View source for Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp

{{Short description|Second World War Nazi internment camp}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Struthof|Stuthof|Stutthof}}
{{Infobox concentration camp
| type            = [[Nazi concentration camp]] 
| name            = Natzweiler-Struthof
| image           = File:View of Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp after liberation 2.jpg
| image size      = 
| caption         = Natzweiler-Struthof after liberation
| alt             = 
| location map    = 
| map alt         = 
| map caption     =
| coordinates     = {{coord|48|27|17|N|7|15|16|E|region:FR_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| other names     = 
| known for       = [[Nacht und Nebel]] resistance fighters, [[Jewish skull collection]]
| location        = [[Nazi Germany]] 1941–44 (de facto) (modern-day [[Bas-Rhin]], [[France]])
| built by        = 
| operated by     = the Nazi ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS)
| commandant      = {{unbulleted list|[[Hans Hüttig]] | [[Egon Zill]] | [[Josef Kramer]] | [[Fritz Hartjenstein]] |[[Heinrich Schwarz]]}} 
| original use    = 
| construction    = 
| in operation    = May 1941 – September 1944
| gas chambers    = one from April 1943
| prisoner type   = mainly resistance fighters from occupied European nations
| inmates         = 52,000 estimated<ref name=Struthof>{{cite web |url=http://www.struthof.fr/en/the-kl-natzweiler/the-deportees-of-kl-na/ |title=The deportees of KL-Na |publisher=Centre européen du résistant déporté |work=Struthof – the Site of the former Natzweiler concentration camp |access-date=September 15, 2015 |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203014802/http://www.struthof.fr/en/the-kl-natzweiler/the-deportees-of-kl-na/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| killed          = 22,000 estimated<ref name="struthof1"/> 
| liberated by    = [[First Army (France)|French 1st Army]], [[Sixth United States Army Group|U.S. 6th Army Group]], 23 November 1944
| notable inmates = [[Boris Pahor]], [[Trygve Bratteli]], [[Charles Delestraint]], [[Per Jacobsen]], [[Asbjørn Halvorsen]], [[Diana Rowden]], [[Vera Leigh]], [[Andrée Borrel]], [[Sonya Olschanezky]]
| notable books   = ''[[Necropolis (Pahor novel)|Necropolis]]'', ''The Names of the Numbers'', ''The Nazi Hunters'' by [[Damien Lewis (filmmaker)|Damien Lewis]]
| website         = {{URL|https://www.struthof.fr/en/}}
}}

'''Natzweiler-Struthof''' was a [[Nazi concentration camp]] located in the [[Vosges Mountains]] close to the villages of [[Natzwiller|Natzweiler]] and Struthof in the [[Gau Baden-Alsace]] of [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], on territory [[Annexation|annexed]] from France on a {{Lang|la|[[de facto]]}} basis in 1940. It operated from 21 May 1941 to September 1944, and was the only concentration camp established by the Germans in the territory of pre-war France. The camp was located in a heavily forested and isolated area at an elevation of {{convert|800|m|ft}}.

About 52,000 prisoners were estimated to be held there during its time of operation.<ref name=Struthof /><ref name=Alsace /> The prisoners were mainly from the [[Resistance during World War II|resistance movements in German-occupied territories]]. It was a labor camp, a transit camp and, as the war went on, a place of execution. Some died of exhaustion and starvation – there were an estimated 22,000 deaths at the camp and its network of subcamps.<ref name=Data>{{cite web |url=http://www.struthof.fr/en/the-kl-natzweiler/some-data/ |title=Struthof: Some data |access-date=October 14, 2015 |publisher=Centre européen du résistant déporté |archive-date=November 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116111807/http://www.struthof.fr/en/the-kl-natzweiler/some-data/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many prisoners were moved to other camps; in particular, in 1944 the former head of [[Auschwitz]] concentration camp was brought in to evacuate the prisoners of Natzweiler-Struthof to [[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]] as the [[Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine|Allied armies]] approached. Only a small staff of Nazi SS personnel remained when the camp was liberated by the [[First Army (France)|French First Army]] under the command of the [[Sixth United States Army Group|U.S. Sixth Army Group]] on 23 November 1944.<ref name=HEART>{{cite web |url=http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/othercamps/natzweiler.html |title=Natzweiler-Struthoff Concentration Camp |publisher=Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team |access-date=September 20, 2015}}</ref>

The anatomist [[August Hirt]] made a [[Jewish skull collection]], whose purpose was to portray Jews as racially inferior, at the camp. A documentary movie was made about the 86 named men and women who were killed there for that project.{{clarify|project? Hirt's|date=February 2024}} Some of the people responsible for atrocities in this camp were brought to trial after the war ended.

The camp is preserved as a museum in memory of those held or killed there. The European Centre of Deported Resistance Members is located at this museum, focusing on those held. A monument to the departed stands at the site. The present museum was restored in 1980 after damage by neo-Nazis in 1976. Among notable prisoners, the writer [[Boris Pahor]] was interned in Natzweiler-Struthof and wrote his novel ''[[Necropolis (Pahor novel)|Necropolis]]'' based on his experience.

==Background==
In 1940, [[German invasion of France (1940)|Germany invaded and occupied France]], including [[Alsace]]. That region, adjacent to the German border, was chosen for full [[Germanization]] and was annexed to [[Gau Baden-Alsace]]. On 2 July 1940, two weeks after the fall of the nearby city of [[Strasbourg]], an [[Schirmeck concentration camp|internment camp was set up near Schirmeck]] which existed throughout the war but was never part of the concentration camp system. The Natzweiler-Struthof main camp on 1 May 1941 was established nearby at [[Natzweiler]] in the [[Bruche valley]], due to its proximity to a quarry.<ref>''[[Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos]]'' volume one, Natzweiler-Struthof main camp, p. 1004</ref>

==Operations==
[[File:View of Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp after liberation 3.jpg|thumb|View of Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp after liberation]]
The construction of Natzweiler-Struthof was overseen by [[Hans Hüttig]] in the spring of 1941, in a heavily forested and isolated area at an elevation of {{convert|800|m|ft}}. The camp operated between 21 May 1941 and the beginning of September 1944, when the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] evacuated the surviving prisoners  on a "[[death march]]" to [[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]], with only a small SS unit keeping the camp's operations.<ref name="struthof1">{{cite web |url=http://www.struthof.fr/en/the-kl-natzweiler/introduction-to-the-history-of-the-camp/ |title=Introduction to the history of the camp &#124; STRUTHOF |publisher=Struthof.fr |access-date=January 10, 2013 |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603053624/http://www.struthof.fr/en/the-kl-natzweiler/introduction-to-the-history-of-the-camp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 23 November 1944, this camp with its small staff was discovered and liberated by the [[First Army (France)|French First Army]] as part of the [[Sixth United States Army Group|U.S. Sixth Army Group]],<ref name="struthof1"/> on the same day that the city of [[Liberation of Strasbourg|Strasbourg was liberated]] by the Allies. Through 1945, Natzweiler-Struthof had a complex of about 70 subcamps or annex camps.<ref name=Annex>{{cite web |title=KL-Natzweiler annex camps 1942–1945 |url=http://www.struthof.fr/en/the-kl-natzweiler/the-camp-annexes/kl-natzweiler-annex-camps-1942-1945/ |publisher=Centre européen du résistant déporté |work=Struthof – the Site of the former Natzweiler concentration camp |access-date=September 20, 2015 |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603053929/http://www.struthof.fr/en/the-kl-natzweiler/the-camp-annexes/kl-natzweiler-annex-camps-1942-1945/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> (For the system of subcamps see [[List of subcamps of Natzweiler-Struthof]].)

===Initial focus and later actions===

The total number of prisoners reached 52,000 over the three years, of 32 nationalities.<ref name=Alsace /> Inmates originated from various countries, including Poland, the Soviet Union, the Netherlands, France, [[Nazi Germany]], [[Slovene Lands in World War II|Slovene-speaking parts of Yugoslavia]] and Norway. The camp was specially set up for ''[[Nacht und Nebel]]'' prisoners, in most cases, people of the resistance movements. It was a labor camp and a transit camp, as many prisoners were sent to other Nazi concentration camps before the final evacuation. As the war continued, it became a death camp as well. Some people died of exhaustion from the work they had to do while starving. Deaths have been estimated at 22,000 at the main camp and the subcamps.<ref name=Data />

Interned prisoners provided forced labor for the [[Wehrmacht]] war industry, through contracts with private industry. The work
was done mainly at the numerous annex camps, some of them located in mines or tunnels to protect them from Allied air raids. Work, hunger, darkness and lack of health care caused many epidemics; mortality rates could reach 80%.<ref name=Annex/> Some worked in quarries, but many worked in the arms industry at various subcamps. [[Daimler-Benz]] moved its aircraft engine factory from Berlin to a gypsum mine near the [[Neckarelz]] annex camp. The disused autobahn [[Engelberg Tunnel]] in [[Leonberg]], near Stuttgart, was used by the [[Messerschmitt]] Aircraft Company which eventually employed 3,000 prisoners in forced labor. Another annex camp at [[Schörzingen]] was established in February 1944 to extract crude oil from oil shale. The total number of prisoners at all of the Natzweiler subcamps was an estimated 19,000 of whom between 7,000 and 8,000 were in the main camp at Natzweiler.<ref name=HEART/>
[[File:Gate of Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp after liberation.jpg|thumb|Gate of Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp after liberation]]
[[File:Border fence at Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp.jpg|thumb|Border fence at Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp]]
[[File:French resistance inspects Natzweiler crematorium.jpg|thumb|French resistance members inspect the crematorium after liberation]]

The camp held a [[crematorium]] and a [[jury rig]]ged [[gas chamber]] outside the main camp, which was not used for mass extermination but for selective extermination, as part of the human experimentation programs, in particular on the problems of fighting a war, like typhus among the troops.

Doctors [[Otto Bickenbach]] and Helmut Rühl were accused of crimes committed at this camp. [[Hans Eisele (physician)|Hans Eisele]] was also stationed in this camp for a time. August Hirt committed suicide in June 1945; his suicide was unknown for many years, and he was tried in absentia in 1953 at Metz for his war crimes, including the Jewish skull collection, begun at Auschwitz, continued at Natzweiler-Struthof, and at the [[Reichsuniversität Straßburg]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/24/world/europe/french-university-nazi-medical-crimes.html|title=A French University Confronts Medical Crimes and Its Nazi Past|first=Aurelien|last=Breeden|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724155711/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/24/world/europe/french-university-nazi-medical-crimes.html |archive-date=July 24, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Some prisoners were executed directly, by hanging, by gunshot or by gas. The female prisoner-population in the camp was small, and only seven SS women served in Natzweiler-Struthof camp (compared to more than 600 SS men) and 15 in the Natzweiler complex of subcamps. The main duty of the female supervisors in Natzweiler was to guard the few women who came to the camp for medical experiments or to be executed. The camp also trained several female guards who went to the [[Geisenheim]] and [[Geislingen an der Steige|Geislingen]] subcamps in western Germany.

[[Leo Alexander]], the medical advisor at the [[Nuremberg trials]], stated that some children were murdered at Natzweiler-Struthof for the sole purpose of testing poisons for inconspicuous executions of Nazi officials and prisoners.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3586&context=jclc |title=War Crimes and Their Motivation: The SocioPsychological Structure of the SS and the Criminalization of a Society. |author=Alexander, Leo |journal=Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology |date=1948 |volume=39 |issue=3 |page=326 |quote=As a means of further camouflage so that the SS at large would not suspect the purpose of these experiments, the preliminary tests for the efficacy of this method were performed exclusively on children imprisoned in the Natzweiler concentration camp.}}</ref> Such executions of{{who|date=January 2018}} took place at [[Bullenhuser Damm]].{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

The camp became a war zone in late summer 1944, and was evacuated in early September 1944. Prior to the evacuation of the camp, 141 prisoners were shot dead on 31 August – 1 September 1944. The 70th anniversary of this execution of those who resisted Nazi occupation was commemorated at the museum in 2014.<ref name=Alsace>{{cite web |url=http://www.lalsace.fr/bas-rhin/2014/09/01/commemoration-des-executions-de-141-resistants |title=Struthof: Commémoration des exécutions de 141 résistants |trans-title=Commemoration of the executions of 141 resistance fighters at Struthof |date=September 1, 2014 |author=Buonasorte, Alvezio |publisher=l'Alsace |location=Natzwiler, France |language=fr |access-date=June 18, 2015}}</ref>

===Notable prisoners===

Four female British [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]] agents were executed together on 6 July 1944: [[Diana Rowden]], [[Vera Leigh]], [[Andrée Borrel]] and [[Sonya Olschanezky]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLOcELL2nDgC&q=Hartjenstein+war+crimes&pg=PA39 | title=2 SAS Regiments, War Crimes Investigations, and British Intelligence: Intelligence Officers and the Natzweiler Trial. | author=Charlesworth, Lorie | journal=The Journal of Intelligence History |date=Winter 2006  | volume=6 | issue=2 | pages=13–60| doi=10.1080/16161262.2006.10555131 | s2cid=156655154 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Brian Stonehouse]] of the British SOE and [[Albert Guérisse]], a Belgian [[Escape and evasion lines (World War II)|escape line]] leader, witnessed the arrival of the four women and the events leading up to their execution and cremation; both men testified to the executions of the four women in post-war trials.<ref name=Wuppertal>{{cite book|last1=Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals|first1=Vol. V|title=Case No. 31. Trial Of Werner Rohde And Eight Others, British Military Court, Wuppertal, Germany, 29th May-1st June, 1946|date=1948|publisher=The United Nations War Crimes Commission|location=London, UK|page=54|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/Law-Reports_Vol-5.pdf}}</ref> The two men were sent to Dachau, where they were liberated. Roger Boulanger writes of the four British SOE women executed under the supervision of Dr. Plaza and Dr. Rhode, in his section on Capital Punishment (Les exécutions capitales), as to the intent of the RSHA of Berlin, Reichssicherheitshauptamt, to have them disappear with no trace, as their names were not recorded as being at this camp. Stonehouse later sketched the four women which aided in their identification.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://crdp.ac-reims.fr/memoire/enseigner/natzweiler_struthof/historique.htm |author=Boulanger, Roger |title=L'historique du camp de Natzweiler-Struthof |trans-title=The history of the Natzweiler-Struthof camp |access-date=September 19, 2015 |year=2000 |publisher=CRDP Champagne-Ardenne |quote=C'était une fonction spécifique du camp. Les victimes devaient disparaître sans laisser de traces.[It was a specific function of the camp. The victims were to disappear without a trace.] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123071645/http://crdp.ac-reims.fr/memoire/enseigner/natzweiler_struthof/historique.htm |archive-date=November 23, 2007 }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book |last1=Helm |first1=Sarah |title=A Life in Secrets |date=2005 |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York |isbn=9780385508452 |pages=216–219}}</ref>

[[Charles Delestraint]], leader of the [[Armée Secrète]], was detained at Natzweiler-Struthof, then was executed by the Gestapo in Dachau days before that camp was liberated and the war ended.<ref name=Delestraint>{{cite web |url=http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_compagnon/266.html |title=Charles Delestraint |publisher=Le Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération |date=December 14, 2001 |access-date=September 20, 2015 |language=fr |quote=il est envoyé au camp de Natzwiller-Struthof, en Alsace, et devient un déporté "Nacht und Nebel", de la catégorie de ceux que l'on doit faire disparaître dans "la nuit et le brouillard". . . . Les alliés approchant, il est transféré au début du mois de septembre 1944 à Dachau, près de Munich. Mais un ordre, probablement signé Kaltenbrünner, le condamne à disparaître avant l'arrivée des alliés. Le 19 avril 1945, dix jours seulement avant l'arrivée des Américains, il est lâchement abattu d'une balle dans la nuque avant d'être incinéré au crématoire du camp.[English: "he was sent to Natzwiller-Struthof camp in Alsace, and became a "Nacht und Nebel" prisoner, the category of those who must disappear into "the night and fog". . .  The Allies approached, he was transferred at beginning of September 1944 to Dachau, near Munich. But an order, probably signed Kaltenbrunner, condemned him to disappear before the arrival of the Allies. On April 19, 1945, just ten days before the arrival of the Americans, he was cowardly shot in the neck before being cremated in the camp crematorium."] |archive-date=May 22, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522022244/http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_compagnon/266.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[:fr:Henri Gayot|Henri Gayot]], a member of the French Resistance who was interned at Struthof between April and September 1944, documented his ordeal in drawings which are now in the Struthof Concentration Camp Museum.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn597153 |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=collections.ushmm.org}}</ref>

Bishop [[Gabriel Piguet]], the Roman Catholic [[Bishop of Clermont-Ferrand]], was interned at Natzweiler before being transferred to the [[Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp]]. He is honored as a [[Righteous Among the Nations]] by [[Yad Vashem]], Israel's Holocaust Memorial, for hiding Jewish children in Catholic boarding schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Righteous Among The Nations|url=http://db.yadvashem.org/righteous/righteousName.html?language=en&itemId=4016907|website=YadVashem.org|access-date=September 20, 2015}}</ref>
 
[[File:Overview Struthof Conc Camp DSC 0367.jpg|thumb|Present-day appearance: the crematorium was in the building on the right, while the flat, bare spaces are where the barracks were located.]]
[[File:Natzweiler-Struthof Crematorium.jpg|thumb|The crematorium at Natzweiler-Struthof as it looks today]]
Two British Royal Air Force airmen ([[Flying Officer]] Dennis H. Cochran, and [[Flight Lieutenant]] [[Tony Hayter|Anthony "Tony" R. H. Hayter]]) who were involved in [[Stalag Luft III escape|"The Great Escape"]] and murdered by the Gestapo after re-capture,<ref name="War Crimes">{{cite book|last1=The United Nations War Crimes Commission|title=Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals, vol. XI|date=1949|publisher=His Majesty's Stationery Office|location=London, UK|pages=41–42|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/Law-Reports_Vol-11.pdf |access-date=September 18, 2015}}</ref> were cremated at Natzweiler-Struthof.

British bomber Sergeant Frederic ("Freddie") Habgood was hanged at this camp, after his Lancaster bomber crashed in Alsace on 27 July 1944 and he was betrayed to the Nazis by a local woman.<ref name=Nicholls2018>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/12/25/family-world-war-two-lancaster-bomber-reunited-bracelet-74-years/?WT.mc_id=tmg_share_em |title=Family of World War Two Lancaster bomber reunited with his bracelet 74 years after it rose to surface of concentration camp ash pit |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=December 25, 2018 |access-date=January 6, 2019 |last=Nicholls |first=Dominic}}</ref> Two died as a result of the crash, three survived as prisoners of war in a camp in Poland, one returned to England with the help of the resistance, and Mr Habgood was hanged on 31 July 1944. His death was acknowledged as a war crime in 1947 and his family was informed, but the most personal evidence of his presence there, a silver bracelet with his name on it, emerged from the soil in July 2018, as an area with flowers was being watered by a volunteer.<ref name=Nicholls2018 />

In his memoirs titled ''Moi, Pierre Seel, déporté homosexuel'', [[Pierre Seel]], who served a sentence at the neighboring [[Schirmeck concentration camp|camp of Schirmeck]], tells that he took part in the construction of the Struthof concentration camp, in the context of his forced labor tasks.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Seel|first1=Pierre|title=Moi, Pierre Seel, déporté homosexuel (English translation: ''I, Pierre Seel, deported homosexual'')|date=April 1, 1994|publisher=Calmann-Lévy|isbn=978-2702122778|ref=Seel|language=fr}}</ref>

Notable Norwegian prisoners at Natzweiler include newspaper editor and [[Labour Party (Norway)|Labour Party]] politician [[Trygve Bratteli]] who later went on to become [[Prime Minister of Norway]], and former footballer [[Asbjørn Halvorsen]] who had previously played in Germany for [[Hamburger SV]]. Both were imprisoned at Natzweiler for distribution of illegal newspapers in [[German occupation of Norway|German-occupied Norway]]. In total, 504 Norwegians were imprisoned at Natzweiler. Only 266 of them returned home alive.<ref>[https://www.vg.no/nyheter/meninger/i/mkxzO/kronikk-den-glemte-generalen Kronikk: Den glemte generalen] {{in lang|no}}</ref>

The Slovene novelist [[Boris Pahor]] was imprisoned at the camp in 1944. Pahor was later transported to [[Dachau]] camp and other camps until finally liberated in [[Bergen-Belsen]]. After the war he wrote the novel ''[[Necropolis (Pahor novel)|Necropolis]]'' about his experiences in the camp. The novel was later translated into numerous other European languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://forward.com/culture/504417/boris-pahor-slovenian-necropolis-writer-obituary-jewish-nazi-camp/ |title=How a once-neglected Slovenian writer survived the Nazis camps to live to 108 – The Forward  |date= 2 June 2022  |author=  Benjamin Ivry |access-date= 27 September 2022}}</ref>

==List of personnel==
The camp had five commandants and numerous doctors in its history.<ref>{{cite book|last1=MacLean|first1=French L.|title=The camp men: the SS officers who ran the Nazi concentration camp system|date=1999|publisher=Schiffer Publishing, Ltd|location=Atglen, PA|isbn=0764306367}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=KZ-Katzweiler Men|url=http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?f=38&t=126921&p=1888172&hilit=Natzweiler+men#p1888172|website=Axis History Forum|access-date=September 19, 2015}}</ref>

===Commanders (Commandants)===
*''SS-[[Hauptsturmführer]]'' [[Hans Huttig]]
*''SS-[[Sturmbannführer]]'' [[Egon Zill]] 
*''SS-Hauptsturmführer'' [[Josef Kramer]] 
*''SS-Sturmbannführer'' [[Fritz Hartjenstein]] 
*''SS-Hauptsturmführer'' [[Heinrich Schwarz]]

===SS Doctors===
*''SS-Hauptsturmführer'' Kurt aus dem Bruch 
*''SS-Hauptsturmführer'' [[Karl Babor]] 
*''SS-Hauptsturmführer'' Heinz Baumköther 
*''SS-Hauptsturmführer'' Max Blancke 
*''SS-[[Obersturmführer]]'' [[Franz von Bodmann]] 
*''SS-Obersturmführer'' [[Hans Eisele (physician)|Hans Eisele]] 
*''SS-Obersturmführer'' Herbert Graefe 
*''SS-Sturmbannführer'' Richard Krieger 
*''SS-Obersturmführer'' Georg Meyer 
*''SS-Hauptsturmführer'' Heinrich Plaza 
*''SS-Hauptsturmführer'' Elimar Precht
*''SS-Untersturmführer'' Andreas Rett 
*''SS-[[Untersturmführer]]'' Werner Rohde
*''SS-Hauptsturmführer'' Gerhard Schiedlausky 
*''SS-Obersturmführer'' Siegfried Schwela

==Private firms using inmate labor==
The following private firms used Natzweiler-Struthof camp's inmates for labor in their factories:<ref>{{cite web|title=In Re Holocaust Victim Assets Litigation (Swiss Banks) Special Master's Proposal|url=http://www.dpcamps.org/slavecamplist.pdf|access-date=October 14, 2015|date=September 11, 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Elenco delle aziende e dei campi di concentramento ricorrendo al lavoro forzato |trans-title=List of companies and concentration camps using forced labor |language=it |url=http://www.schiavidihitler.it/pagine_ricerca/fabbriche_risposta.asp |website=Centro studi Schiavi di Hitler|access-date=October 14, 2015}}</ref>

* Allgemeine Elektrizitäts Gesellschaft ([[AEG (German company)|AEG]])
* [[Adler (cars and motorcycle)|Adlerwerke]] AG (formerly [[Adlerwerke vorm. Heinrich Kleyer]])
* Bayerische Motorenwerke AG ([[BMW]])
* Berger
* {{ill|Bergwerks Industrie AG|de|Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks-AG}}
* [[Daimler-Benz]] AG
* [[Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft|Friedrich Krupp Ironworks]]
* Gruen & Bulfinger
* [[Henkel]] & Cie
* [[Heinkel]] Flugzeugwerke, aircraft factory, Zuffenhausen
* Kessler Factory
* Koch & Mayer
* [[Messerschmitt]] AG
* [[Röchling Group]]<ref>{{cite book |last= Militärregierung der Französischen Besatzungszone in Deutschland |first=Oberstes Gericht   |date=1949 |title= Unterlagen zu den Röchling-Prozessen: Urteile des General-Gerichts und des Obersten Gerichts |language=de |location=Mannheim |pages=44}}</ref>

==Jewish skull collection==
[[File:Menachem Taffel's body, part of the Jewish Skeleton Collection at Natzweiler-Struthof.jpg|thumb|Menachem Taffel's body, part of the [[Jewish skull collection]]]]
The [[Jewish skull collection]] was an attempt by the Nazis to create an anthropological display to showcase the alleged racial inferiority of the "Jewish race" and to emphasize the status of Jews as [[Untermenschen]] ("sub-humans"), in contrast to the Germanic [[Übermenschen]] ("super-humans") Aryan race which the Nazis considered to be the "[[Herrenvolk]]" (master race). The people who were to serve as best examples of the "Jewish race" were selected from people at the [[Auschwitz]] camp, then brought to Natzweiler-Struthof both to eat well and then to be murdered by gas, and their corpses brought to the Anatomy Institute of at the Reich [[University of Strasbourg]] ([[Reichsuniversität Straßburg]]) in the annexed region of Alsace, a project of great scope. Some initial study of the corpses was performed, but the progress of the war stalled completion of the collection.

The collection was sanctioned by Reichsführer of the SS [[Heinrich Himmler]], and under the direction of [[August Hirt]] with [[Rudolf Brandt]] and [[Wolfram Sievers]] who was responsible for procuring and preparing the corpses as part of his management of the [[Ahnenerbe]] (the [[Nazi Germany|National Socialist]] scientific institute that researched the archaeological and cultural history of the hypothesized [[Aryan race]]). In a 2013 documentary by Sonia Rolley and others, two historians remark that "Hirt is one of the most absolutely criminal of National Socialist ideology," adds the historian [[Yves Ternon]]. "The project itself, continues Professor [[Johann Chapoutot]], is an example of this investment of politics by science, or science by politics that is Nazism."<ref name=Bernas />

In 1943, the inmates selected at Auschwitz were transported to Natzweiler-Struthof. They spent two weeks eating well in barracks there in Block 13, so they would be good specimens of normal size. The deaths of 86 inmates were, in the words of Hirt, "induced" at a jury rigged [[Gas chamber|gassing facility]] at Natzweiler-Struthof on several days in August and their corpses, 57 men and 29 women, were sent to Strasbourg for study. Natzweiler-Struthof was considered the better place for gassing the selected victims (better than at Auschwitz), as they would die one by one, with no damage to the corpses, and Natzweiler-Struthof was at Hirt's disposal.<ref name=Bernas>{{cite news |url=http://www.rfi.fr/hebdo/20141024-au-nom-de-la-race-et-de-la-science-documentaire-crime-nazi-meconnu-prime-waterloo/ |title=Un documentaire sur un crime nazi méconnu primé à Waterloo |trans-title=A documentary about a misunderstood Nazi crime winning at Waterloo |date=October 24, 2014 |access-date=March 8, 2016 |author=Bernas, Anne |language=fr |publisher=RFI les voix du monde}}</ref> [[Josef Kramer]], acting commandant of Natzweiler-Struthof (who was a Lagerführer at Auschwitz and the last commandant of [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp|Bergen Belsen]]) personally carried out the gassing of 80 of the 86 victims at Natzweiler-Struthof.<ref name="Belsen Trial">{{cite book |title=The Belsen Trial: Trial of Josef Kramer and 44 Others from 'Law Reports of Trials of·War Criminals'  |volume=II |date=1947 |publisher=The United Nations War Crimes Commission |location=London |pages=39–40 |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/Law-Reports_Vol-2.pdf |access-date=October 15, 2015 |quote=Under cross-examination he admitted having gassed 80 prisoners previously at Natzweiller camp.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kramer Persists in Denying Guilt |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1945/10/10/issue.html |access-date=September 19, 2015 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 10, 1945 |page=8 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

[[File:BU 003749.jpeg|thumb|left|[[Josef Kramer]], former commandant of Natzweiler-Struthof, in [[leg irons]] at Belsen before being removed to the POW cage at Celle, 17 April 1945]]
The next part of the process for this "collection" was to bring the corpses to the Reichs University, where Hirt's plan was to make anatomical casts of the bodies. Photos of the corpses as found by the Allies who saw them in the Reichs University make the totality of the strange project quite real.<ref name=Bernas /><ref name=Rolley>{{cite AV media |people=Rolley, Sonia; Ramonet, Axel and Tancrède (directors) |date=May 2, 2013 |title=Au nom de la race et de la science 1941–1944 (3/4) |trans-title=In the name of Race and Science 1941–1944 (3/4) |language=fr |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcTWfuco5bM |access-date=March 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024853/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcTWfuco5bM|archive-date=February 2, 2017 |type=documentary |location=Alsace, France |minutes=10 |publisher=Temps Noir |url-status=dead }}</ref> The next step after making the casts was to have been reducing them to skeletons. Neither of those steps, making the casts nor reducing the corpses to skeletons, was carried out. In 1944, with the approach of the Allies, there was concern over the possibility that the corpses could be discovered. In September 1944, Sievers telegrammed Brandt: "The collection can be defleshed and rendered unrecognizable. This, however, would mean that the whole work had been done for nothing – at least in part – and that this singular collection would be lost to science, since it would be impossible to make plaster casts afterwards." And so it was left, as the camp was evacuated in September 1944, and the human remains were left at a room in the Reichs University of Strasbourg.<ref name=LangEng />

Two anthropologists, who were both members of the SS, [[Hans Fleischhacker]] and [[Bruno Beger]], along with [[Wolf-Dietrich Wolff]], were accused of making selections at Auschwitz of Jewish prisoners for Hirt's collection of 'racial types', the man who devised the project of the [[Jewish skull collection]]. Beger was found guilty, although he was credited for pre-trial imprisonment and served no time.<ref name=LangZeit /> Also named as associated with this project are doctor {{ill|Karl Wimmer (doctor)|de|Karl Wimmer (Mediziner)|lt=Karl Wimmer}} and the anatomist {{ill|Anton Kiesselbach|de}}.<ref>Mitscherlich, Fred Mielke: Medicine without humanity: documents of the Nuremberg Doctors Trial, Frankfurt am Main 1995, p. 216</ref> August Hirt, who conceived the project, was sentenced to death in absentia at the Military War Crimes Trial at Metz on 23 December 1953.<ref name=LangZeit /> It was unknown at the time that Hirt had shot himself in the head on 2 June 1945 while in hiding in the [[Black Forest]].<ref name=LangZeit>{{cite web|last1=Lang|first1=Hans-Joachim |title=Skelette für Straßburg Eines der grausigsten Wissenschaftsverbrechen des "Dritten Reiches" ist endlich aufgeklärt |trans-title=Skeletons for Strasbourg: One of the most gruesome crimes of science in the "Third Reich" is finally cleared |url=http://www.zeit.de/2004/35/A-Strassburg|website=Die Zeit|access-date=April 3, 2016|language=de |date=August 19, 2004}}</ref>

For many years only a single victim, [[Menachem Taffel]] (prisoner no. 107969), a [[History of the Jews in Poland|Polish-born Jew]] who had been living in [[Berlin]], was positively identified through the efforts of [[Serge and Beate Klarsfeld]]. In 2003, [[Hans-Joachim Lang]], a German professor at the [[University of Tübingen]] succeeded in identifying all the victims, by comparing a list of inmate numbers of the 86 corpses at the Reichs University in Strasbourg, surreptitiously recorded by Hirt's French assistant Henri Henrypierre, with a list of numbers of inmates vaccinated at Auschwitz. The names and biographical information of the victims were published in the book ''Die Namen der Nummern'' (''The Names of the Numbers'').<ref>{{cite book |title=Die Namen der Nummern: Wie es gelang, die 86 Opfer eines NS-Verbrechens zu identifizieren |trans-title=The names of the numbers: How it was possible to identify the 86 victims of a Nazi crime |edition=hardback |first=Hans-Joachim |last=Lang |publisher=Hoffmann + Campe Vlg GmbH |date=August 31, 2004 |isbn=3-455-09464-3 |language=de}}</ref> Rachel Gordon and Joachim Zepelin translated the introduction to the book to English, at the web site where the whole book, including the biographies of the 86 people, is posted in German.<ref name=LangEng>{{cite web |url=http://www.die-namen-der-nummern.de/html/the_names.html |title=Die Namen Der Nummern |trans-title=The names of the numbers |year=2007  |translator1=Rachel Gordon |translator2=Joachim Zepelin |location=Berlin |access-date=February 8, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208080253/http://die-namen-der-nummern.de/html/the_names.html |archive-date=February 8, 2015}}</ref> Lang recounts in detail the story of how he determined the identities of the 86 victims gassed for Hirt's project of the Jewish skull collection. Forty-six of these individuals were originally from [[Thessaloniki]], Greece. The 86 were from eight countries in German-occupied Europe: Austria, Netherlands, France, Germany, Greece, Norway, Belgium and Poland.<ref name=LangZeit /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Lang|first1=Hans-Joachim|title=[Victims of medical research at Natzweiler, from "Die Namen der Nummern: Eine Initiative zur Erinnerung an 86 jüdische Opfer eines Verbrechens von NS-Wissenschaftlern"] (ID: 20733) |url=https://www.ushmm.org/online/hsv/source_view.php?SourceId=20733|website=US Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=April 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.die-namen-der-nummern.de/index.php/en/ |title=The Names of the Numbers: In Memoriam of 86 Jewish People who Fell Victim to the Nazi Scientists |author=Lang, Hans-Joachim |location=Tübingen, Germany |access-date=April 4, 2016}}</ref> The biographies of all 86 people are described in English on a web site set up by Lang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.die-namen-der-nummern.de/index.php/en/the-courses-of-86-lives |title=The Names of the Numbers: The Courses of 86 Lives |author=Lang, Hans-Joachim |access-date=April 4, 2016 |location=Tübingen, Germany |archive-date=June 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603210859/https://www.die-namen-der-nummern.de/index.php/en/the-courses-of-86-lives |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1951, the remains of the 86 victims were reinterred in one location in the Cronenbourg-Strasbourg Jewish Cemetery. On 11 December 2005, memorial stones engraved with the names of the 86 victims were placed at the cemetery. One is at the site of the mass grave, the other along the wall of the cemetery. Another plaque honoring the victims was placed outside the Anatomy Institute at Strasbourg's University Hospital.

In 2022, the gas chamber was reopened to the public, but the European Center for Deported Resistance Fighters (CERD), led by [[Guillaume d'Andlau]], indicated that it did not want to: "celebrate the inauguration of this morbid place",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/bas-rhin-67/bas-rhin-la-chambre-a-gaz-du-camp-de-concentration-du-struthof-temoin-de-lhorreur-nazie-25-11-2022-PDFBND4SHJATNJDNR24LJMOFBM.php | title=Bas-Rhin : La chambre à gaz du camp de concentration du Struthof, témoin de l'horreur nazie |trans-title=Bas-Rhin: The gas chamber of the Struthof concentration camp, witness to the Nazi horror |work=www.leparisien.fr | date=25 November 2022 }}</ref> having " nothing to do with those intended for mass murder", specifying that "it is a symbolic place for the camp and its activities in connection with the Reichsuniversität Straßburg"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/alsace-le-camp-de-concentration-du-struthof-jusqu-au-bout-de-son-histoire-20221128 | title=Alsace: Le camp de concentration du Struthof jusqu'au bout de son histoire |trans-title=Alsace: The Struthof concentration camp until the end of its history |work=www.lefigaro.fr | date=28 November 2022 }}</ref> which is perceived as a lack of sensitivity towards mourners.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.badische-zeitung.de/im-kz-natzweiler-struthof-wurden-auch-morde-des-rassenwahns-begangen--226807782.html | title=Im KZ Natzweiler-Struthof wurden auch Morde des Rassenwahns begangen |trans-title=Racial murders were also committed in the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp |work=www.badische-zeitung.de | date=25 November 2022 }}</ref>

==Post-war criminal trials==
[[File:Natzweiler-Struthof urns 02016.jpg|thumb|An [[United States Army|American soldier]] in Natzweiler-Struthof examines an urn used to hold the ashes of cremated prisoners.]]
[[File:Natzweiler-Struthof Memorial.JPG|thumb|The Monument to the Departed at Natzweiler-Struthof]]

The first camp commandant, Hans Hüttig, was sentenced to life in prison on 2 July 1954 by a French military court in [[Metz]]. In 1956, he was released from detention after being imprisoned for eleven years.<ref name=Dict>{{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/~orion47/FRANCE/French_Trials.html |title=Huettig, Hans |work=A Biographical Dictionary of War Crimes Proceedings, Collaboration Trials and Similar Proceedings Involving France in World War II |author=Thompson, David |publisher=Grace Dangberg Foundation, Inc. |year=2002 |access-date=June 19, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029025754/http://geocities.com/%7Eorion47/FRANCE/French_Trials.html |archive-date=October 29, 2009 }}</ref>

Josef Kramer, the former commandant of the camp during the time of the Jewish skull collection project, was arrested at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp on 17 April 1945 and tried at [[Lüneburg]] in the British-occupied sector for other crimes committed in Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen. He was sentenced on 16–17 November 1945 and was hanged at [[Hamelin prison]] on 13 December 1945.<ref name=StruthofTrials>{{cite web |title=The trials |url=http://www.struthof.fr/en/the-kl-natzweiler/introduction-to-the-history-of-the-camp/the-evacuation-of-the-camp-the-trials-of-those-responsible/the-trials/ |publisher=Centre européen du résistant déporté |work=Struthof – the Site of the former Natzweiler concentration camp |access-date=September 20, 2015 |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063458/http://www.struthof.fr/en/the-kl-natzweiler/introduction-to-the-history-of-the-camp/the-evacuation-of-the-camp-the-trials-of-those-responsible/the-trials/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The commandant of Natzweiler at the time that four female resistance agents were executed, Fritz Hartjenstein and five others were tried by a British war crimes court at [[Wuppertal]], from 9 April to 5 May 1946. All of the accused were found guilty; of these, three were sentenced to death and two hanged. Hartjenstein's death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment on 1 June 1946. However, he was tried a second time by the British for hanging a POW who was a member of the Royal Air Force.  He died of a heart attack while awaiting execution on 20 October 1954.<ref name=JewishLibraryFH>{{cite web|title=Friedrich "Fritz" Hartjenstein|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Hartjenstein.html|website=Jewish Virtual Library|access-date=September 18, 2015 |quote=Hartjenstein's postwar fate consisted of many trials. First, he was arrested by the British and sentenced to life imprisonment on June 1, 1946, at Wuppertal for executing four resistance members. Then he was again tried by the British for hanging a POW who was a member of the Royal Air Force and sentenced to death by firing squad on June 5 of that year. He was then extradited to France, where he was tried for his crimes at Natzweiler and sentenced to death. He died of a heart attack while awaiting execution on October 20, 1954.}}</ref><ref name=Andrews>{{cite book |author=Andrews, Allen |title=Exemplary Justice |publisher=Corgi Books |year=1976 |isbn=0-552-10800-6}}</ref>

Those tried at Wuppertal were:<ref>{{cite web|title=Nazi War Crimes Trials: Natzweiler Trial|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/WarCrime46.html |website=Jewish Virtual Library|access-date=September 18, 2015}}</ref>
#Franz Berg: death sentence (executed by hanging 11 October 1946)
#Kurt Geigling: 10 years imprisonment
#Josef Muth: 15 years imprisonment
#Peter Straub: death sentence (executed by hanging 11 October 1946)
#Magnus Wochner: 10 years imprisonment
# Fritz Hartjenstein (commandant): death sentence, commuted to life (Wuppertal), death sentence by British (Rastatt), death sentence by French Court (Metz), died before sentence was carried out

Magnus Wochner was also implicated in the [[Stalag Luft III murders]] and was listed among the accused.<ref name=Andrews/>
[[Heinrich Ganninger]], adjutant and deputy of commander Fritz Hartjenstein, committed suicide in Wuppertal prison in April 1946 before his trial. He was accused of having murdered four British female spies.<ref name=Andrews/><ref name=Wuppertal/>

[[Heinrich Schwarz]] was tried separately at [[Rastatt]] in connection with  atrocities committed during his tenure as commandant of Natzweiler-Struthof. He was [[Capital punishment|sentenced to death]] and subsequently shot by a [[firing squad]] near [[Baden-Baden]] on 20 March 1947.<ref name=Boyne>{{cite book |last=White |first=Joseph Robert |editor-last=Boyne |editor-first=Walter J. |editor-link=Walter J. Boyne |title=Today's Best Military Writing: The Finest Articles on the Past, Present, and Future of the U.S. Military |chapter=Even in Auschwitz . . . Humanity Could Prevail:British POWs and Jewish Concentration-Camp Inmates at IG Auschwitz 1943–1945 |publisher=Forge Books |edition=First |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjKot-DP6oAC&q=Today%27s+Best+Military+Writing%3A+The+Finest+Articles+on+the+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future+of+the+U.S.+Military&pg=PA4 |date=August 26, 2004 |page=179 |isbn=0-7653-0887-8 }}</ref><ref name=StruthofTrials />

==Post-war history, museum and monument==
[[File:Camp de concentration de Natzwiller-Struthof le 14 avril 2013 - 083.jpg|thumb|In memory; Honneur et Patrie (Honor and country) / Ossa Humiliata from Psalm 50-51 (bones which have been humbled)]]
[[File:Natzweiler Struthof Monument in the Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris.jpg|thumb|Memorial to the Struthof Concentration Camp and its experiments, Pere Lachaise Cemetery, Paris]]
During the night of 12–13 May 1976, [[neo-Nazi]]s burned the camp museum, with the loss of important artifacts. Structures were rebuilt, placing the artifacts that survived the fire as they were found originally. The reconstructed camp museum was officially opened on 29 June 1980. The European Centre of Deported Resistance Members, a new structure at the site, opened in November 2005, and at the same time, "the museum was entirely redesigned to focus solely on the history of Natzweiler concentration camp and its subcamps."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.struthof.fr/en/the-museum/the-kl-natzweiler-museum/ |title=The KL-Natzweiler museum |publisher=Centre européen du résistant déporté |work=Struthof – the Site of the former Natzweiler concentration camp |access-date=February 8, 2015 |archive-date=February 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209075613/http://www.struthof.fr/en/the-museum/the-kl-natzweiler-museum/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A dramatic monument (including a bronze figure supine and emaciated) stands in [[Pere Lachaise Cemetery]] in [[Paris]].

==Documentary films==
A documentary film was shown in 2014 about the 86 people who were murdered in the camp and whose remains were later identified by name, as described above in The Jewish skull collection section.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lenomdes86.fr |title=Le Nom des 86 |trans-title=The Names of the 86 |access-date=January 30, 2015 |date=2014 |publisher=Dora Films |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220115240/http://www.lenomdes86.fr/ |archive-date=February 20, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film "The names of the 86" ({{langx|fr|Le nom des 86}}) was directed by Emmanuel Heyd and Raphael Toledano (Dora Films).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lenomdes86.fr/dvd.html |title=Le Nom des 86, DVD  |trans-title=The Names of the 86, DVD |publisher=Dora Films |year=2014 |access-date=January 30, 2015}}</ref>

Another documentary was made about the skull project in 2013, titled ''Au nom de la race et de la science, Strasbourg 1941–1944'' (English: ''In the name of Race and Science, Strasbourg 1941–1945''). Its goal was to explain what happened at Reich University of Strasbourg, at Natzweiler-Struthof, in the strange use of science in this Nazi project to eliminate the Jews, but keeping some remains for history and science, the project never fully completed.<ref name=Bernas />

In the 2019 [[BBC One]] documentary ''The Man Who Saw Too Much'' [[Alan Yentob]] traces the story of 106-year-old Boris Pahor, believed to be the oldest known survivor of the Nazi concentration camps at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000bqt9 |title=BBC One – The Man Who Saw Too Much |website=BBC |date=27 Jan 2022 |access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of subcamps of Natzweiler-Struthof]]
*[[List of Nazi concentration camps]]
*[[Hans-Joachim Lang]]
{{Portal bar|Germany}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last1=Steegmann|first1=Robert|title=Struthof : le KL-Natzweiler et ses kommandos : une nébuleuse concentrationnaire des deux côtés du Rhin; 1941–1945|date=2005|publisher=Nuée Bleue |language=fr |location=Strasbourg|isbn=2-7165-0632-9}}
* Webb, Anthony (ed.), ''Trial of Wolfgang Zeuss, Magnus Wochner, Emil Meier, Peter Straub, Fritz Hartjenstein, Franz Berg, Werner Rohde, Emil Bruttel, Kurt Aus Dem Bruch and Harberg (The Nazweiler Trial)''. William Hodge & Co., 1949. [[Notable British Trials|War Crimes Trials]] series.
;Inmate accounts include:
*{{cite book |author=Bakels, Floris |title=Nacht und Nebel; mijn verhaal uit Duitse gevangenissen en concentratiekampen |trans-title=Nacht und Nebel; my story in German prisons and concentration camps |publisher=Elsevier |year=1977 |isbn=90-435-0366-5}}
*{{cite book |last= Bratteli |first= Trygve |author-link= Trygve Bratteli |title= Fange i natt og tåke |trans-title=Prisoner in the night and fog |orig-year= 1988 |edition= 2nd |year= 1995 |publisher= Tiden|location= Oslo |language= no |isbn= 82-10-03172-4}}, memoirs of the former prime minister of Norway
*{{cite book |author=Harthoorn, Willem Lodewijk |title=Verboden te sterven |trans-title=Forbidden to die |publisher=Van Gruting |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-75879-37-7}}
*{{cite book |last= Ottosen |first= Kristian |author-link= Kristian Ottosen |title=Natt og tåke - Historien om Natzweiler-fangene |trans-title=Night and fog - History of Natzweiler prisoners |orig-year=1989 |edition=2nd |year=1995 |publisher= Aschehoug |location= Oslo |language= no |isbn= 82-03-26076-4 }}, written as an historical account by a former inmate, based on interviews and research
*{{cite book |last=Pahor |first=Boris |author-link=Boris Pahor |title=[[Necropolis (Pahor novel)|Necropolis]] |orig-year=1967 |year=2010 |publisher=Dalkey Archive Press |location=Champaign, Illinois |isbn= 978-1564786111}}
*{{cite book |last=Piersma |first=Hinke |title=Doodstraf op termijn  |trans-title=Death penalty in time |year=2006 |publisher=Walburg Pers |isbn=90-5730-442-2 }}

;Recent research identified the 86 people murdered for the Jewish skull collection:
*Lang, Hans-Joachim, The names of the numbers. How I succeeded in identifying the 86 victims of a NAZI crime. Hoffmann & Campe, Hamburg 2004, {{ISBN|978-3-455-09464-0}}.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp}}
* [https://www.struthof.fr/ Struthof official site]
*[https://www.die-namen-der-nummern.de/ ''The Names of the Numbers'' – A Project of Hans-Joachim Lang. List of all 86 victims of the Jewish Skeleton Collection (in German – also in English, French, Greek, Hebrew, Dutch, Norwegian and Polish)]
* [http://dianamarahenry.com/natzweiler-struthof/ Independent researcher Diana Mara Henry's site]
* [http://www.dianamarahenry.com/CALLMEANDRE.htm Memoir by KLNA Survivor Joseph Scheinmann aka Andre Peulevey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726181337/http://www.dianamarahenry.com/CALLMEANDRE.htm |date=2021-07-26 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071123071645/http://crdp.ac-reims.fr/memoire/enseigner/natzweiler_struthof/historique.htm History of the Natzweiler-Struthof Camp by Roger Boulanger, camp survivor (in French)]
* {{YouTube | id= zSpfXgUxqeI | title= Au nom de la race et de la science 1941–1944 (1/4) }}
* {{YouTube | id= 3IOvSziw3ZA | title= Au Nom De La Race Et De La Science Documentaire Entier Français  }}
{{Nazi concentration camps}}
{{Holocaust France}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Natzweiler-Struthof}}
[[Category:Vichy France]]
[[Category:Alsatian Jews]]
[[Category:Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp| ]]
[[Category:Nazi concentration camps in France]]