Abstraction: The Early Twentieth Century |publisher=Yale University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/primitivismcubis0000harr |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-300-05516-0}}
* {{cite book|first=Michael|last=Hau|title=The Cult of Health and Beauty in Germany: A Social History, 1890-1930 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxUYf5MbSYgC|year=2003|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-31974-2}}
* {{cite book |first1=Judith |last1=Jones |first2=Colin |last2=Broadley |title=Nambassa: A New Direction |year=1979 |publisher=A. H. & A. W. Reed |isbn=978-0-589-01216-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yrk2mwEACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|first=Hubert|last=Kennedy|title=Homosexuality and Male Bonding in Pre-Nazi Germany: the youth movement, the gay movement, and male bonding before Hitler's rise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0a7aAAAAQBAJ|date=13 September 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-99203-5}}
* {{cite book|first=Arnd|last=Krüger|author-link=Arnd Krüger |editor=Norbert Finzsch |editor2=Hermann Wellenreuther |title=Liberalitas: Festschrift für [[Erich Angermann]] zum 65. Geburtstag|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cHdS3QcNMcoC&pg=PA4|year=1992 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |isbn=978-3-515-05656-4|chapter=Zwischen Sex und Zuchtwahl. Nudismus und Naturismus in Deutschland und Amerika}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Murphy|editor-first1=Kevin P.|editor-last2=Spear|editor-first2=Jennifer M.|title=Historicising Gender and Sexuality |year=2011|isbn=9781444343939|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flAU0cgjLkkC}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Peeters |editor-first=Evert |editor-last2=Van Molle |editor-first2=Leen |editor-last3=Wils |editor-first3=Kaat |year=2011 |title=Beyond Pleasure: Cultures of Modern Asceticism |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-84545-773-0 |edition=1st |pages=21–41 |last=Peeters |first=Evert |chapter=Ch. 1: The Performance of Redemption: Asceticism and Liberation in Belgian {{lang|nl|Lebensreform}} |jstor=j.ctt9qd2zc}}
* {{Cite book |last=Planchon |first=Jean Baptiste Luc |year=1778 |url=https://archive.org/details/b30515646 |title=La naturisme, ou La nature considérée dans les maladies & leur traitement conforme à la doctrine & à la pratique d'Hippocrate et de ses sectateurs |publisher=Varlé |location=Tournay }}
* {{cite book|last=Schneider|first=Andreas|year=2009|title=Kreta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UNZYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 |publisher=DuMont Reiseverlag|isbn=978-3-7701-7231-3|language=de}}
* {{cite book |last=Sconce |first=Jeffrey |year=2007 |title=Sleaze artists: cinema at the margins of taste, style, and politics |publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-3964-9}}
* {{cite book|first=Mark|last=Storey|date=2003|title=Cinema Au Naturel: A History of Nudist Film |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOMNAAAACAAJ |publisher=Naturist Education Foundation |isbn=978-0-9740844-0-4}}
* {{cite book|first=Karl Eric|last=Toepfer|title=Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgvYUZh75WwC|year=1997 |publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91827-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=White |first1=Linda |title=The independent woman's guide to Europe |date=1991 |publisher=Fulcrum Pub. |location=Golden, Colo. |isbn=9781555910877 |page=95 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/independentwoman0000whit/page/n11/mode/2up |access-date=27 February 2021 |language=en-US |chapter-format=Paperback |chapter=Ch. 9: Specialty Vacations: Meeting People Who Share Your Interests}}
* {{Cite book |last=Whitman |first=Walt |date=1883 |title=Specimen Days and Collect. |location=Glasgow |publisher=Wilson & McCormick |chapter=A Sun-Bath-Nakedness |pages=103–104 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/specimendays00whitrich/page/102/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater}}
* {{cite book |last1=Woycke |first1=James Edward |title=Au Naturel: The History of Nudism in Canada |date=2003 |publisher=Federation of Canadian Naturists |isbn=9780968233238 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iAPCjYBW6AC |access-date=27 February 2021 |format=Paperback}}

<!-- The monograph references below are not utilized in the current version of the article. Hiding until their correct targets can be determined.

* {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Anon|2002}}|author=Anon|title=Naked Places: A Guide for Gay Men to Nude Recreation and Travel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhBmAAAACAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Mercury Productions|isbn=978-0-9656089-3-0}}
* {{cite book|first1=Julie|last1=Bagby|first2=Arne|last2=Erikso |title=North American Guide to Nude Recreation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTA2AAAACAAJ|year=1993 |publisher=American Association for Nude Recreation|isbn=978-1-882033-05-8}}
* {{cite book|first=John|last=Bancroft|title=Sexual Development in Childhood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bibbgdfPg3AC |year=2003 |publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-34243-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Barcan|first=Ruth|title=Nudity: A Cultural Anatomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53-AAAAAMAAJ |year=2004 |publisher=Berg Publishers|isbn=978-1-85973-872-6}}
* {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Basford et al|1998}}|first1=David |last1=Basford|first2=Stéphane|last2=Deschênes|first3=Paul |last3=Rapoport|title=The Canadian Guide to Naturist Resorts & Nude Beaches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9X1gPwAACAAJ |year=1998|publisher=Federation of Canadian Naturists|isbn=978-0-9682332-1-4}}
* {{cite book|first=Lee|last=Baxandall|title=World Guide to Nude Beaches & Recreation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4StAAAACAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Naturist Society|isbn=978-0-934106-21-4|author-link=Lee Baxandall}}
* {{cite book|first=Guy|last=Bellamy|title=The Nudists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPzVAQAACAAJ|year=1987 |publisher=Penguin Books, Limited|isbn=978-0-14-009772-6}}
* {{cite book|first=Barbara L.|last=Bonner|editor=Howard Dubowitz|others=Diane DePanfilis|title=Handbook for Child Protection Practice|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=37dhPVW-NXUC&pg=PA209|year=2000|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-1371-9|chapter=When does sexual play suggest a problem?}}
* {{cite book|first=Philip|last=Carr-Gomm|title=A Brief History of Nakedness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1rwBFAz-En0C|date=2012 |publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-729-9}}
* {{cite book|first1=Mike|last1=Charles|first2=Nick|last2=Mayhew-Smith|title=Bare Beaches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x6GIAAAACAAJ |year=2004|publisher=LifeStyle|isbn=978-0-9544767-1-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Clark|first=Kenneth|title=The Nude: A Study of Ideal Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCBjPwAACAAJ|year=1993 |publisher=Penguin Books, Limited|isbn=978-0-14-017336-9|author-link=Kenneth Clark}}
* {{cite book|last=Clarke|first=Magnus|title=Nudism in Australia: A First Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2N4FAgAACAAJ|year=1982 |publisher=Deakin University Press|isbn=978-0-949823-08-3}}
* {{cite book|first=Caroline|last=Daley|title=Leisure and Pleasure: Reshaping and Revealing the New Zealand Body 1900-1960 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ENNaAwAAQBAJ|date=2013|publisher=Auckland University Press|isbn=978-1-86940-504-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Daley|first=Caroline |title=Leisure and Pleasure: Reshaping and Revealing the New Zealand Body 1900-1960 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ENNaAwAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Auckland University Press|isbn=978-1-86940-504-5}}
* {{cite book |first=Larry |last=Darter |title=American Nudist Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=msuhZwEACAAJ |date=2011 |publisher=CreateSpace |isbn=978-1-4611-1638-7 }}
* {{cite book|title=Histoire de Montalivet et des Naturistes du Medoc|first=Marc-Alain|last=Descamps|date=2005|publisher=Editions Publimag |isbn=978-2-9524240-0-4}}
* {{cite book|first1=Liz|last1=Egger|first2=James|last2=Egger |title=The Complete Guide to Nudism and Naturism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnFqngEACAAJ |year=2009|publisher=Wicked Books|isbn=978-0-9562313-0-7}}
* {{cite book |first=Aileen |last=Goodson |title=Therapy, Nudity & Joy: The Therapeutic Use of Nudity Through the Ages, from Ancient Ritual to Modern Psychology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bE6aAAAACAAJ |date=1991 |publisher=Elysium Growth Press |isbn=978-1-55599-028-2 }}
* {{cite book|first1=Betty N.|last1=Gordon|first2=Carolyn S.|last2=Schroeder|title=Sexuality: A Developmental Approach to Problems |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0nHGzRyb6gC|date=31 May 1995|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-306-45040-2}}
* {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Hartman et al|1971}}|last1=Hartman |first1=William E.|last2=Fithian|first2=Marilyn|last3=Johnson |first3=Donald |year=1971|title=Nudist Society|publisher=Avon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lFmlwEACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Hoffman|first=Brian S.|title=Naked: A Cultural History of American Nudism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RUICAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9|year=2015|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-9053-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Hollander|first=Anne|year=1993|title=Seeing Through Clothes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSItqzbG9nIC |publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-08231-1}}
* {{cite book|first=Brett|last=Lunceford|year=2012|title=Naked Politics: Nudity, Political Action, and the Rhetoric of the Body |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VAbKvVF5nYcC |publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-6709-0}}
* {{cite book|first1=Byron|last1=Mcallister|first2=Kay |last2=Mcallister|title=Undercover Nudist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zCSZPQAACAAJ|date=2005 |publisher=CreateSpace|isbn=978-1-59431-186-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Miles|first=Margaret R.|title=Carnal Knowing: Female Nakedness and Religious Meaning in the Christian West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7pLAwAAQBAJ|year=2006 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-59752-901-3}}
* {{cite book|last1=Merrill|first1=Frances|last2=Merrill |first2=Mason|title=Among the Nudists |publisher=A. A. Knopf |year=1931 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LGBAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Nead|first=Lynda|title=The Female Nude: Art, Obscenity and Sexuality |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2uIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-97276-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Norwood|first=C. E.|title=Nudism in England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_C2PAAACAAJ|year=1933 |publisher=Douglas}}
* {{cite book|last=Parmelee|first=Maurice|title=Nudism in Modern Life: The New Gymnosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQ47ngEACAAJ |year=1952|publisher=Sunshine Book Company}}
* {{cite book|last=Shantz|first=Mary-Ann|editor=Patrizia Gentile |editor2=Jane Nicholas|title=Contesting Bodies and Nation in Canadian History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWYCAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA226|year=2013|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-1387-4 |chapter=Nudity as Embodied Citizenship and Spectacle: Pageants at Canada's Nudist Clubs, 1949 to 1975}}
* {{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Dennis Craig|last2=Sparks |first2=William|title=The Naked Child: Growing Up Without Shame |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=whagAQAACAAJ|year=1986 |publisher=Elysium Growth Press|isbn=978-1-55599-000-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Williams|first=John Alexander|title=Turning to Nature in Germany: Hiking, Nudism, and Conservation, 1900-1940 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGemAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR1 |year=2007|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-0015-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Worpole|first=Ken|title=Here Comes the Sun: Architecture and Public Space in Twentieth-Century European Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RwIw9XMszQC&pg=PA45|date=1 December 2000|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-073-3}}

-->
{{refend}}

=== Journal articles ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Barcan | first=Ruth | year=2001 | title='The Moral Bath of Bodily Unconsciousness': Female nudism, bodily exposure and the gaze | journal=Continuum | volume=15 | issue=3 | pages=303–317 | issn=1030-4312 | doi=10.1080/10304310120086795 | s2cid=145127932}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Barcan |first1=Ruth |year=2004 |title="Regaining what Mankind has Lost through Civilisation:" Early Nudism and Ambivalent Moderns |journal=Fashion Theory |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=63–82 |issn=1362-704X |doi=10.2752/136270404778051870 |s2cid=194179019}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Bell | first1=D. | last2=Holliday | first2=R. | year=2000 | title=Naked as Nature Intended | journal=Body & Society | volume=6 | issue=3–4 | pages=127–140 | issn=1357-034X | doi=10.1177/1357034X00006003007 | s2cid=144220703}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Buchy |first=Philip Edward |title=A Nudist Resort |degree=MA |place=Oxford, Ohio |publisher=Miami University, Department of Architecture |year=2005 |url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/ap/6?101387268215227:P0_SEARCH:NO: |access-date=2007-11-29}}{{dead link|date=August 2024}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Bullough | first=Vern L. | year=1997 | title=In memory of William Hartman | journal=Journal of Sex Research | volume=34 | issue=4 | pages=427–428 | issn=0022-4499 | doi=10.1080/00224499709551910}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Casler |first=Lawrence |year=1964 |title=Some Sociopsychological Observations in a Nudist Camp: A Preliminary Study |journal=The Journal of Social Psychology |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=307–323 |doi=10.1080/00224545.1964.9919569 |pmid=14239003}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Ciazela |first1=Jakub |last2=Roszak |first2=Sandra |date=2018 |title=Lubiewo w Międzyzdrojach jako ośrodek ruchu naturystycznego |trans-title=Lubiewo in Międzyzdroje as a center of naturism |pages=97–111 |journal=Sekcja Turystyki I Rekreacji |language=pl}}
** {{Cite book |date=January 2018 |title=Geoprzestrzeń |chapter=Naturists of the Lubiewo resort, Międzyzdroje, Poland – characteristics and motivations |pages=97–111 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329016643 |access-date=2021-03-02 |via=ResearchGate |publisher=Bogucki}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Cleminson | first=Richard | year=2004 | title=Making sense of the body: anarchism, nudism and subjective experience | journal=Bulletin of Spanish Studies | volume=81 | issue=6 | pages=697–716 | issn=1475-3820 | doi=10.1080/1475382042000272256 | s2cid=143076783}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Crosby | first1=Donald A. | year=2003 | title=Naturism as a Form of Religious Naturalism | journal=Zygon | volume=38 | issue=1 | pages=117–120 | issn=0591-2385 | doi=10.1111/1467-9744.00484| doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Daley | first=Caroline | year=2005 | title=From bush to beach: nudism in Australasia | journal=Journal of Historical Geography | volume=31 | issue=1 | pages=149–167 | issn=0305-7488 | doi=10.1016/j.jhg.2004.03.020| hdl=2292/20914 | hdl-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal | last=de Vries | first=Bouke | title=The Right to be Publicly Naked: A Defence of Nudism | journal=Res Publica | volume=25 | issue=3 | pages=407–424 | year=2018 | issn=1356-4765 | doi=10.1007/s11158-018-09406-z | doi-access=free | s2cid=149854925| hdl=21.11116/0000-0005-9EC4-C | hdl-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Downs | first=J. F. | year=1966 | title=Social Nudism in America. Fred Ilfeld, Jr., Roger Lauer. | journal=American Anthropologist | volume=68 | issue=1 | pages=260–262 | issn=0002-7294 | doi=10.1525/aa.1966.68.1.02a00600 | doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hughes |first1=Howard |last2=Monterrubio |first2=Juan Carlos |last3=Miller |first3=Amanda |title='Gay' tourists and host community attitudes |journal=International Journal of Tourism Research |volume=12 |issue=6 |year=2010 |pages=774–786 |issn=1099-2340 |doi=10.1002/jtr.792}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Kerin | first=Rani | year=2006 | title='Natives Allowed to Remain Naked': An Unorthodox Approach to Medical Work at Ernabella Mission | journal=Health and History | volume=8 | issue=1 | pages=80–99 | issn=1442-1771 | doi=10.2307/40111530 | jstor=40111530| s2cid=75775709 }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Lempa | first=Heikki | year=2012 | title=Turning to Nature in Germany: Hiking, Nudism, and Conservation, 1900–1940 (review) | journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality | volume=21 | issue=2 | pages=350–352 | issn=1535-3605 | doi=10.1353/sex.2012.0032 | s2cid=142870375}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Makarova | first=Veronika | year=2013 | title=Doukhobor 'freedom seeker' nudism: Exploring the sociocultural roots | journal=Culture and Religion | volume=14 | issue=2 | pages=131–145 | issn=1475-5610 | doi=10.1080/14755610.2012.706228 | s2cid=145269278}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Martin | first=Richard | date=1991 | title=The Deceit of Dress: Utopian Visions and the Arguments against Clothing | journal=Utopian Studies | issue=4 | pages=79–84 | jstor=20718951 }}
* {{Cite journal | last=McLellan | first=Josie | year=2007 | title=State socialist bodies: East German nudism from ban to boom | url=https://doi.org/10.1086/517544 | journal=The Journal of Modern History | volume=79 | issue=1 | pages=48–79 | issn=0022-2801 | doi=10.1086/517544 | via=University of Chicago Press Journals | s2cid=144281349 | url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Morris | first=N. J. | year=2009 | title=Naked in nature: naturism, nature and the senses in early 20th century Britain | journal=Cultural Geographies | volume=16 | issue=3 | pages=283–308 | issn=1474-4740 | doi=10.1177/1474474009105049 | s2cid=145366617 | doi-access=free| bibcode=2009CuGeo..16..283M | url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/10794999/PDF_Naked_In_Nature.pdf }}
*{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/14649360701251866| issn = 1464-9365| volume = 8| issue = 1| pages = 123–141| last = Obrador-Pons| first = Pau| title = A Haptic Geography of the Beach: Naked Bodies, Vision and Touch| journal = Social and Cultural Geography| access-date = 2022-01-20| year = 2007| s2cid = 219692942| url = https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649360701251866| url-access = subscription}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Schrank | first1=S. | year=2012 | title=Naked Houses: The Architecture of Nudism and the Rethinking of the American Suburbs | journal=Journal of Urban History | volume=38 | issue=4 | pages=635–661 | issn=0096-1442 | doi=10.1177/0096144211434988 | s2cid=145688769}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Shaffer | first1=M. S. | year=2008 | title=Marguerite S. Shaffer on the Environmental Nude | journal=Environmental History | volume=13 | issue=1 | pages=126–139 | issn=1084-5453 | doi=10.1093/envhis/13.1.126-a | jstor=25473196}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Smith | first1=Glenn | last2=King | first2=Michael| year=2009 | title=Naturism and sexuality: Broadening our approach to sexual wellbeing | journal=Health & Place | volume=15 | issue=2 | pages=439–446 | issn=1353-8292 | doi=10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.08.002 | pmid=18926761}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Warren | first1=H. C. | year=1933 | title=Social nudism and the body taboo. | journal=Psychological Review | volume=40 | issue=2 | pages=160–183 | issn=0033-295X | doi=10.1037/h0073466}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Weinberg | first=Martin S. | year=1965 | title=Sexual Modesty, Social Meanings, and the Nudist Camp | journal=Social Problems | volume=12 | issue=3 | pages=311–318 | issn=0037-7791 | doi=10.2307/798936 | jstor=798936}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Weinberg | first= Martin S. | date=1966 | title=Becoming a nudist | journal=Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes | volume=21 | issue=1 | pages=15–24 | doi=10.1080/00332747.1966.11023450 | pmid=27820889}}
* {{Cite journal | last=West | first=Keon | date=2018-03-01 | title=Naked and Unashamed: Investigations and Applications of the Effects of Naturist Activities on Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Life Satisfaction | journal=Journal of Happiness Studies | language=en | volume=19 | issue=3 | pages=677–697 | doi=10.1007/s10902-017-9846-1 | issn=1573-7780 | doi-access=free | s2cid=9153791 }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Woodall | first1=Ellen E. | year=2003 | title=The American Nudist Movement: From Cooperative to Capital, the Song Remains the Same | journal=The Journal of Popular Culture | volume=36 | issue=2 | pages=264–284 | issn=0022-3840 | doi=10.1111/1540-5931.00006}}

<!-- The journal references below are not utilized in the current version of the article. Hiding until their correct targets can be determined.

* {{Cite journal | last1=Okami | first1=Paul | last2=Olmstead | first2=Richard | last3=Abramson | first3=Paul R. | last4=Pendleton | first4=Laura | year=1998 | journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume=27 | issue=4 | pages=361–384 | issn=0004-0002 | doi=10.1023/A:1018736109563 | title=Early Childhood Exposure to Parental Nudity and Scenes of Parental Sexuality ("Primal Scenes"): An 18-Year Longitudinal Study of Outcome | pmid=9681119 | s2cid=21852539 | ref={{sfnref|Okami et al|1998}}}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Okami | first1=Paul | title=Childhood exposure to parental nudity, parent‐child co‐sleeping, and "primal scenes": A review of clinical opinion and empirical evidence | journal=Journal of Sex Research | volume=32 | issue=1 | year=1995 | pages=51–63 | issn=0022-4499 | doi=10.1080/00224499509551774 }} 
* {{Cite journal | last=Smith | first= H. W. | date=1980 | title=Does Shedding one's Clothes Imply Shedding one's Culture? A Crosscultural Test of Nudism Claims | journal=International Review of Modern Sociology | volume=10 | issue=2 | pages=255–268 | jstor=41420756 }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Smith | first1=H. W. | year=1980 | title=A modest test of cross-cultural differences in sexual modesty, embarrassment and self-disclosure | journal=Qualitative Sociology | volume=3 | issue=3 | pages=223–241 | issn=0162-0436 | doi=10.1007/BF00987137 | s2cid=143646233}}

-->
{{refend}}

=== Film documentaries ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite AV media|last=Mindlin|first=Michael|title=Documentary Film: This Nude World (also known as This Naked Age and Back to Nature)|publisher=Crown Pictures / Vision Pictures, Inc|date=1932|collaboration=[[Jan Gay]]|location=USA|type=Motion picture|work=Among the earliest of the nudist educational films; A 1932 documentary exploring nudism across different cultures. It presents historical perspectives on the movement, featuring footage from various nudist colonies and discussing societal attitudes toward nudity at the time.|url=https://archive.org/details/this-nude-world-1932-among-the-earliest-of-the-nudist-educational-films}}
{{refend}}

=== Newspaper articles ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite news |last=Andelane |first=Lana |date=2020-01-15 |title=G-string tog debate divides Taupō as local mums call for return to modest bathers |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2020/01/g-string-tog-debate-divides-taup-as-local-mums-call-for-return-to-modest-bathers.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924164208/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2020/01/g-string-tog-debate-divides-taup-as-local-mums-call-for-return-to-modest-bathers.html |archive-date=2020-09-24 |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=[[Newshub]] |publisher=MediaWorks New Zealand}}
* {{cite news |last=Blumetti |first=Jordan |date=25 November 2019 |title=Purists v partiers: the battle between two popular nudist resorts |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/nov/25/nudism-naturism-florida-pasco-county|access-date=10 October 2021}}
* {{Cite news |last=Bridge |first=Adrian |date=2014-07-17 |title=Germans Most Likely to Go Nude |website=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/germany/articles/Germans-most-likely-to-go-nude/ |access-date=2021-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028222830/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/germany/articles/Germans-most-likely-to-go-nude/ |archive-date=2019-10-28 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite news |last=Connolly |first=Kate |date=2019-08-08 |title=The naked truth: is naturism dying out in Germany? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/aug/08/the-naked-truth-is-naturism-dying-out-in-germany |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127073428/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/aug/08/the-naked-truth-is-naturism-dying-out-in-germany |archive-date=2020-11-27 |access-date=2021-02-23 |work=[[The Guardian]] }}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.odt.co.nz/regions/south-otago/complaints-about-naturist’s-nude-beach-walks|last=Davison|first=Richard |title=Complaints about naturist's nude beach walks|work=[[Otago Daily Times]] |date=2023-04-10|access-date=2023-04-13}}
* {{Cite news |last=Eleftheriou-Smith |first=Loulla-Mae |date=2016-11-30 |title=Naked ambition: 5 ways to holiday in the nude |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/naked-restaurant-paris-park-bunyadi-nude-cruise-nudist-resort-hotel-greece-pictures-a7346721.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108105828/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/naked-restaurant-paris-park-bunyadi-nude-cruise-nudist-resort-hotel-greece-pictures-a7346721.html |archive-date=2020-11-08 |access-date=2021-02-23 |work=The Independent}}
* {{Cite news |last=Glaister |first=Dan |date=2007-05-15 |title=Too old – US naturists face up to the naked truth |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/15/usa.danglaister |access-date=2021-02-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929213212/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/15/usa.danglaister |archive-date=2020-09-29 |work=[[The Guardian]] |issn=0261-3077 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Goosselink |first=Dave |date=15 June 2016 |title=Curtains for nude rugby in Dunedin? |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2016/06/curtains-for-nude-rugby-in-dunedin.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804080304/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2016/06/curtains-for-nude-rugby-in-dunedin.html |archive-date=2020-08-04 |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=[[Newshub]] |publisher=MediaWorks New Zealand}}
* {{Cite news |last=Hudson |first=Daisy |date=28 November 2019 |title=Smaills Beach naturist says people get the wrong idea |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/smaills-beach-naturist-says-people-get-wrong-idea |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812162058/https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/smaills-beach-naturist-says-people-get-wrong-idea |archive-date=2020-08-12 |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=[[Otago Daily Times]] }}
* {{cite news|last=Lessig|first=Hugh|date=11 August 2004 |title=Virginia's Nudist Law Stands|newspaper=Daily Press |location=Virginia |url=https://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-xpm-20040811-2004-08-11-0408110118-story.html |access-date=11 January 2022}}
* {{cite news|last=Lichfield|first=John|date=23 September 2010 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/nudists-fight-for-bare-essentials-as-swingers-invade-holiday-colony-2087042.html |url-status=live|location=London|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/nudists-fight-for-bare-essentials-as-swingers-invade-holiday-colony-2087042.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |title=Nudists fight for bare essentials as swingers invade holiday colony|work=The Independent|access-date=10 January 2020}}
* {{Cite news |last=Steel |first=Ian |date=1975-02-14 |title=Govt. makes bathing in nude legal at Maslins |page=1 |work=Advertiser |url=https://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?c=743&mode=singleImage |access-date=2021-03-04}}
* {{cite news |title=Chile a calzón quitado: Dónde se ubican las playas nudistas en nuestro país|date=10 January 2015|newspaper=El Observatodo |language=es|trans-title=Chile with Panties removed: Where are the Nudist Beaches in our Country? |ref={{sfnref|El Observatodo|2015}} |url=http://www.elobservatodo.cl/noticia/sociedad/chile-calzon-quitado-donde-se-ubican-las-playas-nudistas-en-nuestro-pais}}
* {{Cite news |date=2007-06-30 |title=Gay reverend fined over 'indecent' images of boys |work=Irish Independent |language=en |url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/gay-reverend-fined-over-indecent-images-of-boys-26300917.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815202837/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/gay-reverend-fined-over-indecent-images-of-boys-26300917.html |archive-date=2020-08-15 |access-date=2021-03-06 |ref={{SfnRef|Independent|2007}} }}
* {{Cite news |date=2 January 2018 |title='I'd do it again': Topless woman at Rhythm and Vines speaks out in heartfelt message |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/id-do-it-again-topless-woman-at-rhythm-and-vines-speaks-out-in-heartfelt-message/5VVHTUA7SRORHL2AEYXAUNS3XA/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128140858/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/id-do-it-again-topless-woman-at-rhythm-and-vines-speaks-out-in-heartfelt-message/5VVHTUA7SRORHL2AEYXAUNS3XA/ |archive-date=2021-01-28 |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |language=en-NZ|ref={{SfnRef|NZHerald|2018}} }}
* {{Cite news |agency=[[States News Service]] |date=1989-12-24 |title=Lobbying for Nudists' Rights |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/24/nyregion/lobbying-for-nudists-rights.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102045514/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/24/nyregion/lobbying-for-nudists-rights.html |archive-date=2018-01-02 |access-date=2021-03-13 |work=New York Times |language=en-US |quote="We even have a word for everybody else, everyone who is not a nudist. They're 'textiles,' as in, 'There are textile beaches and nude beaches.'" |ref={{SfnRef|SNS|2018}}}}
* {{Cite news |date=1932-08-02 |title=Nudism moves into New Jersey skeeter district |work=Ellensberg Daily Record |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w9MrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=i4QFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2812%2C2964325 |access-date=2021-03-06| ref={{SfnRef|Ellensberg|1932}} }}
* {{Cite news |date=31 August 2017a |title=Revealed: Paris opens first nudist park but no voyeurs allowed |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/31/revealed-paris-opens-first-nudist-park-no-voyeurs-allowed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111214008/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/31/revealed-paris-opens-first-nudist-park-no-voyeurs-allowed |archive-date=2020-11-11 |access-date=2021-02-23 |work=[[The Guardian]] |ref={{SfnRef|Guardian|2017a}}}}
* {{Cite news |date=11 August 2017b |title=The Guardian view on nudity: grin and bare it |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/commentisfree/2017/aug/11/the-guardian-view-on-nudity-grin-and-bare-it?CMP=Share_AndroidApp_Gmail |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111212930/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/commentisfree/2017/aug/11/the-guardian-view-on-nudity-grin-and-bare-it |archive-date=2020-11-11 |access-date=2021-02-28 |ref={{SfnRef|Guardian|2017b}} }}
* {{Cite news |date=2008-11-01 |title=Third of Kiwis OK with beach nudity |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/third-of-kiwis-okay-with-beach-nudity/OKKUXWL6V6GYIMGGFHPQGMK4CA/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224040046/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/third-of-kiwis-okay-with-beach-nudity/OKKUXWL6V6GYIMGGFHPQGMK4CA/ |archive-date=2021-02-24 |access-date=2021-02-24 |website=[[New Zealand Herald]] |ref={{SfnRef|NZHerald|2008}} }}
* {{Cite news |date=2009-01-31 |title=Turning the other cheek, all for fun |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/timaru-herald/636308/Turning-the-other-cheek-all-for-fun |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804060134/http://www.stuff.co.nz/timaru-herald/636308/Turning-the-other-cheek-all-for-fun |archive-date=2020-08-04 |access-date=2021-03-05 |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |publisher=Stuff Limited |ref={{SfnRef|Stuff|2009}} }}

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* {{Cite web| title = A stitch in time| first = Patrick| last = Barkham| work = The Guardian| date = 31 May 2007| access-date = 2014-08-15| url = https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,,2091657,00.html| ref = {{sfnref|Barkham|2007}} }}
* {{Cite news| title = Nudity can be erotic and naturists should not have to deny it| first = Glenn| last = Smith| newspaper = The Guardian| date = 6 June 2007| access-date = 2014-08-15| url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/jun/06/comment.comment}}
* {{Cite web | title = Going naked in public – unspoken rules | last = Schneider | first = Kate | work = NewsComAu | date = 23 February 2016 | access-date = 2016-04-27 | url = http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-ideas/adventure/the-rules-of-going-naked-in-public/news-story/b32fe64a4db995e803c16ff2711d51de }}
-->
{{refend}}

=== Websites ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite web |last=αNaturist |date=2016-11-27 |title=camp Gymnasium at Burning Man 2016 |website=Active Naturists |url=https://activenaturists.net/2016/11/27/camp-gymnasium-at-burning-man-2016/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205222300/https://activenaturists.net/2016/11/27/camp-gymnasium-at-burning-man-2016/ |archive-date=2020-12-05 |access-date=2021-02-23}}
* {{cite web |last=Anderson |first=Howard |year=2000 |url=http://anderh.com/fkk/book/stats.htm|access-date=24 April 2012 |title=Why be a naturist: Statistics |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219220940/http://anderh.com/fkk/book/stats.htm|archive-date=19 December 2008}}
* {{Cite web |last=Andueza |first=Asier |date=2016-03-24 |title=Galdakao modifica la normativa para legalizar el 'topless' en sus piscinas |trans-title=Galdakao modifies the regulations to legalize 'topless' in its pools |website=EL CORREO |language=es |url=https://www.elcorreo.com/bizkaia/nervion/201603/24/galdakao-modifica-normativa-para-20160324000202.html |url-status=live |access-date=2021-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224173345/https://www.elcorreo.com/bizkaia/nervion/201603/24/galdakao-modifica-normativa-para-20160324000202.html |archive-date=2021-02-24 |quote=El Gobierno local retirará la prohibición expresa de esta práctica de la ordenanza que regula el uso de las instalaciones descubiertas}}
* {{Cite web |last=Briggs |first=Bill |date=2013-08-05 |title=Naked truth: Aging nudists seek new skin in the game |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2013/08/05/naked-truth-aging-nudists-seek-new-skin-in-the-game.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224041638/https://www.cnbc.com/2013/08/05/naked-truth-aging-nudists-seek-new-skin-in-the-game.html |archive-date=2021-02-24 |access-date=2021-02-24 |website=CNBC |language=en-US }}
* {{cite web |last=Cano|first=Eshter|date=18 November 2021 |title=Así es la nueva playa de Uruguay en donde se puede practicar la desnudez total |website=MDZ Online|language=es |url=https://www.mdzol.com/estilo/2021/11/18/asi-es-la-nueva-playa-de-uruguay-en-donde-se-puede-practicar-la-desnudez-total-202141.html |access-date=15 June 2022}}
* {{Cite web |author=Constanze |date=2019-10-09 |title=Germany's 'Free Body Culture' |url=https://blogs.transparent.com/german/germanys-free-body-culture/ |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=German Language Blog}}
* {{Cite web |last=Corte Suprema di Cassazione |date=2004-02-26 |title=ATTI CONTRARI ALLA PUBBLICA DECENZA – ESPOSIZIONE DEL CORPO NUDO SULLA PUBBLICA SPIAGGIA – COSTITUISCE VIOLAZIONE ALL'ART. 726 C.P. |trans-title=ACTS CONTRARY TO PUBLIC DECENT – EXPOSURE OF THE NAKED BODY ON THE PUBLIC BEACH – CONSTITUTES VIOLATION OF ART. 726 C.P. |url=https://www.giustizia.it/cassazione/giurisprudenza/cass/3557sen_00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040226235356/http://www.giustizia.it:80/cassazione/giurisprudenza/cass/3557sen_00.html |archive-date=2004-02-26 |access-date=2021-03-01 |website=www.giustizia.it |publisher=Ministero della Giustizia |language=it |quote=[...] diversamente da quella del seno nudo femminile, che ormai da vari lustri è comportamento comunemente accettato ed entrato nel costume sociale [...]}}
* {{Cite web |last=Deschênes |first=Stéphane |date=2016-01-04 |title=The Official INF-FNI Definition of Naturism |url=https://downloads.inf-fni.org/download/51/english/133/definition-of-naturism-1974.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209233100/https://downloads.inf-fni.org/download/51/english/133/definition-of-naturism-1974.pdf |archive-date=2021-02-09 |access-date=2021-02-09 |website=INF-FNI |publisher=International Naturist Federation }}
* {{Cite web |last=Ditzian |first=Danielle |date=2017-04-30 |title=What it was like to stay at the Nude Hotel in Zipolite, Mexico |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/news/article.cfm?c_id=7&objectid=11848026 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226232701/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/what-it-was-like-to-stay-at-the-nude-hotel-in-zipolite-mexico/2MT3H5ZT3FZMQ2RURTR54QOJRE/ |archive-date=2021-02-26 |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |quote=''Zipolite is a small, little-known town on the Pacific coast of Mexico. It not only boasts being the only legal nude beach in Mexico, but is often likened to a town stuck in the 1960s. With the entire beach being clothing optional, it is unlike anywhere else I have ever had the pleasure of visiting''.}}
* {{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Adam |date=10 May 2006 |title=Stark naked ambition |website=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2006/05/10/ftnude10.xml&sSheet=/arts/2006/05/10/ixartright.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423141331/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3652246/Stark-naked-ambition.html |archive-date=2019-04-23 |access-date=2021-03-06}}
* {{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Stephen |date=2014-04-13 |title=10 inventions that owe their success to World War One |website=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26935867 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212000455/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26935867 |archive-date=2021-02-12 |access-date=2021-02-23 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web |last=Fallon |first=Claire |date=2015-06-25 |title=Take It Off! The Fine Art Of Getting Naked In A Clothed World |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/25/nudism-problems_n_7647806.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915080045/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/25/nudism-problems_n_7647806.html |archive-date=2017-09-15 |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=Huffington Post}} 
* {{Cite web |last=Farrar|first=Michael|title=The Fellowship of the Naked Trust|work=British Naturism |issn=0264-0406 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028021435/http://www.british-naturism.org.uk/pages/pages.asp?page_ID=44|archive-date=2011-10-28 |url=http://www.british-naturism.org.uk/pages/pages.asp?page_ID=44 |date=9 November 2005a |access-date=14 Feb 2014}}
* {{Cite web |last=Farrar |first=Michael |title=The Moonella Group |url=http://www.british-naturism.org.uk/pages/pages.asp?page_ID=42 |date=9 November 2005b |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103060251/http://www.british-naturism.org.uk/pages/pages.asp?page_ID=42|archive-date=2011-11-03 |access-date=2021-03-03 |website=British Naturism}}
* {{Cite web |title=Who We Are |last=FPN | date=2017 | url=http://www.fpn.pt/sobre_nos/quem_somos_en.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203081647/http://www.fpn.pt/sobre_nos/quem_somos_en.php |archive-date=2017-02-03 |access-date=2021-03-01 |website=Portuguese Naturist Federation}}
* {{Cite web |date=2020 |last=FPN | title=Institucional – Toda a informação que quer saber sobre a Federação Portuguesa de Naturismo está aqui |trans-title=Institutional – All the information you want to know about the Portuguese Naturism Federation is here |url=https://www.fpn.pt/institucional.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804192251/http://www.fpn.pt/institucional.html |archive-date=2020-08-04 |access-date=2021-03-02 |website=Federação Portuguesa de Naturismo |language=pt}}
* {{Cite web |last=Freyman |first=Falyn |date=2013-04-11 |title=Top 10 Reasons to Get Totally Nude at the Florida Young Naturists' Naked Spring Bash |website=New Times Broward-Palm Beach |url=http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/music/top-10-reasons-to-get-totally-nude-at-the-florida-young-naturists-naked-spring-bash-nsfw-6424673 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116114558/https://www.browardpalmbeach.com/music/top-10-reasons-to-get-totally-nude-at-the-florida-young-naturists-naked-spring-bash-nsfw-6424673 |archive-date=2018-11-16 |access-date=2021-03-06}}
* {{Cite web |last=Haskell Smith |first=Mark |date=2015-06-06 |title=Nudist clubs: why is membership sagging? |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/weekend-australian-magazine/nudist-clubs-why-is-membership-sagging/news-story/010b36af3a1c8a6ee1b159903bc63765 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=The Australian }}
* {{Cite web |last=Jenison |first=David |date=2016-03-09 |title=deGeneration X: Buck Naked Jazz on a Black Sea Beach |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/travel/degeneration-x-buck-naked-jazz-on-a-black-sea-beac/ |website=Paste Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224025003/https://www.pastemagazine.com/travel/degeneration-x-buck-naked-jazz-on-a-black-sea-beac/ |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=Feb 23, 2021}}
* {{Cite web |last=Johnson | first=Ian | date=2000 | title=What Do The First Three Chapters Of Genesis Teach About Clothing? |url=http://www.figleafforum.com/resources_genesis.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525060304/http://figleafforum.com:80/resources_genesis.html |archive-date=2009-05-25 |access-date=2021-02-23 |website=Fig Leaf Forum}}
* {{Cite web |last=Killingsworth |first=M. Jimmie |year=2004 |title=Walt Whitman and the Earth: A Study in Ecopoetics |editor1=Matt Cohen |editor2=Ed Folsom |editor3=Kenneth M. Price |work=The Walt Whitman Archive |url=https://whitmanarchive.org/criticism/current/anc.00162.html|access-date=2021-09-27}}
* {{cite web |last=Kolker|first=Robert|website=The Walrus |date=22 August 2021|title=How police cracked Canada's largest child pornography ring |url=https://thewalrus.ca/how-police-cracked-canadas-largest-child-pornography-ring/|access-date=11 January 2022}}
* {{Cite web |last=Koutsoumbu |first=Anthi |date=7 February 2015 |url=https://www.news247.gr/koinonia/nomimes-oi-gymnes-voltes-sti-thessaloniki-dikaiosi-gia-dyo-aktivistes.6325841.html|access-date=14 November 2022 |title=Νόμιμες οι γυμνές βόλτες στη Θεσσαλονίκη. Δικαίωση για δύο ακτιβιστές |trans-title=Naked walks are legal in Thessaloniki. Vindication for two activists |website=News24/7}}
* {{Cite web |last=Krien |first=Daniela |date=2007-06-26 |title=Vlog, Videoblog: Bodo Niemann, Gerhard Riebicke und die Freikörperkultur |trans-title=Vlog, video blog: Bodo Niemann, Gerhard Riebicke and nudism |url=http://www.amadelio.de/vlog/2007/06/26/vlog-videoblog-bodo-niemann-gerhard-riebicke-und-die-freikoerperkultur/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328233409/http://www.amadelio.de/vlog/2007/06/26/vlog-videoblog-bodo-niemann-gerhard-riebicke-und-die-freikoerperkultur/ |archive-date=28 March 2012 |access-date=2007-12-02 |website=Amadelio |language=de}}
* {{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Vishwas |date=2010-04-25 |title=World's first nudist colony was in Thane (and this man proved it) |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/Worlds-first-nudist-colony-was-in-Thane-and-this-man-proved-it/articleshow/16011435.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224032219/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/Worlds-first-nudist-colony-was-in-Thane-and-this-man-proved-it/articleshow/16011435.cms |archive-date=2021-02-24 |access-date=2021-02-23|website=Mumbai Mirror}}
* {{cite web |last=Lewin|first=Miriam|date=20 February 2018 |title=Chihuahua, Uruguay: un día en el paraíso nudista |url=https://tn.com.ar/sociedad/chihuahua-uruguay-un-dia-en-el-paraiso-nudista_852293/ |work=Todo Noticias|language=es|access-date=15 June 2022}}
* {{Cite web |last=M. |first=Cory |date=2020 |title=The History of Social Nudism |url=http://www.clothesfree.com/history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419190257/http://www.clothesfree.com/history.html |archive-date=2020-04-19 |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=Clothesfree.com}}
* {{Cite web |last=Mapes |first=Terri |date=2014 |title=Nudism in Finland |website=About.com |url= http://goscandinavia.about.com/od/finland/qt/nudism_finland.htm |access-date=2021-02-27 |archive-date=2014-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711192743/http://goscandinavia.about.com/od/finland/qt/nudism_finland.htm}}
* {{Cite web |last=Mapes |first=Terri |date=2019-06-03 |title=Nudism in Scandinavia |url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/information-on-nudism-in-scandinavia-1626835 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304054311/https://www.tripsavvy.com/information-on-nudism-in-scandinavia-1626835 |archive-date=2021-03-04 |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=TripSavvy}}
* {{Cite web |author=Naked Club |date=2015-09-23 |title=Nudist Neptune Festival 2014 in Crimea |url=https://vimeo.com/140190277 |access-date=2021-02-23 |website=Vimeo }}
* {{cite web |last=Nöllmann|first=María|date=3 January 2022 |title=Chihuahua cumple 60 años: cómo es la playa nudista de Punta del Este que no pasa de moda |work=La Nación (Argentina) |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/sabado/pensaban-que-haciamos-una-orgia-gigante-chihuahua-la-playa-nudista-de-punta-del-este-que-no-pasa-de-nid03012022/ |language=es|access-date=15 June 2022}}
* {{cite web| last=O'Brien| first=Kathleen| title=Visitors of N.J. nude beach face the increasing threat of lurking photographers| work=The Star Ledger| access-date=2014-07-30| date=2011-07-03| url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/07/visitors_of_nj_nude_beach_face.html}}
* {{Cite web |last=PARÍS |first=EFE |date=2017-08-11 |title=Las españolas son las que más topless y nudismo hacen |trans-title=Spanish women are the ones who do the most topless and nudism |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20170811/43474195994/espanolas-topless.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225204541/https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20170811/43474195994/espanolas-topless.html |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=La Vanguardia |language=es}}
* {{Cite web |last=Patti |first=Fabrizio |date=2015-07-10 |title=Nudismo, l'uovo di Colombo del turismo italiano |url=https://www.linkiesta.it/2015/07/nudismo-luovo-di-colombo-del-turismo-italiano/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027052310/https://www.linkiesta.it/2015/07/nudismo-luovo-di-colombo-del-turismo-italiano/ |archive-date=2020-10-27 |access-date=2021-03-01 |website=Linkiesta |language=it}}
* {{Cite web |last=Regula |first=deTraci |date=2019-06-26 |title=Nude Beaches on the Greek Islands, from A to Z |url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/greek-islands-with-nude-beaches-1524446 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205182915/https://www.tripsavvy.com/greek-islands-with-nude-beaches-1524446 |archive-date=2020-12-05 |access-date=2017-11-24 |website=TripSavvy}}
* {{Cite web |last=Renou |first=Aymeric |date=2017-08-06 |title=Plus jeunes et plus nombreux, les naturistes ont le vent en poupe |trans-title=Younger and more numerous, naturists have the wind behind them |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/les-naturistes-ont-le-vent-en-poupe-plus-jeunes-et-plus-nombreux-06-08-2017-7177860.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809111232/https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/les-naturistes-ont-le-vent-en-poupe-plus-jeunes-et-plus-nombreux-06-08-2017-7177860.php |archive-date=2020-08-09 |access-date=2021-02-23 |website=le Parisien |language=fr }}
* {{cite web |last=Ribolzi |first=Gianfranco |date=July–December 2017 |title=In vacanza come mamma m'ha fatto – naturisti e nudisti |trans-title=On vacation like my mom made me – naturists and nudists |work=InfoNaturistica |pages=4–7|language=it |url=https://www.jfc.it/documenti/dicono_di_noi/InfoNaturistica_luglio-dicembre_2017_n75-76.pdf |access-date=28 May 2022}}
* {{Cite web |last=Storey |first=Mark |date=2010 |title=The Ups and Downs of a Mexican Nude Beach Proposal |url=http://www.naturistaction.org/newsletter/Newsletter__01-10.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225092436/http://www.naturistaction.org/newsletter/Newsletter__01-10.pdf |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=Naturist Action Committee |publisher=The Naturist Society}}
* {{cite web |last=Terp |first=Peter |title=Naturism / nudism in Finland |url=https://www.spotnaked.com/naturism-in-finland/141/ |website=SpotNaked |access-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921121007/https://www.spotnaked.com/naturism-in-finland/141/ |archive-date=2020-09-21 |language=en-US |date=2012-08-16 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Mark |date=2017-01-19 |title=A King who fell in love in Dubrovnik |url=https://www.thedubrovniktimes.com/lifestyle/feature/item/1841-a-king-who-fell-in-love-in-dubrovnik |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112012921/https://www.thedubrovniktimes.com/lifestyle/feature/item/1841-a-king-who-fell-in-love-in-dubrovnik |archive-date=2020-11-12 |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=The Dubrovnik Times}}
* {{Cite web |last=Todd |first=Georgia |date=26 February 2019 |title=Illuminations from Luminate |url=https://spiritualseeker.co.nz/illuminations-from-luminate/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207185925/https://spiritualseeker.co.nz/illuminations-from-luminate/ |archive-date=2021-02-07 |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=Spiritual Seekers Guide to Queenstown and Surrounds |quote=Clothing, optional and any take on clothing is embraced.}}
* {{Cite web |last=Τσεμπερλιδου |first=Κατερινα |date=2014-07-02 |title=Αυτές είναι 17 παραλίες στην Ελλάδα όπου μπορείτε να κάνετε μπάνιο...γυμνοί-Θα το τολμήσετε; |trans-title=These are 17 Beaches in Greece where you can Swim ... Naked – Will you Dare? |url=http://www.eirinika.gr/article/35252/aytes-einai-17-paralies-stin-ellada-opoy-mporeite-na-kanete-mpaniogymnoi-tha-tolmisete |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808024626/https://www.eirinika.gr/article/35252/aytes-einai-17-paralies-stin-ellada-opoy-mporeite-na-kanete-mpaniogymnoi-tha-tolmisete |archive-date=2020-08-08 |access-date=12 June 2019 |website=eirinika.gr |language=el}}
* {{Cite web |last=Veltheim |first=John |date=Dec 1994 |title=Naturism: Naked Beneath Your Clothing |website=PaRama.com |url=http://www.parama.com/naked.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010618083524/http://www.parama.com:80/naked.htm |archive-date=2001-06-18 |access-date=2021-02-22}}
* {{Cite web |last=Zikakou |first=Ioanna |date=2014-07-25 |title=Greece's Most Amazing Nudist Beaches |url=https://greekreporter.com/2014/07/25/greeces-most-amazing-nudist-beaches/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228195151/https://greekreporter.com/2014/07/25/greeces-most-amazing-nudist-beaches/ |archive-date=2021-02-28 |access-date=2021-02-28 |website=Greek Reporter |language=en-US}}

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* {{Cite web |date=2011-12-19 |title=A History of Naturism - Timeline |url=https://www.bn.org.uk/news/information/about-naturism/history-of-naturism/a-history-of-naturism-timeline-r28/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223030116/https://www.bn.org.uk/news/information/about-naturism/history-of-naturism/a-history-of-naturism-timeline-r28/ |archive-date=2018-12-23 |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=British Naturism |language=en-GB|ref={{sfnref|BNTimeLine|2011}} }}
* {{Cite web |date=2020-06-09 |title=As melhores praias naturistas em Portugal |trans-title=The best naturist beaches in Portugal |url=https://www.timeout.pt/lisboa/pt/coisas-para-fazer/as-melhores-praias-naturistas-em-portugal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216104040/https://www.timeout.pt/lisboa/pt/coisas-para-fazer/as-melhores-praias-naturistas-em-portugal |archive-date=2021-02-16 |access-date=2021-03-01 |website=Time Out Lisboa |language=pt |ref={{SfnRef|TimeOut|2020}} }}
* {{Cite web |title=Barcelona |date=2012-04-21 |website=Active Naturists |url=https://activenaturists.net/barcelona/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205215232/https://activenaturists.net/barcelona/ |archive-date=2020-12-05 |access-date=2021-02-23 |url-status=live |ref={{SfnRef|ActiveNaturists|2012}} }}
* {{Cite web |title=Berlin |date=2015-04-25 |url=https://activenaturists.net/berlin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202210737/https://activenaturists.net/berlin/ |archive-date=2020-12-02 |access-date=2021-02-23 |website=Active Naturists |ref={{SfnRef|ActiveNaturists|2015a}} }} 
* {{Cite web |date=27 March 2017 |title=BlootGewoon!, de nieuwste telg van NFN |trans-title=''BlootGewoon!'', the newest offshoot of the NFN |url=https://www.nfn.nl/nieuwsoverzicht/nieuws/blootgewoon-de-nieuwste-telg-van-nfn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020165819/https://www.nfn.nl/nieuwsoverzicht/nieuws/blootgewoon-de-nieuwste-telg-van-nfn/ |archive-date=2020-10-20 |access-date=2021-03-01 |website=Naturisten Federatie Nederland |language=nl |ref={{SfnRef|NFN|2017}} }}
* {{Cite web |title=Body Acceptance: A Brief History of Social Nudity |url=http://www.lupinlodge.org/history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019234814/http://www.lupinlodge.org/history.html |archive-date=2012-10-19 |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=Lupin Lodge |ref={{SfnRef|Lupin|2012}} }}
* {{Cite web |date=2018-02-04 |title=Desfiles, baile y poca ropa en el Festival Nudista de Zipolite |trans-title=Parades, dance, and few clothes at the Zipolite Nudist Festival |url=https://www.clarin.com/viajes/desfiles-baile-poca-ropa-festival-nudista-zipolite_0_H1CVqONUz.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026223725/https://www.clarin.com/viajes/desfiles-baile-poca-ropa-festival-nudista-zipolite_0_H1CVqONUz.html |archive-date=2019-10-26 |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=Clarín |publisher=Clarín, Argentina |language=es |ref={{SfnRef|Clarín|2018}} |quote=Thousands of visitors arrived on the weekend of February 3 and 4 … to participate in the 2018 Nudist Festival…}}
* {{Cite web |title=Crete |date=2014-10-06 |url=https://activenaturists.net/crete/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129103604/https://activenaturists.net/crete/ |archive-date=2020-11-29 |access-date=2021-02-23 |website=Active Naturists |ref={{SfnRef|ActiveNaturists|2014}} }}
* {{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Croatian highlights |url=http://www.euro-poi.com/croatian-highlights-croatia-278.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224034343/http://www.euro-poi.com/croatian-highlights-croatia-278.html |archive-date=2013-02-24 |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=European Points of Interest |url-status=usurped | ref={{SfnRef|Euro-POI|2011}}}}
* {{Cite web |date=2014-07-02 |title=Cuatro localidades donde te multan si vas sin camiseta por la calle |trans-title=Four locations where you are fined if you go without a shirt on the street |url=https://www.elconfidencialdigital.com/articulo/tendencias/localidades-multan-vas-camiseta-calle/20140701195239073518.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812153207/https://www.elconfidencialdigital.com/articulo/tendencias/localidades-multan-vas-camiseta-calle/20140701195239073518.html |archive-date=2020-08-12 |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=ECD Confidencial Digital |language=es|ref={{SfnRef|Digital|2014}} }}
* {{Cite web |date=1995-11-24 |title=Documento consolidado BOE-A-1995-25444 |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1995-25444 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227030650/https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1995-25444 |archive-date=2021-02-27 |access-date=2021-03-03 |website=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado |language=es|ref={{SfnRef|BOE|1995}} }}
* {{cite web |date=6 August 2022 |title=En Allemagne, le naturisme séduit de plus en plus les nouvelles générations |access-date=22 October 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/europe/20220806-en-allemagne-le-naturisme-s%C3%A9duit-de-plus-en-plus-les-nouvelles-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rations |publisher=France 24|ref={{sfnref|France 24|2022}}}}
* {{Cite web |title=Federación Nudista de México A.C. |url=https://www.fednudmex.org/ |access-date=2021-02-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130020603/https://www.fednudmex.org/ |archive-date=2020-11-30 |ref={{SfnRef|FNdM}} }}
* {{Cite web | title=Federatie van Belgische Naturisten | url=https://www.naturisme.be/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128050149/https://www.naturisme.be/ |archive-date=2020-11-28 |access-date=2021-02-23 | ref={{SfnRef|FBN}}}}
* {{Cite web |title=FKK in München und Umland – das Nacktbaden Special |website=ganz-muenchen.de |url=http://www.ganz-muenchen.de/freizeitfitness/baden/fkk.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419190142/https://www.ganz-muenchen.de/freizeitfitness/baden/fkk.html |archive-date=2020-04-19 |access-date=2021-02-23 |ref={{SfnRef|ganz-muenchen.de}} }}
* {{cite web|publisher=Corte Costituzionale [Constitutional Court] |url=https://www.cortecostituzionale.it/actionSchedaPronuncia.do?anno=2022&numero=95 |title=GIUDIZIO DI LEGITTIMITÀ COSTITUZIONALE IN VIA INCIDENTALE |trans-title=JUDGMENT OF CONSTITUTIONAL LEGITIMACY IN AN INCIDENTAL WAY |year=2022 |language=it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503102038/https://www.cortecostituzionale.it/actionSchedaPronuncia.do?anno=2022&numero=95 |archive-date=2022-05-03|ref={{sfnref|Corte Costituzionale|2022}}}}
* {{Cite web|title=Greek Island FAQ|website=Greek Island Postcards |url=http://www.greekisland.co.uk/greeks/greek-faqs.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130015225/http://www.greekisland.co.uk/greeks/greek-faqs.htm |archive-date=2017-11-30 |access-date=2021-02-28 |ref={{SfnRef|Postcards|2017}}}}
* {{Cite web |title=Gymnasium theme camp |date=2015-11-07 |url=https://activenaturists.net/gymnasium-camp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205212940/https://activenaturists.net/gymnasium-camp/ |archive-date=2020-12-05 |access-date=2021-02-23 |website=Active Naturists |language=en-US |ref={{SfnRef|ActiveNaturists|2015b}} }}
* {{Cite web |title=History of Naturism |url=http://www.fcn.ca/about-naturism/information-and-references/a-brief-history-of-naturism-nudism |access-date=2021-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002734/http://www.fcn.ca/about-naturism/information-and-references/a-brief-history-of-naturism-nudism |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |website=Federation of Canadian Naturists|ref={{SfnRef|FCN|2013}} }}
* {{Cite web |title=History of the Vera Playa naturist zone |date=Nov 2006 |url=http://www.veraplaya.info/history.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821033116/http://www.veraplaya.info/history.html |archive-date=2020-08-21 |access-date=2021-02-23 |ref={{SfnRef|VeraPlaya|2006}} }}
* {{cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.fbrn.org.br/ |publisher=Federação Brasileira de Naturismo (FBrN) |website=Official website (in Portuguese) |ref={{sfnref|FBrN}}}}
* {{Cite web |title=How it used to be |date=2015-01-24 |url=https://activenaturists.net/how-it-used-to-be/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202220907/https://activenaturists.net/how-it-used-to-be/ |archive-date=2020-12-02 |access-date=2021-02-23 |website=Active Naturists |ref={{SfnRef|ActiveNaturists|2015c}} }}
* {{Cite web |date=2017-10-22 |title=Indonesia's secret nudist community defying the law |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41396130 |access-date=2021-03-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127035247/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41396130 |archive-date=2020-11-27 |website=BBC |language=en-GB | ref={{SfnRef|BBC|2017}} }}
* {{Cite web |date=2018-06-12 |title=L'Ametlla del Vallès permitirá el toples en sus piscinas municipales tras consultar a las mujeres |trans-title=L'Ametlla del Vallès will allow toplessness in its municipal swimming pools after consulting with women |url=https://www.publico.es/sociedad/toples-piscina-l-ametlla-valles-permitira-toples-piscinas-municipales-realizar-consulta.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224214157/https://www.publico.es/sociedad/toples-piscina-l-ametlla-valles-permitira-toples-piscinas-municipales-realizar-consulta.html |archive-date=2021-02-24 |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=Publico |language=es |ref={{SfnRef|Publico|2018}}|quote=El 60,9% del total de mujeres empadronadas de L'Ametlla del Vallès y mayores de 16 años han votado a favor de la práctica}}
* {{Cite web |date=2011-07-17 |title=La Federación Española de Naturismo recurre ante el TSJC la prohibición del nudismo en Barcelona |trans-title=The Spanish Federation of Naturism appeals to the TSJC the prohibition of nudism in Barcelona |url=http://www.europapress.es/catalunya/noticia-federacion-espanola-naturismo-recurre-tsjc-prohibicion-nudismo-barcelona-20110717185055.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215124309/https://www.europapress.es/catalunya/noticia-federacion-espanola-naturismo-recurre-tsjc-prohibicion-nudismo-barcelona-20110717185055.html |archive-date=2018-12-15 |access-date=2021-03-03 |website=Europa Press |language=es-ES|ref={{SfnRef|EuropaPress|2011}} }}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.montevideo.com.uy/Noticias/La-Sirena-segunda-playa-nudista-en-Uruguay-uc158507|title=La Sirena: segunda playa nudista en Uruguay |trans-title=La Sirena: second nudist beach in Uruguay |date=23 January 2012|location=Montevideo |website=Montevideo Portal|language=es |access-date=15 June 2022 |ref={{sfnref|Montevideo|2012}}}}
* {{cite web |title=Lugares y Servicios|website=Apanna |url=http://www.apanna.org.ar/lugares-servicios-2/|access-date=15 June 2022 |language=es |ref={{sfnref|Apanna}}}}
* {{Cite web |title=Mpenjati Naturist Beach |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/kwazulunatal/mpenjati-naturist-beach/ |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=SA-Venues.com |ref={{sfnref|SA-V}} }}
* {{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Municipal declaration of the distinction of Zipolite and Playa del Amor as nude optional beaches by the Cabildo de San Pedro Pochutla, Pochutla, Oaxaca |url=http://federacionnudistademexico.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Acta-cabildo-baja.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317102213/http://federacionnudistademexico.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Acta-cabildo-baja.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2018 |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=federacionnudistademexico.org|ref={{SfnRef|FNdM|2016}} }}
* {{Cite web |title=The Nambassa Experience |date=2011 |url=http://nambassa.com/johnlowe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301155248/http://nambassa.com/johnlowe.html |archive-date=1 March 2018 |access-date=2021-02-23 |website=Nambassa.com |ref={{SfnRef|Nambassa|2011}} }}
* {{Cite web |title=New Zealand Naturist Federation |url=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/30624441 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804081110/https://natlib.govt.nz/records/30624441 |archive-date=2020-08-04 |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=National Library|ref={{SfnRef|NatLibNZ|2020}} }}
* {{Cite web |date=2013-08-14 |title=Nude Beaches In Greece: Where To Bare It All |url=http://news.gtp.gr/2013/08/14/nude-beaches-in-greece-where-to-bare-it-all/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817143051/https://news.gtp.gr/2013/08/14/nude-beaches-in-greece-where-to-bare-it-all/ |archive-date=2020-08-17 |access-date=2021-02-28 |website=GTP Headlines |language=en-US|ref={{SfnRef|GTP|2013}} }}
* {{Cite web |title=Nude Beaches in Scandinavia |date=2012-04-29 |url=http://www.naturistnet.org/main.php?page_id=527 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429012925/http://www.naturistnet.org//main.php?page_id=527 |archive-date=2012-04-29 |access-date=2021-02-23 |website=Scandinavian Naturist Portal |ref={{SfnRef|NaturistNet|2012}} }} 
* {{Cite web |date=2014-02-28 |title=Nude Beaches in the Netherlands |url=https://www.netherlands-tourism.com/nude-beaches-netherlands/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803225625/https://www.netherlands-tourism.com/nude-beaches-netherlands/ |archive-date=2020-08-03 |access-date=2021-03-01 |website=Netherlands Tourism |language=en-US |ref={{SfnRef|NLTourism|2014}} }}
* {{Cite web |title=Nude Day |website=New Zealand A to Z |url=http://www.newzealandatoz.com/index.php/page/display/808/?name=Nude%2520Day |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807154841/http://www.newzealandatoz.com/index.php/page/display/808/?name=Nude%20Day |archive-date=2020-08-07|access-date=2021-03-05|ref={{SfnRef|NZa2z|2020}}}}
* {{Cite web |title=Nudist Beaches in Crete |url=http://www.greek-islands.us/crete/crete-nudist/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804111824/http://www.greek-islands.us/crete/crete-nudist/ |archive-date=2020-08-04 |access-date=2021-02-28 |website=greek-islands.us |ref={{SfnRef|Greek Islands US}} }} 
* {{Cite web |title=Nudity in Public – Legal Aspects |url=https://www.freebeaches.org.nz/legal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002003338/https://www.freebeaches.org.nz/legal.htm |archive-date=2020-10-02 |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=Free Beaches NZ|ref={{SfnRef|FreeBeaches|1995}} }}
* {{Cite web |date=2018 |title=NZNF 60th Anniversary |url=https://gonatural.co.nz/information/about-the-nznf/NZNF-60th/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208070424/https://gonatural.co.nz/information/about-the-nznf/NZNF-60th/ |archive-date=2021-02-08 |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=gonatural |publisher=New Zealand Naturist Federation|ref={{SfnRef|NZNF|2018}} }}
* {{Cite web |date=2002-11-26 |title=Paedophile campaigner walks free |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2516383.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126110455/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2516383.stm |archive-date=2020-11-26 |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=BBC | ref={{SfnRef|BBC|2007}} }}
* {{Cite web |title=Playa Zipolite |website=tomzap.com |url=https://tomzap.com/zipolite.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213221139/https://tomzap.com/zipolite.html |archive-date=2021-02-13 |access-date=2021-03-06 |ref={{SfnRef|TomZap|2021}}|quote=In the 1960s, Zipolite attracted young countercultural visitors and became known for its bohemian vibe and for its acceptance of nudity on the beach.}}
* {{cite web |title=Primera playa naturista de Argentina |website=Playa Escondida |url=http://www.playaescondida.com.ar |access-date=15 June 2022 |language=es |ref={{sfnref|Playa Escondida}}}}
* {{Cite web |date=2007-06-29 |title=Rector found guilty over indecent images |url=http://www.4ie.ie/northern_ireland_news.asp?id=63004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304193047/http://www.4ie.ie/northern_ireland_news.asp?id=63004 |archive-date=4 March 2014 |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=4IE | ref={{SfnRef|4IE|2007}} }}
* {{Cite web |title=Registration |website=Convergence |url=https://convergence.net.nz/registration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213010955/https://convergence.net.nz/registration/ |archive-date=2021-02-13 |access-date=2021-03-04 |ref={{SfnRef|Convergence|2021}} |quote=Some people choose to swim naked and occasional nudity will be seen elsewhere.}}
* {{Cite web |date=1966-02-12 |title=Roberts v. Clement |url=http://naturisteducation.org/Toni_Egbert_Library/US_District_Courts/Roberts_v__Clement/roberts_v__clement.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419190314/http://naturisteducation.org/Toni_Egbert_Library/US_District_Courts/Roberts_v__Clement/roberts_v__clement.html |archive-date=2020-04-19 |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=Naturist Education Foundation |ref={{SfnRef|NEF|1966}} }}
* {{Cite web |title=SENTENZA GIUDICE DI PACE DI CECINA – 29/03/2019 |trans-title=JUDGMENT OF THE JUDGE OF PEACE OF CECINA – 29/03/2019 |url=http://www.naturismoanita.it/news-e-eventi/nudo-news/190-sentenza-giudice-di-pace-di-cecina-29-03-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804100458/http://www.naturismoanita.it/news-e-eventi/nudo-news/190-sentenza-giudice-di-pace-di-cecina-29-03-2019 |archive-date=2020-08-04 |access-date=2021-03-01 |website=A.N.ITA. |language=it |ref={{SfnRef|ANITA|2019}} }}
* {{Cite web|title=Spiagge pubbliche ufficiali|trans-title=Official public beaches|website=Luoghi naturisti |trans-website=Naturist places |publisher=FENAIT – Federazione Naturista Italiana|date=30 December 2019|url=https://fenait.org/luoghi-naturisti/|access-date=2022-01-04 |language=it-IT|ref={{sfnref|FENAIT|2019}}}}
* {{Cite web |date=2005 |title=SportsCafe – Grand Final |url=https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/sportscafe-grand-final |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203221541/https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/sportscafe-grand-final |archive-date=2020-12-03 |access-date=2021-03-05 |website=NZOnscreen |ref={{SfnRef|NZonScreen|2005}} }}
* {{Cite web |title=The AANR World Record Skinny-Dip |url=https://www.wreckbeach.org/archive/AANRWorldRecordSkinnyDipFinal.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804105845/https://www.wreckbeach.org/archive/AANRWorldRecordSkinnyDipFinal.pdf |archive-date=2020-08-04 |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=Wreck Beach | ref={{SfnRef|Wreck Beach|2020}} }}
* {{Cite web |date=2015-07-21 |title=Οι 10 ωραιότερες παραλίες για γυμνισμό στην Ελλάδα |trans-title=The 10 most beautiful beaches for nudism in Greece |url=https://www.thetoc.gr/new-life/article/oi-10-wraioteres-paralies-gia-gumnismo-stin-ellada |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228202400/https://www.thetoc.gr/new-life/article/oi-10-wraioteres-paralies-gia-gumnismo-stin-ellada |archive-date=2021-02-28 |access-date=2021-02-28 |website=The Toc |language=el |ref={{SfnRef|TheToc|2015}} }}
* {{Cite web |title=Terra Cotta Inn Frequently Asked Questions |date=2011 |url=http://www.sunnyfun.com:80/faq.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123224742/http://www.sunnyfun.com/faq.html |archive-date=23 November 2015 |access-date=2021-02-23 |website=Terra Cotta Inn |ref={{SfnRef|TerraCotta|2011}} }}
* {{Cite web |title=The Nambassa Experience |url=http://nambassa.com/johnlowe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007002444/http://www.nambassa.com/johnlowe.html |archive-date=7 October 2015 |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=Nambassa|ref={{SfnRef|Nambassa|2015}} }}
* {{Cite web|date=2012-04-29|title=Naturism and free beaches in Denmark|url=http://www.naturistnet.org/main.php?page_id=532|access-date=2021-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429013147/http://www.naturistnet.org/main.php?page_id=532|archive-date=29 April 2012 |quote=With a few exceptions you may take a nude swim or be in the sun without any clothes anywhere in Denmark.|website=Scandinavian Naturist Portal |ref={{sfnref|SNP|2012}}}}
* {{Cite web |date=2018-04-01 |title=Plus nombreux, les naturistes sont de plus en plus jeunes |trans-title=More numerous, naturists are getting younger and younger |website=le dauphiné |language=fr |url=https://www.ledauphine.com/france-monde/2018/04/01/plus-nombreux-les-naturistes-sont-de-plus-en-plus-jeunes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103071745/https://www.ledauphine.com/france-monde/2018/04/01/plus-nombreux-les-naturistes-sont-de-plus-en-plus-jeunes |archive-date=2018-11-03 |access-date=2021-02-23 |url-status=live |ref={{SfnRef|le dauphiné|2018}}}}
* {{Cite web |date=2019-02-08 |title=Una playa sin tabú: Zipolite |trans-title=A Beach Without Taboo: Zipolite |url=https://www.elimparcial.com/sonora/estilos/Una-playa-sin-tabu-Zipolite-20190208-0048.html |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=El Imparcial |language=es |ref={{SfnRef|Imparcial|2019}} |quote=In four years the participation exceeded expectations, from 2 thousand ... to between 7 thousand and 8 thousand.}}
* {{Cite web |title=what if nudity were a norm? (2) |date=2015-05-06 |url=https://activenaturists.net/nudity-ok2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028091853/https://activenaturists.net/nudity-ok2/ |archive-date=2020-10-28 |access-date=2021-02-23 |website=Active Naturists |ref={{SfnRef|ActiveNaturists|2015d}} }}
* {{cite web |title=What is a Naturist? |publisher=Montana Naturist Organization |website=Montananaturist.org |url=http://montananaturist.org/Articles%20on%20Nudism%20-%20What%20is.html |access-date=2013-03-14 |ref={{sfnref|Montananaturist.org}}}}
* {{Cite web |title=Why Japanese people are comfortable with nakedness |date=2012-11-12 |url=https://japantoday.com/category/features/opinions/why-japanese-people-are-comfortable-with-nakedness |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021624/https://japantoday.com/category/features/opinions/why-japanese-people-are-comfortable-with-nakedness |archive-date=2020-11-12 |access-date=2021-02-23 |website=Japan Today |ref={{SfnRef|JapanToday|2012}} }}
* {{Cite web |date=2017-10-26 |title=Young Naturists America is closing in 2017; The End of Young Naturists America, Inc. |url=https://www.natcorn.org.uk/young-naturists-america-is-closing-in-2017/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921021448/https://www.natcorn.org.uk/young-naturists-america-is-closing-in-2017/ |archive-date=2020-09-21 |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=Naturism in Cornwall |ref={{SfnRef|NatCorn|2017}} }}
* {{Cite web |title=Zon en Leven |trans-title=Sun and Life |url=https://www.nfn.nl/lijst-met-verenigingen/zon-en-leven/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020163119/https://www.nfn.nl/lijst-met-verenigingen/zon-en-leven/ |archive-date=2020-10-20 |access-date=2021-03-01 |website=Naturisten Federatie Nederland |language=nl |ref={{SfnRef|NFN}} }}
{{refend}}
<!-- Unused websites
* {{Cite web |last=Affaticati |first=Andrea |location=Milan |date=2017-08-19 |title=Bigotte Politiker verderben den Spaß |url=https://www.n-tv.de/panorama/Bigotte-Politiker-verderben-den-Spass-article19986675.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805011526/https://www.n-tv.de/panorama/Bigotte-Politiker-verderben-den-Spass-article19986675.html |archive-date=2020-08-05 |access-date=2021-03-01 |website=n-tv.de |language=de}}
* {{cite web| last=Higgins| first=Michelle| title=No Shoes, No Shirt, No Worries| work=The New York Times| date=2008-04-27| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/27/travel/27nude.html?pagewanted=1&_r=2&| access-date=2014-07-30}}
* {{cite web| last=Hile| first=Jennifer| title=The Skinny on Nudism in the U.S.| work=National Geographic News| date=21 July 2004| publisher=National Geographic Society| url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0721_040721_tvnude.html| access-date=2014-08-09| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040724042208/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0721_040721_tvnude.html| archive-date=24 July 2004}}
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== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last1=Barcan |first1=Ruth |chapter=Nudism |title=The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality |date=2015 |pages=819–830 |doi=10.1002/9781118896877.wbiehs315|isbn=978-1-4051-9006-0 }}
* {{Cite journal |author=J. B. B. |year=1935 |title=Criminal Law and Procedure: Indecent Exposure: Nudism |journal=Michigan Law Review |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=936–942 |issn=0026-2234 |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/context/mlr/article/11578/viewcontent/uc.pdf |doi=10.2307/1281779 |jstor=1281779}}
* {{Cite book |last=Carr-Gomm |first=Philip |title=A brief history of nakedness |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-78023-022-1 |location=London |language=en |oclc=906832943}}
* {{Cite book |last=Clinard |first=Marshall B |title=Sociology of deviant behavior |publisher=Cengage |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-337-88564-5 |location=Boston, MA, USA |language=English |chapter=Ch. 1: The Example of Nudism |oclc=1019751074}}
* {{Cite book |last=Crick |first=Malcolm |title=Resplendent sites, discordant voices: sri lankans and international tourism |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-138-99728-8 |language=en |oclc=953428622}}
* {{cite book |last=Harp |first=Stephen L. |date=2014 |title=Au naturel: Naturism, nudism, and tourism in twentieth-century France |publisher=LSU Press |isbn=9780807155257 |oclc=855977574}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Harp |first=Stephen L. |date=2011 |title=Demanding Vacation au naturel : European Nudism and Postwar Municipal Development on the French Riviera |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/660365 |journal=The Journal of Modern History |language=en |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=513–543 |doi=10.1086/660365 |issn=0022-2801 |jstor=10.1086/660365 |access-date=2021-03-20 |via=University of Chicago Press Journals |s2cid=144401533|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hartman |first=William E. |title=Nudist society: the controversial study of the clothes-free naturist movement in America |date=1991 |publisher=Elysium Growth Press |isbn=1-55599-041-X |edition=Rev. and updated |location=Los Angeles |language=en |oclc=23940079}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hoffman |first=Brian S |title=Naked: a cultural history of American nudism |date=2015 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-4465-9 |location=New York |language=en |oclc=951103647}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Monterrubio |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Jaurand |first2=Emmanuel |date=2014-05-05 |title=Les sociétés locales face au tourisme nudiste: Résultats d'une enquête qualitative sur la côte pacifique du Mexique |journal=Téoros |language=fr |publication-date=2009 |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=83–92 |doi=10.7202/1024811ar |issn=1923-2705 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |last=Parmelee |first=Maurice |title=Nudism in modern life. |publisher=Muller Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4474-5626-1 |oclc=935087781}}
* {{Cite book |last=Theobald |first=William F. |title=Global tourism |publisher=Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4175-4459-2 |edition=3rd |location=Burlington, MA |page=123 |language=en |chapter=Ch. 7: Alternative tourism: a comparative analysis of meaning and impact |oclc=56731935}}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Naturism}}
{{Commons and category|Naturism}}
{{wiktionary|naturism}}
{{Wikiquote|Nudity}}
<!--* [http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/948 Dr Joseph Melling reviews Carr-Gomm's ''A Brief History of Nakedness''] not sure what this adds -->
* [https://inf-fni.org/ International Naturist Federation]
* [http://www.naturisme.be/ Federatie van het Belgisch Naturisme] (FBN)
* [https://www.fednudmex.org/ Federación Nudista de México] (FNM)
* [http://www.naturistliving.bareoaks.ca/ Naturist Living Show]
* [https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/nudity-public-guidance-handling-cases-naturism UK Crown Prosecution Service – Nudity in Public]
* [https://fenait.org/ Federazione Naturista Italiana]

{{Nudity}}
{{Portal bar|Nudity|Philosophy|Society}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Naturism| ]]
[[Category:Lifestyles]]
[[Category:Social theories]]
[[Category:Subcultures]]
[[Category:Underground culture]]