View source for New Brunswick

{{short description|Province of Canada}}
{{About|the Canadian province}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox province or territory of Canada
| name                = New Brunswick
| other_name          = {{native name|fr|Nouveau-Brunswick}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Natural Resources Canada |title=Place names – Nouveau-Brunswick |url=http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/DBBWQ |access-date=15 November 2021 |website=www4.rncan.gc.ca |archive-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217103347/http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/DBBWQ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| settlement_type     = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]
| image_flag          = Flag of New Brunswick.svg
| image_shield        = Coat of arms of New Brunswick, Canada.svg
| motto               = {{native phrase|la|Spem reduxit}}<ref name=spem>{{cite web |url=https://lib.unb.ca/winslow/reduxit.html |title=Winslow Papers >> Ann Gorman Condon >> The New Province: Spem Reduxit |publisher=University of New Brunswick |author=Ann Gorman Condon |access-date=8 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174929/http://www.lib.unb.ca/winslow/reduxit.html |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref><br />"Hope restored"<ref>[https://www.gg.ca/en/heraldry/public-register/project/1834#:~:text=SPEM%20REDUXIT.,phrase%20means%20%22Hope%20restored%22. The Governor General of Canada: Public Register of Arms, Flags, and Badges of Canada > The Province of New Brunswick.]</ref>
| image_map           = New Brunswick in Canada 2.svg
| Label_map           = yes
| coordinates         = {{Coord|46|30|N|66|00|W|type:adm1st_scale:30000000_region:CA-NB|notes=<ref>{{Cite cgndb|DBBWP|New Brunswick}}</ref>|display=inline,title}}
| capital             = [[Fredericton]]
| largest_city        = [[Moncton]]
| largest_metro       = [[Greater Moncton]]
| official_lang       = {{hlist|[[English language|English]]|[[French language|French]]<ref>{{cite web |title=My Linguistic Rights |publisher=Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages for New Brunswick |url=http://www.officiallanguages.nb.ca/ |access-date=7 March 2019 |archive-date=26 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226211930/http://www.officiallanguages.nb.ca/ |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| Premier             = [[Susan Holt]]
| PremierParty        = [[New Brunswick Liberal Association]]
| government_type     = [[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]]
| Viceroy             = [[Louise Imbeault]]
| ViceroyType         = Lieutenant Governor
| Legislature         = Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
| area_rank           = 11th
| area_total_km2      = 72908
| area_land_km2       = 71450
| area_water_km2      = 1458
| PercentWater        = 2.0
| population_demonym  = New Brunswicker <small>''<br />[[Acadian French|FR]]: Néo-Brunswickois(e)''</small>
| population_rank     = 8th
| population_total    = 775610<!--2021 StatCan federal census population only per [[WP:CANPOP]]. Do not update until 2026 census population released. Use "Population_est" below for latest StatCan quarterly estimate.-->
| population_ref      = <ref name=StatCan2021>{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000101 |title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |date=9 February 2022 |access-date=9 February 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209134802/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000101}}</ref>
| population_as_of    = [[2021 Canadian census|2021]]
| pop_est_ref         = <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 24, 2025 |title=Population estimates, quarterly |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901 |access-date=September 24, 2025 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]}}</ref>
| DensityRank         = 4th
| Density_km2         = 10.5<ref name=StatCan2011/>
| GDP_year            = 2017
| GDP_total           = C$36.088&nbsp;billion<ref>{{cite web |last1=Statistics Canada |title=Table: 36-10-0222-01 Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, provincial and territorial, annual (x 1,000,000) |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610022201&pickMembers[0]=1.5&pickMembers[1]=2.2 |access-date=11 September 2019 |date=11 September 2019 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522163016/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610022201&pickMembers%5B0%5D=1.5&pickMembers%5B1%5D=2.2 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| GDP_rank            = 9th
| GDP_per_capita      = C$42,606
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 11th
| AdmittanceOrder     = 1st, with [[Nova Scotia]], [[Ontario]], [[Quebec]]
| AdmittanceDate      = 1 July 1867
| Former              = <nowiki>Province of New Brunswick</nowiki>
| HouseSeats          = 10
| SenateSeats         = 10
| timezone1           = [[Atlantic Time Zone|Atlantic]]
| utc_offset1         = -04:00
| timezone1_DST       = [[Atlantic Time Zone|Atlantic DST]]
| utc_offset1_DST     = -03:00
| PostalAbbreviation  = NB
| PostalCodePrefix    = [[List of E postal codes of Canada|E]]
| iso_code            = CA-NB
| HDI_year            = 2021
| HDI_rank            = [[List of Canadian provinces and territories by Human Development Index|12th]]
| HDI                 = 0.904<ref name=":10">{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Global Data Lab |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/CAN/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0 |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=globaldatalab.org |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718222007/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/CAN/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0 |url-status=live}}</ref> — <span style="color:#090">Very high</span>
| population_est      = 869682<!-- Latest StatCan quarterly estimate only. -->
| pop_est_as_of       = Q3 2025
| flower              = [[Viola cucullata|Purple violet]]
| tree                = [[Abies balsamea|Balsam fir]]
| bird                = [[Black-capped chickadee]]
| website             = {{URL|https://www.gnb.ca/}}
}}
'''New Brunswick'''{{efn|{{langx|fr|link=no|Nouveau-Brunswick}}, {{IPA|fr|nuvo bʁœ̃swik|pron}}, {{IPA|fr-CA|nuvo bʁɔnzwɪk||Qc-Nouveau-Brunswick.ogv|label=[[Quebec French|locally]]}}}} is a [[Provinces and Territories of Canada|province]] of [[Canada]], bordering [[Quebec]] to the north, [[Nova Scotia]] to the east, the [[Gulf of Saint Lawrence]] to the northeast, the [[Bay of Fundy]] to the southeast, and the [[U.S. state]] of [[Maine]] to the west. It is part of [[Eastern Canada]] and is one of the three [[Maritime Canada|Maritime provinces]] and one of the four [[Atlantic Canada|Atlantic provinces]]. The province is about 83% forested and its northern half is occupied by the [[Appalachians]].<ref>[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/new-brunswick "New-Brunswick"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413222441/https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/new-brunswick |date=13 April 2021 }} (consulted March 2021)</ref> The province's climate is [[continental climate|continental]] with snowy winters and temperate summers. The province has a surface area of {{cvt|72908|km2}} and 775,610 inhabitants (2021 census).<ref name=census>{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000101 |title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=25 April 2022 |date=9 February 2022 |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209134802/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000101 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Approximately half of the population lives in urban areas, predominantly in [[Moncton]], [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]] and [[Fredericton]]. In 1969, New Brunswick passed the [[New Brunswick Official Languages Act (1969)|Official Languages Act]] which began recognizing French as an [[official language]], along with English.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://languesofficielles.nb.ca/contenu/histoire-des-langues-officielles/ |title="Histoire des langues officielles" (consulted March 2021) |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302133251/https://languesofficielles.nb.ca/contenu/histoire-des-langues-officielles/ |url-status=live}}</ref> New Brunswickers have the right to receive provincial government services in the official language of their choice.<ref name=HistOfficLang>{{cite web |title=History of Official Languages |url=https://officiallanguages.nb.ca/content/history-of-official-languages/ |website=Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages for New Brunswick |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128015231/https://officiallanguages.nb.ca/content/history-of-official-languages/ |url-status=live}}</ref> About two thirds of the population are [[Canadian English|English speaking]] and one third is [[Canadian French|French speaking]]. New Brunswick is home to most of the cultural region of [[Acadia (region)|Acadia]] and most [[Acadians]]. New Brunswick's [[variety (linguistics)|variety]] of French is called [[Acadian French]]. There are seven regional accents.<ref>[https://quebeccultureblog.com/2014/11/14/our-32-accents-series-post-3-88/ "Our 32 accents"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411205238/https://quebeccultureblog.com/2014/11/14/our-32-accents-series-post-3-88/ |date=11 April 2021 }} (consulted April 2021)</ref>

The territory of New Brunswick overlaps the  homelands of three [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]]: the [[Mi'kmaq|Mi’kmaq]], [[Wolastoqiyik]] (Maliseet), and [[Passamaquoddy]]. The eastern coast is part of [[Mi'kma'ki]], while Wolastoqiyik and Passamaquoddy territories cover the west. In 1604, [[Acadia]], the first [[New France]] [[French colonial empire|colony]], was founded with the creation of [[Port-Royal (Acadia)|Port-Royal]] in southwest [[Nova Scotia]].<ref name=districts/><ref>{{cite web |title=The National Historic Sites of Southwest Nova Scotia management plan 2016 |url=https://parks.canada.ca/lhn-nhs/ns/portroyal/info/plan/gestion-management-2017 |website=Parks Canada |date=18 February 2020 |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=6 September 2025 |quote= The sites are located within a region, known as Kespukwitk (or “Land’s End”), which has been inhabited by the Mi’kmaq for millennia.}}</ref> For a century and half afterwards, Acadia changed hands multiple times due to numerous conflicts between France and the United Kingdom. From 1755 to 1764, the [[British Empire|British]] deported [[Acadian]]s en masse, an event known as the [[Expulsion of the Acadians|Great Upheaval]]. This, along with the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]], solidified Acadia as [[British colonial empire|British property]]. In 1784, following the arrival of many [[loyalists]] fleeing the [[American Revolutionary War|American Revolution]], the colony of New Brunswick was officially created, separating it from what is now [[Nova Scotia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT: Founding of the Province of New Brunswick |url=https://archives.gnb.ca/Exhibits/ArchivalPortfolio/TextViewer.aspx?culture=en-CA&myFile=Founding |website=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |publisher=Government of New Brunswick |access-date=5 May 2020 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522163029/https://archives.gnb.ca/Exhibits/ArchivalPortfolio/TextViewer.aspx?culture=en-CA&myFile=Founding |url-status=live}}</ref> The following year came the incorporation [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]], the first city in what would become Canada. In the early 1800s, New Brunswick prospered and the population grew rapidly. In 1867, New Brunswick decided to join with Nova Scotia and the [[Province of Canada]] (now [[Quebec]] and [[Ontario]]) to form Canada. After [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]], shipbuilding and lumbering declined, and [[protectionism]] disrupted trade with [[New England]]. From the mid-1900s onwards, New Brunswick was one of the poorest regions of Canada, a fact eventually mitigated by [[Canadian transfer payments|transfer payments]]. However, the province has seen the highest eastward migration in 45 years in both rural and urban areas, as people from Ontario and other parts of Canada migrate to the area.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Robert |date=29 September 2021 |title=Canadians chasing an East Coast lifestyle fuel population jump in New Brunswick |work=CBC |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/canadians-chasing-east-coast-lifestyle-1.6194247 |access-date=19 January 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119174553/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/canadians-chasing-east-coast-lifestyle-1.6194247 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{As of|2002|post=,}} the provincial GDP was derived as follows: services (about half being government services and public administration) 43%; construction, manufacturing, and utilities 24%; real estate rental 12%; wholesale and retail 11%; agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting, mining, oil and gas extraction 5%; transportation and warehousing 5%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Gross Domestic Product by Industry |url=http://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/Statcan/15-203-XIB/0000115-203-XIE.pdf |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=19 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205053036/http://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/Statcan/15-203-XIB/0000115-203-XIE.pdf |archive-date=5 December 2014}}</ref> A powerful [[market concentration|corporate concentration]] of large companies in New Brunswick is owned by the [[Irving Group of Companies]].<ref>[https://thestrand.ca/on-the-family-that-owns-new-brunswick/ "The family that owns New Brunswick"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406171105/https://thestrand.ca/on-the-family-that-owns-new-brunswick |date=6 April 2021 }} (consulted March 2021)</ref> The province's 2019 output was CA$38.236 billion, which is 1.65% of Canada's [[List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product|GDP]].<ref>[https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610022201 Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics. "Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, provincial and territorial, annual".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423203300/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610022201 |date=23 April 2022 }} (Retrieved 26 December 2020).</ref> Tourism accounts for 9% of the labour force either directly or indirectly. Popular destinations include the [[Hopewell Rocks]], [[Fundy National Park]], [[Magnetic Hill (Moncton)|Magnetic Hill]], [[Kouchibouguac National Park]] and [[Roosevelt Campobello International Park]].<ref>{{cite web |title=New Brunswick Tourism Indicators Summary Report |url=http://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/thc-tpc/pdf/RSP/NBTourismIndicatorsSummaryReport2013.pdf |publisher=Government of New Brunswick |access-date=19 November 2017 |date=September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329005825/http://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/thc-tpc/pdf/RSP/NBTourismIndicatorsSummaryReport2013.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2017}}</ref>

==Etymology==
New Brunswick was named in 1784 in honour of [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]], [[King of Great Britain]], [[King of Ireland]], and [[prince-elector]] of [[Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Brunswick-Lüneburg]] in the [[Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation]] (until 1806) in what is now Germany.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Brunswick's provincial symbols |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/provincial-territorial-symbols-canada/new-brunswick.html |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=12 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118014731/https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/provincial-territorial-symbols-canada/new-brunswick.html |archive-date=18 November 2017 |date=15 August 2017}}</ref> Upon its split from [[Nova Scotia]], it was initially named New Ireland in April 1784; however the name of the province was changed to New Brunswick when it was officially brought into existence by an [[Order in Council]] in June 1784.<ref>{{cite web |title=Winslow Papers: The Partition of Nova Scotia |url=https://web.lib.unb.ca/winslow/partition.html |website=[[University of New Brunswick]] |access-date=July 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804075421/https://web.lib.unb.ca/winslow/partition.html |archive-date=4 August 2020 |date=2005 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> The original Brunswick is known as [[Braunschweig]], but also Brunswiek (in [[Low German]]), and also Bronswiek (in the local dialect).

==History==
{{Main|History of New Brunswick}}
{{Further|Monarchy in New Brunswick#History}}

===Indigenous societies ===
{{Main|Indigenous peoples in New Brunswick}}
[[Paleo-Indians]] are believed to have been the first humans on the land of New Brunswick, settling there roughly 10,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |title=First Arrivals |url=https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/indigenous/first-arrivals.php |website=www.heritage.nf.ca |publisher=Heritage Newfoundland & Labrador |access-date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222031032/https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/indigenous/first-arrivals.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Because their descendants did not leave a written record, there is a lack of knowledge of the history of the area before the arrival of European explorers. New Brunswick's land base has formed integral parts of the homelands of three [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] since [[time immemorial]]: the [[Mi’kmaq]],<ref name=Hist>{{cite web |title=Historical Overview |url=https://www.cbu.ca/indigenous-initiatives/lnu-resource-centre/mikmaq-resource-guide/historical-overview/ |website=Cape Breton University |access-date=6 September 2025 |quote=The Mi’kmaw Nation has lived and occupied the area now known as the Atlantic Provinces and the southern Gaspè Peninsula since time immemorial.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mi'kmaq Holdings Resource Guide |url=https://archives.novascotia.ca/mikmaq/ |website=Nova Scotia Archives |date=20 April 2020 |publisher=Province of Nova Scotia |access-date=6 September 2025 |quote=They are different words, but contain the same spirit of continuity and solidarity that has defined the eloquence and endurance of the Mi'kmaq Nation 'since Time Immemorial.'}}</ref> [[Wolastoqiyik]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=McFeat |first1=Tom |title=Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet) |url=https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/maliseet |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Canada |access-date=6 September 2025 |date=19 April 2022 |quote=The Wolastoqiyik have always lived in the Saint John River valley in New Brunswick and Maine}}</ref> and [[Passamaquoddy]]<ref name=Passamaquoddy>{{cite web |title=Peskotomuhkati First Nation |url=https://qonaskamkuk.com/peskotomuhkati-nation/peskotomuhkati-persistence/ |website=Peskotomuhkati Nation at Skutik |publisher=Passamaquoddy Recognition Group Inc. |access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref> of [[Wabanaki Confederacy|Wabanakia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Exploring the Wabanaki (People of the Dawn land) Confederacy |url=https://nbcc.ca/indigenous/did-you-know/wabanaki-confederacy |website=NBCC |publisher=New Brunswick Community Colleges |access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref> Much of the eastern coast falls within the Mi'kmaw district of [[Isthmus of Chignecto|Siknikt (Signigtewa'gi)]] in their [[country]] of [[Mi'kma'ki]];<ref name=districts>{{cite web |title=Map of the Districts of Mi'kma'ki (Kjipuktuk aq Mi'kma'ki) |url=https://parks.canada.ca/lhn-nhs/ns/fortanne/culture/autochtone-indigenous/carte-mikmaki-map |website=Parks Canada |date=17 February 2025 |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref> the western half of the province is covered by the Wolastoqiyik homeland: Wolastokuk, named for the Wolastoq or [[Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)|Saint John River]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Wolastokuk |url=https://pmportal.org/dictionary/wolastokuk |website=Peskotomuhkati-Wolastoqey Language Portal |publisher=Language Keepers |access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Maps & Historical Info |url=https://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/ic/cdc/objects/maliseetmaps.htm?nodisclaimer=1 |website=Mi'kmaq and Maliseet Cultural Objects |publisher=Canadian Museum of Civilization |access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref> and Peskotomuhkatik,<ref>{{cite web |title=Peskotomuhkatik |url=https://pmportal.org/dictionary/peskotomuhkatik |website=Peskotomuhkati-Wolastoqey Language Portal |publisher=Language Keepers |access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref> the Passamaquoddy country, surrounds the [[Passamaquoddy Bay|bay]] named for the nation.<ref name=Passamaquoddy/> Many placenames in the province originate from their [[Eastern Algonquian languages]], such as [[Aroostook, New Brunswick|Aroostook]], [[Bouctouche]], [[Memramcook]], [[Petitcodiac, New Brunswick|Petitcodiac]], [[Richibucto]] and [[Shediac]].

===Acadia and Nova Scotia (1604–1784)===
{{Main|Acadia|New France}}
The first documented European exploration of New Brunswick was made by [[Jacques Cartier]] in 1534, when his party set foot in [[Miscou]] and explored the coasts of [[Chaleur Bay]]. They made contact with aboriginals, who from this point on began to trade with Europeans. This also exposed them to [[Old World]] diseases.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jacques Cartier 1534-1542 {{!}} Musée virtuel de la Nouvelle France |url=https://www.museedelhistoire.ca/musee-virtuel-de-la-nouvelle-france/les-explorateurs/jacques-cartier-1534-1542/ |access-date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222031324/https://www.museedelhistoire.ca/musee-virtuel-de-la-nouvelle-france/les-explorateurs/jacques-cartier-1534-1542/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Acadia]], a colonial division of [[New France]] covering the [[Maritime provinces|Maritimes]], was founded in 1604 by [[Samuel de Champlain]] and [[Pierre Dugua de Mons]] with a settlement on [[Saint Croix Island, Maine|Saint Croix Island]].{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} It was quickly abandoned due to difficult living conditions and moved to Acadia's capital, [[Port-Royal (Acadia)|Port-Royal]]. There, the Mi'kmaq helped the French survive. In 1626, Port-Royal was destroyed by the British. The British conquered Acadia shortly after and held it until 1629. [[James VI and I]], King of Scotland, renamed it "Nova Scotia" in English.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

The Mi'kmaq helped all French survivors, including [[Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour]]. Together, they established a [[fur trade]] network along the [[Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)|Saint John River]]. With the onset of the [[Anglo-French War (1627–1629)]], de la Tour was issued a charter to govern Acadia.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} In 1629, Acadia was officially returned to France. As such, a new wave of French settlers arrived in Port-Royal to revitalise the colony, including [[Isaac de Razilly]], a new [[governor of Acadia]], and [[Charles de Menou d'Aulnay]], his cousin. de Razilly and de la Tour's charters conflicted with each others',{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} but the two maintained an amicable relationship. In 1635, de Razilly died, triggering tensions between de la Tour, who governed from the Saint John valley, and d'Aulnay, who governed from Port-Royal. In the 1630s, this erupted into the [[Acadian Civil War]]. d'Aulnay managed to expel de la Tour in 1644. But, following d'Aulnay's death in 1650, de la Tour married his widow in 1653, essentially overturning his success.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

Over time, French settlement extended up the river to the site of present-day [[Fredericton]]. Other settlements in the southeast extended from [[Beaubassin]], near the present-day border with Nova Scotia, to [[Baie Verte, New Brunswick|Baie Verte]], and up the [[Petitcodiac, New Brunswick|Petitcodiac]], [[Memramcook, New Brunswick|Memramcook]], and [[Shepody, New Brunswick|Shepody]] Rivers.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Histoire des Acadiens |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9vN1chq0i0C |publisher=Les Editions Fides |date=1 January 2004 |isbn=9782762126136 |language=fr |first1=Bona |last1=Arsenault |first2=Pascal |last2=Alain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328002830/https://books.google.com/books?id=w9vN1chq0i0C |archive-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> The descendants of Acadia's French colonists became the [[Acadians]]. Acadians developed a unique society characterised by dyking technology, which allowed them to cultivate marshes left by the [[Bay of Fundy]]'s tides, and by tightly knit independent communities, because they were often neglected by French authorities.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Brunswick {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-brunswick |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |access-date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201202141/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-brunswick |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the 1690s, in [[King William's War]], attacks were launched from the Saint John valley by [[Military history of the Acadians|Acadian militias]] onto New England colonists. This would create a deep English hostility against the French presence in the region.

From the 1600s to mid-1700s, Acadia was routinely a war zone between the French and the English and would often change hands. However, Acadia would definitively fall into British hands following [[Queen Anne's War]], a conquest of most of the Acadian peninsula, formalized by the [[Treaty of Utrecht (1713)|Treaty of Utrecht of 1713]]. After the war, Acadia was reduced to Île Saint-Jean ([[Prince Edward Island]]) and [[Île-Royale (New France)|Île-Royale]] ([[Cape Breton Island]]), with the ownership of continental Acadia (New Brunswick) being disputed between France and Britain, with an informal border on the [[Isthmus of Chignecto]]. In an effort to limit British expansion into continental Acadia, the French built [[Fort Beauséjour]] at the isthmus in 1751. [[File:FortBeausejour1750McCordMuseum.jpg|thumb|left|[[Fort Beauséjour]] at the [[Isthmus of Chignecto]]. The French built the fort in 1751 in an effort to limit British expansion into continental Acadia.]]

From 1749 to 1755, [[Father Le Loutre's War]] took place, where British soldiers fought against Acadians and Mi'kmaq to consolidate their power over Acadia/Nova Scotia. In 1755, the British [[Battle of Fort Beauséjour|captured Fort Beauséjour]], severing the Acadian supply lines to Nova Scotia, and Île-Royale. Continental Acadia thus came to be incorporated into the British colony of Nova Scotia with the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1763. Following this, the British, unsatisfied with the Acadians' surrender because they refused to pledge allegiance, turned to capturing and exporting Acadians en masse, an [[ethnic cleansing]] event known as the [[Deportation of the Acadians]] which was ordered by [[Robert Monckton]]. From 1755 to 1763, 12,000 Acadians out of 18,000 were forcefully deported to various locations around the world, though 8000 died before arrival. The remaining 6000 Acadians escaped the British by fleeing North to the present ''[[Acadia (region)|Acadia]]'', or to [[Canada (New France)|Canada]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Acadian Expulsion (the Great Upheaval) {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-deportation-of-the-acadians-feature |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |access-date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809191748/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-deportation-of-the-acadians-feature |url-status=live }}</ref> From 1755 to 1757, most Acadians were deported to the [[Thirteen Colonies]]. From 1758 to 1762, most were sent to France. Between 1763 and 1785, many deported Acadians relocated to join their compatriots in [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]]. Their descendants became [[Cajuns]]. In the 1780s and 1790s, some Acadians returned to Acadia, and discovered several thousand English immigrants, mostly from New England, on their former lands.<ref name="hc">{{cite web |title=New Brunswick |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-brunswick/ |website=[[Historica Canada]] |access-date=13 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213134748/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-brunswick/ |archive-date=13 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=La déportation, la migration et le rétablissement des Acadiens - Canadian-American Center - University of Maine |url=https://umaine.edu/canam/publications/st-croix/la-deportation-la-migration-et-le-retablissement-des-acadiens/ |access-date=19 February 2023 |website=Canadian-American Center |language=en-US |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219150521/https://umaine.edu/canam/publications/st-croix/la-deportation-la-migration-et-le-retablissement-des-acadiens/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the late 1700s, the British began to make efforts to colonise the region, mostly by importing colonists from New England. Before the American Revolution, these colonists were called [[New England Planters|planters]]. After the revolution, the colonists were called [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|loyalists]], because only those loyal to the British crown settled in Nova Scotia. In 1766, planters from Pennsylvania founded The Bend of the Petitcodiac, or simply The Bend, which later became [[Moncton|Moncton in 1855]], and English settlers from [[Yorkshire]] arrived in the [[Sackville, New Brunswick|Sackville]] area. In the 1770s, 10,000 loyalists settled along the north shore of the Bay of Fundy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bell |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MPlvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |title=American Loyalists to New Brunswick: The ship passenger lists |publisher=Formac Publishing Company |year=2015 |isbn=9781459503991 |page=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231140835/https://books.google.com/books?id=MPlvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |archive-date=31 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1783, both [[Saint Andrews, New Brunswick|Saint Andrews]] and [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]] were founded.

===British colony of New Brunswick (1784–1867)===
[[File:Henry Sandham - The Coming of the Loyalists.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A romanticized depiction of the arrival of the [[United Empire Loyalists|Loyalists]] in New Brunswick]] Loyalists who received land allocations around the St. John River valley, the Bay of Fundy or the Northumberland Strait became dissatisfied with being governed from [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] because it was so far away. Therefore, on 18 June 1784, the British government created a new province for them: New Brunswick. New Brunswick was formed from the partition of [[Sunbury County, Nova Scotia|Sunbury County]] from the remainder of Nova Scotia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Slumkoski |first1=Corey |title=The Partition of Nova Scotia |url=https://web.lib.unb.ca/winslow/partition.html |website=The Winslow Papers |publisher=Electronic text centre (UNB Libraries) |access-date=5 May 2020 |date=2005 |quote=On 18 June 1784 ... the province of New Brunswick formally came into existence. |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804075421/https://web.lib.unb.ca/winslow/partition.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In that same year, New Brunswick formed its first elected assembly.<ref name="responsible-government">{{cite web |title=Responsible Government |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/responsible-government/ |website=Historica Canada |access-date=13 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212171105/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/responsible-government/ |archive-date=12 December 2017}}</ref> The first governor was [[Thomas Carleton]], and, in 1785, he chose the [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] of Sainte-Anne as the provincial capital. Sainte-Anne was later renamed Frederick's Town (and then later [[Fredericton]]) after the second son of [[George III]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Fredericton (History) |url=https://www.fredericton.ca/en/about-fredericton/about-fredericton-history |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=City of Fredericton |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126180449/https://www.fredericton.ca/en/about-fredericton/about-fredericton-history |url-status=live }}</ref>

In total, it is believed that around 14,000 loyalist refugees came to New Brunswick. However, 10% eventually returned to the United States.<ref>Christopher Moore, The Loyalists, Revolution, Exile, Settlement, 1984, pp. 244–252 {{ISBN|0-7710--6093-9}}</ref> In 1785, Saint John became New Brunswick's first incorporated city.<ref name="brit">{{cite web |title=New Brunswick |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/New-Brunswick-province |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=13 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114041700/https://www.britannica.com/place/New-Brunswick-province |archive-date=14 November 2017}}</ref>

Economically, New Brunswick was a poor environment for agriculture and mining. Its fishery was also far inferior to that of Nova Scotia's. New Brunswick's forests were rich in wood, but as wood is a bulky and low-value commodity, accessible markets were limited. Essentially, in the late 1700s, New Brunswick was a peripheral corner of the British Empire and North American world. Geopolitical events in Europe would change this situation. In 1806, [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]]'s [[Continental System|continental blockade]] forced the United Kingdom, which usually relied on the [[Baltic Sea]] for supplies, to import timber from its North American colonies. This stimulated the lumber trade in New Brunswick, as well as in [[Lower Canada]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keyes |first=John |date=1982 |title=WYNN, Graeme, Timber Colony. A historical geography of early nineteenth century New Brunswick. Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1981, xiv-224 p. $10.00. |journal=Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française |language=fr |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=126–128 |doi=10.7202/304041ar |issn=0035-2357 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Between 1805 and 1812, New Brunswick annually exported 100,000 tons of squared timber. In 1819, the number exceeded 240,000 tons, and in 1825 exports reached their highest level at 417,000 tons.<ref name="brit" /> This also resulted in the emergence of a shipbuilding market. These industries were then bolstered by the [[Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty]] of 1854, and demand from the [[American Civil War]] of 1861 to 1865. [[St. Martins, New Brunswick|St. Martins]] became the third most productive shipbuilding town in the Maritimes and produced over 500 vessels.<ref>{{cite web |title=Living History |url=http://www.stmartinscanada.com/about-area/living-history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804125041/http://stmartinscanada.com/about-area/living-history/ |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref>

From 1800 to 1851, New Brunswick's population grew from 25,000 to 200,000, and it saw large-scale immigration from Ireland and Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irish Migration Within New Brunswick |url=https://www.newirelandnb.ca/culture/irish-trail/early-settlement/irish-migration-within-new-brunswick |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=www.newirelandnb.ca |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126180448/https://www.newirelandnb.ca/culture/irish-trail/early-settlement/irish-migration-within-new-brunswick |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1848, responsible home government was granted.<ref name="responsible-government" /> The 1850s saw the emergence of political parties largely organized along religious and ethnic lines.<ref name="brit" />

From the late 1700s to mid 1800s, [[Acadians]] became a minority, and they lived largely on the fringes of society, fearful of the English. They were mostly illiterate due to laws preventing them from opening schools.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L'histoire |website=Assemblée nationale de l'Acadie |url=https://anacadie.ca/lacadie/lhistoire/ |access-date=26 November 2023 |language=fr |quote=En 1800, les Acadiens sont pour la plupart illettrés en raison de l’application de lois les empêchant d’ouvrir des écoles. |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126180448/https://anacadie.ca/lacadie/lhistoire/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They were also not part of the economic boom, and had troubles asserting their land rights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Histoire des Acadiens et de l'Acadie - Économie et société au début du 19e siècle |url=http://cyberacadie.com/cyberacadie.com/index7248.html?/enracinement_histoire/Economie-et-societe-au-debut-du-19e-siecle.html |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=cyberacadie.com |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126180448/http://cyberacadie.com/cyberacadie.com/index7248.html?/enracinement_histoire/Economie-et-societe-au-debut-du-19e-siecle.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the 1860s, the notion of unifying the maritime colonies of British North America was being increasingly discussed. This was due to multiple factors. For example, some felt that the American Civil War was the result of a weak central government and wished to avoid the same fate.<ref name="confed">{{cite web |title=Confederation |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/confederation/ |website=Historica Canada |access-date=13 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126081754/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/confederation/ |archive-date=26 November 2017}}</ref> Some also wanted to increase trade between the colonies, and be less economically tied to the US. In 1864, the [[Charlottetown Conference]] was held to discuss a possible [[Maritime Union]] between [[Nova Scotia]], New Brunswick and [[Prince Edward Island]]. However, the [[Province of Canada]], caught wind of the conference and decided to send representatives to attend. They asked that the agenda be expanded to discuss a union that would also include them.

In 1866, the United States cancelled the Reciprocity Treaty, leading to a loss of trade and a stronger desire to build up trade within British North America.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reciprocity |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/reciprocity/ |website=Historica Canada |access-date=13 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214113323/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/reciprocity/ |archive-date=14 December 2017}}</ref> A [[Fenian raids|Fenian raid]] in 1866 also increased public support for a potential union.<ref name="nb-confed">{{cite web |title=New Brunswick and Confederation |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-brunswick-and-confederation/ |website=Historica Canada |access-date=13 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214232617/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-brunswick-and-confederation/ |archive-date=14 December 2017}}</ref>

===Canadian province (1867–present)===
On 1 July 1867, New Brunswick joined with Nova Scotia and the [[Province of Canada]] (now Ontario and Quebec) to create the Dominion of Canada.

[[File:Alexander Henderson, Intercolonial Railway bridge at Sackville, NB, 1875.jpg|thumb|An [[Intercolonial Railway]] bridge, 1875. The railway was established as a result of [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]].]]
Though Confederation brought into existence the [[Intercolonial Railway]] in 1872, new barriers undermined traditional trade relations. In 1879, [[John A. Macdonald]]'s [[Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)|Conservatives]] enacted the [[National Policy]], which called for high tariffs and opposed [[free trade]], disrupting the trading relationship between the Maritimes and [[New England]]. The economic situation was worsened by the [[Great Fire of Saint John]] of 1877, the decline of the shipbuilding industry, and the US [[Panic of 1893]]. Many experienced workers lost their jobs and had to move west or to the United States.

In 1871, the government introduced free education, banning [[catechism]], the [[cassock]] and French in public schools in the process. Though contested by the Acadians and the Irish, the law was deemed constitutional. Following a riot in [[Caraquet]] in 1875, and political pressure, the bans were lifted in 1877.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dupuis |first=Serge |title=Deux poids deux langues |publisher=Septentrion |year=2019 |location=Québec |pages=43–44 |language=French}}</ref>

The [[Irving Group of Companies]], founded by the [[Irving Family (New Brunswick)|Irving family]], officially began in 1881 in [[Grand-Bouctouche|Bouctouche]] when James Irving bought a sawmill.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irving Group of Companies |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/irving-group |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709085646/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/irving-group |url-status=live }}</ref> Afterwards, the family continued to acquire businesses and substantial wealth, eventually becoming the richest family in the province. Today, Irving is considered by many to exert a monopoly over New Brunswick.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deneault |first=Alain |date=1 April 2019 |title=La famille Irving, un féodalisme canadien |url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2019/04/DENEAULT/59710 |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=Le Monde diplomatique |language=fr |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927071950/https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2019/04/DENEAULT/59710 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Livesey |first=Bruce |date=6 July 2016 |title=The Irvings' media monopoly and its consequences |url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2016/07/06/news/irvings-media-monopoly-and-its-consequences |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=Canada's National Observer |language=en |archive-date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630164915/https://www.nationalobserver.com/2016/07/06/news/irvings-media-monopoly-and-its-consequences |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone Économie- |date=27 November 2019 |title=Au Nouveau-Brunswick, on ne mord pas la main qui nous nourrit {{!}} Radio-Canada.ca |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1406905/medias-nouveau-brunswick-mains-irving |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr-ca |archive-date=27 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127221615/https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1406905/medias-nouveau-brunswick-mains-irving |url-status=live }}</ref>

Towards the early 20th century, the economy began to improve somewhat. The railways and tariffs fostered the growth of new industries in the province such as textile manufacturing, iron mills, [[Pulp and paper industry|pulp and paper mills]], and sugar refineries.<ref name="hc" /> However, many of these eventually failed to compete with their competition in Central Canada. Unemployement was high for a long time and increased during the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s.

By the end of the Great Depression, the New Brunswick standard of living was much lower than the Canadian average. In 1937, New Brunswick had the highest infant mortality and illiteracy rates in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/canada/Alberta-to-Nova-Scotia/New-Brunswick.html |title=New Brunswick |access-date=29 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602203857/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/canada/Alberta-to-Nova-Scotia/New-Brunswick.html |archive-date=2 June 2016}}</ref> In 1940, the [[Rowell–Sirois Commission]] reported grave flaws in the Canadian constitution. While the federal government had most of the revenue gathering powers, the provinces had many expenditure responsibilities such as healthcare, education, and welfare, which were becoming increasingly expensive. The Commission recommended the creation of [[Equalization payments in Canada|equalization payments]], which were eventually implemented in 1957.

After Canada joined [[World War II]], 14 NB army units were organized, in addition to [[The Royal New Brunswick Regiment]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=New Brunswick at War |publisher=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick |year=1995 |pages=1–13}}</ref> and first deployed in the [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]] in 1943. After the [[Normandy landings]] they redeployed to northwestern Europe, along with [[The North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment|The North Shore Regiment]].<ref name=":0" /> The [[British Commonwealth Air Training Plan]], a training program for ally pilots, established bases in Moncton, [[Chatham, New Brunswick|Chatham]], and [[Pennfield Ridge, New Brunswick|Pennfield Ridge]], as well as a military typing school in Saint John. While relatively unindustrialized before the war, New Brunswick became home to 34 plants on military contracts from which the province received over $78&nbsp;million.<ref name=":0" /> [[William Lyon Mackenzie King|Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King]], who had promised no conscription, asked the provinces if they would release the government of said promise. New Brunswick voted 69.1% yes. The policy was not implemented until 1944, too late for many of the conscripts to be deployed.<ref name=":0" /> There were 1808 NB fatalities among the armed forces.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Dictionary Of Canadian Military History |last1=Bercuson |first1=David J. |last2=Granatstein |first2=J.L. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0195408478 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofcana00berc}}</ref>

[[File:Bienvenue au Nouveau-Brunswick.jpg|thumb|A provincial welcome sign in English and French, the two official languages of the province]]
The Acadians in northern New Brunswick had long been geographically and linguistically isolated from the more numerous English speakers to the south. The population of French origin grew dramatically after Confederation, from about 16 per cent in 1871 to 34 per cent in 1931.<ref name=cenb/> Government services were often not available in French, and the infrastructure in Francophone areas was less developed than elsewhere. In 1960 Premier [[Louis Robichaud]] embarked on the [[New Brunswick Equal Opportunity program]], in which education, rural road maintenance, and healthcare fell under the sole jurisdiction of a provincial government that insisted on equal coverage throughout the province, rather than the former county-based system. In 1969 the Robichaud government adopted the Official Languages Act making the province officially bilingual and establishing the right of New Brunswickers to obtain provincial government services in the official language of their choice. In 1982 at the request of the government of [[Richard Hatfield]], this right became part of the ''[[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]'' and therefore part of the [[Constitution of Canada]].<ref name=HistOfficLang/>

The [[flag of New Brunswick]], based on the coat of arms, was adopted in 1965. The conventional heraldic representations of a lion and a ship represent colonial ties with Europe, and the importance of shipping at the time the coat of arms was assigned.<ref>{{cite web |title=Symbols |url=http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/government_services/symbols.html |website=Service New Brunswick |access-date=15 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411181742/http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/government_services/symbols.html |archive-date=11 April 2017}}</ref>

In 2005, the Court of Queen's Bench [[Same-sex marriage in New Brunswick|approved a ruling]] allowing for the legalization of [[same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{cite news |title=All systems go for same-sex marriage in New Brunswick |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/all-systems-go-for-same-sex-marriage-in-new-brunswick-1.560003 |access-date=August 4, 2024 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=July 4, 2005}}</ref> At the beginning of 2023, the provincial government implemented a [[2023 New Brunswick local governance reform|local governance reform]], reducing the number of entities from 340 to 89.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Corporate/Promo/localgovreform/docs/WhitePaper-EN-Web.pdf |title=Working together for vibrant and sustainable communities: White Paper |publisher=Province of New Brunswick |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-4605-2957-7 |location=Fredericton, New Brunswick |pages=4}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of New Brunswick}}
[[File:New Brunswick topographic map-fr.svg|thumb|Topographic map of New Brunswick]]
Roughly square, New Brunswick is bordered on the north by Quebec, on the east by the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the south by the Bay of Fundy, and on the west by the US state of [[Maine]]. The southeast corner of the province is connected to Nova Scotia at the [[isthmus]] of Chignecto.

Glaciation has left much of New Brunswick's uplands with only shallow, acidic soils which have discouraged settlement but which are home to enormous forests.<ref>{{cite web |title=Landforms and Climate |url=http://ecozones.ca/english/zone/AtlanticMaritime/land.html |website=Ecological Framework of Canada |access-date=26 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803210602/http://ecozones.ca/english/zone/AtlanticMaritime/land.html |archive-date=3 August 2017}}</ref>

===Climate===
{{See also|Climate change in New Brunswick}}
[[File:New Brunswick Köppen.svg|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of New Brunswick]]
New Brunswick's climate is more severe than that of the other Maritime provinces, which are lower and have more shoreline along the moderating sea. New Brunswick has a [[humid continental climate]], with slightly milder winters on the Gulf of St. Lawrence coastline. Elevated parts of the far north of the province have a [[subarctic climate]].

Evidence of [[Global warming|climate change]] in New Brunswick can be seen in its more intense precipitation events, more frequent winter [[Thaw (weather)|thaw]]s, and one quarter to half the amount of [[snowpack]].<ref name="climate-change">{{cite web |title=How is Climate Change Affecting New Brunswick? |url=http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/elg/environment/content/climate_change/content/climate_change_affectingnb.html |publisher=Government of New Brunswick |access-date=25 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034456/http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/elg/environment/content/climate_change/content/climate_change_affectingnb.html |archive-date=1 December 2017 |date=14 December 2010}}</ref> Today, the sea level is about {{cvt|30|cm|ft|sigfig=1}} higher than it was 100 years ago, and it is expected to rise twice that much again by the year 2100.<ref name="climate-change"/>

===Flora and fauna===
{{See also|List of birds of New Brunswick|<!--List of taxa described from New Brunswick-->}}
[[File:Furbish lousewort (37037460636).jpg|thumb|[[Pedicularis furbishiae|Furbish's lousewort]] is a herb [[Endemism|endemic]] to the shores of the upper [[Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)|Saint John River]].]]

Most of New Brunswick<ref name="hydro"/> is forested with [[secondary forest]] or tertiary forest. At the start of European settlement, the Maritimes were covered from coast to coast by a forest of mature trees, giants by today's standards. Today less than one per cent of old-growth [[New England/Acadian forests|Acadian forest]] remains,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Noseworthy |first1=Josh |title=A walk in the woods: Acadian old-growth forest |work=Nature Conservancy of Canada special feature |url=http://specialfeature.natureconservancy.ca/content/a-walk-in-the-woods-acadian-old-growth-forest |publisher=Nature Conservancy Canada |access-date=27 July 2018 |archive-date=27 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181123/http://specialfeature.natureconservancy.ca/content/a-walk-in-the-woods-acadian-old-growth-forest |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[World Wide Fund for Nature]] lists the Acadian Forest as endangered.<ref name="simpson">{{cite web |last1=Simpson |first1=Jamie |title=Restoring the Acadian Forest |url=http://www.bondrup.com/uploads/6/7/6/5/6765532/1-30.pdf |access-date=27 July 2018 |archive-date=27 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181129/http://www.bondrup.com/uploads/6/7/6/5/6765532/1-30.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the frequent large scale disturbances caused by settlement and timber harvesting, the Acadian forest is not growing back as it was, but is subject to borealization. This means that exposure-resistant species that are well adapted to the frequent large-scale disturbances common in the boreal forest are increasingly abundant. These include [[jack pine]], [[Abies balsamea|balsam fir]], [[Picea mariana|black spruce]], [[Betula papyrifera|white birch]], and [[Populus|poplar]].<ref name="simpson"/> Forest ecosystems support large carnivores such as the [[bobcat]], [[Canada lynx]], and [[American black bear|black bear]], and the large herbivores [[moose]] and [[white-tailed deer]].

[[Fiddlehead fern|Fiddlehead greens]] are harvested from the [[Matteuccia|Ostrich fern]] which grows on riverbanks. [[Pedicularis furbishiae|Furbish's lousewort]], a [[Perennial plant|perennial]] [[Herbaceous plant|herb]] [[Endemism|endemic]] to the shores of the upper Saint John River, is an [[endangered species]] threatened by habitat destruction, riverside development, forestry, littering and recreational use of the riverbank.<ref>{{cite web |title=Furbish's Lousewort |url=https://www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=179 |website=Species at Risk Public Registry |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=25 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013061742/http://registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=179 |archive-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> Many [[wetlands]] are being disrupted by the highly invasive [[Introduced species]] [[Lythrum salicaria|purple loosestrife]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Purple loosestrife |url=http://www.nbala.ca/purple-loosestrife/ |publisher=New Brunswick Alliance of Lake Associations |access-date=26 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130024218/http://www.nbala.ca/purple-loosestrife/ |archive-date=30 November 2017}}</ref>

The [[deer]] population in the province has dropped by 70% since 1985. The widespread use of [[glyphosate]] may have contributed to this.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=https://voxinteractif.ca/~forestnb/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Rod-Cumberland-english.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821221324/https://voxinteractif.ca/~forestnb/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Rod-Cumberland-english.pdf |archive-date=21 August 2022 |title=Herbicide Impacts on Deer, and the New Forestry Strategy |first1=Rod |last1=Cumberland}}</ref>

Since 2014, the New Brunswick government has allowed forestry companies to harvest 20 percent more wood there than before.<ref name=":3" />

===Geology===
[[File:Sandstone in Canada - IMG 0791 (11385934064).jpg|thumb|The [[Hopewell Rocks]] are rock formations located at the upper reaches of the [[Bay of Fundy]], near [[Hopewell Cape, New Brunswick|Hopewell Cape]].]]
Bedrock types range from 1&nbsp;billion to 200&nbsp;million years old.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bedrock Mapping |url=http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/erd/energy/content/minerals/content/bedrock_mapping.html |publisher=Government of New Brunswick |access-date=14 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114202444/http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/erd/energy/content/minerals/content/bedrock_mapping.html |archive-date=14 November 2017 |date=29 January 2013}}</ref>
Much of the bedrock in the west and north derives from ocean deposits in the [[Ordovician]] that were subject to [[Fold (geology)|folding]] and [[Igneous rock|igneous]] [[Intrusive rock|intrusion]] and that were eventually covered with lava during the [[Paleozoic]], peaking during the [[Acadian orogeny]].<ref name="hc"/>

During the [[Carboniferous]] period, about 340&nbsp;million years ago, New Brunswick was in the [[Maritimes Basin]], a [[sedimentary basin]] near the equator. Sediments, brought by rivers from surrounding highlands, accumulated there; after being compressed, they produced the Albert [[oil shale]]s of southern New Brunswick. Eventually, sea water from the [[Panthalassa|Panthalassic Ocean]] invaded the basin, forming the Windsor Sea. Once this receded, [[Conglomerate (geology)|conglomerates]], [[sandstone]]s, and [[shale]]s accumulated. The [[rust]] colour of these was caused by the oxidation of iron in the beds between wet and dry periods.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Atlantic Geoscience Society |editor1-last=Williams |editor1-first=Graham |editor2-last=Fensome |editor2-first=Robert |title=The last billion years : a geological history of the Maritime Provinces of Canada |date=2001 |publisher=Nimbus Publishing |location=Halifax, NS |isbn=1-55109-351-0 |ref=billion |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/lastbillionyears0000unse}}</ref> Such late Carboniferous rock formed the [[Hopewell Rocks]], which have been shaped by the extreme [[tidal range]] of the Bay of Fundy.

In the early [[Triassic]], as [[Pangea]] drifted north it was rent apart, forming the [[rift valley]] that is the Bay of Fundy. [[Magma]] pushed up through the cracks, forming [[basalt]] columns on [[Grand Manan]].<ref name="fundygeo">{{cite web |title=Geology |url=https://www.bayoffundy.com/about/geology/ |access-date=15 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116075259/https://www.bayoffundy.com/about/geology/ |archive-date=16 November 2017}}</ref>

===Topography===
[[File:027 NB BigNictauLake DSC 1468.JPG|thumb|View of the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian mountains]] from [[Mount Carleton Provincial Park]]]]
New Brunswick lies entirely within the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian Mountain range]]. The [[List of rivers of New Brunswick|rivers of New Brunswick]] drain into either the [[Gulf of Saint Lawrence]] to the east or the [[Bay of Fundy]] to the south. These watersheds include lands in Quebec and Maine.<ref name="hydro">{{Cite journal |last1=Burrel |first1=Brian C |last2=Anderson |first2=James E |date=1991 |journal= Canadian Water Resources Journal|volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=317–330 |doi=10.4296/cwrj1604317 |title=Regional Hydrology of New Brunswick |bibcode=1991CaWRJ..16..317B |doi-access=free}}</ref> The highest point in New Brunswick is [[Mount Carleton]], {{cvt|817|m}}.

New Brunswick and the rest of the [[Maritime Peninsula]] was covered by thick layers of ice during the last glacial period (the [[Wisconsinian glaciation]]).<ref name="Sanger">{{cite book |last1=Sanger |first1=David |editor1-last=Hornsby |editor1-first=S.J. |editor2-last=Reid |editor2-first=J.G. |title=New England and the Maritime Provinces: Connections and Comparisons |date=2005 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=0-77-352865-2 |page=15 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIxmyWo6o94C&q="ice+sheets"+"covered+the+maritime+peninsula" |chapter=Pre-European Dawnland: Archaeology of the Maritime Peninsula |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816225755/https://books.google.com/books?id=aIxmyWo6o94C&q=%22ice+sheets%22+%22covered+the+maritime+peninsula%22 |url-status=live}}</ref> It cut [[U-shaped valley]]s in the Saint John and [[Nepisiguit River]] valleys and pushed [[granite]] boulders from the Miramichi highlands south and east, leaving them as [[Glacial erratic|erratics]] when the ice receded at the end of the [[Wisconsin glaciation]], along with deposits such as the [[eskers]] between Woodstock and St George, which are today sources of sand and gravel.

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of New Brunswick|List of people from New Brunswick}}
[[File:NB Population Density 2021.svg|thumb|right|Population density of New Brunswick]]

At the [[2021 Canadian census]], New Brunswick had a population of 775,610, a 3.8% increase since the [[2016 Canadian census]]. As one of the four [[Atlantic Provinces]] which are Canada's least populated provinces, New Brunswick is the [[Population of Canada by province and territory|third-least populous]] province. The census also recorded New Brunswick as being the fourth-most densely populated Canadian province, with 10.9 people per square kilometre, behind [[Ontario]], [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Prince Edward Island]].<ref name=census/> As of September 2025, the population is estimated to be 869,682.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population estimates, quarterly |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901 |website=[[Statistics Canada]] |publisher=[[Government of Canada]] |access-date=July 27, 2024 |date=June 19, 2024}}</ref>

The Atlantic provinces also have higher rural populations. New Brunswick was largely rural until 1951; since then, the rural-urban split has been roughly even.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population, urban and rural, by province and territory (New Brunswick) |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo62e-eng.htm |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=18 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010203113/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo62e-eng.htm |archive-date=10 October 2017 |date=15 January 2001}}</ref> Population density in the Maritimes is above average among Canadian provinces; this reflects their small size and the fact that they do not possess large, unpopulated hinterlands like the other seven provinces and three territories.

New Brunswick's 107 municipalities<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amanb-aamnb.ca/ |title=Welcome to the Association of Municipal Administrators of New Brunswick |publisher=The Association of Municipal Administrators of New Brunswick |year=2015 |access-date=16 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801012020/http://amanb-aamnb.ca/ |archive-date=1 August 2015}}</ref> cover {{percentage|6127.12|71377.18|1}} of the province's land mass but are home to {{percentage|490780|751171|1}} of its population. The three major urban areas are in the south of the province and are [[Greater Moncton]], population 157,717, [[Greater Saint John]], population 130,613, and [[Greater Fredericton]], population 108,610.

=== Ethnicity ===
In the 2001 census, the most commonly reported ethnicities were British 40%, [[French Canadian]] and [[Acadians|Acadian]] 31%, Irish 18%, other European 7%, [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] 3%, [[Asian Canadian]] 2%. Each person could choose more than one ethnicity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=62911&APATH=3&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=44&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=99&GK=NA&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0&GID=431531 |title=Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) (2001 Census) |publisher=2.statcan.ca |access-date=23 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101073454/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=62911&APATH=3&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=44&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=99&GK=NA&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0&GID=431531 |archive-date=1 January 2017}}</ref>

=== Language ===
[[File:New Brunswick CSD Languages, 2016.svg|thumb|The province's distribution of English and French is highly regional.]]
As of the [[2021 Canadian census|2021 Canadian Census]], the most spoken languages in the province included English (698,025 or 91.94%), French (317,825 or 41.86%), Spanish (7,580 or 1%), Arabic (6,090 or 0.8%), Tagalog (4,225 or 0.56%), and Hindi (3,745 or 0.49%).<ref name="language2021">{{cite web |last=Government of Canada |date=17 August 2022 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table New Brunswick [Province] |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000213&HEADERlist=,15,13,18,12,16,14,17&SearchText=New%20Brunswick |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=Statistics Canada |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817234814/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000213&HEADERlist=,15,13,18,12,16,14,17&SearchText=New%20Brunswick |url-status=live }}</ref> The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses.

According to the [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms#Language rights|Charter of Rights and Freedoms]] in the Canadian Constitution, both English and French are the official languages of New Brunswick,<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Languages Act |url=https://www.gnb.ca/legis/bill/editform-e.asp?ID=134&legi=54&num=4 |publisher=Government of New Brunswick |access-date=17 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041348/https://www.gnb.ca/legis/bill/editform-e.asp?ID=134&legi=54&num=4 |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> making it the only officially bilingual province. Government and public services are available in both English and French.<ref name=langrights>{{cite web |title=FACTSHEET 1 - Government and public services |url=https://officiallanguages.nb.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/your_language_rights_-_1_the_government_and_public_services.pdf |website=Your language rights in New Brunswick |publisher=Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages for New Brunswick |access-date=25 April 2020 |date=March 2017 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522163018/https://officiallanguages.nb.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/your_language_rights_-_1_the_government_and_public_services.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
For education, English-language and French-language systems serve the two linguistic communities at all levels.<ref name=langrights/> Anglophone New Brunswickers make up roughly two-thirds of the population, while about one-third are Francophone. Recently there has been growth in the numbers of people reporting themselves as bilingual, with 34% reporting that they speak both English and French. This reflects a trend across Canada.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Brunswick bilingualism rate rises to 34% |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/new-brunswick-bilingual-language-census-2016-1.4231814 |date=2 August 2017 |publisher=CBC |access-date=17 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106195412/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/new-brunswick-bilingual-language-census-2016-1.4231814 |archive-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
According to the [[2021 Canadian census|2021 census]], religious groups in New Brunswick included:<ref name="2021censusB">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=26 October 2022 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=New%20Brunswick&DGUIDlist=2021A000213&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=9 November 2022 |website=Statistics Canada |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101211600/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=New%20Brunswick&DGUIDlist=2021A000213&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Christianity in Canada|Christianity]] (512,645 persons or 67.5%)
* [[Irreligion in Canada|Irreligion]] (225,125 persons or 29.7%)
* [[Islam in Canada|Islam]] (9,190 persons or 1.2%)
* [[Hinduism in Canada|Hinduism]] (3,340 persons or 0.4%)
* [[Sikhism in Canada|Sikhism]] (1,780 persons or 0.2%)
* [[Buddhism in Canada|Buddhism]] (1,120 persons or 0.1%)
* [[Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous Spirituality]] (1,005 persons or 0.1%)
* [[Judaism in Canada|Judaism]] (1,000 persons or 0.1%)
* Other (3,990 persons or 0.5%)

In the 2011 census, 84% of provincial residents reported themselves as Christian:<ref name="hc"/> 52% were [[Roman Catholicism in Canada|Roman Catholic]], 8% [[Convention of Atlantic Baptist Churches|Baptist]], 8% [[United Church of Canada]], 7% [[Anglican Church of Canada|Anglican]] and 9% other [[Christians|Christian]]. 15% percent of residents reported no religion.

==Economy==
[[File:Saint_John,_New_Brunswick,_Canada.jpg|thumb|Uptown [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]] is a commercial hub and seaport for the province.]]
[[File:Stacks of timber awaiting transport to the mills in New Brunswick, Canada.jpg|thumb|Stacks of [[timber]] in [[Fredericton]] awaiting transport to a mill]]
As of October 2017, seasonally adjusted employment is 73,400 for the goods-producing sector and 280,900 for the services-producing sector. Those in the goods-producing industries are mostly employed in manufacturing or construction, while those in services work in social assistance, trades, and health care.<ref>{{cite web |title=Employment by major industry group, seasonally adjusted, by province (monthly) (New Brunswick) |url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/labr67e-eng.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116080501/https://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/labr67e-eng.htm |archive-date=16 November 2017 |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=Statistics Canada}}</ref> A large portion of the economy is controlled by the [[Irving Group of Companies]], which consists of the holdings of the family of [[K. C. Irving]]. The companies have significant holdings in agriculture, [[forestry]], [[food processing]], [[freight transport]] (including railways and trucking), media, [[Oil refinery|oil]], and [[shipbuilding]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2016/06/06/news/what-have-irvings-done-new-brunswick |title=What have the Irvings done to New Brunswick? |last=Livesey |first=Bruce |date=6 June 2016 |website=National Observer |language=en |access-date=30 June 2019 |archive-date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630163020/https://www.nationalobserver.com/2016/06/06/news/what-have-irvings-done-new-brunswick |url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

The influence of the Irving family on New Brunswick is such that the province is sometimes described as being subject to a form of economic [[feudalism]]. In 2016, the 200 or so companies it controls gave it about $10 billion in capital.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=15 April 2019 |title="It is New Brunswick that enriches the Irvings, not the Irvings that enrich New Brunswick:" An interview with Alain Deneault – NB Media Co-op |url=https://nbmediacoop.org/2019/04/15/it-is-new-brunswick-that-enriches-the-irvings-not-the-irvings-that-enrich-new-brunswick-an-interview-with-alain-deneault/ |access-date=22 August 2022 |publisher=Nbmediacoop.org |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819204913/https://nbmediacoop.org/2019/04/15/it-is-new-brunswick-that-enriches-the-irvings-not-the-irvings-that-enrich-new-brunswick-an-interview-with-alain-deneault/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=April 2019 |title=The Irvings, Canada's robber barons, by Alain Deneault (Le Monde diplomatique - English edition, April 2019) |url=https://mondediplo.com/2019/04/13canada |access-date=22 August 2022 |publisher=Mondediplo.com |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002063653/https://mondediplo.com/2019/04/13canada |url-status=live }}</ref> The group's activities are supported by the authorities through numerous tax exemptions and the payment of subsidies, notably through the Renewable Energy Purchase Program for Large Industry. The province has also progressively handed over the management of the public sector forestry assets to the Irving Group, regularly lowering standards. In 2014, the latter reduced the size of buffer zones between forests and human settlements, allowed more [[Clearcutting|clear-cutting]], increased the planned production volume and reduced the proportion of protected areas from 31% to 22%.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Through [[Acadia Broadcasting]] the family owns several local radio stations. The family owned all the province's English-language newspapers through [[Brunswick News]] until its sale to [[Postmedia Network|Postmedia]] in 2022.<ref name="IbrahimCBC">{{cite news |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Hadeel |date=18 February 2022 |title=Telegraph-Journal, other Irving-owned N.B. newspapers to be sold to Postmedia |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/brunswick-news-sold-postmedia-1.6356427 |access-date=18 February 2022 |agency=CBC News |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218121841/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/brunswick-news-sold-postmedia-1.6356427 |url-status=live }}</ref> For academic [[Alain Deneault]], "the conflicts of interest that arise from this situation seem caricatural: the group's media essentially echo the positions of the Irving family in all the fields of social and industrial life in which it is involved." The information transmitted by the group and disseminated by the press is sometimes questioned (notably in the fall of 2018, during an explosion at the Saint John refinery), but few public officials, professors and members of parliament carry denunciations, as the family's financial contributions to universities and political parties provide it with leverage.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

The United States is the province's largest export market, accounting for 92% of foreign trade valued in 2014 at almost $13&nbsp;billion, with refined petroleum making up 63% of that, followed by seafood products, pulp, paper and sawmill products and non-metallic minerals (chiefly potash). The value of exports, mostly to the United States, was $1.6&nbsp;billion in 2016. About half of that came from lobster. Other products include salmon, crab, and herring.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Brunswick agrifood and seafood export highlights 2016 |url=http://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/10/pdf/Publications/Aqu/ExportHighlightsforNewBrunswickAgrifoodandSeafood2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808164127/http://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/10/pdf/Publications/Aqu/ExportHighlightsforNewBrunswickAgrifoodandSeafood2016.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2017 |access-date=17 November 2017 |publisher=Government of New Brunswick}}</ref> In 2015, spending on non-resident [[tourism in New Brunswick]] was $441&nbsp;million, which provided $87&nbsp;million in tax revenue.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 August 2016 |title=Tourism contributes to economy |url=http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/thc/news/news_release.2016.08.0790.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116082824/http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/thc/news/news_release.2016.08.0790.html |archive-date=16 November 2017 |access-date=16 November 2017 |publisher=Government of New Brunswick}}</ref>

Biologists, academics and [[Eilish Cleary]], the province's former head of public health, have reported being subjected to intense pressure (including dismissal in Cleary's case) while analyzing the impact of the company's pesticides and its opaque forest management. Since the 1970s, every premier in the province has been elected with the support of Irving. [[Blaine Higgs]], premier from 2018 to 2024, is a former executive of the group. According to journalist [[Michel Cormier (journalist)|Michel Cormier]]: "We might be able to win an election without Irving's tacit support, but we could hardly aspire to power if he decided to openly oppose it."<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

===Primary sector===
A large number of residents from New Brunswick are employed in the [[primary sector of industry]]. More than 13,000 New Brunswickers work in agriculture, shipping products worth over $1&nbsp;billion, half of which is from crops, and half of that from potatoes, mostly in the Saint John River valley. [[McCain Foods]] is one of the world's largest manufacturers of frozen potato products. Other products include apples, [[cranberries]], and [[maple syrup]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Crops |date=May 2013 |url=http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/10/agriculture/content/crops.html |publisher=Government of New Brunswick |access-date=17 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117122134/http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/10/agriculture/content/crops.html |archive-date=17 November 2017}}</ref> New Brunswick was in 2015 the biggest producer of wild [[blueberries]] in Canada.<ref>[http://www.acadienouvelle.com/actualites/2016/04/20/production-de-bleuets-sauvages-prend-de-lexpansion-nouveau-brunswick/?pgnc=1 acadienouvelle.com: "La production de bleuets sauvages prend de l’expansion au Nouveau Brunswick"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221064347/http://www.acadienouvelle.com/actualites/2016/04/20/production-de-bleuets-sauvages-prend-de-lexpansion-nouveau-brunswick/?pgnc=1 |date=21 December 2016 }}, 21 April 2016</ref> The value of the livestock sector is about a quarter of a billion dollars, nearly half of which is dairy. Other sectors include poultry, fur, and goats, sheep, and pigs.
[[File:PulpAndPaperMill.jpg|thumb|A New Brunswick [[pulp mill]] owned by [[J. D. Irving]]]]
About 85 to 90% of New Brunswick is forested. Historically important, it accounted for more than 80% of exports in the mid-1800s. By the end of the 1800s the industry, and shipbuilding, were declining due to external economic factors. The 1920s saw the development of a pulp and paper industry. In the mid-1960s, forestry practices changed from the controlled harvests of a commodity to the cultivation of the forests.<ref name="cenb">{{cite web |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-brunswick/ |title=New Brunswick |first=Ernest R. |last=Forbes |access-date=29 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622063828/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-brunswick/ |archive-date=22 June 2016}}</ref> The industry employs nearly 12,000, generating revenues around $437&nbsp;million.<ref name="hc"/>

Mining was historically unimportant in the province, but has grown since the 1950s.<ref>Cranstone, D. A., & Canada. (2002). ''A history of mining and mineral exploration in Canada and outlook for the future''. https://www.mineralsed.ca/site/assets/files/3452/ahistoryofmining_mineralexplorationincanada-nrcan.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805011305/https://www.mineralsed.ca/site/assets/files/3452/ahistoryofmining_mineralexplorationincanada-nrcan.pdf |date=5 August 2020 }}</ref> The province's GDP from the Mining and Quarrying industry in 2015 was $299.5&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Statistics Canada |title=Table: 36-10-0402-01 Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by industry, provinces and territories (x 1,000,000) |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610040201&pickMembers[0]=2.1&pickMembers[1]=3.26 |access-date=11 September 2019 |date=11 September 2019 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522163016/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610040201&pickMembers%5B0%5D=2.1&pickMembers%5B1%5D=3.26 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[List of mines in New Brunswick|Mines in New Brunswick]] produce lead, zinc, copper, and potash.

Forest management in the province is particularly opaque. Donald Bowser, an international expert on political corruption, says he is "shocked to discover that there is less transparency in New Brunswick than in [[Kurdistan]], [[Guatemala]] or [[Sierra Leone]], despite the huge public funds committed to natural resource development."<ref name=":2" />

==Education==
{{Main|Education in New Brunswick}}
[[File:UNB Old Arts Building.jpg|thumb|[[Sir Howard Douglas Hall]] at the [[University of New Brunswick]] is the oldest university building still in use in Canada.]]
[[Public education]] elementary and secondary education in the province is administered by the provincial [[Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (New Brunswick)|Department of Education and Early Childhood Development]]. New Brunswick has a parallel system of Anglophone and Francophone [[state school|public schools]]. In the anglophone system, approximately 27 per cent of the students are enrolled in a [[French immersion]] programs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infographic: The French Presence in New Brunswick |url=https://www.clo-ocol.gc.ca/en/statistics/infographics/french-presence-new-brunswick |website=Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages (New Brunswick) |date=26 April 2016 |access-date=25 December 2020 |quote=19,064 students are enrolled in French immersion (2015-16) |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123132602/https://www.clo-ocol.gc.ca/en/statistics/infographics/french-presence-new-brunswick |url-status=live}}</ref>

The province also operates five public [[tertiary education|post-secondary institutions]], including four public universities and one [[college (Canada)|college]]. Four public universities operate campuses in New Brunswick, including the oldest English-language university in the country, the [[University of New Brunswick]]. Other English-language public universities include [[Mount Allison University]] and [[St. Thomas University (New Brunswick)|St. Thomas University]]. [[Université de Moncton]] is the province's only French-language university. All four universities offer [[undergraduate education|undergraduate]], and [[postgraduate education]]. Additionally, the Université de Moncton and the University of New Brunswick also provide [[Professional development|professional programs]].

Public colleges in the province are managed as a part of the [[New Brunswick Community College]] (NBCC) system, except for the [[New Brunswick College of Craft and Design|New Brunswick College of Craft & Design]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nbccd.ca/about/our-history/ |title=Our History |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509110320/https://nbccd.ca/about/our-history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> which has operated through the Department of Post-Secondary Education, Training and Labour since 1938. In addition to public institutions, the province is also home to several private [[vocational schools]], such as the [[Moncton Flight College]]; and universities, the largest being [[Crandall University]].

==Government and politics==
===Government===
{{Main|Government of New Brunswick}}
[[File:New Brunswick Legislature.png|thumb|The [[New Brunswick Legislative Building]] serves as the meeting place for the [[Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick|provincial legislative assembly]].]]
Under [[Canadian federalism]], power is divided between federal and provincial governments. Among areas under federal jurisdiction are citizenship, foreign affairs, national defence, fisheries, criminal law, Indigenous policies, and many others. Provincial jurisdiction covers public lands, health, education, and local government, among other things. Jurisdiction is shared for immigration, pensions, agriculture, and welfare.<ref>{{cite web |title=Canada's Legal System – Sharing of Legislative Powers in Canada |url=https://slmc.uottawa.ca/?q=laws_canada_legal |publisher=University of Ottawa |access-date=17 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822000216/https://slmc.uottawa.ca/?q=laws_canada_legal |archive-date=22 August 2017}}</ref>

The parliamentary system of government is modelled on the British [[Westminster system]]. Forty-nine representatives, nearly always members of political parties, are elected to the [[Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick]]. The [[head of government]] is the [[Premier of New Brunswick]], normally the leader of the party or coalition with the most seats in the legislative assembly. Governance is handled by the [[Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)|executive council]] (cabinet), with about 32 ministries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Members of the Executive Council |date=20 October 2014 |url=http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/contacts/minister_list.html |publisher=Government of New Brunswick |access-date=17 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005144515/http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/contacts/minister_list.html |archive-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> Ceremonial duties of the [[Monarchy in New Brunswick]] are mostly carried out by the [[Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick]].

Under amendments to the province's Legislative Assembly Act in 2007, a provincial election is held every four years. The two largest political parties are the [[New Brunswick Liberal Association]] and the [[Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick]]. Since the [[2018 New Brunswick general election|2018 election]], minor parties are the [[Green Party of New Brunswick]] and the [[People's Alliance of New Brunswick]].

====Judiciary====
[[File:Provincial Court of New Brunswick.jpg|thumb|The [[Provincial Court of New Brunswick]] in Saint John]]
The [[Appellate court|Court of Appeal]] of New Brunswick is the highest provincial court. It hears appeals from:
* The [[Court of King's Bench of New Brunswick]]: has jurisdiction over family law and major criminal and civil cases and is divided accordingly into two divisions: Family and Trial. It also hears administrative tribunals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gnb.ca/Cour/overview-e.asp |title=New Brunswick Courts |access-date=29 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805214225/https://www.gnb.ca/Cour/overview-e.asp |archive-date=5 August 2016}}</ref>
* The [[Probate Court]] of New Brunswick: has jurisdiction over estates of deceased persons.
* The [[Provincial Court of New Brunswick]]: nearly all cases involving the ''[[Criminal Code (Canada)|Criminal Code]]'' start here.

The system consists of eight Judicial Districts, loosely based on the counties.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gnb.ca/cour/04CQB/locations-e.asp |title=COURT OF QUEEN'S BENCH OF NEW BRUNSWICK |access-date=29 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713181343/http://www.gnb.ca/cour/04CQB/locations-e.asp |archive-date=13 July 2016}}</ref> The [[Chief Justice of New Brunswick]] serves at the apex of this court structure.

====Administrative divisions====
[[File:Administrative areas of New Brunswick with First Nations lands map-blank.svg|thumb|Administrative areas of New Brunswick (historic county borders also shown):
{{Legend|#FEFEE4|[[List of local service districts in New Brunswick|Local service district]]|css=border:1px solid #AA8753}}
{{Legend|#F6E1B9|[[List of rural communities in New Brunswick|Rural community]]|css=border:1px solid #AA8753}}
{{Legend|#F1C872|[[List of municipalities in New Brunswick|Municipality]]|css=border:1px solid #AA8753}}
{{Legend|#D75D00|[[Indian reserve]]|css=border:1px solid #AA8753}}]]

The province has fifteen [[List of counties of New Brunswick|counties]], which served as upper-tier municipalities until the municipal reforms of 1966. While county governments have been abolished in New Brunswick, counties continue to be used as [[census division]]s by [[Statistics Canada]], and as an organizational unit, along with parishes, for registration of real-estate and its taxation. Counties continue to figure into the sense of identity of many New Brunwickers. Counties are further subdivided into [[List of parishes in New Brunswick|152 parishes]], which also lost their political significance in 1966 but are still used as [[census subdivision]]s by [[Statistics Canada]].

Ninety-two per cent of the land in the province, inhabited by about 35% of the population, is under provincial administration and has no local, elected representation. The 51% of the province that is [[Crown land]] is administered by the [[Department of Natural Resources and Energy Development (New Brunswick)|Department of Natural Resources and Energy Development]].

Most of the province is administrated as a [[Local service district (New Brunswick)|local service district (LSD)]], an unincorporated unit of local governance. As of 2017, there are 237 LSDs. Services, paid for by property taxes, include a variety of services such as fire protection, solid waste management, street lighting, and dog regulation. LSDs may elect advisory committees<ref>{{cite web |title=Local Service Districts (LSDs) |date=20 January 2006 |url=http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/services/services_renderer.9495.html |publisher=Government of New Brunswick |access-date=17 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033139/http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/services/services_renderer.9495.html |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> and work with the [[Department of Local Government (New Brunswick)|Department of Local Government]] to recommend how to spend locally collected taxes.

In 2006 there were three rural communities. This is a relatively new type of entity; to be created, it requires a population of 3,000 and a tax base of $200&nbsp;million.<ref name="sorc">{{cite web |last1=Beckley |first1=Thomas M. |title=New Brunswick |url=http://sorc.crrf.ca/nb/ |website=State of Rural Canada |access-date=17 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044041/http://sorc.crrf.ca/nb/ |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> In 2006 there were 101 municipalities.

[[Regional Service Commission]]s, which number 12, were introduced in 2013 to regulate regional planning and solid waste disposal, and provide a forum for discussion on a regional level of police and emergency services, [[climate change adaptation]] planning, and regional sport, recreational and cultural facilities. The commissions' administrative councils are populated by the mayors of each municipality or rural community within a region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/elg/local_government/content/promos/action_plan_local_governance/structure.html |title=Structure of the new Regional Service Commissions |first=Government of New Brunswick |last=Canada |website=www2.gnb.ca |date=24 September 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010203850/http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/elg/local_government/content/promos/action_plan_local_governance/structure.html |archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref>

====Provincial finances====
{{Update section|date=April 2025}}
In 2015, New Brunswick had the most poorly-performing economy of any Canadian province, with a per capita income of $28,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Brunswick's 'struggling' economy ranks near bottom of report |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/new-brunswick-s-struggling-economy-ranks-near-bottom-of-report-1.2642653 |publisher=CBC |access-date=16 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016184411/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/new-brunswick-s-struggling-economy-ranks-near-bottom-of-report-1.2642653 |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> The government has historically run at a large deficit. With about half of the population being rural, it is expensive for the government to provide education and health services, which account for 60 per cent of government expenditure. Thirty-six per cent of the provincial budget is covered by federal cash transfers.<ref name="patriquin">{{cite magazine |last1=Patriquin |first1=Martin |title=Can anything save New Brunswick? |url=http://www.macleans.ca/economy/can-anything-save-new-brunswick/ |magazine=Maclean's |access-date=16 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116081810/http://www.macleans.ca/economy/can-anything-save-new-brunswick/ |archive-date=16 November 2017}}</ref>

The government has frequently attempted to create employment through subsidies, which has often failed to generate long-term economic prosperity and has resulted in bad debt,<ref name="patriquin"/> examples of which include [[Bricklin SV-1|Bricklin]], Atcon,<ref>{{cite news |title=Atcon was so badly managed, taxpayers' $63M was never going to save it, AG finds |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/atcon-funding-auditor-general-report-1.4317029 |publisher=CBC |access-date=16 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008193130/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/atcon-funding-auditor-general-report-1.4317029 |archive-date=8 October 2017}}</ref> and the Marriott call centre in Fredericton.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fredericton call centre closure will cost 265 jobs |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/fredericton-call-centre-closure-will-cost-265-jobs-1.1165217 |publisher=CBC |access-date=16 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328002830/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/fredericton-call-centre-closure-will-cost-265-jobs-1.1165217 |archive-date=28 March 2018}}</ref>

According to a 2014 study by the Atlantic Institute for Market Studies, the large public debt is a very serious problem. Government revenues are shrinking because of a decline in federal transfer payments. Though expenditures are down (through government pension reform and a reduction in the number of public employees), they have increased relative to GDP,<ref name=aims/> necessitating further measures to reduce debt in the future.

In the 2014–15 [[fiscal year]], provincial debt reached $12.2&nbsp;billion or 37.7 per cent of nominal GDP, an increase over the $10.1&nbsp;billion recorded in 2011–12.<ref name=aims>{{cite web |last1=Murrell |first1=David |last2=Fantauzzo |first2=Shawn |title=New Brunswick's Debt and Deficit |url=http://www.aims.ca/site/media/aims/AIMS2014-NB Debt Study, Final %28prepared for publication%29%281%29.pdf |publisher=Atlantic Institute for Market Studies |access-date=17 November 2017 |date=2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010203848/http://www.aims.ca/site/media/aims/AIMS2014-NB |archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> The [[debt-to-GDP ratio]] is projected to fall to 36.7% in 2019–20.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rbc.com/economics/economic-reports/pdf/canadian-fiscal/prov_fiscal.pdf |title=Canadian Federal and Provincial Fiscal Tables |date=14 January 2020 |website=Economic Reports |publisher=Royal Bank of Canada |access-date=18 January 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205160447/http://www.rbc.com/economics/economic-reports/pdf/canadian-fiscal/prov_fiscal.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Politics===
{{Main|Politics of New Brunswick}}
Since the mid-20th century, New Brunswick has seen itself sway between being governed under either the [[Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick|Progressive Conservative Party]] or the [[New Brunswick Liberal Association|Liberal Association]], with both having seen several terms in power.<ref name="Forbes-JamesAbra-1">{{cite web |last1=Forbes |first1=Ernest R. |last2=James-Abra |first2=Erin |title=Politics in New Brunswick |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/politics-in-new-brunswick |website=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=August 4, 2024 |language=en |date=March 24, 2023}}</ref> Since this time period, New Brunswick had also generally elected [[Premier of New Brunswick|Premiers]] who were generally younger, with most Premiers being elected in their thirties;<ref>{{cite news |title=Brian Gallant joins long list of young former New Brunswick premiers |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/atlantic/article/brian-gallant-joins-long-list-of-young-former-new-brunswick-premiers/ |access-date=August 4, 2024 |work=[[CTV Atlantic]] |agency=[[The Canadian Press]] |date=November 2, 2018}}</ref> this trend changed significantly following the [[2018 New Brunswick general election|2018 provincial election]], which saw [[Blaine Higgs]] take provincial office at age 64, the oldest in the province's history.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Poitras |first1=Jacques |author1-link=Jacques Poitras |title=8 things you need to know about New Brunswick's next premier, Blaine Higgs |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/eight-things-you-need-to-know-about-blaine-higgs-1.4897225 |access-date=August 4, 2024 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=November 9, 2018}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
===Energy===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Energy capacity by source in NB:
|label1 = Fossil fuel
|value1 = 54.7
|color1 = Gray
|label2 = Hydro
|value2 = 22.0
|color2 = DodgerBlue
|label3 = Nuclear
|value3 = 15.4
|color3 = Crimson
|label4 = Other renewables
|value4 = 7.9
|color4 = MediumSeaGreen
}}
Publicly owned [[NB Power]] operates 13 of [[List of power stations in New Brunswick|New Brunswick's generating stations]], deriving power from fuel oil and diesel (1497 MW), hydro (889 MW), nuclear (660 MW), and coal (467 MW). There were 30 active natural gas production sites in 2012.<ref name="hc"/>

===Health care===
New Brunswickers are entitled to the universal and government-funded healthcare operated by the [[Department of Health (New Brunswick)|Department of Health]]. They can use their Medicare card to get this care or receive care in another province. New Brunswick is divided into 2 health care regions: Vitalité Health Network and Horizon Health Network. There also exists 2 confidential health information lines: 911 (for emergencies) and 811 (for non-urgent health questions).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Government of New Brunswick |first1=Canada |title=Health Care System |url=https://www.welcomenb.ca/content/wel-bien/en/LivingSettling/content/Healthcare.html |website=www.welcomenb.ca |access-date=19 February 2023 |language=en |date=24 March 2016 |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219171258/https://www.welcomenb.ca/content/wel-bien/en/LivingSettling/content/Healthcare.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Finding a family doctor is important for all New Brunswickers, but it has become difficult over the last decade. Patient Connect NB is a provincially managed, bilingual patient registry that matches New Brunswickers with a family doctor or nurse practitioner on a first-come, first-serve basis.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Government of New Brunswick |first1=Canada |title=Patient Connect NB |url=https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/health/Hospital-Services/content/Patient_Connect_NB.html |website=www2.gnb.ca |access-date=19 February 2023 |language=en |date=21 August 2015 |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219171301/https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/health/Hospital-Services/content/Patient_Connect_NB.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2022, this registry lists at 74,000 people waiting to be matched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Family doctor wanted: N.B. woman turns to Twitter to find doctor as wait list hits 74,000 |url=https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/family-doctor-wanted-n-b-woman-turns-to-twitter-to-find-doctor-as-wait-list-hits-74-000-1.6019110 |website=Atlantic |access-date=19 February 2023 |language=en |date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219171257/https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/family-doctor-wanted-n-b-woman-turns-to-twitter-to-find-doctor-as-wait-list-hits-74-000-1.6019110 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Health care services not covered by the government include: dentists, optometrists, retirement homes, mental health services, private clinics, and health insurance.

==Transportation==
{{See also|Department of Transportation and Infrastructure (New Brunswick)|List of New Brunswick provincial highways|List of airports in New Brunswick}}
The [[Department of Transportation and Infrastructure (New Brunswick)|Department of Transportation and Infrastructure]] maintains government facilities and the province's highway network and ferries. The [[Trans-Canada Highway]] is not under federal jurisdiction, and traverses the province from [[Edmundston]] following the Saint John River Valley, through Fredericton, Moncton, and on to Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island.

=== Regional public transportation ===
{{See also|Category:Transit agencies in New Brunswick}}
The provincial government operates [[public transportation]] by ferry.<ref name="ferry">{{cite web |title=Ferries |url=https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/dti/bridges_ferries/content/ferries.html |website=[[Government of New Brunswick]] |date=4 October 2011 |publisher=[[Department of Transportation and Infrastructure (New Brunswick)|Department of Transportation and Infrastructure]] |access-date=August 12, 2024 |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812153556/https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/dti/bridges_ferries/content/ferries.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Four cities in New Brunswick operate urban public transportation services: [[Fredericton Transit]] (Fredericton), [[Codiac Transpo]] (Moncton), [[Saint John Transit]] (Saint John), and [[Miramichi Transit]] (Miramichi).<ref>{{cite web |title=Regional Transportation Mandate Implementation Guide |url=https://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/rdc-sdr/pdf/regional-transportation-mandate.pdf |website=[[Government of New Brunswick]] |publisher=Regional Development Corporation |access-date=August 12, 2024 |page=7 |date=June 2023}}</ref> Parts of the province are also served by [[Maritime Bus]], a [[Coach (bus)|coach]] operator.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vandenbeukel |first1=Jason |last2=Wightman |first2=Martin |title=New Brunswick needs a regional bus system; Public transit |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2887983208 |access-date=August 12, 2024 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |date=May 12, 2022 |page=A9|id={{ProQuest|2887983208}} }}</ref>

=== Ferry ===
Multiple areas along the [[Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)|Saint John River]] contain ferries operated by the Department of Transportation and Infrastructure, with routes connecting [[Greater Saint John]] to the [[Kingston Peninsula]], as well as some routes connecting mainland New Brunswick to various islands. The province is also serviced by [[Coastal Transport Limited]], a ferry service which operates three ferries in the province, including a route between [[Blacks Harbour, New Brunswick|Blacks Harbour]] and [[Grand Manan Island]].<ref name="ferry"/> [[Bay Ferries]] operates the [[MV Fundy Rose|MV ''Fundy Rose'']], connecting Saint John to [[Digby, Nova Scotia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Digby-Saint John ferry will stay put, says federal transport minister |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/digby-saint-john-ferry-transport-canada-1.7046161 |access-date=August 12, 2024 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=December 1, 2023}}</ref>

=== Rail ===
{{New Brunswick rail network|collapse=yes}}
[[File:Via Ocean 14 Jacquet River NB July 31 2006.jpg|thumb|Via Ocean 14 Jacquet River NB 31 July 2006]]
[[Via Rail]]'s [[Ocean (train)|Ocean]] service, which connects [[Montreal]] to [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], is currently the oldest continuously operated passenger route in North America, with stops from west to east at [[Campbellton station|Campbellton]], [[Charlo station|Charlo]], [[Jacquet River station|Jacquet River]], [[Petit Rocher station|Petit Rocher]], [[Bathurst station (New Brunswick)|Bathurst]], [[Miramichi station|Miramichi]], [[Rogersville station|Rogersville]], [[Moncton station|Moncton]], and [[Sackville station|Sackville]].

[[Canadian National Railway]] operates freight services along the same route, as well as a subdivision from Moncton to Saint John. The [[New Brunswick Southern Railway]], a division of [[J. D. Irving Limited]], together with its sister company [[Eastern Maine Railway (1995)|Eastern Maine Railway]] form a continuous {{cvt|305|km|mi}} main line connecting Saint John and [[Brownville Junction, Maine|Brownville Junction]], Maine.

== Cities, towns, villages, counties and parishes ==
There are [[List of municipalities in New Brunswick|8 cities, 30 towns, and 21 villages]] in New Brunswick,<ref name="LocalGovsReg">{{cite act|title=Local Governments Establishment Regulation – Local Governance Act.|type=2022-50|index=O.C. 2022-228|date=August 30, 2022|authority=[[Government of New Brunswick]]|url=https://laws.gnb.ca/en/showfulldoc/cr/2022-50|access-date=October 15, 2024}}</ref> grouped into [[List of counties of New Brunswick|15 counties]] and [[List of parishes in New Brunswick|152 parishes]].<ref>{{cite act|title=Chapter T-3: Territorial Division Act|date=June 30, 1998|authority=[[Government of New Brunswick]]|url=https://laws.gnb.ca/en/showfulldoc/cs/T-3|access-date=October 15, 2024}}</ref> The fifteen counties, alphabetically, are [[Albert County, New Brunswick|Albert]], [[Carleton County, New Brunswick|Carleton]], [[Charlotte County, New Brunswick|Charlotte]], [[Gloucester County, New Brunswick|Gloucester]], [[Kent County, New Brunswick|Kent]], [[Kings County, New Brunswick|Kings]], [[Madawaska County, New Brunswick|Madawaska]], [[Northumberland County, New Brunswick|Northumberland]], [[Queens County, New Brunswick|Queens]], [[Restigouche County, New Brunswick|Restigouche]], [[Saint John County, New Brunswick|Saint John]], [[Sunbury County, New Brunswick|Sunbury]], [[Victoria County, New Brunswick|Victoria]], [[Westmorland County, New Brunswick|Westmorland]], and [[York County, New Brunswick|York]].

New Brunswick's provincial capital is [[Fredericton]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Fredericton |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Fredericton |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=October 15, 2024}}</ref> The population of the city is 63,116 as of 2021. The largest city by population is [[Moncton]] with 79,400 residents, and the largest in land area is [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]] at {{convert|315.59|km2|sqmi}}. New Brunswick's other cities are [[Dieppe, New Brunswick|Dieppe]], [[Miramichi, New Brunswick|Miramichi]], [[Edmundston]], [[Bathurst, New Brunswick|Bathurst]], and [[Campbellton, New Brunswick|Campbellton]].<ref name="2021_municipalities">{{cite web |title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities) |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000213 |website=[[Statistics Canada]] |publisher=[[Government of Canada]] |access-date=October 15, 2024 |language=en |date=February 9, 2022 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206222305/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000213 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Culture==
===Historic places and museums===
There are about 61 [[List of historic places in New Brunswick|historic places in New Brunswick]], including Fort Beauséjour, [[Kings Landing Historical Settlement]] and the [[Village Historique Acadien]]. Established in 1842, the [[New Brunswick Museum]] in Saint John was designated as the [[Provincial museums of Canada|provincial museum]] of New Brunswick. The province is also home to a [[List of museums in New Brunswick|number of other museums]] in addition to the provincial museum.

===Music and theatre===
[[File:Imperial Theatre 2024 (cropped).jpg|thumb|The [[Imperial Theatre, Saint John|Imperial Theatre]] in Saint John hosts the productions of the [[Atlantic Ballet Theatre of Canada]] and [[Theatre New Brunswick]].]]
The [[music of New Brunswick]] includes artists such as [[Henry Burr]], [[Roch Voisine]], [[Lenny Breau]], and [[Édith Butler]]. [[Symphony New Brunswick]], based in Saint John, tours extensively in the province. [[Symphony New Brunswick]] and the [[Atlantic Ballet Theatre of Canada]] tours nationally and internationally.

[[Theatre New Brunswick]] tours plays around the province. Canadian playwright [[Norm Foster (playwright)|Norm Foster]] saw his early works premiere with Theatre New Brunswick. Other theatres of the province include the Théatre populaire d'Acadie in [[Caraquet]], the [[Live Bait Theatre]] in Sackville, the [[Imperial Theatre, Saint John|Imperial]] in Saint John, the [[Capitol Theatre (Moncton)|Capitol]] theatre in Moncton, and the [[The Playhouse (Fredericton)|Playhouse]] theatre in Fredericton.

===Visual arts===
New Brunswick is home to many galleries across the province, including the [[Beaverbrook Art Gallery]], which was designated as New Brunswick's provincial art gallery in 1994, and the Galerie d’art Louise-et-Reuben-Cohen at the [[Université de Moncton]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Galerie d'art Louise-et-Reuben-Cohen |url=https://reseauartactuel.org/membres/galerie-dart-louise-et-reuben-cohen/ |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=Réseau Art Actuel |language=en-US |archive-date=16 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716190224/https://reseauartactuel.org/membres/galerie-dart-louise-et-reuben-cohen/ |url-status=live}}</ref> New Brunswick also has four [[Canadian artist-run centres|artist-run-centres]]: Connexion ARC located in Fredericton, Galerie Sans Nom in Moncton, Struts Gallery in Sackville, and Third Space Gallery in Saint John, as well as one artist-run printshop, Atelier d'estampe Imago Inc., located in Moncton.<ref>{{cite web |title=Centres |url=https://www.aarcatlantis.art/work |access-date=10 February 2022 |website=Atlantis |language=en-US |archive-date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210130419/https://www.aarcatlantis.art/work |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Owens Art Gallery, Mount A.jpg|thumb|The Owens Art Gallery at [[Mount Allison University]] is the oldest [[university museum|university-operated art gallery]] in Canada.]]
[[Mount Allison University]] is known for its art program, which was created in 1854. The program came into its own under [[John A. Hammond]], from 1893 to 1916. Notable graduates include [[Alex Colville]], [[Christopher Pratt]], [[Mary Pratt (painter)|Mary Pratt]], and [[Herménégilde Chiasson]]. The university also opened an art gallery in 1895 and is named for its patron, John Owens of Saint John. The Owens Art Gallery at Mount Allison University is presently the oldest [[university museum|university-operated art gallery]] in Canada.

Modern New Brunswick artists include landscape painter [[Jack Humphrey]], sculptor [[Claude Roussel]], and [[Miller Brittain]].

===Literature===
[[Julia Catherine Beckwith]], born in Fredericton, was Canada's first published novelist. Poet [[Bliss Carman]] and his cousin [[Charles G. D. Roberts]] were some of the first Canadians to achieve international fame for letters. [[Antonine Maillet]] was the first non-European winner of France's [[Prix Goncourt]]. Other modern writers include [[Alfred Bailey (poet)|Alfred Bailey]], [[Alden Nowlan]], [[John Thompson (Canadian poet)|John Thompson]], [[Douglas Lochhead]], [[K. V. Johansen]], [[David Adams Richards]], and [[France Daigle]]. A recent New Brunswick Lieutenant-Governor, [[Herménégilde Chiasson]], is a poet and playwright. ''[[The Fiddlehead]]'', established in 1945 at University of New Brunswick, is Canada's oldest literary magazine.

==Media==
{{See also|List of television stations in New Brunswick|List of radio stations in New Brunswick}}

New Brunswick has four daily newspapers, three English and one French: the ''[[Telegraph-Journal]]'' in Saint John and distributed province-wide, the ''[[Times & Transcript]]'' in Moncton, ''[[The Daily Gleaner]]'' in Fredericton and ''[[L'Acadie Nouvelle]]'' in Caraquet. The three English-language dailies and multiple other weeklies are operated by [[Brunswick News]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Poitras |first1=Jacques |author1-link=Jacques Poitras |title=English-language dailies in N.B. will print only 3 days a week |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/brunswick-news-reduces-print-editions-1.6740032 |access-date=October 8, 2024 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=February 7, 2023}}</ref> which was previously privately owned by J.D. Irving until being sold to [[Postmedia Network]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Hadeel |title=Irving-owned New Brunswick newspapers to be sold to Postmedia |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/brunswick-news-sold-postmedia-1.6356427 |access-date=October 8, 2024 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>

The [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] has anglophone television and radio operations in Fredericton. [[Télévision de Radio-Canada]] is based in Moncton. [[CTV Television Network|CTV]] and [[Global Television Network|Global]] also operate stations in New Brunswick, which operate largely as sub-feeds of their stations in Halifax as part of regional networks.

There are [[List of radio stations in New Brunswick|34 radio stations]] licensed in New Brunswick, broadcasting in English or French.<ref>{{cite web |title=Radio Stations |url=https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/news/media_list/radio_stations.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 November 2021 |website=Government of New Brunswick |date=17 August 2012 |archive-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127021703/https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/news/media_list/radio_stations.html}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|border=no|Canada}}
* [[Outline of New Brunswick]]
* [[Symbols of New Brunswick]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|name=Official website of the Government of New Brunswick}}
* [https://tourismnewbrunswick.ca/ Official site of Tourism New Brunswick]
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=New Brunswick |volume=19 |pages=464–466 |first=William Lawson |last=Grant |short=1}}

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{{Subdivisions of New Brunswick}}
{{Provinces and territories of Canada}}
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[[Category:Provinces and territories of Canada]]
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[[Category:Countries and territories where French is an official language]]
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