View source for New Caledonia

{{Short description|French special collectivity in the southwest Pacific Ocean}}
{{About||the former North American fur-trading district|New Caledonia (Canada)|the former colony of Scotland|Darien scheme}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{use Australian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox dependency
| name                          = New Caledonia
| native_name                   = {{native name|fr|Nouvelle-Calédonie}}
| settlement_type               = [[Sui generis collectivity|''Sui generis'' collectivity]]
| image_flag                    = File:Flag of FLNKS.svg
| flag_size                     = 175
| flag_link                     = Flags of New Caledonia
| image_blank_emblem            = Emblem of New Caledonia.svg
| blank_emblem_size             = 60
| blank_emblem_type             = Emblem
| blank_emblem_link             = Emblem of New Caledonia
| motto                         = "Terre de parole, terre de partage"<br/>''Land of speech, land of sharing''
| anthem                        = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br />{{Center|[[File:La_Marseillaise.ogg]]}}"[[Soyons unis, devenons frères]]"{{refn|1="Soyons unis, devenons frères" is officially a national anthem but is generally used only on regal and viceregal occasions.|group=nb}}<br />''Let us unite, let us become brothers''
| image_map                     = {{switcher|[[File:New Caledonia in France (zoomed).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:NewCaledonia2022OSM.png|frameless]]|Map of New Caledonia}}
| map_alt                       = Location of New Caledonia
| map_caption                   = Location of New Caledonia
| mapsize                       = 290px
| subdivision_type              = [[Sovereign state]]
| subdivision_name              = {{Flag|France}}
| established_title             = Annexed by France
| established_date              = 24 September 1853
| established_title2            = [[Overseas territory (France)|Overseas territory]]
| established_date2             = 1946
| established_title3            = [[Nouméa Accord]]
| established_date3             = 5 May 1998
| official_languages            = [[French language|French]]
| regional_languages            = {{hlist|[[Drehu language|Drehu]]|[[Nengone language|Nengone]]|[[Paicî language|Paicî]]|[[Ajië language|Ajië]]|[[New Caledonian languages|35 other native languages]]}}<!-- Languages with over 4,000 speakers, in order of number of speakers -->
| languages_type 
= [[Languages of New Caledonia#Foreign languages|Foreign languages]]
| languages 
= [[English language|English]]{{efn|English is widely used in the tourism industry due to tourism from Australia and New Zealand.}}
| ethnic_groups 
= {{unbulleted list|
* [[Kanak people|Kanak]] (41.2%)
* [[Caldoche|European]] (24.1%)
* [[Mixed race|Mixed]] (11.3%)
* [[Polynesians|Polynesian]] (10.3%)
* Other (13.1%)
}}
| ethnic_groups_year 
= 2019<ref name="Population Structure of Communities"/>
| capital                       = [[Nouméa]]
| coordinates                   = {{coord|22|16|S|166|28|E}}
| largest_city                  = capital
| demonym                       = {{hlist|New Caledonian|French}}
| government_type               = [[Devolution|Devolved]] parliamentary [[Dependent territory|dependency]]
| leader_title1                 = [[President of France|President]]
| leader_name1                  = [[Emmanuel Macron]]
| leader_title2                 = [[High Commissioner of the Republic in New Caledonia|High Commissioner]]
| leader_name2                  = [[Jacques Billant]]
| leader_title3                 = [[President of the Government of New Caledonia|President of the Government]]
| leader_name3                  = [[Alcide Ponga]]
| leader_title4                 = [[President of the Congress of New Caledonia|President of the Congress]]
| leader_name4                  = [[Veylma Falaeo]]
| legislature                   = [[Congress of New Caledonia|Congress]]
| national_representation       = [[French Parliament]]
| national_representation_type1 = [[Senate (France)|Senate]]
| national_representation1      = [[List of senators of New Caledonia|2 senators]] (of 348)
| national_representation_type2 = {{nowrap|[[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]]}}
| national_representation2      = [[List of constituencies of the National Assembly of France#New Caledonia (988) – 2 seats|2 seats]] (of 577)
| area_km2                      = 18,575<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/new-caledonia/|title=New Caledonia|date=6 December 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov|access-date=25 January 2021|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407121006/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/new-caledonia/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_land_km2                 = 18,275
| area_rank                     = 
| percent_water                 = 1.6
| elevation_max_m               = 1,628
| elevation_max_point           = [[Mont Panie]]
| population_census             = 271,407<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=http://www.isee.nc/population/recensement/structure-de-la-population-et-evolutions |title=Structure de la population et évolutions |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies]] (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |access-date=16 November 2014 |archive-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113142325/http://www.isee.nc/population/recensement/structure-de-la-population-et-evolutions |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_census_year        = 2019
| population_census_rank        = 184th
| population_estimate           = 
| population_estimate_rank      = 
| population_estimate_year      = 
| population_density_km2        = 14.5
| population_density_sq_mi      = 
| population_density_rank       = 200th
| GDP_PPP                       = 
| GDP_PPP_rank                  = 
| GDP_PPP_year                  = 
| GDP_PPP_per_capita            = 
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank       = 
| GDP_nominal                   = US$9.48 billion<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |url=https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/82-donnees?download=566:pib |title=Evolution du PIB et du PIB par habitant |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies]] (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |access-date=2025-02-22 }}</ref>
| GDP_nominal_year              = 2019
| GDP_nominal_per_capita        = US$34,939<ref name="GDP"/>
| currency                      = [[CFP franc]] (₣)
| currency_code                 = XPF
| timezone                      = 
| utc_offset                    = +11:00
| drives_on                     = right
| calling_code                  = [[+687]]
| iso_code                      = {{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:NC|NC]]|[[ISO 3166-2:FR|FR-NC]]|[[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3|NCL]]}}
| cctld                         = [[.nc]]
}}
{{Administrative divisions of France}}

'''New Caledonia'''{{refn|group=nb|({{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|æ|l|ᵻ|ˈ|d|oʊ|n|i|ə|audio=en-us-New Caledonia.ogg}} {{respell|KAL|ih|DOH|nee|ə}}; {{langx|fr|Nouvelle-Calédonie}} {{IPA|fr|nuvɛl kaledɔni||LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Nouvelle-Calédonie.wav}}){{refn|group=nb|Previously known officially as the "Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies" ({{lang|fr|Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et dépendances}}), then simply as the "Territory of New Caledonia" ({{lang|fr|Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie}}), the official French name is now only {{lang|fr|Nouvelle-Calédonie}} (Organic Law of 19 March 1999, article 222 IV<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/imagesJOALL/1999/041/JO199904197ALL.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614081856/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/imagesJOALL/1999/041/JO199904197ALL.pdf |archivedate=2007-06-14 |title=LOI no 1999-209 du 19 mars 1999 organique relative a la Nouvelle Calédonie |work=[[Journal officiel de la République française]] |date=21 March 1999 |page=4223 |url-status=dead}}</ref>). The French courts often continue to use the appellation {{lang|fr|Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie}}.}} }} is a [[French territory]] comprising a group of islands in the southwest [[Pacific Ocean]], {{convert|220|km|abbr=on}} southwest of [[Vanuatu]] and {{convert|1210|km|abbr=on}} east of [[Australia]].<ref name="enc-pres">{{cite web |url=http://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/site/La-Nouvelle-Caledonie/Presentation |title=Présentation |language=fr |website=Nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr |access-date=2013-01-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030174803/http://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/site/La-Nouvelle-Caledonie/Presentation |archive-date=30 October 2012 }}</ref> Located {{cvt|16,100|km}} from [[Metropolitan France]], it forms a [[Overseas France#Sui generis collectivity|''sui generis'' collectivity]] of the [[French Republic]], a legal status unique in [[overseas France]], enshrined in a dedicated chapter of the [[French Constitution]] and with an on-going project to a status of '''State of New Caledonia'''.

The [[archipelago]], part of the [[Melanesia]] subregion, includes the main island of [[Grande Terre (New Caledonia)|Grande Terre]], the [[Loyalty Islands]], the [[Chesterfield Islands]], the [[Belep]] archipelago, the [[Isle of Pines (New Caledonia)|Isle of Pines]], and a few remote islets.<ref name="pres-om"/> The Chesterfield Islands are in the [[Coral Sea]]. French people, especially locals, call Grande Terre {{lang|fr|le Caillou}},{{refn|group=nb|<small>''pron.''</small> {{IPA|fr|lə kaju|}}, {{lit|the stone}}}} a nickname also used more generally for the entire New Caledonia.<ref name="Stanley1989">{{cite book|author=David Stanley|title=South Pacific Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=unz2v_HT5q0C&pg=PA549|year=1989|publisher=David Stanley|isbn=978-0-918373-29-8|page=549|access-date=18 October 2015|archive-date=13 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413093620/https://books.google.com/books?id=unz2v_HT5q0C&pg=PA549|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kanak people#Agitation for independence|Pro-independence Kanak]] parties use the name {{lang|fr|(la) Kanaky}} (<small>''pron.''</small> {{IPA|fr|(la) kanaki|}}{{refn|group=nb|The [[definite article]] {{lang|fr|la}} is often omitted by pro-independence parties and militants, as in {{lang|fr|l'indépendance de Kanaky}} ('the independence of Kanaky') or {{lang|fr|le futur de Kanaky}} ('the future of Kanaky') for example, where French grammar would normally require a definite article.}}) to refer to New Caledonia, a term coined in the 1980s from the ethnic name of the indigenous [[Melanesians|Melanesian]] [[Kanak people]] who make up 41% of New Caledonia's population. New Caledonia is associated with the [[European Union]] as an [[Overseas Countries and Territories|overseas country and territory (OCT)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The European Union and New Caledonia {{!}} EEAS |url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/european-union-and-new-caledonia_en |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=www.eeas.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref>

New Caledonia has a land area of {{convert|18575|km2|abbr=on}} divided into three [[province]]s. The [[North Province, New Caledonia|North]] and [[South Province, New Caledonia|South]] Provinces are on the New Caledonian mainland, while the [[Loyalty Islands Province]] is a series of four inhabited islands off the east coast of mainland (from north to south: [[Ouvéa Island|Ouvéa]], [[Lifou Island|Lifou]], [[Tiga Island|Tiga]], and [[Maré Island|Maré]]). New Caledonia's population of 271,407 (October 2019 census)<ref name=censuspop>{{cite web |url=http://www.isee.nc/population/recensement/structure-de-la-population-et-evolutions |title=268 767 habitants en 2014 |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies]] (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |access-date=2014-11-16 |archive-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113142325/http://www.isee.nc/population/recensement/structure-de-la-population-et-evolutions |url-status=live }}</ref> is of diverse origins and varies by geography; in the North and [[Loyalty Islands Province]]s, the indigenous [[Kanak people]] predominate, while the wealthy South Province contains significant populations of European ([[Caldoche]]s and [[Metropolitan France|Metropolitan French]]), [[Kanak people|Kanak]], and Polynesian (mostly [[Wallis and Futuna|Wallisian]]) origin, as well as smaller groups of [[Southeast Asia]]n, [[Pied-Noir]], and [[Algerians of the Pacific|North African]] heritage. The capital of New Caledonia is [[Nouméa]].<ref name="enc-pres"/>

== History ==
New Caledonia was part of the continent [[Zealandia]], which broke off from the supercontinent and sunk[[Gondwana]] between 79 million and 83 million years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livescience.com/lost-continent-zealandia-mapped.html |title=Hidden boundaries of lost continent 'Zealandia' revealed in incredible detail |website=LiveScience |last=Pappas |first=Stephanie |date=25 March 2021 |access-date=30 December 2022 |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220141754/https://www.livescience.com/lost-continent-zealandia-mapped.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The earliest traces of human presence in New Caledonia date back to the period when the [[Lapita culture]] was influential in large parts of the Pacific, {{Circa|1600}}–500 BC or 1300–200 BC.<ref name="pres-hist">{{cite web |url=http://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/site/La-Nouvelle-Caledonie/Histoire/Histoire |title=Histoire / La Nouvelle-Calédonie |language=fr |website=Nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr |date=2012-11-20 |access-date=2013-01-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030183849/http://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/site/La-Nouvelle-Caledonie/Histoire/Histoire |archive-date=30 October 2012 }}</ref> The Lapita were highly skilled [[navigators]] and [[agriculturists]].<ref name="LoganCole2001">{{cite book|first1= Leanne|last1= vLogan|first2= Geert|last2= Cole|title= New Caledonia|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lly95WF8n-cC&pg=PA13|year= 2001|publisher= Lonely Planet|isbn= 978-1-86450-202-2|page= 13|via= Google Books|access-date= 18 October 2015|archive-date= 13 April 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160413093509/https://books.google.com/books?id=lly95WF8n-cC&pg=PA13|url-status= live}}</ref> The first settlements were concentrated around the coast and date back to the period between c. 1100 BC and AD 200.<ref name="pres-hist"/>

[[File:Two Kanak (Canaque) warriors posing with penis gourds and spears, New Caledonia.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Two [[Kanak people|Kanak]] warriors posing with [[Koteka|penis gourd]]s and spears, around 1880]]
British explorer [[James Cook]] was one of the first Europeans to sight New Caledonia, on 4 September 1774, during his second voyage.<ref name="ped">{{cite web |url=http://www.ieom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2010_nouvelle-caledonie.pdf |title=Rapport annuel 2010 |publisher=IEOM Nouvelle-Calédonie |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075134/https://www.ieom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2010_nouvelle-caledonie.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> He named it "New [[Caledonia]]", as the northeast of the island reminded him of [[Scotland]].<ref name="ped"/> The west coast of Grande Terre was approached by the [[Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse|Comte de Lapérouse]] in 1788, shortly before his disappearance, and the Loyalty Islands were first visited between 1793 and 1796 when Mare, Lifou, Tiga, and Ouvea were mapped by English whaler [[William Raven]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FUwDzM94jGUC&pg=RA1-PA15|title=Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands|last1=Quanchi|first1=Max|last2=Robson|first2=John|date=2005|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810865280|access-date=30 December 2021|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531052523/https://books.google.com/books?id=FUwDzM94jGUC&pg=RA1-PA15|url-status=live}}</ref> Raven encountered the island then named Britania, and today known as Maré (Loyalty Is.), in November 1793.<ref name="maritimeheritage.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.maritimeheritage.org/ports/newCaledonia.html|title=New Caledonia and International Seaport History. The Maritime Heritage Project.|website=Maritimeheritage.org|access-date=2017-11-12|archive-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113112912/http://www.maritimeheritage.org/ports/newCaledonia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 1796 until 1840, only a few sporadic contacts with the archipelago were recorded. About 50 American whalers left record of being in the region (Grande Terre, Loyalty Is., Walpole and Hunter) between 1793 and 1887.<ref name="maritimeheritage.org"/><ref>{{cite book| last= Langdon| first= Robert | year= 1983| title= Where the Whalers Went: An index of the Pacific Ports and Islands visited by American Whalers (and some other ships) in the 19th Century| place= Canberra| publisher= Pacific Manuscripts Bureau| page= 183 |isbn= 086784471X}}</ref> Contacts with visiting ships became more frequent after 1840, because of their interest in [[sandalwood]].<ref name="pres-hist"/>

As trade in sandalwood declined, it was replaced by a new business enterprise, "[[blackbirding]]", a euphemism for taking Melanesian or Western Pacific Islanders from New Caledonia, the Loyalty Islands, [[Vanuatu|New Hebrides]], New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands into [[slavery]], [[indentured servitude|indentured]] or [[forced labour]] in the [[sugarcane]] [[plantation]]s in [[Fiji]] and [[Queensland]] by various methods of trickery and deception.<ref name="kanaka">{{cite web |url= http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/14373/HERMES_2002_32-33_191.pdf?sequence=1 |title= De Kanaka à Kanak: l'appropriation d'un terme générique au profit de la revendication identitaire |first= Frédéric |last= Angleviel |language= fr |trans-title= From Kanaka to Kanak: the appropriation of a generic term for the benefit of identity claim |publisher= [[Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie]] |access-date= 2013-01-30 |archive-date= 9 November 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171109131832/http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/14373/HERMES_2002_32-33_191.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status= live }}</ref> Blackbirding was practised by both French and [[Australians|Australian]] traders, but in New Caledonia's case, the trade in the early decades of the twentieth century involved kidnapping children from the [[Loyalty Islands]] to the Grand Terre for forced labour in plantation agriculture. New Caledonia's primary experience with blackbirding revolved around a trade from the New Hebrides (now [[Vanuatu]]) to the Grand Terre for labour in plantation agriculture, mines, as well as guards over convicts and in some public works. In the early years of the trade, coercion was used to lure Melanesian islanders onto ships. In later years indenture systems were developed; however, when it came to the French slave trade, which took place between its Melanesian colonies of the New Hebrides and New Caledonia, very few regulations were implemented. This represented a departure from contemporary developments in Australia, since increased regulations were developed to mitigate the abuses of blackbirding and 'recruitment' strategies on the coastlines.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The first missionaries from the [[London Missionary Society]] and the [[Marist Brothers]] arrived in the 1840s.<ref name="abcau">{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/ra/pacific/places/country/new_caledonia.htm |title=Charting the Pacific – Places |website=Abc.net.au |date=1998-10-13 |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=8 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208231802/http://www.abc.net.au/ra/pacific/places/country/new_caledonia.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1849, the crew of the American ship ''Cutter'' was killed and eaten by the Pouma clan.<ref name="logan">{{cite book |first1= Leanne |last1= Logan |first2= Geert |last2= Cole |title= New Caledonia |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lly95WF8n-cC&pg=PA15 |year= 2001 |publisher= Lonely Planet |isbn= 978-1-86450-202-2 |page= 15 |via= Google Books |access-date= 18 October 2015 |archive-date= 12 April 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160412181115/https://books.google.com/books?id=lly95WF8n-cC&pg=PA15 |url-status= live }}</ref> [[Human cannibalism]] was widespread throughout New Caledonia.<ref name="Knauft1999">{{cite book | first= Bruce M. | last= Knauft | title= From Primitive to Postcolonial in Melanesia and Anthropology | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YM18gG16Z7YC&pg=PA103 | year= 1999 | publisher= [[University of Michigan Press]] | isbn= 978-0-472-06687-2 | page= 103 | via= Google Books | access-date= 18 October 2015 | archive-date= 1 January 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095349/https://books.google.com/books?id=YM18gG16Z7YC&pg=PA103 | url-status= live }}</ref>

=== French colonisation ===
{{further| Communards#Life in New Caledonia}}
{{Anchor|French colonisation}}On 24 September 1853, under orders from Emperor [[Napoleon III]], Admiral [[Auguste Febvrier Despointes|Febvrier Despointes]] took formal possession of New Caledonia. Captain [[Louis-Marie-François Tardy de Montravel]] founded [[Port-de-France]] (Nouméa) on 25 June 1854.<ref name="ped"/> A few dozen free settlers settled on the west coast in the following years.<ref name="ped"/> New Caledonia became a [[penal colony]] in 1864, and from the 1860s until the end of the transportations in 1897, France sent about 22,000 criminals and political prisoners to New Caledonia. The {{lang|fr|Bulletin de la Société générale des prisons}} for 1888 indicates that 10,428 convicts, including 2,329 freed ones, were on the island as of 1 May 1888, by far the largest number of convicts detained in French overseas penitentiaries.{{refn|group=nb|As compared to 4,053 convicts, including 1,176 freed ones, in French Guiana at the same date.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bulletin de la Société générale des prisons |place=Paris |year=1888 |page=980 }}</ref>}} The convicts included many [[Communards#Life in New Caledonia|Communards]], arrested after the failed [[Paris Commune]] of 1871, including [[Victor Henri Rochefort, Marquis de Rochefort-Luçay|Henri de Rochefort]] and [[Louise Michel]].<ref name="gb-1">{{cite book |first1=Robert |last1=Aldrich |first2=John |last2=Connell |title=France's Overseas Frontier: Départements et territoires d'outre-mer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRB3woPa7LAC&pg=PA46 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-03036-6 |page=46 |via=Google Books |access-date=18 October 2015 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806165048/https://books.google.com/books?id=vRB3woPa7LAC&pg=PA46 |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 1873 and 1876, 4,200 political prisoners were "relegated" to New Caledonia.<ref name="ped"/> Only 40 of them settled in the colony; the rest returned to France after being granted amnesty in 1879 and 1880.<ref name="ped"/>

[[File:King Jacques and his Queen.jpg|thumb|Chief&nbsp;King Jacques and his Queen, from ''The Romance of the South Seas'', Clement Lindley Wragge, Chatto & Windus, 1906]]
In 1864, [[nickel]] was discovered<ref name="gb-1"/> on the banks of the [[Diahot River]]; with the establishment of the {{lang|fr|[[Société Le Nickel]]|italic=np}} in 1876, mining began in earnest.<ref name="gb-2"/> To work the mines the French imported labourers from neighbouring islands and from the New Hebrides, and later from [[Japan]], the [[Dutch East Indies]], and [[French Indochina]].<ref name="gb-1"/> The French government also attempted to encourage European immigration, without much success.<ref name="gb-1"/>

The indigenous [[Kanak people]] were excluded from the French economy and from mining work, and ultimately confined to reservations.<ref name="gb-1"/> This sparked a violent reaction in 1878, when High Chief {{ill|Ataï|fr}} of [[La Foa]] managed to unite many of the central tribes and launched a guerrilla war that killed 200 Frenchmen and 1,000 Kanaks.<ref name="gb-2"/> A {{Interlanguage link|1917 Kanak revolt| lt=second uprising|fr|Révolte kanak de 1917|WD=}} occurred in 1917, with Protestant missionaries like [[Maurice Leenhardt]] functioning as witnesses to the events of this war. Leenhardt would pen a number of ethnographic works on the Kanak of New Caledonia. Noël of Tiamou led the 1917 rebellion, which resulted in a number of orphaned children, one of whom was taken into the care of Protestant missionary Alphonse Rouel. This child, Wenceslas Thi, would become the father of [[Jean-Marie Tjibaou]]<ref>Adrian Muckle</ref> (1936–1989).{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

Europeans brought new diseases such as [[smallpox]] and [[measles]], which caused the deaths of many natives.<ref name="logan"/> The Kanak population declined from around 60,000 in 1878 to 27,100 in 1921, and their numbers did not increase again until the 1930s.<ref name="gb-2"/>

===World War II===
{{further| Pacific Islands home front during World War II#Employment}}
In June 1940, after the [[fall of France]], the [[General councils (France)|General Council]] of New Caledonia voted to reject the [[Vichy France|Vichy government]] and continue supporting the Allied military effort against Germany. However, the colonial governor [[Georges-Marc Pélicier]] promulgated the Vichy government's [[French Constitutional Law of 1940|Constitutional Law]], which sparked street demonstrations and an assassination attempt. By this time Caldoches had been in contact with [[Charles de Gaulle]] who encouraged them to form a [[Free France|Free French]] committee and appointed [[Henri Sautot]] as governor. The Vichy government dispatched a warship, ''[[French aviso Dumont d'Urville|Dumont d'Urville]]'', at Pélicier's request, but soon deemed him incompetent and appointed an acting governor. By this time the Australian government had agreed to intervene and dispatched [[HMAS Adelaide (1918)|HMAS ''Adelaide'']] to oversee the installation of Sautot as governor. A stand-off between ''Dumont d'Urville'' and ''Adelaide'' followed, with Pélicier and other pro-Vichy officials ultimately deported to French Indochina.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.isfar.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/49.I_DENISE-FISHER-Supporting-the-Free-French-in-New-Caledonia-First-Steps-in-Australian-Diplomacy.pdf|title=Supporting the Free French in New Caledonia: First Steps in Australian Diplomacy|first=Denise|last=Fisher|journal=Explorations: A Journal of French-Australian Connections|volume=49|issue=1|year=2010|pages=18–37|access-date=26 May 2024|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324131228/https://www.isfar.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/49.I_DENISE-FISHER-Supporting-the-Free-French-in-New-Caledonia-First-Steps-in-Australian-Diplomacy.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1941, some 300 men from the territory volunteered for service overseas. They were joined, in April, by 300 men from French Polynesia ('the Tahitians'), plus a handful from the French districts of the New Hebrides: together they formed the {{lang|fr|Bataillon du Pacifique}}. The Caledonians formed two of the companies, and the Polynesians the other two. In May 1941, they sailed to Australia and boarded the {{RMS|Queen Elizabeth}} for the onward voyage to Africa. They joined the other Free French (FF) battalions in [[Qastina]] in August, before moving to the Western Desert with the 1st FF Brigade ({{lang|fr|1<sup>re</sup> BFL}}). There they were one of the four battalions who took part in the breakout after the [[Battle of Bir Hakeim]] in 1942. Their losses could not easily be replaced from the Pacific and they were therefore amalgamated with the Frenchmen of another battalion wearing the anchor of {{lang|fr|la Coloniale}}, the BIM, to form the {{lang|fr|Bataillon de l'infanterie de marine et du Pacifique}}. The combined battalion formed part of the {{lang|fr|Gaulliste 1<sup>re</sup> Division Motorisée d'Infanterie}}/{{lang|fr|Division de Marche d'Infanterie}}, alongside three divisions from the French North African forces, in the French Expeditionary Corps during the Italian Campaign. They landed in Provence in 1944, when they were posted out and replaced by local French volunteers and résistants.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Meanwhile, in March 1942, with the assistance of Australia,<ref>{{cite book |last=Hasluck |first=Paul Meernaa Caedwalla |url=https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/awm-media/collection/RCDIG1070583/document/5519866.PDF |chapter=Chapter 6 – Clearing a Way to Total War, October 1940 – January 1941 |title=The Government and the People, 1939–1941 |volume=I |year=1952 |publisher=Australian War Memorial |place=Canberra |edition=1965 |access-date=6 August 2009 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530234827/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/awm-media/collection/RCDIG1070583/document/5519866.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref> New Caledonia became an important [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] base,<ref name="gb-2"/> and the main South Pacific Fleet base of the [[United States Navy]] in the South Pacific moved to Nouméa in 1942–1943.<ref name="Rottman2002">{{cite book |first=Gordon L. |last=Rottman |title=World War 2 Pacific Island Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC&pg=PA71 |year=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-31395-0 |page=71 |quote=In October, the decision was made to relocate the main South Pacific Fleet base from Auckland to Nouméa (FPO SF 131). Unloading facilities were improved by February 1943 and construction immediately began on the naval operating base. |via=Google Books |access-date=18 October 2015 |archive-date=19 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319130955/http://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC&pg=PA71 |url-status=live }}</ref> The fleet that turned back the [[Imperial Japanese Navy|Japanese Navy]] in the [[Battle of the Coral Sea]] in May 1942 was based at Nouméa.<ref name="gb-2">{{cite book |first=David |last=Stanley |title=South Pacific Handbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=unz2v_HT5q0C&pg=PA549 |year=1989 |publisher=David Stanley |isbn=978-0-918373-29-8 |pages=549– |via=Google Books |access-date=18 October 2015 |archive-date=13 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413093620/https://books.google.com/books?id=unz2v_HT5q0C&pg=PA549 |url-status=live }}</ref> American troops [[Pacific Islands home front during World War II#Employment|stationed on New Caledonia]] numbered as many as 50,000, matching the entire local population at the time.<ref name="ped"/>

=== French overseas territory ===
In 1946, New Caledonia became an overseas territory.<ref name="ped"/> By 1953, [[French citizenship]] had been granted to all New Caledonians, regardless of ethnicity.<ref name="ncbrit"/>

During the late 1940s and early 1950s, New Caledonia strengthened its economic links with Australia, particularly as turmoil within France and its empire weakened New Caledonia's traditional economic links to metropolitan France; New Caledonia supplied nickel to Australia in exchange for coal vital for smelting nickel. New Caledonian exports of iron ore and timber to Australia also increased during this time period.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henningham |first1=Stephen |date=December 2014 |title=Australia's Economic Ambitions in French New Caledonia, 1945–1955 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24644648 |journal=The Journal of Pacific History |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=421–439 |doi=10.1080/00223344.2014.976915 |jstor=24644648 |s2cid=154479730 |access-date=28 April 2022 |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429074055/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24644648 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The European and [[Polynesians|Polynesian]] populations gradually increased in the years leading to the nickel boom of 1969–1972, and the indigenous [[Kanak people|Kanak]] Melanesians became a minority, though they were still the largest ethnic group.<ref name="ncbrit">{{Britannica|411221|New Caledonia}}</ref>

====The Events====
Between 1976 and 1988, a period referred to as "the Events"<ref name="lm-mdg-24">{{cite news |last1=Mannevy |first1=Charlotte |last2=Derel |first2=Mathurin |last3=Guibert |first3=Nathalie |title=Second night of riots shakes New Caledonia: 'I didn't think it could come to this' |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/05/15/second-night-of-riots-shakes-new-caledonia-i-didn-t-think-it-could-come-to-this_6671533_7.html |work=Le Monde |date=May 15, 2024 |access-date=16 May 2024 |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524043441/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/05/15/second-night-of-riots-shakes-new-caledonia-i-didn-t-think-it-could-come-to-this_6671533_7.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nyt-vb-caled-24">{{cite news |last1=Vinograd |first1=Cassandra |last2=Breeden |first2=Aurelien |title=France Declares State of Emergency Amid Protests in New Caledonia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/15/world/asia/new-caledonia-france-macron.html |work=The New York Times |date=May 15, 2024 |access-date=16 May 2024 |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524053018/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/15/world/asia/new-caledonia-france-macron.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{langx|fr|Les Événements}}<ref name="horowitz-may-2009-pol-geo">{{cite journal |last1=Horowitz |first1=Leah S. |title=Environmental violence and crises of legitimacy in New Caledonia |journal=[[Political Geography]] |date=May 2009 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=248–258 |doi=10.1016/j.polgeo.2009.07.001 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S096262980900064X |issn=1873-5096 |access-date=16 May 2024 |archive-date=16 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516233831/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S096262980900064X |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="fisher-anu-2013">{{cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=Denise |title=France in the South Pacific: Power and Politics |date=May 2013 |doi=10.22459/FSP.05.2013 |doi-access=free |publisher=[[ANU Press]] |location=[[Canberra]] |isbn=9781922144942}}</ref>), conflicts between French government actions and the Kanak independence movement saw periods of serious violence and disorder.<ref name="ped" /> In 1983, a statute of "enlarged autonomy" for the territory proposed a five-year transition period and a referendum in 1989. In March 1984, the Front Indépendantiste, a Kanak resistance group, seized farms and the [[Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front]] (FLNKS) formed a provisional government. In January 1985, the French Left-wing government offered sovereignty to the Kanaks and legal protection for European settlers. The plan faltered as violence escalated. The government declared a state of emergency; however, [[1985 New Caledonian legislative election|regional elections went ahead]], and the FLNKS won control of three out of four provinces. The centre-right government [[1986 French legislative election|elected in France in March 1986]] began eroding the arrangements established under the Socialists, redistributing lands mostly without consideration of native land claims, resulting in over two-thirds going to Europeans and less than a third to the Kanaks. By the end of 1987, roadblocks, gun battles and the destruction of property culminated in the [[Ouvéa cave hostage taking]], a dramatic hostage crisis just days before the [[1988 French presidential election]] began. Pro-independence militants on [[Ouvéa]] killed four gendarmes and took 27 hostage. The military assaulted the cave to rescue the hostages. Nineteen Kanak hostage takers were killed and another three died in custody, while two soldiers were killed during the assault.<ref>{{Cite news| url= https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/land-and-independence-new-caledonia| title= Land and Independence in New Caledonia| work= Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine| last= Winslow| first= Donna| date= June 1991| via= culturalsurvival.org| access-date= 2021-02-11| language= en| archive-date= 13 November 2017| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171113112859/https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/land-and-independence-new-caledonia| url-status= live}}</ref>

====Nouméa Accord and independence referendums====

[[File:Two official flags of New Caledonia on same flagpole.png|thumb|left|Flags side by side on the same pole, Nouméa, March 2011]]
The [[Matignon Agreements (1988)|Matignon Agreements]], signed on 26 June 1988, ensured a decade of stability. The [[Nouméa Accord]], signed 5 May 1998, set the groundwork for a 20-year transition that gradually transfers competences to the local government.<ref name="ped" />

Following the timeline set by the Nouméa Accord that stated a vote must take place by the end of 2018, the groundwork was laid for a [[2018 New Caledonian independence referendum|referendum on full independence from France]] at a meeting chaired by the French Prime Minister [[Édouard Philippe]] on 2 November 2017, to be held by November 2018. Voter list eligibility was the subject of a long dispute, but the details were resolved in an electoral list that granted automatic eligibility to voters of Kanak origin but excluded those of other origins who had not been longtime residents of the territory.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2017/11/03/referendum-d-autodetermination-en-nouvelle-caledonie-un-accord-politique-trouve_5209433_823448.html|title=Nouvelle-Calédonie : ce que contient l'" accord politique " sur le référendum d'autodétermination|newspaper=LeMonde.fr|date=3 November 2017|last1=Roger|first1=Patrick|language=fr|trans-title=New Caledonia: what is contained in the 'political agreement' on the self-determination referendum|access-date=17 July 2018|archive-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622081810/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2017/11/03/referendum-d-autodetermination-en-nouvelle-caledonie-un-accord-politique-trouve_5209433_823448.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The referendum was held [[2018 New Caledonian independence referendum|on 4 November 2018]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/19/new-caledonia-sets-date-independence-referendum-france|title=New Caledonia sets date for independence referendum|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=20 March 2018|access-date=25 March 2018|archive-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513011939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/19/new-caledonia-sets-date-independence-referendum-france|url-status=live}}</ref> with independence being rejected.<ref>{{Cite magazine| url= http://time.com/5444523/new-caledonia-france-referendum/| title= New Caledonia Votes to Remain Part of France| magazine= [[Time (magazine)|Time.com]]| agency= Associated Press| date= 5 November 2018| place= Nouméa, New Caledonia| language= en| access-date= 2018-11-08| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181109010235/http://time.com/5444523/new-caledonia-france-referendum/| archive-date= 9 November 2018| url-status= dead}}</ref>

Another referendum was [[2020 New Caledonian independence referendum|held in October 2020]], with voters once again choosing to remain a part of France.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-10-04/new-caledonia-voters-choose-to-stay-part-of-france| title= New Caledonia voters choose to stay part of France| work= Los Angeles Times| agency= Associated Press| first= Charlotte| last= Antoine-Perron| date= 4 October 2020| place= Nouméa, New Caledonia| language= en| access-date= 11 February 2021| archive-date= 8 October 2020| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201008024613/https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-10-04/new-caledonia-voters-choose-to-stay-part-of-france| url-status= live}}</ref> In the 2018 referendum, 56.7% of voters chose to remain in France. In the 2020 referendum, this percentage dropped with 53.4% of voters choosing to remain part of France.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-04 |title=New Caledonia referendum: South Pacific territory rejects independence from France |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54410059 |access-date=2021-07-08 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004210340/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54410059 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The [[2021 New Caledonian independence referendum|third referendum]] was held on 12 December 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20210602-french-territory-of-new-caledonia-to-hold-third-independence-referendum |title=French territory of New Caledonia held its third and last independence referendum where 96.49 voted against independence |work=France24 |date=12 December 2021 |access-date=12 December 2021 |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213224234/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20210602-french-territory-of-new-caledonia-to-hold-third-independence-referendum |url-status=live }}</ref> The referendum was boycotted by pro-independence forces, who argued for a delayed vote due to the impact caused by the [[COVID-19 pandemic in New Caledonia|COVID-19 pandemic]]; when the French government declined to do so, they called for a boycott. This led to 96% of voters choosing to stay with France.<ref>{{cite news |last=Antoine-Perron |first=Charlotte |title=New Caledonia votes to stay in France; separatists boycott |url=https://apnews.com/article/coronavirus-pandemic-health-boycotts-paris-storms-bcdf16be51e3bd94e0f332c405c2da8e |work=Associated Press |date=12 December 2021 |access-date=13 December 2021 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401010044/https://apnews.com/article/coronavirus-pandemic-health-boycotts-paris-storms-bcdf16be51e3bd94e0f332c405c2da8e |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2024, [[2024 New Caledonia unrest|riots broke out amid debate]] over a proposed electoral reform in the territory.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Caledonia: 'Shots fired' at police in French territory amid riots over voting reforms |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20240514-shots-fired-at-security-forces-in-new-caledonia-riots-over-constitutional-reform |access-date=May 14, 2024 |work=France 24 |archive-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515003829/https://www.france24.com/en/france/20240514-shots-fired-at-security-forces-in-new-caledonia-riots-over-constitutional-reform |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2024, then-French Prime Minister [[Michel Barnier]] scrapped the bill, citing the need to restore calm and telling the National Assembly that "avoiding further unrest" was a priority.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=2024-10-04 |title=New Caledonian independence leaders wary as France drops voting reform |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20241004-independence-leaders-wary-as-france-suspends-new-caledonia-voting-reform |access-date=2025-04-16 |work=[[Radio France Internationale]] |language=en|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20241231050937/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20241004-independence-leaders-wary-as-france-suspends-new-caledonia-voting-reform |archive-date=31 December 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>  On 2 December 2024, curfew was officially lifted as the riots were over.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Curfew lifted in French overseas territory of New Caledonia over 6 months after violent riots |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/curfew-lifted-in-french-overseas-territory-of-new-caledonia-over-6-months-after-violent-riots/3411117 |access-date=2025-04-16 |work=[[Anadolu Agency]]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20241202195528/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/curfew-lifted-in-french-overseas-territory-of-new-caledonia-over-6-months-after-violent-riots/3411117|archive-date=2 December 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>  

In July 2025, a deal was struck between the French Government and New Caledonia, to establish a new “État de Nouvelle-Calédonie”, the “State of New Caledonia”, with the status to be enshrined in the [[Constitution of France|Constitution of the French Republic]].  Residents of New Caledonia who have lived in New Caledonia for at least ten years will be given the right to vote, starting with the 2031 provincial elections. Such deal is to be confirmed by the [[French Parliament]] in the fourth quartile of 2025, with the deal to then be voted on by New Caledonians in 2026 as a referendum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-12 |title=New Caledonia's political leaders sign historic agreement to shape territory's future |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20250712-new-caledonia-s-political-leaders-sign-historic-agreement-to-shape-territory-s-future |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-12 |title=France, New Caledonia reach 'historic' statehood deal; citizens to remain French |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/3317992/france-new-caledonia-reach-historic-statehood-deal-citizens-remain-french |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

== Politics ==
{{main|Politics of New Caledonia}}New Caledonia is a [[sui generis collectivity|territory]] [[Sui generis#Politics and society|''sui generis'']] to which France has gradually transferred certain powers.<ref name="jc"/> As such its citizens have [[French nationality law|French nationality]] and vote for the [[president of France]]. They have the right to vote in elections to the [[European Parliament]]. It is governed by a 54-member [[Congress of New Caledonia|Territorial Congress]], a legislative body composed of members of three provincial assemblies.<ref name="undcol"/> The French State is represented in the territory by a [[Colonial and Departmental Heads of New Caledonia|High Commissioner]].<ref name="undcol"/> At a national level, New Caledonia is represented in the [[French Parliament]] by two deputies and two senators.<ref name="anom">{{cite web |url=http://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/site/Simplifiez-vous-l-Etat/Elections/Les-differentes-elections/Les-differentes-elections |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111063921/http://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/site/Simplifiez-vous-l-Etat/Elections/Les-differentes-elections/Les-differentes-elections |archive-date=2011-11-11 |title=Les différentes élections |language=fr |website=Nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr |date=2011-05-27 |access-date=2013-01-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the [[2012 French presidential election]], the [[voter turnout]] in New Caledonia was 61.19%.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/PR2012/000/988/index.html| title=Resultats de l'election presidentielle – Nouvelle Caledonie| publisher=[[Cabinet of France|Government of France]]| website=[[Minister of the Interior (France)|Minister of the Interior]]| language=fr| access-date=2012-08-06| archive-date=26 June 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626023248/http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/PR2012/000/988/index.html| url-status=live}}</ref>

For 25 years, the party system in New Caledonia was dominated by the anti-independence [[The Rally–UMP]].<ref name="undcol"/> This dominance ended with the emergence of a new party, [[Avenir Ensemble]], also opposed to independence, but considered more open to dialogue with the Kanak movement,<ref name="undcol"/> which is part of the [[Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front]], a coalition of several pro-independence groups.<ref name="undcol"/> In January 2025, [[Alcide Ponga]] was sworn in as [[President of the Government of New Caledonia]], forming a new government following the collapse of the pro-independence government led by [[Louis Mapou]]. His leadership has been described as bringing stability following the [[2024 New Caledonia unrest|2024 unrest]] and a continuation for the country to remain within the [[France|French Republic]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Mazzoni |first=Julien |date=2025-01-09 |title=New Caledonia Congress elects pro-France president after political crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jan/09/new-caledonia-congress-elects-alcide-ponga-president |access-date=2025-04-05 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> On October 2025, it was reported that that French MPs are fighting over the bill to delay New Caledonia’s provincial elections to June 2026 under the Bougival Agreement. FLNKS and left MPs objected, filing approximately 1,600 amendments, and forced a referral to a joint committee.<ref>{{Cite web |last=editor |first=A. P. R. |date=2025-10-24 |title=French MPs clash over New Caledonia policy, debates further postponed {{!}} Asia Pacific Report |url=https://asiapacificreport.nz/2025/10/24/french-mps-clash-over-new-caledonia-policy-debates-further-postponed/ |access-date=2025-10-26 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-24 |title=Manoeuvring in Paris delays decision on New Caledonia elections {{!}} PINA |url=https://pina.com.fj/2025/10/24/manoeuvring-in-paris-delays-decision-on-new-caledonia-elections/ |access-date=2025-10-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Customary authority ===
Kanak society has several layers of customary authority, from the 4,000–5,000 family-based clans to the eight customary areas ({{lang|fr|aires coutumières}}) that make up the territory.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=8}} Clans are led by clan chiefs and constitute 341 tribes, each headed by a tribal chief. The tribes are further grouped into 57 customary chiefdoms ({{lang|fr|chefferies}}), each headed by a head chief, and forming the administrative subdivisions of the customary areas.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=8}}
[[File:US Navy 090925-N-8721D-037 Capt. Thom Burke, commanding officer of the amphibious command ship USS Blue Ridge (LCC 19) receives a wreath to lay at the U.S. war memorial during a ceremony.jpg|thumb|[[Jean Lèques]] during a ceremony honouring U.S. service members who helped ensure the freedom of New Caledonia during World War II ]]
The Customary Senate is the assembly of the various traditional councils of the Kanaks, and has jurisdiction over the law proposals concerning the Kanak identity.<ref name="cs-fra"/> The Customary Senate is composed of 16 members appointed by each traditional council, with two representatives per customary area.<ref name="cs-fra"/> In its advisory role, the Customary Senate must be consulted on law proposals "concerning the Kanak identity" as defined in the Nouméa Accord.<ref name="cs-fra"/> It also has a deliberative role on law proposals that would affect identity, the civil customary statute, and the land system.<ref name="cs-fra"/> A new president is appointed each year in August or September, and the presidency rotates between the eight customary areas.<ref name="cs-fra">{{cite web |url=http://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/site/La-Nouvelle-Caledonie/Les-Elus/Senat-coutumier |title=Sénat coutumier |language=fr |website=Nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr |access-date=2013-01-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030174915/http://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/site/La-Nouvelle-Caledonie/Les-Elus/Senat-coutumier |archive-date=30 October 2012 }}</ref>

Kanak people have recourse to customary authorities regarding civil matters such as marriage, adoption, inheritance, and some land issues.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=8}} The French administration typically respects decisions made in the customary system.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=8}} However, their jurisdiction is sharply limited in penal matters, as some matters relating to the customary justice system, including the use of [[judicial corporal punishment|corporal punishment]], are seen as clashing with the human rights obligations of France.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=8}}

===Military and gendarmerie===
The Armed Forces of New Caledonia ({{langx|fr|Forces armées de Nouvelle-Calédonie}}, or {{lang|fr|FANC|italic=no}}) include about 2,000 soldiers, mainly deployed in [[Koumac]], [[Nandaï, New Caledonia|Nandaï]], [[La Tontouta International Airport|Tontouta]], [[Plum, New Caledonia|Plum]], and [[Nouméa]].<ref name="fanc">{{cite web |url=http://www.defense.gouv.fr/ema/forces-prepositionnees/nouvelle-caledonie/dossier/les-forces-armees-de-nouvelle-caledonie |title=Les Forces armées de Nouvelle-Calédonie |language=fr |website=Defense.gouv.fr |date=2012-12-20 |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=9 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109131917/http://www.defense.gouv.fr/ema/forces-prepositionnees/nouvelle-caledonie/dossier/les-forces-armees-de-nouvelle-caledonie |url-status=live }}</ref> The land forces consist of a regiment of the {{lang|fr|[[Troupes de marine]]}}, the {{lang|fr|Régiment d'infanterie de marine du Pacifique}}. About 80 percent of the 700-member regiment is composed of soldiers on short-term (four month) deployments from metropolitan France. As of 2018, only about 30 personnel in the regiment were locally recruited.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opex360.com/2018/09/19/regiment-dinfanterie-de-marine-pacifique-nouvelle-caledonie-se-distingue-lors-dun-exercice-australie/ |title=Le Régiment d'Infanterie de Marine du Pacifique-Nouvelle Calédonie se distingue lors d'un exercice en Australie; Zone Militaire |last=Lagneau |first=Laurent |date=19 September 2018 |access-date=12 February 2023 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212160931/https://www.opex360.com/2018/09/19/regiment-dinfanterie-de-marine-pacifique-nouvelle-caledonie-se-distingue-lors-dun-exercice-australie/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The naval forces incorporate several vessels of the French Navy including: one {{sclass|Floréal|frigate|1}}, {{ship|French frigate|Vendémiaire||2}}, the patrol and support vessel {{lang|fr|[[D'Entrecasteaux-class patrol ship|D'Entrecasteaux]]}} and [[French patrol vessel Auguste Bénébig|''Auguste Benebig'']], the lead ship of the [[Patrouilleur Outre-mer|{{lang|fr|Félix Éboué|nocat=y}} class]] of patrol vessels. One EDA-S landing craft (''Sabre'') is also deployed to support operations in the territory.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://voixducaillou.nc/2025/01/23/la-marine-accueillera-prochainement-un-nouveau-bateau/ |title=La Marine accueillera prochainement un nouveau bateau |date=23 January 2025 |access-date=6 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/11/first-two-eda-s-next-gen-amphibious-landing-crafts-delivered-to-french-dga/ |title=First Two EDA-S Next Gen Amphibious Landing Craft Delivered to French DGA |date=25 November 2021 |access-date=10 December 2021 |archive-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126153129/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/11/first-two-eda-s-next-gen-amphibious-landing-crafts-delivered-to-french-dga/ |url-status=live }}</ref>The French Navy will further reinforce its offshore patrol capabilities in New Caledonia by deploying a second vessel of the {{lang|fr|Félix Éboué}} class ({{lang|fr|Jean Tranape}}) to the territory by 2026.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/actualites/prise-darmement-essais-du-patrouilleur-outre-mer-jean-tranape |title=Prise d'armement pour essais du patrouilleur outre-mer Jean Tranape |work=French Navy |date=5 March 2025 |access-date=31 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/naval-warfare/new-french-overseas-patrol-vessels-set-for-2023-service-entry/ |title=New French overseas patrol vessels set for 2023 service entry |work=Shepherd |last=Tanguy |first=Jean-Marc |date=4 August 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022 |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121132746/https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/naval-warfare/new-french-overseas-patrol-vessels-set-for-2023-service-entry/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="brestboulogne">{{cite web |url=https://www.meretmarine.com/fr/defense/pom-le-premier-patrouilleur-reprend-ses-essais-a-brest-le-second-en-achevement-a-boulogne |title=POM : Le premier patrouilleur reprend ses essais à Brest, le second en achèvement à Boulogne |work=Mer et Marine |language=fr |last=Groizeleau |first=Vincent |date=21 September 2022 |access-date=3 November 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922152111/https://www.meretmarine.com/fr/defense/pom-le-premier-patrouilleur-reprend-ses-essais-a-brest-le-second-en-achevement-a-boulogne |url-status=live }}</ref> 

As of 2025/26, French naval aviation and air force elements in New Caledonia included two Navy [[Dassault Falcon 20|Falcon 200 Gardian maritime surveillance aircraft]] (drawn from Flotilla 25F), which, as of 2025/26 are being replaced, on an interim basis, by the more advanced [[Dassault Falcon 50|Falcon 50 aircraft]]. These aircraft will in turn be superceded by the new [[Dassault Falcon 2000|Falcon 2000 Albatros]] starting in about 2030.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.meretmarine.com/fr/defense/le-retrait-du-service-des-falcon-200-gardian-bases-a-tahiti-et-noumea-a-debute|title =Le retrait du service des Falcon 200 Gardian basés à Tahiti et Nouméa a débuté  |website=Mer et Marine |last=Groizeleau |first=Vincent |date=17 October 2025|access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref> Two [[CASA/IPTN CN-235|Casa CN235]] transport aircraft and three [[Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma|Puma]] helicopters from the Air Force's 52 "Tontouta" Squadron are also deployed in New Caledonia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/monde/asie-pacifique/forces-armees-nouvelle-caledonie |title=Forces armées en Nouvelle-Calédonie; Ministère des Armées |date=14 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2023 |archive-date=5 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105110702/https://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/monde/asie-pacifique/forces-armees-nouvelle-caledonie |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/actualites/fanc-bilan-du-deploiement-du-bsaom-dentrecasteaux-pacifique-sud |title=FANC – Bilan du déploiement du BSAOM D'Entrecasteaux dans le Pacifique Sud; Ministère des Armées |date=10 February 2023 |access-date=11 February 2023 |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211120443/https://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/actualites/fanc-bilan-du-deploiement-du-bsaom-dentrecasteaux-pacifique-sud |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to 2022, the frigate {{lang|fr|Vendémiaire}} operated the [[Aérospatiale Alouette III|Alouette III helicopter]]. However, with the retirement of the type in 2022, it is being replaced by the [[Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin|Eurocopter Dauphin N3]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Navy will receive first three Airbus Dauphin N3 at December 1 |url=https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/french-navy-will-receive-first-three-airbus-dauphin-n3-at-december-1-3005 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=Air & Cosmos |language=fr |archive-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113231455/https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/french-navy-will-receive-first-three-airbus-dauphin-n3-at-december-1-3005 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Nationale Dossier d'Information, p. 23 |url=https://www.colsbleus.fr/sites/default/files/2023-02/DIM%202023_PLANCHE_0.pdf |date=January 2023 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=Cols Bleus |language=fr |archive-date=4 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304112422/https://www.colsbleus.fr/sites/default/files/2023-02/DIM%202023_PLANCHE_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, the [[French Air Force]] demonstrated a capacity to reinforce the territory by deploying three [[Dassault Rafale|Rafale]] fighters, supported by [[Airbus A400M Atlas|A400M]] transport aircraft and [[Airbus A330 MRTT|A330 MRTT Phénix]] tankers, from France to New Caledonia for a three-week exercise.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-08-27 |title=French Air and Space Force Rafales Train Alongside Royal Australian Air Force Growlers |url=https://militaryleak.com/2022/08/27/french-air-and-space-force-rafales-train-alongside-royal-australian-air-force-growlers/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=MilitaryLeak |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114105036/https://militaryleak.com/2022/08/27/french-air-and-space-force-rafales-train-alongside-royal-australian-air-force-growlers/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=France successfully conducts long-range strategic deployment to Asian-Pacific region |url=https://ac.nato.int/archive/2022/FRA_deploy_PB22-2 |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=ac.nato.int |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203040915/https://ac.nato.int/archive/2022/FRA_deploy_PB22-2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition, some 855 personnel from the [[National Gendarmerie]] are stationed on the archipelago, divided into 4 companies, 27 brigades and several specialized, and mobile Gendarmerie units. During periods such the 2021 referendum on independence, these forces have been significantly reinforced with personnel deployed from metropolitan France.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Julien |last=Sartre |date=2021-12-07 |title=Covid, mourning and the spectre of violence: New Caledonia prepares for blighted independence vote |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/08/covid-mourning-and-the-fear-of-violence-new-caledonia-prepares-for-blighted-independence-vote |access-date=2022-11-18 |work=[[The Guardian]] }}</ref> The air component includes two {{lang|fr|[[Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil|Écureuil]]|italic=no}} helicopters<ref>{{Cite web |title=COMGEND – Commandant de la gendarmerie pour la Nouvelle-Calédonie et les îles Wallis et Futuna / Sécurité / Services de l'État / Accueil – Les services de l'État en Nouvelle-Calédonie |url=https://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/Services-de-l-Etat/Securite/COMGEND-Commandant-de-la-gendarmerie-pour-la-Nouvelle-Caledonie-et-les-iles-Wallis-et-Futuna |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107121810/https://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/Services-de-l-Etat/Securite/COMGEND-Commandant-de-la-gendarmerie-pour-la-Nouvelle-Caledonie-et-les-iles-Wallis-et-Futuna |url-status=live }}</ref> while the {{lang|fr|[[Maritime Gendarmerie]]|italic=no}} deploys the patrol boat [[Vedette côtière de surveillance maritime|''Dumbea'']] in the territory.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.homelandsecurity-technology.com/projects/vedette-cotiere-de-surveillance-maritime-boats/ |title=Vedette Côtière de Surveillance Maritime (VCSM) Boats |publisher=Homelandsecurity Technology |date= |accessdate=2022-08-28 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207152543/https://www.homelandsecurity-technology.com/projects/vedette-cotiere-de-surveillance-maritime-boats/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="fanc"/>

=== Status ===
{{Further|Foreign relations of New Caledonia}}
New Caledonia has been a member of the [[Pacific Community]] since 1983 with Nouméa the home of the organization's regional headquarters. Since 1986, the [[United Nations Committee on Decolonization]] has included New Caledonia on the [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgov.shtml#1 |title=Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories (1945–1999) |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=29 June 2017 |archive-date=6 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006064439/http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgov.shtml#1 |url-status=live }}</ref> An [[1987 New Caledonian independence referendum|independence referendum]] was held the following year, but independence was rejected by a large majority.[[File:Administrative divisions of New Caledonia.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Pyramid graph illustrating the administration of New Caledonia]]

Under the [[Nouméa Accord]], signed in 1998 following a period of secessionist unrest in the 1980s and approved in [[1998 New Caledonian Nouméa Accord referendum|a referendum]], New Caledonia was granted special status. Twenty years after inception, the Nouméa Accord required an [[2018 New Caledonian independence referendum|referendum on independence]] which was held on 4 November 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/19/new-caledonia-sets-date-independence-referendum-france|title=New Caledonia sets date for independence referendum|website=The Guardian|access-date=20 March 2018|date=19 March 2018|last=Willsher|first=Kim|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025142615/https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/19/new-caledonia-sets-date-independence-referendum-france|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/programmes/datelinepacific/audio/201787812/paris-meeting-to-prepare-new-caledonia-independence-vote|title=Paris meeting to prepare New Caledonia independence vote|website=Radio New Zealand|access-date=2016-03-08|date=2016-02-02|archive-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308001209/http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/programmes/datelinepacific/audio/201787812/paris-meeting-to-prepare-new-caledonia-independence-vote|url-status=live}}</ref> The result was that 56.9% of voters chose to remain with France.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/04/new-caledonia-votes-non-to-independence-from-france|title=New Caledonia votes 'non' to independence from France|agency=Reuters|date=2018-11-04|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-11-04|archive-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206051007/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/04/new-caledonia-votes-non-to-independence-from-france|url-status=live}}</ref> The Nouméa Accord required [[2020 New Caledonian independence referendum|another independence referendum]], which was held on 4 October 2020. The result was that 53.26% of voters chose to remain with France.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/04/new-caledonia-rejects-independence-from-france-for-second-time|title=New Caledonia rejects independence from France for second time|date=2020-10-05|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2020-10-05|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420065852/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/04/new-caledonia-rejects-independence-from-france-for-second-time|url-status=live}}</ref> The third and last referendum permitted by the Nouméa Accord [[2021 New Caledonian independence referendum|was held on 12 December 2021]], confirming New Caledonia as part of the French Republic with 96% voting "no" to independence after the vote was boycotted by the bulk of the Kanak population.

The official name of the territory, {{lang|fr|Nouvelle-Calédonie}}, could be changed in the near future due to the accord, which states that "a name, a flag, an anthem, a motto, and the design of banknotes will have to be sought by all parties together, to express the Kanak identity and the future shared by all parties."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gouv.nc/static/pages/outils/telechargement/accordsNoumea.pdf| title=Les accords de Nouméa|author=Government of New Caledonia| access-date=11 August 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080405032022/http://www.gouv.nc/static/pages/outils/telechargement/accordsNoumea.pdf |archive-date = 5 April 2008 |language=fr |author-link=Government of New Caledonia}}</ref> To date, however, there has been no consensus on a new name for the territory, although ''Kanak Republic'' is popular among 40% of the population.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://nouvellecaledonie.rfo.fr/article424.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627221108/http://nouvellecaledonie.rfo.fr/article424.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=27 June 2008| title=Société : La Nouvelle-Calédonie choisit un hymne et une devise| author=RFO| access-date=11 August 2008| author-link=Réseau France Outre-mer}}</ref> New Caledonia has increasingly adopted its own symbols, choosing an anthem, a motto, and a new design for its banknotes.<ref name="monde1" /> In July 2010, the [[Congress of New Caledonia]] voted in favour of a wish to fly the [[Kanak people|Kanak]] flag of the independence movement [[Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front|FLNKS]] alongside the [[Flag of France|French tricolour]], as [[Flag of New Caledonia|dual flags of the territory]]. The wish, legally non-binding, proved controversial.<ref name="congress">{{cite web|url=http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/pacifique/ncal-voeu-drapeau2010.htm|title=Nouvelle-Calédonie: Voeu sur le drapeau Kanaky de 2010|website=axl.cefan.ulaval.ca|access-date=26 November 2021|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193014/http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/pacifique/ncal-voeu-drapeau2010.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="voeux">{{cite web| url = http://www.juridoc.gouv.nc/JuriDoc/jdJ201.nsf/JoncP/2010-06341/$File/2010-6341.pdf?OpenElement&root=2010&page=6341| title = Voeux n° 1 du treize juillet 2010| access-date = 26 November 2021| archive-date = 17 April 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210417013852/https://juridoc.gouv.nc/JuriDoc/jdJ201.nsf/JoncP/2010-06341/$File/2010-6341.pdf?OpenElement&root=2010&page=6341| url-status = live}}</ref> A majority of New Caledonian communes, but not all, now fly both flags, the rest flying only the French Tricolour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/nouvellecaledonie/2014/05/09/roch-wamytan-descendre-le-drapeau-kanak-est-un-geste-ignoble-il-ne-faut-plus-parler-de-destin-commun-150319.html|title=Roch Wamytan: "descendre le drapeau kanak est un geste ignoble, il ne faut plus parler de destin commun!"|website=Nouvelle-Calédonie la 1ère|date=9 May 2014 |access-date=26 November 2021|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126140755/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/nouvellecaledonie/2014/05/09/roch-wamytan-descendre-le-drapeau-kanak-est-un-geste-ignoble-il-ne-faut-plus-parler-de-destin-commun-150319.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The non-official adoption made New Caledonia one of the few countries or territories in the world with two flags. The decision to wish for the use of two flags has been a constant battleground between the two sides and led the coalition government to collapse in February 2011.<ref name="fr24">{{cite web |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20110826-france-sarkozy-urges-dialogue-over-violence-new-caledonia-airfare-protests |title=Sarkozy calls for dialogue over New Caledonia violence |publisher=France 24 |date=2011-08-26 |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907145342/http://www.france24.com/en/20110826-france-sarkozy-urges-dialogue-over-violence-new-caledonia-airfare-protests |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2025 political talks in Paris ===
{{Main|Bougival Accord}}
On 24 June 2025, [[President of France|President]] [[Emmanuel Macron]] extended an invitation to both pro‑ and anti‑independence leaders from New Caledonia to participate in talks in Paris starting 2 July 2025, aimed at negotiating the territory’s future governance and status. Objectives of the talks include a revised political framework for New Caledonia, potentially including greater autonomy and redesigned electoral rules, socioeconomic challenges, such as the nickel-dependent economy, youth employment, and post‑unrest recovery.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-27 |title=Macron calls for June talks to break deadlock over New Caledonia's future |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20250527-france-new-caledonia |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-24 |title=Macron invites New Caledonian leaders to talks on territory's future |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2025/06/24/new-caledonia-macron-invites-local-leaders-to-talks-on-the-territory-s-future_6742681_7.html |access-date=2025-07-13 |work=Le Monde |language=en}}</ref>

On 13 July 2025, weeks of negotiations concluded with an agreement between all parties that New Caledonia should remain within France, but with far greater levels of autonomy, the status of a state, and a dual citizenship arrangement for those that wish it.<ref>{{Cite news |last=France-Presse |first=Agence |date=2025-07-13 |title=New Caledonia to be declared a state in 'historic' agreement – but will remain French |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jul/13/new-caledonia-to-be-declared-a-state-in-historic-agreement-but-will-remain-french |access-date=2025-07-13 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The agreement will require ratification by both chambers of the French parliamentary system, followed by a referendum in New Caledonia in 2026. Initial thoughts on the deal suggest it is not what independence supporters hoped for, but statehood is a major concession by France.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-12 |title=France announces 'historic' deal creating New Caledonia state that stays French |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250712-ncaledonia-politicians-agree-on-statehood-while-remaining-french |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref>

On 13 August 2025, the FLNKS stated in a press conference that they had voted to reject the agreement on the basis that an independence referendum prior to France's [[2027 French presidential election|2027 presidential election]] was absent from the deal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-13 |title=New Caledonia independence bloc rejects deal giving powers but no referendum |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20250813-new-caledonia-independence-leaders-reject-bougival-accord-call-for-new-deal |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref>

On 16 September 2025, the New Caledonia Congress approved once again for the third time, another postponement, regarding the election within the territory. The votes were divided to 39 out of 52 Congress members (75%) voted in favor of the postponement, while the FLNKS pro-independence group cast 13 votes against (25%).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Decloitre |first=Patrick |last2=Desk |first2=Correspondent French Pacific |date=2025-09-16 |title=New Caledonia's Congress votes to postpone provincial elections |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/573170/new-caledonia-s-congress-votes-to-postpone-provincial-elections |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=RNZ |language=en-nz}}</ref>

== Administrative divisions ==
{{main|Administrative divisions of New Caledonia}}
{{Interactive Map of New Caledonian Communes}}
The institutional organization is the result of the organic law and ordinary law passed by the Parliament on 16 February 1999.<ref name="jc"/>

The archipelago is divided into three provinces:
* [[South Province, New Caledonia|South Province]] (''province Sud''). Provincial capital: [[Nouméa]]. Area: 9,407&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. Population: 212,082 inhabitants (2019).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Populations légales des provinces de Nouvelle-Calédonie en 2019 − Populations légales de Nouvelle-Calédonie en 2019 {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4464927?sommaire=2122859 |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=www.insee.fr |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425125921/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4464927?sommaire=2122859 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[North Province, New Caledonia|North Province]] (''province Nord''). Provincial capital: [[Koné, New Caledonia|Koné]]. Area: 7,348&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. Population: 49,910 inhabitants (2019).<ref name=":1" />
* [[Loyalty Islands Province]] (''province des îles Loyauté''). Provincial capital: [[Lifou]]. Area: 1,981&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. Population: 18,353 inhabitants (2019).<ref name=":1" />

New Caledonia is further divided into 33 communes (municipalities).<ref name="jc">{{cite web |url=http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/?presentation-nouvelle-caledonie.html&artpage=3-3 |title=Présentation – L'Outre-Mer |website=Outre-mer.gouv.fr |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=21 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521094530/http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/?presentation-nouvelle-caledonie.html&artpage=3-3 |url-status=live }}</ref> One commune, [[Poya, New Caledonia|Poya]], is divided between two provinces. The northern half of Poya, with the main settlement and most of the population, is part of the North Province, while the southern half of the commune, with only 210 inhabitants in 2019, is part of the South Province.

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of New Caledonia}}
[[File:New Caledonia - S199828000484.jpg|thumb|New Caledonia from space]]
[[File:Reefs of New Caledonia from ISS, September 9, 2020.jpg|thumb|Coral reefs of New Caledonia from ISS, September 9, 2020]]

New Caledonia is part of [[Zealandia]], a fragment of the ancient [[Gondwana]] super-continent, which is part of [[Oceania]]. It is speculated that New Caledonia separated from Australia roughly 66 million years ago, subsequently drifting in a north-easterly direction, reaching its present position about 50 million years ago.<ref>Boyer & Giribet 2007: 355</ref>

The mainland is divided in length by a central mountain range whose highest peaks are [[Mont Panié]] ({{cvt|1,629|m|disp=or}}) in the north and [[Mont Humboldt]] ({{cvt|1,618|m|disp=or}}) in the southeast.<ref name="geo-jc"/> The east coast is covered by lush vegetation.<ref name="geo-jc"/> The west coast, with its large savannahs and plains suitable for farming, is a drier area. Many ore-rich massifs are found along this coast.<ref name="geo-jc"/>

The [[Diahot River]] is the longest river of New Caledonia, flowing for some {{convert|100|km}}.<ref name="EB">{{Britannica|161133|Diahot River}}</ref> It has a catchment area of {{cvt|620|km2}} and opens north-westward into the [[Baie d'Harcourt]], flowing towards the northern point of the island along the western escarpment of the Mount Panié.<ref name="EB"/><ref name="UNU">{{cite web |url=http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=9C07FFA7400A6C3C823F1ACAF98A3D9D?a=d&d=HASH01e0de34b153f45530bc1736.5.pp&c=ccgi&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |title=The impacts of opencast mining in New Caledonia |publisher=The [[United Nations University]] |access-date=9 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727215730/http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=9C07FFA7400A6C3C823F1ACAF98A3D9D?a=d&d=HASH01e0de34b153f45530bc1736.5.pp&c=ccgi&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |archive-date=27 July 2011 }}</ref> Most of the island is covered by wet evergreen forests, while savannahs dominate the lower elevations.<ref name="gbrs"/> The New Caledonian lagoon, with a total area of {{convert|24000|km2}} is one of the largest lagoons in the world. The lagoon and the surrounding [[New Caledonia Barrier Reef]] was named a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in 2008 for its exceptional beauty and marine biodiversity.<ref name="geo-jc">{{cite web |url=http://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/site/La-Nouvelle-Caledonie/Donnees-Geographiques |title=Données Géographiques |language=fr |website=Nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr |access-date=2013-01-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030174815/http://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/site/La-Nouvelle-Caledonie/Donnees-Geographiques |archive-date=30 October 2012 }}</ref><ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1115 |title = Lagoons of New Caledonia: Reef Diversity and Associated Ecosystems |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 20 November 2021 |archive-date = 20 November 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211120223140/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1115/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In May 2023, there was an earthquake and tsunami in New Caledonia. This triggered a tsunami warning here as well as in other nearby countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/loyalty-islands-south-pacific-earthquake-today-tsunami-b2341846.html |title=Earthquake triggers 3ft wave tsunami warnings across South Pacific |work=The Independent |first=Shweta |last=Sharma |date=19 May 2023 |access-date=29 May 2023 |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519062421/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/loyalty-islands-south-pacific-earthquake-today-tsunami-b2341846.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Climate ===
The climate is [[tropical climate|tropical]], with a hot and humid season from November to March with temperatures between {{convert|27|and|30|C}},<ref name="geo-jc"/> and a cooler, dry season from June to August with temperatures between {{cvt|20|and|23|C}},<ref name="geo-jc"/> linked by two short interstices.<ref name="ped"/> The tropical climate is strongly moderated by the oceanic influence and the [[trade winds]] that attenuate humidity, which can be close to 80%.<ref name="geo-jc"/> The average annual temperature is 23&nbsp;°C, with historical extremes of {{cvt|2.3|and|39.1|C}}.<ref name="ped"/>

The rainfall records show that precipitation differs greatly within the island. The {{convert|3000|mm}} of rainfall recorded in [[Galarino]] are three times the average of the west coast. There are also dry periods, because of the effects of [[El Niño]].<ref name="ped"/> Between December and April, [[tropical depressions]] and [[cyclones]] can cause winds to exceed a speed of {{convert|100|kph}}, with gusts of {{convert|250|kph}} and very abundant rainfall.<ref name="ped"/> The last cyclone affecting New Caledonia was [[Cyclone Niran]], in March 2021.

== Environment ==
{{See also|Biodiversity of New Caledonia}}
[[File:Landscape, south of New Caledonia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Landscape in the south of New Caledonia]]
New Caledonia has many unique taxa, especially birds and plants.<ref name="hjnc"/> It has the richest diversity in the world per square kilometre.<ref name="hjnc"/> The biodiversity is caused by Grande Terre's central mountain range, which has created a variety of niches, landforms and micro-climates where [[Endemism|endemic]] species thrive.<ref name="hjnc">{{cite book|author1=Leanne Logan|author2=Geert Cole|title=New Caledonia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lly95WF8n-cC&pg=PA26|year=2001|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-86450-202-2|page=26|access-date=18 October 2015|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226010023/https://books.google.com/books?id=lly95WF8n-cC&pg=PA26|url-status=live}}</ref>

Largely due to its nickel industry, New Caledonia [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita|emits a high level of carbon dioxide per person]] compared to other countries. In 2019, it emitted 55.25 tons of CO<sub>2</sub> per person, compared to 4.81 for France.<ref>{{cite web|title=EDGAR – The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research|url=https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2020#emissions_table|access-date=2021-04-24|website=edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu|archive-date=31 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531025125/https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2020#emissions_table|url-status=live}}</ref> The combination of the exceptional biodiversity of New Caledonia and its threatened status has made it one of the most critical [[biodiversity hotspots]] on Earth.<ref name = "myers">{{cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=Norman |last2=Mittermeier |first2=Russell A. |last3=Mittermeier |first3=Cristina G. |last4=da Fonseca |first4=Gustavo A. B. |last5=Kent |first5=Jennifer |title=Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities |journal=Nature |date=February 2000 |volume=403 |issue=6772 |pages=853–858 |doi=10.1038/35002501|pmid=10706275 |bibcode=2000Natur.403..853M |s2cid=4414279 }}</ref>

In 2001, [[Bruno Van Peteghem]] was awarded the [[Goldman Environmental Prize]] for his efforts on behalf of the Caledonian ecological protection movement in the face of "serious challenges" from [[Jacques Lafleur]]'s [[Rally for Caledonia in the Republic|RPCR]] party.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bruno Van Peteghem |url=http://www.goldmanprize.org/node/169 |website=Goldman Environmental Prize |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201050426/http://www.goldmanprize.org/node/169 |archive-date=1 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Progress has been made in a few areas in addressing the protection of New Caledonia's ecological diversity from fire, industrial and residential development, unrestricted agricultural activity and mining (such as the judicial revocation of [[INCO]]'s mining licence in June 2006 owing to claimed abuses).<ref>{{cite web |title=Indigenous Kanaks Take On Inco in New Caledonia |url=http://www.miningwatch.ca/index.php?%2FNew_Caledonia%2FGoro_Licence_Revoked |website=MiningWatch Canada |date=19 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013113126/http://www.miningwatch.ca/index.php?%2FNew_Caledonia%2FGoro_Licence_Revoked |archive-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2008, six lagoons of the [[New Caledonian barrier reef]], the world's longest continuous barrier reef system, were inscribed on the [[UNESCO World Heritage List]].

=== Flora ===
[[File:Amborella trichopoda (3065968016) fragment.jpg|thumb|''[[Amborella]]'', the world's oldest living lineage of flowering plant]]
[[File:0 Araucaria columnaris New Caledonia.jpg|thumb|''[[Araucaria columnaris]]'' on the [[Isle of Pines (New Caledonia)|Isle of Pines]]]]
New Caledonia's fauna and flora derive from ancestral species isolated in the region when it broke away from [[Gondwana]] many tens of millions of years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Alan S. |last1=Collins |first2=Sergei A. |last2= Pisarevsky |title= Amalgamating eastern Gondwana: The evolution of the Circum-Indian Orogens |journal= Earth-Science Reviews |date= August 2005 |volume=71 |issue=3–4 |pages=229–270 |doi= 10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.02.004 |bibcode=2005ESRv...71..229C |issn= 0012-8252}}</ref> Not only endemic species have evolved here, but entire [[Genus|genera]], [[Family (biology)|families]], and even [[Order (biology)|orders]] are unique to the islands.

More tropical [[gymnosperm]] species are endemic to New Caledonia than to any similar region on Earth. Of the 44 indigenous species of gymnosperms, 43 are endemic, including the only known parasitic gymnosperm (''[[Parasitaxus usta]]'').<ref name="futura1"/> Also, of the 35 known species of ''[[Araucaria]]'', 13 are endemic to New Caledonia.<ref name="hjnc"/> New Caledonia also has the world's most divergent lineage of [[flowering plant]], ''[[Amborella trichopoda]]'', which is at, or near, the base of the clade of all flowering plants.

The world's largest [[Neontology|extant]] species of [[fern]], ''[[Sphaeropteris intermedia]]'', also is endemic to New Caledonia. It is very common on acidic soil, usually found on fallow ground or in forest clearings, and grows about one metre per year on the east coast. There also are other species of [[tree fern]]s, notably ''[[Sphaeropteris novae-caledoniae]]''.<ref name="ncd2">{{cite web |url= http://www.futura-sciences.com/fr/doc/t/zoologie-1/r/nouvelle-caledonie/d/la-faune-et-la-flore-de-nouvelle-caledonie_468/c3/221/p3/ |title= La flore de Nouvelle-Calédonie – Deuxième partie |website= Futura-sciences.com |date= 2004-08-18 |access-date= 2013-01-30 |archive-date= 11 March 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130311213816/http://www.futura-sciences.com/fr/doc/t/zoologie-1/r/nouvelle-caledonie/d/la-faune-et-la-flore-de-nouvelle-caledonie_468/c3/221/p3/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

New Caledonia also is one of five regions on the planet where species of southern beeches (''[[Nothofagus]]'') are indigenous; five species are known to occur here.<ref name="futura1"/>

New Caledonia has its own version of [[maquis shrubland|maquis]] (''[[maquis minier]]'') occurring on metalliferous soils, mostly in the south.<ref name="gbrs">{{cite journal |title=New Caledonia: a very old Darwinian island? |pmc=2607381 |year=2008 |last1=Grandcolas |first1=P |last2=Murienne |first2=J |last3=Robillard |first3=T |last4=Desutter-Grandcolas |first4=L |last5=Jourdan |first5=H |last6=Guilbert |first6=E |last7=Deharveng |first7=L |volume=363 |issue=1508 |pages=3309–3317 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0122 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |pmid=18765357}}</ref> The soils of ultramafic rocks (mining terrains) have been a refuge for many native flora species which are adapted to the toxic mineral content of the soils, to which most foreign species of plants are poorly suited, which has therefore prevented invasion into the habitat or displacement of indigenous plants.<ref name="futura1">{{cite web |url=http://www.futura-sciences.com/fr/doc/t/zoologie-1/r/nouvelle-caledonie/d/la-faune-et-la-flore-de-nouvelle-caledonie_468/c3/221/p2/ |title=La flore de Nouvelle-Calédonie – Première partie |website=Futura-sciences.com |date=2004-08-18 |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=11 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311213828/http://www.futura-sciences.com/fr/doc/t/zoologie-1/r/nouvelle-caledonie/d/la-faune-et-la-flore-de-nouvelle-caledonie_468/c3/221/p2/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Two terrestrial ecoregions lie within New Caledonia's territory: [[New Caledonia rain forests]] and [[New Caledonia dry forests]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014 |pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{See also|List of endemic plants of New Caledonia}}

=== Fauna ===
In addition to its outstanding plant diversity and endemism, New Caledonia also provides habitat for a wide diversity of animals. Over 100 bird species live in New Caledonia, of which 24 are endemic.<ref name = "Palmas">{{cite journal |last1=Palmas |first1=Pauline |last2=Jourdan |first2=Hervé |last3=Rigault |first3=Fredéric |last4=Debar |first4=Léo |last5=De Meringo |first5=Hélène |last6=Bourguet |first6=Edouard |last7=Mathivet |first7=Mathieu |last8=Lee |first8=Matthias |last9=Adjouhgniope |first9=Rachelle |last10=Papillon |first10=Yves |last11=Bonnaud |first11=Elsa |last12=Vidal |first12=Eric |title=Feral cats threaten the outstanding endemic fauna of the New Caledonia biodiversity hotspot |journal=Biological Conservation |date=1 October 2017 |volume=214 |pages=250–259 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.003 |bibcode=2017BCons.214..250P |s2cid=43153107 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02090631/file/HAL%20_%20Palmas%20Jourdan%20et%20al%2017%20-%20Cat%20diet%20in%20NC.pdf |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320011424/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02090631/file/HAL%20_%20Palmas%20Jourdan%20et%20al%2017%20-%20Cat%20diet%20in%20NC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> One of these endemic bird species is the [[New Caledonian crow]], a bird noted for its [[tool use in animals|tool-making]] abilities, which rival those of primates.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Weir, A.A.S. |author2=Chappell, J. |author3=Kacelnik, A. |year=2002|title=Shaping of hooks in New Caledonian crows|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=297|issue=5583|page=981|doi=10.1126/science.1073433|pmid=12169726|s2cid=29196266 }}</ref> These crows are renowned for their extraordinary intelligence and ability to fashion tools to solve problems, and make the most complex tools of any animal yet studied apart from humans.<ref name="nccbbc">{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Matt |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_9125000/9125227.stm |title=Clever New Caledonian crows go to parents' tool school |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2010-10-26 |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=14 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014003859/http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_9125000/9125227.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Cagou.jpg|thumb|left|The [[kagu]], an [[endemic]] flightless bird]]
The endemic [[kagu]],<ref>Attenborough, D. 1998 ''The Life of Birds'' BBC  {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref> agile and able to run quickly, is a flightless bird, but it is able to use its wings to climb branches or glide. Its sound is similar to the bark of a dog. It is the surviving member of [[monotypic]] family [[Rhynochetidae]], order [[Eurypygiformes]].<ref name="kagu">{{cite web |url=http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-kagu.html |title=Kagu |website=Oiseaux-birds.com |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=24 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124171207/http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-kagu.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

There are 11 endemic fish species and 14 endemic species of [[Decapoda|decapod]] [[crustaceans]] in the rivers and lakes of New Caledonia. Some, such as ''[[Neogalaxias]]'', exist only in small areas.<ref name="ncnau"/> The [[nautilus]]—considered a living fossil and related to the [[ammonite]]s, which became extinct at the end of the Mesozoic era—occurs in Pacific waters around New Caledonia.<ref name="ncnau">{{cite web |url=http://www.endemia.nc/biodiversite.php |title=La Biodiversité |website=Endemia.nc |access-date=2013-01-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106120416/http://www.endemia.nc/biodiversite.php |archive-date=6 January 2013 }}</ref> There is a large diversity of [[List of fishes of the Coral Sea|marine fish]] in the surrounding waters, which are within the extents of the [[Coral Sea]].

Despite its large number of bird, reptile, and fish species, New Caledonia has remarkably few mammal species: nine, of which six are endemic.<ref name = "Palmas" />

Several species of New Caledonia are remarkable for their size: ''[[Ducula goliath]]'' is the largest extant species of arboreal pigeon; ''[[Rhacodactylus leachianus]]'', the largest gecko in the world; ''[[Phoboscincus bocourti]]'', a large skink thought to be extinct until [[Lazarus taxon|rediscovered]] in 2003.<ref name="ncnau"/>

Much of New Caledonia's fauna present before human settlement is now extinct, including ''[[Sylviornis]]'', a bird over a metre tall not closely related to any living species, and ''[[Meiolania]]'', a giant horned turtle that diverged from living turtles during the Jurassic period.

In January 2024, a court in the Capital Nouméa issued a ruling banning the culling of sharks citing it as disproportionate. The culls began after an Australian tourist was killed by a shark in the previous year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=reporter |first=Guardian |date=2024-01-08 |title=New Caledonia court bans shark culls amid environmental backlash |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/09/new-caledonia-court-bans-shark-culls-amid-environmental-backlash |access-date=2024-01-10 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

{{See also|List of birds of New Caledonia}}

== Demographics ==
{{main|Demographics of New Caledonia}}
{{Historical populations
| title       = Historical populations
| footnote    = ISEE<ref name="The Population at Different Censuse">{{cite web |url=https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/195-donnees?download=764:la-population-aux-differents-recensements|title=The Population at Different Censuses |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies]] (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411094321/https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/195-donnees?download=764:la-population-aux-differents-recensements|archive-date=11 April 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| percentages = pagr
| 1956.931693989 |68480
| 1963.334246575 |86519
| 1969.191780822 |100579
| 1976.31147541 |133233
| 1983.287671233 |145368
| 1989.257534247 |164173
| 1996.292349727 |196836
| 2009.569863014 |245580
| 2014.652055 |268767
| 2019.693151 |271407
| 2022 |269815
| 2023 |268510
}}
At the last census in 2019, New Caledonia had a population of 271,407.<ref name=censuspop/> Of these, 18,353 lived in the [[Loyalty Islands Province]], 49,910 in the [[North Province, New Caledonia|North Province]], and 203,144 in the [[South Province, New Caledonia|South Province]]. Population growth has slowed down recently with a yearly increase of 0.2% between 2014 and 2019.<ref name="The Population at Different Censuse" />

Population growth is higher in the North Province (0.3% per year between 2014 and 2019) than in the Loyalty Islands (0.1%) and South Province (−0.2%).<ref name="The Population at Different Censuse" />

30% of the population was under the age of 20,<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/230-toutes-les-publications?download=1982:rp-2019-la-croissance-demographique-flechit-nettement-en-nc-entre-2014-et-2019 |title=La croissance démographique fléchit nettement en Nouvelle-Calédonie entre 2014 et 2019 |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies]] (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=7 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107165152/https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/230-toutes-les-publications?download=1982:rp-2019-la-croissance-demographique-flechit-nettement-en-nc-entre-2014-et-2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> with the ratio of older people in the total population increasing.<ref name="insee-1"/> Two out of three residents of New Caledonia live in [[Nouméa|Greater Nouméa]].<ref name="insee-1"/> 78% were born in New Caledonia.<ref name="insee-1">{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1338 |title=Recensement de la population en Nouvelle-Calédonie en 2009 – 50 000 habitants de plus en 13 ans |publisher=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques ([[INSEE]].fr) |language=fr |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=31 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131233952/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1338 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[total fertility rate]] decreased from 2.2 children per woman in 2014 to 1.9 in 2019.<ref name=":0" />

=== Ethnic groups ===
{{bar box
|title=Ethnic Groups in New Caledonia (2019 Census)<ref name="Population Structure of Communities">{{cite web |url=https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/278-donnees?download=874:structure-de-la-population-des-communautes |title=Population Structure of Communities |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies]] (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |access-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113144638/http://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/278-donnees?download=874:structure-de-la-population-des-communautes |archive-date=13 November 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Ethnic Groups
|right1=percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|Kanak|darkgreen|41.2}}
{{bar percent|European|purple|24.1}}
{{bar percent|"Caledonian" or not stated|pink|7.5}}
{{bar percent|Mixed|red|11.3}}
{{bar percent|Wallisian/Futunian|black|8.3}}
{{bar percent|Tahitian|darkblue|2.0}}
{{bar percent|Javanese|Violet|1.4}}
{{bar percent|Ni-Vanuatu|maroon|0.9}}
{{bar percent|Vietnamese|darkgray|0.8}}
{{bar percent|Other Asian|gray|0.4}}
{{bar percent|Other|tan|2.1}}
}}
At the 2019 census,<ref name="Population Structure of Communities" /> 41.2% of the population reported belonging to the [[Kanak people|Kanak]] community (up from 39.1% at the 2014 census<ref>{{cite web |url=http://xt.isee.nc/xtc/tele.php?tableau=xt127001.xls&base=rp09indcomap |title=Communauté d'appartenance – INSEE – ISEE / Recensement de la population de 2009 en Nouvelle-Calédonie |format=XLS |access-date=2015-08-24 |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies]] (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331120910/https://xt.isee.nc/xtc/tele.php?tableau=xt127001.xls&base=rp09indcomap |url-status=dead }}</ref>) and 24.1% to the [[Europe]]an ([[Caldoche]] and [[Zoreilles|Zoreille]]) community (down from 27.2% at the 2014 census). A further 7.5% of the population either self-identified as "Caledonian" or refused to declare an ethnic group (down from 9.9% at the 2014 census). Most of the people who self-identify as "Caledonian" or refuse to declare an ethnic group are thought to be ethnically European.<ref name="LoganCole2001b">{{cite book|author1=Leanne Logan|author2=Geert Cole|title=New Caledonia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lly95WF8n-cC&pg=PA39|year=2001|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-86450-202-2|page=39|access-date=18 October 2015|archive-date=13 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413094632/https://books.google.com/books?id=lly95WF8n-cC&pg=PA39|url-status=live}}</ref>

The other self-reported communities were [[Wallis and Futuna|Wallisians and Futunians]] (8.3% of the total population, up from 8.2% at the 2014 census), [[Overseas Indonesian|Indonesians]] who are from the [[Javanese New Caledonians|Javanese ethnic group]] (1.4% of the total population, the same as in 2014),<ref>{{cite web |title=New Caledonian Javanese, in New Caledonia |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13321/NC |website=joshuaproject.net |publisher=Joshua Project |access-date=14 December 2020 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205095432/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13321/NC |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tahitians]] (2.0% of the total population, down from 2.1% at the 2014 census), [[Ni-Vanuatu]] (0.9%, down from 1.0% at the 2014 census), [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] (0.8%, down from 0.9% at the 2014 census), and other Asians (primarily [[Overseas Chinese|ethnic Chinese]]; 0.4% of the total population, the same as in 2014).

11.3% of the population reported belonging to multiple communities ([[Multiracial people|mixed race]]) (up from 8.6% at the 2014 census). The question on community belonging, which had been left out of the 2004 census, was reintroduced in 2009 under a new formulation, different from the 1996 census, allowing multiple choices (mixed race) and the possibility to clarify the choice "other" (which led many Europeans to self-identify as "Caledonian" in the category "other", or to select several ethnic communities, such as both European and Kanak, thus appearing as mixed race, which is particularly the case for the Caldoches living in the bush, who often have mixed ancestry).<ref name="eth09">{{cite web |url=http://www.isee.nc/population/telecharpdf/4%20page-rpnc09.pdf |title=Recensement de la population 2009 |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies]] (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113151907/http://www.isee.nc/population/telecharpdf/4%20page-rpnc09.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Finally, 2.1% of the population reported belonging to other communities to the exclusion of "Caledonian" (up from 1.3% at the 2014 census).

The Kanak people, part of the ethnic [[Melanesians|Melanesian]] group, are indigenous to New Caledonia.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=5}} Their social organization is traditionally based on [[clan]]s, which identify as either "land" or "sea" clans, depending on their original location and the occupation of their ancestors.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=5}} According to the 2019 census, the Kanak constitute 95% of the population in the [[Loyalty Islands Province]], 72% in the North Province and 29% in the South Province.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=5}} The Kanak tend to be of lower socio-economic status than the Europeans and other settlers.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=5}}<ref name="isee.nc">{{cite magazine |magazine=Synthèse |issue=35 |url=http://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/197-analyse?download=1484:une-demographie-toujours-dynamique |format=PDF |title=Recensement de la population 2014 |lang=fr |trans-title=2014 population census |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies]] (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |access-date=14 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214213813/http://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/197-analyse%3Fdownload%3D1484:une-demographie-toujours-dynamique |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Europeans in Oceania|Europeans]] first settled in New Caledonia when France established a penal colony on the archipelago.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=5}} Once the prisoners had completed their sentences, they were given land to settle.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=5}} According to the 2014 census, of the 73,199 Europeans in New Caledonia, 30,484 were [[Caldoche|native-born]], 36,975 were born in [[Zoreilles|Metropolitan France]], 488 were born in [[French Polynesia]], 86 were born in [[Wallis and Futuna]], and 5,166 were born abroad.<ref name="ridet">{{cite web |title=DONNEES DE CADRAGE |url=http://www.isee.nc/population/telecharxls/don.cadrage-rp-09.xls |format=XLS |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies]] (ISEE-NC) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030182817/http://www.isee.nc/population/telecharxls/don.cadrage-rp-09.xls |archive-date=30 October 2012 |place=Nouméa}}</ref> The Europeans are divided into several groups. The [[Caldoche]]s are usually defined as those born in New Caledonia who have ancestral ties that span back to the early French settlers.<ref name="LoganCole2001b"/> They often settled in the rural areas of the western coast of Grande Terre, where many continue to run large cattle properties.<ref name="LoganCole2001b"/>

Distinct from the Caldoches are those who were born in New Caledonia from families that had settled more recently, and are called simply Caledonians.<ref name="LoganCole2001"/> The [[Metropolitan France|Metropolitan French]]-born migrants who come to New Caledonia are called ''Métros'' or ''Zoreilles'', indicating their origins in metropolitan France.<ref name="LoganCole2001"/> There is also a community of about 2,000<ref name="LoganCole2001"/> [[Pied-Noir|pieds noirs]], descended from European settlers in France's former North African colonies;<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fcontemporary_pacific%2Fv017%2F17.2chappell02.html|title=New Caledonia|journal=The Contemporary Pacific|author=David A. Chappell|year=2005|volume=17|issue=2|pages=435–448|doi=10.1353/cp.2005.0043|s2cid=258106946 |access-date=28 March 2008|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113325/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fcontemporary_pacific%2Fv017%2F17.2chappell02.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> some of them are prominent in anti-independence politics, including [[Pierre Maresca]], a leader of the [[Rally for Caledonia in the Republic|RPCR]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE7DC1E3FF935A15754C0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|title=Noumea Journal; On an Island in the Pacific, but Far From at Peace|work=The New York Times|author=Henry Kamm|date=26 July 1988|author-link=Henry Kamm|access-date=11 February 2017|archive-date=23 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423052218/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE7DC1E3FF935A15754C0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|url-status=live}}</ref>

A 2015 documentary by [[Al Jazeera English]] asserted that up to 10%{{dubious|date=September 2015}} of New Caledonia's population is descended from around 2,000 [[Arabs|Arab]]-[[Imazighen|Berber]] people deported from [[French Algeria]] in the late 19th century to [[Penal colony|prisons on the island]] in reprisal for the [[Mokrani Revolt]] in 1871. After serving their sentences, they were released and given land to own and cultivate as part of colonisation efforts on the island. As the overwhelming majority of the [[Algerians of the Pacific|Algerians imprisoned on New Caledonia]] were men, the community was continued through intermarriage with women of other ethnic groups, mainly French women from nearby women's prisons. Despite facing both assimilation into the Euro-French population and discrimination for their ethnic background, descendants of the deportees have succeeded in preserving a common identity as Algerians, including maintaining certain cultural practices (such as Arabic names) and in some cases [[Islam]]ic religion. Some travel to Algeria as a rite of passage, though obtaining Algerian citizenship is often a difficult process. The largest population of Algerian-Caledonians lives in the commune of [[Bourail]] (particularly in the {{ill|Nessadiou|fr|Nessadiou}} district, where there is an Islamic cultural centre and {{ill|Arabic cemetery of Nesssadiou|lt=cemetery|fr|Cimetière des Arabes de Nessadiou}}), with smaller communities in [[Nouméa]], [[Koné, New Caledonia|Koné]], [[Pouembout]], and [[Yaté]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2015/09/exile-caledonia-150914145540415.html|title=Exile in New Caledonia|last1=Mame|first1=Abdelkader|first2=Abdelaziz|last2=Abid|date=14 September 2015|publisher=Al Jazeera English|access-date=17 September 2015|archive-date=19 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919090331/http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2015/09/exile-caledonia-150914145540415.html|url-status=dead}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qsr-FjZhEM video] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920034630/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qsr-FjZhEM |date=20 September 2015 }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="155px">
Femmes kanak2.jpg|[[Kanak people|Kanak]] women
Rodéo cheval.JPG|[[Rodeo]]s (here at the annual fair of [[Bourail]]) are part of [[Caldoche]] culture.
</gallery>

=== Languages ===
{{Main|Languages of New Caledonia}}

The [[French language]] began to spread with the establishment of French settlements, and French is now spoken even in the most secluded villages. For a long time the level of fluency varied significantly across the population as a whole, primarily due to the absence of universal access to public education before 1953, and also due to immigration and ethnic diversity,<ref name="rl-lang">{{cite web |url=http://www.ac-noumea.nc/sitevr/spip.php?rubrique48 |title=Situation linguistique en Nouvelle-Calédonie |publisher=Vice-Rectorat de Nouvelle-Calédonie |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118021148/http://www.ac-noumea.nc/sitevr/spip.php?rubrique48 |url-status=dead }}</ref> but the French language has now become universal among the younger generations as shown by the censuses of population. At the 2009 census, 97.3% of people aged 15 or older reported that they could speak, read and write French, whereas only 1.1% reported that they had no knowledge of French.<ref name="cen-lang">{{cite web |title=Principales caractéristiques des individus de 15 ans et plus, par province de résidence et sexe |format=XLS |url=https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/193-recensement?download=1876:rp-09-population-menages-logement-par-commune |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies]] (ISEE-NC) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030182817/http://www.isee.nc/population/telecharxls/don.cadrage-rp-09.xls |place=Nouméa |access-date=2013-02-28|archive-date=30 October 2012 }}</ref> No questions regarding the knowledge of French were asked in the 2014 and 2019 censuses, on account of the population's nearly universal understanding of it.

The 28 [[Kanak languages]] spoken in New Caledonia are part of the [[Oceanic languages|Oceanic]] group of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] family.<ref name="macc">{{cite web |website=Académie des Langues Kanak |title=Langues |url=http://www.alk.gouv.nc/portal/page/portal/alk/langues |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109131824/http://www.alk.gouv.nc/portal/page/portal/alk/langues |archive-date=9 November 2017 |url-status=dead |access-date=15 October 2011 }}</ref> Eight of these can be chosen by parents as optional subjects for their children from kindergarten to high school (four languages are taught up to the bachelor's degree) and an academy is responsible for their promotion.<ref name="maskan">{{cite web |url=http://www.maisonnouvellecaledonieparis.nc/site/population.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426023621/http://www.maisonnouvellecaledonieparis.nc/site/population.php |archive-date=2009-04-26 |title=La Population De Nouvelle-Caledonie |publisher=La maison de la Nouvelle-Calédonie |language=fr |access-date=2013-01-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The three most widely spoken indigenous languages are [[Drehu]] (spoken in [[Lifou]]), [[Nengone language|Nengone]] (spoken on [[Maré]]) and [[Paicî]] (northern part of Grande Terre).<ref name="maskan"/> Others include [[Iaai language|Iaai]] (spoken on [[Ouvéa]]). At the 2019 census, 44.0% of people whose age was 15 or older reported that they had some form of knowledge of at least one Kanak language (up from 41.3% at the 2009 census), whereas 56.0% reported that they had no knowledge of any of the Kanak languages (down from 58.7% at the 2009 census).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/193-recensement?download=1980:rp2019-population-menages-logement-province |title=Population, ménages et logement par province, en 2019 – P20 Population de 15 ans et plus, selon le genre, la connaissance d'une langue kanak et la province de résidence par groupe d'âge décennal |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies]] (ISEE-NC) |language=fr |access-date=2023-03-06 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101013043/https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/193-recensement?download=1980:rp2019-population-menages-logement-province |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="cen-lang"/>

Other significant language communities among immigrant populations include speakers of [[Wallisian]], [[Futunan language|Futunian]], [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], and [[Bislama]].

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in New Caledonia according to the ''Global Religious Landscape'' survey by the [[Pew Research Center|Pew Forum]], 2012<ref name="Survey">{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125173538/https://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2017|title=The Global Religious Landscape|publisher=Pewforum.org|access-date=2 October 2015}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Christianity]]
|value1 = 85.2
|color1 = Red
|label2 = No religion
|value2 = 10.4
|color2 = #FFFFFF
|label3 = [[Islam]]
|value3 = 2.8
|color3 = Green
|label4 = [[Buddhism]]
|value4 = 0.6
|color4 = Gold
|label5 = Folk religion
|value5 = 0.2
|color5 = Chartreuse
|label6 = Others
|value6 = 0.8
|color6 = Orange
}}
The predominant religion is [[Christianity]]; half of the population is [[Catholic]], including most of the Europeans, [[West Uvean]]s, and Vietnamese and half of the Melanesian and Polynesian minorities.<ref name="ncbrit"/> Catholicism was introduced by French colonists. The island also has numerous [[Protestant]] churches, of which the [[Free Evangelical Church]] and the [[Evangelical Church in New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands]] have the largest number of adherents; their memberships are almost entirely Melanesian.<ref name="ncbrit"/> Protestantism gained ground in the late 20th century and continues to expand. There are also numerous other Christian groups and more than 6,000 Muslims.<ref name="ncbrit"/><ref>{{cite book|author=R. G. Crocombe|title=Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDg9oAkwsXAC&pg=PA375|access-date=24 August 2012|year=2007|publisher=editorips@usp.ac.fj|isbn=978-982-02-0388-4|pages=375–|archive-date=4 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604054847/http://books.google.com/books?id=iDg9oAkwsXAC&pg=PA375|url-status=live}}</ref> (See [[Islam in New Caledonia]] and [[Baháʼí Faith in New Caledonia]].) Nouméa is the seat of the [[Archdiocese of Nouméa]].

== Education ==
Education in New Caledonia is based on the [[Education in France|French curriculum]] and delivered by both French teachers and French-trained teachers. Under the terms of the 1998 [[Nouméa Accord]], primary education is the responsibility of the three provinces. As of 2010, secondary education was in the process of being transferred to the provinces.<ref name="CSC Australia 2010">{{cite web |title=Emerging Pacific Leaders Dialogue 2010 New Caledonia Report|url=http://www.cscaustralia.com/ep10/reports/Study%20Tour%20Report,%20New%20Caledonia%20April%20'10.pdf|publisher=Commonwealth Study Conferences Australia|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918190058/http://www.cscaustralia.com/ep10/reports/Study%20Tour%20Report%2C%20New%20Caledonia%20April%20%2710.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The majority of schools are located in [[Nouméa]] but some are found in the islands and the north of New Caledonia. When students reach high school age, most are sent to Nouméa to continue their secondary education. Education is compulsory from the age of six years.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is education like in New Caledonia?|url=https://newcaledoniatoday.wordpress.com/2013/02/28/what-is-education-like-in-new-caledonia/|website=New Caledonia Today|access-date=1 March 2018|date=2013-02-28|archive-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164416/https://newcaledoniatoday.wordpress.com/2013/02/28/what-is-education-like-in-new-caledonia/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=March 2018}}

New Caledonia's main tertiary education institution is the [[University of New Caledonia]] (''Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie''), which was founded in 1993 and comes under the supervision of the [[Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation]]. It is based in Nouméa and offers a range of vocational, Bachelor, MA, and PhD programs and courses. The University of New Caledonia consists of three academic departments, one institute of technology, one PhD school, and one teachers' college. As of 2013, the university has approximately 3,000 students, 107 academics, and 95 administrative and library staff.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presentation UNC en Anglais 2012|url=http://unc.nc/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/presentation-UNC-english-1.pdf|publisher=[[University of New Caledonia]]|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-date=25 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025024601/https://unc.nc/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/presentation-UNC-english-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CSC Australia 2010" /> Many New Caledonian students also pursue scholarships to study in metropolitan France. As part of the Nouméa Accord process, a ''Cadre Avenir'' provides scholarships for Kanak professionals to study in France.<ref name="CSC Australia 2010" />

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of New Caledonia}}
{| class="wikitable sortable floatright"  style="margin:20px 0px 20px 20px"
|-
! Region
! style="width:6em;" | Total GDP, nominal, 2019 <br />(billion US$)
! style="width:6em;" | GDP per capita, nominal, 2019 <br />(US$)
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Australia}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,388.09
| style="text-align:right;" | 54,391
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|New Zealand}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 210.76
| style="text-align:right;" | 42,274
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Hawaii}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 93.24
| style="text-align:right;" |  63,997
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Papua New Guinea}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 24.75
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,315
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|New Caledonia}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 9.48
| style="text-align:right;" | 34,939 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Guam}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 6.36
| style="text-align:right;" | 37,794
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|French Polynesia}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 6.02
| style="text-align:right;" | 21,673
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Fiji}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 5.44
| style="text-align:right;" | 6,079
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Solomon Islands}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 1.62
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,278
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Northern Mariana Islands}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 1.18
| style="text-align:right;" | 24,670
|-
| style="t.ext-align:left;"  | {{flagcountry|Vanuatu}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.93
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,187
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Samoa}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.91
| style="text-align:right;" | 4,472
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|American Samoa}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.65
| style="text-align:right;" | 13,352
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Tonga}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.45
| style="text-align:right;" | 4,435
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Micronesia}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.39
| style="text-align:right;" | 4,001
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Cook Islands}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.39
| style="text-align:right;" | 22,752 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Palau}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.28
| style="text-align:right;" | 15,992
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Marshall Islands}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.23
| style="text-align:right;" | 5,275
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Kiribati}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.22
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,847
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Wallis and Futuna}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.21
| style="text-align:right;" | 18,360
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Nauru}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.13
| style="text-align:right;" | 10,567
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Tuvalu}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.05 
| style="text-align:right;" | 5,277
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=3   | Sources:<ref name="GDP"/><ref name="IMF">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,&sy=2019&ey=2019&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database – October 2024 |publisher=IMF |access-date=2025-02-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ispf.pf/themes/pib |title=Les comptes économiques rapides de la Polynésie française |publisher=Institut de la statistique de la Polynésie française (ISPF) |access-date=2025-02-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SASUMMARY State annual summary statistics: personal income, GDP, consumer spending, price indexes, and employment |url=https://apps.bea.gov/itable/?ReqID=70&step=1#eyJhcHBpZCI6NzAsInN0ZXBzIjpbMSwyOSwyNSwzMSwyNiwyNywzMF0sImRhdGEiOltbIlRhYmxlSWQiLCI2MDAiXSxbIk1ham9yX0FyZWEiLCIwIl0sWyJTdGF0ZSIsWyIwIl1dLFsiQXJlYSIsWyIxNTAwMCJdXSxbIlN0YXRpc3RpYyIsWyI0Il1dLFsiVW5pdF9vZl9tZWFzdXJlIiwiTGV2ZWxzIl0sWyJZZWFyIixbIjIwMTkiXV0sWyJZZWFyQmVnaW4iLCItMSJdLFsiWWVhcl9FbmQiLCItMSJdXX0=  |publisher=[[Bureau of Economic Analysis]] (BEA) |access-date=2025-02-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://apps.bea.gov/itable/?ReqID=70&step=1#eyJhcHBpZCI6NzAsInN0ZXBzIjpbMSwyOSwyNSwzMSwyNiwyNywzMF0sImRhdGEiOltbIlRhYmxlSWQiLCI4MDAiXSxbIk1ham9yX0FyZWEiLCIxNiJdLFsiU3RhdGUiLFsiMCJdXSxbIkFyZWEiLFsiNjAwMDAiLCI2NjAwMCIsIjY5MDAwIl1dLFsiU3RhdGlzdGljIixbIjEiXV0sWyJVbml0X29mX21lYXN1cmUiLCJMZXZlbHMiXSxbIlllYXIiLFsiMjAxOSJdXSxbIlllYXJCZWdpbiIsIi0xIl0sWyJZZWFyX0VuZCIsIi0xIl1dfQ== |title=TASUMMARY1 Summary of GDP and components for U.S. territories, current dollars |publisher=[[Bureau of Economic Analysis]] (BEA) |access-date=2025-02-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.gov.ck/download/476/2024/6494/gross-domestic-product-march-quarter-2024.xlsx |title=Table 1: Gross domestic product at current prices by industry – quarterly value |publisher=Cook Islands Statistics Office |access-date=2025-02-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cerom-outremer.fr/wallis-et-futuna/publications/etudes-cerom/evaluation-du-pib-de-wallis-et-futuna-en-2019.html |title=Évaluation du PIB de Wallis-et-Futuna en 2019  |author=INSEE, CEROM |date=11 September 2024 |access-date=2025-02-22 |language=fr}}</ref>
|}

New Caledonia has one of the largest economies in the South Pacific, with a GDP of US$9.48 billion in 2019.<ref name="GDP"/> The nominal GDP per capita was US$34,939 (at market exchange rates) in 2019.<ref name="GDP"/> It is lower than the nominal GDP per capita of [[Hawaii]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Guam]], but higher than all other independent and non-sovereign countries and territories in [[Oceania]], although there is significant inequality in income distribution,<ref name="nzmin">{{cite web |url=http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Countries/Pacific/New-Caledonia.php |title=New Caledonia – Information Paper |publisher=NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade |access-date=2013-01-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128203127/http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Countries/Pacific/New-Caledonia.php |archive-date=28 January 2013 }}</ref> and long-standing structural imbalances between the economically dominant South Province and the less developed North Province and Loyalty Islands.<ref name="undcol">{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/gacol3181.doc.htm |title=Concluding session, Special Committee on Decolonization approves two texts on New Caledonia, Tokelau; hears appeals to heed criticism of its work |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023045300/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/gacol3181.doc.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The currency in use in New Caledonia is the [[CFP franc]], as of May 2020, pegged to the euro at a rate of 119.3 CFP to 1.00 euros.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=EUR&To=XPF|title=XE: Convert EUR/XPF. Euro Member Countries to Comptoirs Français du Pacifique (CFP) Franc|website=xe.com|access-date=16 May 2020|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125045100/https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=EUR&To=XPF|url-status=live}}</ref> It is issued by the Institut d'Émission d'Outre-Mer.<ref name="viep">{{cite web |url=http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/?vie-pratique-nouvelle-caledonie.html |title=Vie pratique – L'Outre-Mer |website=Outre-mer.gouv.fr |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=30 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330070058/http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/?vie-pratique-nouvelle-caledonie.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Real gross domestic product|Real GDP]] grew by an average of +3.3% per year in the first half of the 2010s, boosted by rising worldwide nickel prices and an increase in domestic demand due to rising employment, as well as strong business investments, but by only +0.2% per year in the second half of the 2010s, as the local nickel industry entered a period of crisis and the repeated independence referendums have generated economic uncertainty.<ref name="GDP"/> In 2017, exports of goods and services from New Caledonia amounted to 1.93&nbsp;billion US dollars, 77.5% of which were mineral products and alloys (mainly nickel ore and [[ferronickel]]) and 5.0% exports of hotel and restaurant services (i.e. international tourism in New Caledonia).<ref name="trade">{{cite web |url=https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/82-donnees?download=569:les-importations-et-exportations-de-biens-et-services |title=Importations et exportations de biens et services à prix courants |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies]] (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |access-date=2025-02-22 }}</ref> Imports of goods and services amounted to 3.48&nbsp;billion US dollars.<ref name="trade"/> 40.9% of the imports of goods came from [[Metropolitan France]] and its [[overseas department]]s, 11.7% from Singapore (essentially fuel), 11.5% from Australia, 5.0% from other countries in the [[European Union]], 4.2% from China and Hong Kong, 4.1% from New Zealand, 3.7% from South Korea, 2.4% from Japan, 2.0% from the United States, 1.9% from Canada, and 12.6% from other countries.<ref name="trade_partners">{{cite web |url=https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/100-donnees?download=1606:les-principaux-partenaires-commerciaux |title=Principaux pays partenaires commerciaux de la Nouvelle-Calédonie |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies]] (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |access-date=2025-02-22 }}</ref> The trade deficit in goods and services stood at 1.55 billion US dollars in 2017.<ref name="trade"/>

Financial support from France is substantial, representing more than 15% of the GDP, and contributes to the health of the economy.<ref name="cia">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/new-caledonia/ |title=New Caledonia |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407121006/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/new-caledonia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Tourism is underdeveloped, with 100,000 visitors a year, compared to 400,000 in the [[Cook Islands]] and 200,000 in [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="monde1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2011/08/26/nouvelle-caledonie-ou-en-est-le-processus-d-independance_1564084_3216.html |title=Nouvelle-Calédonie: où en est le processus d'indépendance? |language=fr |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |access-date=2013-01-30 |date=2011-08-26 |last1=Bolis |first1=Angela |archive-date=19 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119211529/http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2011/08/26/nouvelle-caledonie-ou-en-est-le-processus-d-independance_1564084_3216.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Much of the land is unsuitable for agriculture, and food accounts for about 20% of imports.<ref name="cia"/> According to [[FAOSTAT]], New Caledonia is a significant producer of: [[Yam (vegetable)|yams]] (33rd); [[taro]] (44th); [[Plantain (cooking)|plantains]] (50th); [[coconut]]s (52nd).<ref name="FAOSTAT Production statistics 2008">{{cite web |url= http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |title= FAOSTAT 2008 by Production |website= Faostat.fao.org |access-date= 6 June 2008 |archive-date= 13 July 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110713020710/http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[exclusive economic zone]] of New Caledonia covers {{convert|1.4 |e6km2|e6sqmi |abbr=off}}.<ref name="pres-om">{{cite web |url=http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/?presentation-nouvelle-caledonie.html |title=Présentation – L'Outre-Mer |website=Outre-mer.gouv.fr |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=9 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109131754/http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/?presentation-nouvelle-caledonie.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The construction sector accounts for roughly 12% of GDP, employing 9.9% of the salaried population in 2010.<ref name="nzmin"/> Manufacturing is largely confined to small-scale activities such as the transformation of foodstuffs, textiles and plastics.<ref name="nzmin"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+GDP (nominal) per capita in 2019 (US$)
|-
| {{Color box|#e43114|$0 – $5,000|white|border=darkgray|}}  {{Color box|#f57e00|$5,000 – $10,000|white|border=darkgray}}  {{Color box|#eea800|$10,000 – $20,000|white|border=darkgray}}  {{Color box|#22aaff|$20,000 – $30,000|white|border=darkgray}} {{Color box|#2259ff|$30,000 – $45,000|white|border=darkgray}}  {{Color box|#5222ff|$45,000 – $60,000|white|border=darkgray}}  {{Color box|#a522ff|$60,000 – $90,000|white|border=darkgray}}
|}
{{Image label begin|image=Oceania political map.png|width=662}}
{{Image label|x=0.15|y=0.55|scale=662|text=[[Australia|<span style="background:#5222ff;color:white">54,391</span>]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.45|y=0.67|scale=662|text=[[New Zealand|<span style="background:#2259ff;color:white">42,274</span>]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.7|y=0.07|scale=662|text=[[Hawaii|<span style="background:#a522ff;color:white"> 63,997</span>]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.3|y=0.43|scale=662|text=<span style="background:#2259ff;color:white">34,939</span>}}
{{Image label|x=0.135|y=0.118|scale=662|text=[[Guam|<span style="background:#2259ff;color:white">37,794</span>]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.18|y=0.31|scale=662|text=[[Papua New Guinea|<span style="background:#e43114;color:white">2,315</span>]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.8|y=0.46|scale=662|text=[[French Polynesia|<span style="background:#2af; color:white;">21,673</span>]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.36|y=0.39|scale=662|text=[[Vanuatu|<span style="background:#e43114;color:white">3,187</span>]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.3|y=0.365|scale=662|text=[[Solomon Islands|<span style="background:#e43114;color:white">2,278</span>]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.47|y=0.45|scale=662|text=[[Fiji|<span style="background:#f57e00;color:white">6,079</span>]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.513|y=0.353|scale=662|text=[[Wallis and Futuna|<span style="background:#eea800;color:white"><small>18,360</small></span>]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.566|y=0.388|scale=662|text=[[Samoa|<span style="background:#e43114;color:white"><small>4,472</small></span>]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.611|y=0.395|scale=662|text=[[American Samoa|<span style="background:#eea800;color:white">13,352</span>]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.67|y=0.43|scale=662|text=[[Cook Islands|<span style="background:#22aaff;color:white">22,752</span>]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.55|y=0.44|scale=662|text=[[Tonga|<span style="background:#e43114;color:white">4,435</span>]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.15|y=0.079|scale=662|text=[[Northern Mariana Islands|<span style="background:#2af; color:white;">24,670</span>]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.02|y=0.165|scale=662|text=[[Palau|<span style="background:#eea800;color:white">15,992</span>]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.22|y=0.18|scale=662|text=[[Federated States of Micronesia|<span style="background:#e43114;color:white">4,001</span>]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.38|y=0.16|scale=662|text=[[Marshall Islands|<span style="background:#f57e00;color:white">5,275</span>]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.434|y=0.262|scale=662|text=[[Kiribati|<span style="background:#e43114;color:white">1,847</span>]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.348|y=0.262|scale=662|text=[[Nauru|<span style="background:#eea800;color:white">10,567</span>]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.48|y=0.325|scale=662|text=[[Tuvalu|<span style="background:#f57e00;color:white">5,277</span>]]}}
{{Image label end}}

=== Nickel sector ===
{{main|Nickel mining in New Caledonia}}
{{see also|Geology of New Caledonia}}

[[File:Creek South New Caledonia.JPG|thumb|A creek in southern New Caledonia. Red colours reveal the richness of the ground in [[iron oxide]]s and nickel.]]

New Caledonian soils contain about 25% of the world's [[nickel]] resources.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metalbulletin.com/Article/1446693/Nickel-gleams-again-in-New-Caledonia.html |title=Nickel gleams again in New Caledonia |work=Metal Bulletin |date=3 December 2001 |access-date=13 March 2009 |archive-date=9 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909043855/http://www.metalbulletin.com/Article/1446693/Nickel-gleams-again-in-New-Caledonia.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Citation is quite old, from 2001, also only for subscribers, world reserves vs resources should be distinguished)|date=July 2025}} The [[late-2000s recession]] has gravely affected the nickel industry, as the sector faced a significant drop in nickel prices (−31.0% year-on-year in 2009) for the second consecutive year.<ref name="comptes">{{cite web |url=http://www.isee.nc/compteco/telechargement/4pagecerom2011.pdf |title=Les comptes économiques rapides de Nouvelle-Calédonie  |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies]] (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113144920/http://www.isee.nc/compteco/telechargement/4pagecerom2011.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The fall in prices has led a number of producers to reduce or stop altogether their activity, resulting in a reduction of the global supply of nickel by 6% compared to 2008.<ref name="comptes"/>

This context, combined with bad weather, has forced the operators in the sector to revise downwards their production target.<ref name="comptes"/> Thus, the activity of mineral extraction has declined by 8% in volume year on year.{{when|date=October 2017}}<ref name="comptes" /> The share of the nickel sector as a percentage of GDP fell from 8% in 2008 to 5% in 2009.<ref name="comptes" /> A trend reversal and a recovery in demand have been recorded early in the second half of 2009, allowing a 2.0% increase in the local metal production.<ref name="comptes"/> A March 2020 report stated that "New Caledonia is the world's fourth largest nickel producer, which has seen a 26% rally in prices in the past year".<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-56288781 |title=Tesla partners with nickel mine amid shortage fears |work=[[BBC News]] |date=5 March 2021 |access-date=9 March 2021 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309131304/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-56288781 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to industry sources however, the [[Goro mine]] has never met its potential capacity to produce "60,000 tpy of nickel in the form of nickel oxide, due to design flaws and operational commissioning issues" In 2019, it produced slightly over a third of its annual capacity".<ref name="mining.com">{{cite web| url = https://www.mining.com/tesla-gets-involved-in-new-caledonia-nickel-mine-to-secure-metal-supply/| title = Tesla gets involved in New Caledonia mine to secure nickel supply| date = 5 March 2021| access-date = 9 March 2021| archive-date = 8 March 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210308133905/https://www.mining.com/tesla-gets-involved-in-new-caledonia-nickel-mine-to-secure-metal-supply/| url-status = live}}</ref>

In March 2021, [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]] agreed to a partnership with the Goro Mine, a "technical and industrial partnership to help with product and sustainability standards along with taking nickel for its battery production, according to the agreement", according to a [[BBC News]] report. The majority owner, Vale, said that the deal will be of long-term benefit in terms of jobs and the economy. Tesla is a heavy user of nickel for making the lithium-ion batteries and wanted to "secure its long-term supply".<ref name="bbc.com"/>

Also in March 2021, a part of Vale's nickel business was sold "to a consortium called Prony, which includes Swiss commodity trader [[Trafigura]]". Provincial authorities and businesses in New Caledonia would have a 51% stake in the Vale operation.<ref name="mining.com"/>

== Culture ==
[[File:Foire chevaux.JPG|thumb|[[Caldoche]]s, [[European emigration|European]] people born in New Caledonia]]

[[Wood carving]], especially of the houp (''[[Montrouziera cauliflora]]''), is a contemporary reflection of the beliefs of the traditional tribal society, and includes [[totem]]s, masks, [[chambranle]]s, or [[flèche faîtière]],<ref name="desc">{{cite web |url=http://fr.visitenouvellecaledonie.com/decouvrez/la-culture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724075625/http://fr.visitenouvellecaledonie.com/decouvrez/la-culture |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-07-24 |title=La Culture |publisher=Tourisme Nouvelle-Calédonie |access-date=2013-01-30 }}</ref> a kind of arrow that adorns the roofs of Kanak houses. [[Basketry]] is a craft widely practised by tribal women, creating objects of daily use.<ref name="desc"/>

The [[Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre]], designed by Italian architect [[Renzo Piano]] and opened in 1998, celebrates Kanak culture.<ref name="desc"/>

The [[Kaneka (music)|Kaneka]] is a form of local music, inspired by [[reggae]] and originating in the 1980s.<ref name="desc"/>

The [[Mwâ Ka]] is a {{convert|12|m|ft|adj=on}} [[totem pole]] commemorating the French annexation of New Caledonia, and was inaugurated in 2005.<ref name="mka">{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/new-caledonia/noumea/sights/monument/mwa-ka |title=Mwâ Ka in Noumea, New Caledonia |publisher=Lonely Planet |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=17 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317231552/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/new-caledonia/noumea/sights/monument/mwa-ka |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Media ==
''{{lang|fr|[[Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes]]}}''<ref>The name is a pun, and can be read in English as "The Caledonian News" or "Women of New Caledonia"</ref> is the only daily newspaper in the archipelago.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO1403/S00173/pff-stands-in-solidarity-with-les-nouvelles-caledoniennes.htm |title=PFF stands in solidarity with Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes |website=[[Scoop (website)|Scoop]] |date=11 March 2014 |access-date=25 April 2016 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425125050/http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO1403/S00173/pff-stands-in-solidarity-with-les-nouvelles-caledoniennes.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="vivmed">{{cite web |url=http://www.gitesnouvellecaledonie.nc/nouvelle-caledonie/vivre-en-nouvelle-caledonie |title=Vivre en Nouvelle-Calédonie |publisher=Gîtes Nouvelle Calédonie |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=19 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119144106/http://www.gitesnouvellecaledonie.nc/nouvelle-caledonie/vivre-en-nouvelle-caledonie |url-status=live }}</ref> A monthly publication, ''{{lang|fr|Le Chien bleu}}'', parodies the news from New Caledonia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lechienbleu.nc/|title=Le Chien bleu : Journal satirique de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Y en aura pour tout le monde!|website=Lechienbleu.nc|access-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726061552/http://www.lechienbleu.nc/|archive-date=26 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There are five radio stations: the public service broadcaster [[Outre-Mer 1ère|RFO radio Nouvelle-Calédonie]], [[Océane FM]] (the collectivity's newest station), the youth-oriented station [[NRJ]], [[Radio Djiido]] (established by [[Jean-Marie Tjibaou]]), and [[Radio Rythmes Bleus]].<ref name="vivmed"/> The last two stations are primarily targeted to the various [[Kanak people|Kanak]] groups who are indigenous to New Caledonia ("Djiido" is a term from the [[Fwâi language]], spoken in [[Hienghène]] in the [[North Province, New Caledonia|North Province]], denoting a metal spike used to secure straw thatching to the roof of a traditional Kanak house).

As for television, the public service broadcaster [[France Télévisions]] operates a local channel, [[Réseau Outre-Mer 1re]], along with [[France 2]], [[France 3]], [[France 4]], [[France 5]], [[France 24]] and [[Arte TV|Arte]] which all broadcast from [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gouv.nc/portal/page/portal/gouv/tnt|title=Télévision Numérique Terrestre (TNT)|website=Gouv.nc|access-date=17 July 2018|date=2016-01-31|archive-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629052143/http://www.gouv.nc/portal/page/portal/gouv/tnt|url-status=live}}</ref> [[CanalSat Calédonie|Canal Plus Calédonie]] carries 17 digital channels in French, including [[Canal+ (French TV channel)|Canal+]] and [[TF1]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canalplus-caledonie.com/grille-tv/toutes-les-chaines|title=Grille TV – Canal+ Calédonie|website=Canalplus-caledonie.com|access-date=17 July 2018|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718001322/https://www.canalplus-caledonie.com/grille-tv/toutes-les-chaines|url-status=dead}}</ref> Analogue television broadcasts ended in September 2011, completing the [[digital television transition]] in New Caledonia.<ref name="tnt">{{cite web |url=http://nouvellecaledonie.la1ere.fr/infos/actualites/loutre-mer-dit-adieu-a-lanalogique_64703.html |title=L'Outre-mer dit adieu à l'analogique – Audiovisuel – Info – Nouvelle-Calédonie – La 1ère |website=nouvellecaledonie.la1ere.fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930124824/http://nouvellecaledonie.la1ere.fr/infos/actualites/loutre-mer-dit-adieu-a-lanalogique_64703.html |archive-date=30 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bids for two new local television stations, NCTV and NC9, were considered by the French broadcasting authorities.<ref name="rnzitv">{{cite web |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=63685 |title=Two new New Caledonia television channels proposed |website=Rnzi.com |date=2011-10-12 |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=5 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305034204/http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=63685 |url-status=dead }}</ref> NCTV was launched in December 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lnc.nc/article/pays/nctv-c-est-parti |title=NCTV, c'est parti! |language=fr |work=[[Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes]] |date=9 December 2013 |access-date=19 April 2016 |archive-date=27 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427112334/http://www.lnc.nc/article/pays/nctv-c-est-parti |url-status=live }}</ref>

The media are considered to be able to operate freely, but [[Reporters Without Borders]] raised concerns in 2006 about "threats and intimidation" of RFO staff by members of a pro-independence group.<ref name="bbc-cp">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-16740838 |title=Regions and territories: New Caledonia |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2013-01-16 |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=13 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013082759/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/3921323.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Sport ==
[[File:Christian_Karembeu_-_2014.jpg|thumb|upright|New Caledonian footballer [[Christian Karembeu]], [[1998 FIFA World Cup]] winner with [[France national football team|France]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Swaminathan |first1=Swaroop |title=Karembeu, France & New Caledonia – a complex relationship |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/fifa-u-17-world-cup-2017/2017/oct/12/karembeu-france--new-caledonia--a-complex-relationship-1672627.html |access-date=4 November 2018 |work=The New Indian Express |date=12 October 2018 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105062122/http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/fifa-u-17-world-cup-2017/2017/oct/12/karembeu-france--new-caledonia--a-complex-relationship-1672627.html |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The largest sporting event to be held in New Caledonia is a round of the [[FIA Asia Pacific Rally Championship]] (APRC).

The [[New Caledonia national football team|New Caledonia football team]] began playing in 1950, and was admitted into [[FIFA]], the international association of football leagues, in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/federation/news/newsid=92706.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718153916/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/federation/news/newsid=92706.html|archive-date=2007-07-18 |title=New Caledonia joins the world football community |publisher=FIFA |date=24 May 2004 |access-date=6 August 2009}}</ref> Prior to joining FIFA, New Caledonia held observer status with the [[Oceania Football Confederation]], and became an official member of the OFC with its FIFA membership. They have won the [[South Pacific Games]] five times, most recently in 2007, and have placed third on two occasions in the [[OFC Nations Cup]]. [[Christian Karembeu]] is a prominent New Caledonian former footballer. The under-17 team qualified for the FIFA under 17 World Cup in 2017.

[[Basketball]] gets much public attention in New Caledonia by both press and fans. Its [[New Caledonia men's national basketball team|national team]] has won plenty of medals in the Oceania region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.visitnewcaledonia.com/new-caledonia-national-basketball-team-an-unknown-champion-bet365/ |title=New Caledonia National Basketball Team – An Unknown Champion |website=VisitNewCaledonia.com |date=13 November 2019 |access-date=30 September 2021 |archive-date=30 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930084118/https://www.visitnewcaledonia.com/new-caledonia-national-basketball-team-an-unknown-champion-bet365/ |url-status=live }}</ref> New Caledonia's top basketball club teams are ''AS 6e Km'' and ''AS Dumbea''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Beniela Adjouhgniope,le colosse de l'AS 6e Km |url=https://www.lnc.nc/article/sports/beniela-adjouhgniope-le-colosse-de-l-as-6e-km |accessdate=1 October 2021 |work=[[Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes]] |language=French |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001071450/https://www.lnc.nc/article/sports/beniela-adjouhgniope-le-colosse-de-l-as-6e-km |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Horse racing]] is also very popular in New Caledonia, as are women's [[cricket]] matches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/new-caledonia/noumea/activities/cricket/women-s-cricket |title=Women's Cricket |publisher=Lonely Planet |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=16 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516172954/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/new-caledonia/noumea/activities/cricket/women-s-cricket |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[rugby league]] team participated in the [[Pacific Cup]] in 2004. In 2020, plans were formed to create a Rugby League team in New Caledonia, Pacifique Trieze,<ref>{{cite web |last=Darbyshire |first=Drew |date=2020-05-08 |title=Pacifique Treize: The French-speaking Pacific team who want to join Queensland Cup |url=https://www.loverugbyleague.com/post/pacifique-treize-the-french-speaking-pacific-team-who-want-to-join-queensland-cup/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=LoveRugbyLeague |language=en-GB |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630210006/https://www.loverugbyleague.com/post/pacifique-treize-the-french-speaking-pacific-team-who-want-to-join-queensland-cup/ |url-status=live }}</ref> to eventually join the majority Australian [[Queensland Cup]].

New Caledonia also has a national synchronised swimming team, which tours abroad.

The "Tour Cycliste de Nouvelle-Calédonie" is a multi-day cycling stage race that is held usually in October. The race is organised by the Comite Cycliste New Caledonia. The race attracts riders from Australia, New Zealand, France, Réunion (Overseas France), Europe and Tahiti (French Polynesia). Australian Brendan Washington has finished last three times in the race between 2005 and 2009, and is known in New Caledonia as "The [[Lanterne rouge|Lanterne Rouge]]".

The New Caledonia [[Handball]] team won the [[Oceania Handball Nations Cup]] in 2008 held in [[Wellington]], [[New Zealand]]. They beat [[Australia men's national handball team|Australia]] in the final.

The [[BNP Paribas de Nouvelle-Calédonie|Internationaux de Nouvelle-Calédonie]] is a tennis tournament that is held in the first week of January. Since 2004, the tournament is part of the [[ATP Challenger Tour]], and players usually compete as a preparation for the [[Australian Open]]. the first Grand Slam of the year.

The [[New Caledonia women's national volleyball team]] won the gold medal on several occasions.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Shreya Kumar |title=Let's Go Local: The Sand Dunes And Café Planet For Drau |url=https://fijisun.com.fj/2021/03/20/lets-go-local-the-sand-dunes-and-cafe-planet-for-drau/ |accessdate=27 September 2021 |work=[[Fiji Sun]] |date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927060217/https://fijisun.com.fj/2021/03/20/lets-go-local-the-sand-dunes-and-cafe-planet-for-drau/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=October 2025}}

== Cuisine ==
Due to low levels of domestic horticulture, fresh tropical fruits feature less highly in New Caledonian cuisine than in other Pacific nations, instead relying on rice, fish and root vegetables such as [[taro]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newcaledoniatoday.wordpress.com/2013/01/30/what-do-people-eat-in-new-caledonia/ |website=Newcaledoniatoday.wordpress.com |title=What Do People Eat in New Caledonia? |access-date=16 February 2014 |date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=14 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214183037/http://newcaledoniatoday.wordpress.com/2013/01/30/what-do-people-eat-in-new-caledonia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> One way this is frequently prepared is in a buried-oven-style feast, known as ''[[bougna]]''. Wrapped in [[banana leaves]], the fish, taro, banana and other seafood are buried with hot rocks to cook, then dug up and eaten.

== Transport ==

[[La Tontouta International Airport]] is {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} northwest of Nouméa, and connects New Caledonia with the airports of Paris, Tokyo, Sydney, Auckland, Brisbane, Melbourne, Osaka, Papeete, Nadi, Wallis and Port Vila.<ref name="aport">{{cite web |url=http://www.tontouta-aeroport.nc/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=17&Itemid=107 |title=Présentation |publisher=Aéroport international de Nouméa la Tontouta |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118184638/http://www.tontouta-aeroport.nc/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=17&Itemid=107 |archive-date=18 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most internal air services are operated by the international carrier [[Aircalin]].<ref name="tppdf">{{cite web |url=http://www.isee.nc/anglais/teca/productivesystem/telechargements/25-06-transport.pdf |title=Transport |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies]] (ISEE-NC) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113170544/http://www.isee.nc/anglais/teca/productivesystem/telechargements/25-06-transport.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2011 |place=Nouméa}}</ref> Cruise ships dock at the Gare Maritime in Nouméa.<ref name="lptra"/> The passenger-and-cargo boat ''Havannah'' sails to [[Port Vila]], [[Malakula|Malicolo]] and [[Luganville|Santo]] in [[Vanuatu]] once a month.<ref name="lptra">{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/new-caledonia/transport/getting-there-away |title=Transport in New Caledonia |publisher=Lonely Planet |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=25 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825112035/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/new-caledonia/transport/getting-there-away |url-status=live }}</ref>

New Caledonia's road network consists of:

* Route territoriale 1 (RT1), going from the exit from [[Nouméa]] to the Néhoué River, north of [[Koumac]];
* Route territoriale 2, on [[Lifou Island]] and from the [[Lifou Airport]] to the south of [[Wé]];
* Route territoriale 3, from the junction with RT1 in [[Nandi, New Caledonia|Nandi]] up to the [[Tiwaka River]];
* Route territoriale 4, from the junction with RT1 near [[Muéo]] to the power plant.<ref name="rtne">{{cite web |url=http://www.dittt.gouv.nc/portal/page/portal/dittt/infrastructures_routieres|title=Site de la DITTT – Infrastructures routières|website=Dittt.gouv.nc|access-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908082903/http://www.dittt.gouv.nc/portal/page/portal/dittt/infrastructures_routieres|archive-date=8 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Geography|Islands|Oceania}}
* {{annotated link|Bougival Accord}}
* {{annotated link|d'Entrecasteaux Ridge}}
* {{annotated link|Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front}}
* [[Lists of islands]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite web |url=http://unsr.jamesanaya.org/docs/countries/2011-newcaledonia-a-hrc-18-35-add6_en.pdf |author-link=James Anaya |first=James |last=Anaya |date=23 November 2011 |title=Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples on the situation of Kanak people in New Caledonia, France |id=A/HRC/18/35/Add.6 |publisher=[[United Nations General Assembly]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109131805/http://unsr.jamesanaya.org/docs/countries/2011-newcaledonia-a-hrc-18-35-add6_en.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2017 |via=JamesAnaya.org |url-status=dead}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|New Caledonia|voy=New Caledonia}}
* {{cite web |title=Texte intégral de la Constitution du 4 octobre 1958 en vigueur {{!}} Conseil constitutionnel |url=https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/le-bloc-de-constitutionnalite/texte-integral-de-la-constitution-du-4-octobre-1958-en-vigueur#article_76 |website=conseil-constitutionnel.fr |language=fr}}
* [https://gouv.nc Government of New Caledonia] {{in lang|fr}}.
* [http://www.visitnewcaledonia.com/ Tourism New Caledonia]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913032738/http://www.visitnewcaledonia.com/ |date=13 September 2016 }}.
* [https://endemia.nc Fauna and Flora of New Caledonia]
* [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49140-5 Geographies of New Caledonia-Kanaky: Environments, Politics and Cultures]

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{{Coord|-21.25|165.30|display=title|dim:200km}}

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