View source for New Year

{{Short description|Beginning of the calendar year}}
{{Other uses|New Year (disambiguation)}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}

[[File:Rio New Year Fireworks.jpg|thumb|[[New Year's Eve]] celebration in [[Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]] (2004)]]
[[File:Victoria Harbour Fireworks Display (6834868007).jpg|thumb|[[Chinese New Year]] celebration with fireworks display at [[Victoria Harbor]] in [[Hong Kong]] 2012]] 
The '''New Year''' is the [[time]] or day at which a new [[calendar year]] begins and the calendar's [[calendar era|year count]] increments by one. Many cultures celebrate the event in some manner.<ref>[[Anthony Aveni]], "Happy New Year! But Why Now?" in ''The Book of the Year: A Brief History of Our Seasonal Holidays'' (Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]], 2003), 11–28.</ref> In the [[Gregorian calendar]], the most widely used calendar system today, New Year occurs on January 1 ([[New Year's Day]], preceded by [[New Year's Eve]]). This was also the first day of the year in the original [[Julian calendar]] and the [[Roman calendar]] (after 153 BC).<ref>{{cite book|last=Forsythe|first=Gary |title=Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTDku_ZQ0JgC&pg=PA14|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-52217-5|page=14}}</ref>

Other cultures observe their traditional or religious New Year's Day according to their own customs, typically (though not invariably) because they use a [[lunar calendar]] or a [[lunisolar calendar]]. [[Chinese New Year]], the [[Islamic New Year]], Tamil New Year ([[Puthandu]]), and the [[Jewish New Year]] are among well-known examples. India, Nepal, and other countries also celebrate New Year on dates according to their own calendars that are movable in the Gregorian calendar.

During the [[Middle Ages]] in [[Western Europe]], while the Julian calendar was still in use, authorities moved New Year's Day, depending upon locale, to one of several other days, including March 1, March 25, Easter, September 1, and December 25.  Since then, many national [[civil calendar]]s in the [[Western World]] and beyond have changed to using one fixed date for New Year's Day, January 1{{mdash}}most doing so when they [[Adoption of the Gregorian calendar|adopted the Gregorian calendar]].<!-- Scotland adopted 1 January in 1600, 152 years before it adopted the Gregorian calendar -->

==By type==
Based on the used calendar new years are often categorized between [[lunar new year|lunar or lunisolar new years]] or [[solar new year]]s.

==By month or season==

===January===
[[File:McCutcheonNY1905.jpg|thumb|[[Baby New Year]] 1905 chases old 1904 into the history books in this cartoon by [[John T. McCutcheon]].]]
*January 1: The first day of the civil year in the [[Gregorian calendar]] used by most [[countries]].
**Contrary to common belief in the west, the civil New Year of January 1 is not an [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian]] religious holiday. The [[Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar]] makes no provision for the observance of a New Year. January 1 is itself a religious holiday, but that is because it is the feast of the [[Circumcision of Jesus]] (seven days after his birth), and a [[Three Holy Hierarchs|commemoration of saints]]. While the liturgical calendar begins September 1, there is also no particular religious observance attached to the start of the new cycle. Orthodox nations may, however, make civil celebrations for the New Year. Those who adhere to the [[revised Julian calendar]] (which synchronizes dates with the Gregorian calendar), including Bulgaria, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Romania, Syria, Turkey and Ukraine, observe both the religious and civil holidays on January 1. In other nations and locations where Orthodox churches still adhere to the [[Julian calendar]], including Georgia, Israel, Russia, the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro and [[Russian-occupied Ukraine]], the civil new year is observed on January 1 of the civil calendar, while those same religious feasts occur on January 14 Gregorian (which is January 1 Julian), in accord with the liturgical calendar.
*The [[Japanese New Year]] (正月, Shōgatsu) is currently celebrated on January 1, with the holiday usually being observed until January 3, while other sources say that Shōgatsu lasts until January 6. In 1873, five years after the Meiji Restoration, Japan adopted the Gregorian calendar. Prior to 1873, Japan used a lunar calendar with twelve months each of 29 or 30 days for a total year of about 354 days.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ravina|first=Mark|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nqdT8xPiFNYC&pg=PR19|title=Land and Lordship in Early Modern Japan|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1998|isbn=9780804763868|pages=19|access-date=2023-03-19|archive-date=2023-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018160720/https://books.google.com/books?id=nqdT8xPiFNYC&pg=PR19|url-status=live}}</ref>
*The [[Sámi people|Sámi]] celebrated [[Ođđajagemánnu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.laits.utexas.edu/sami/dieda/anthro/concept-time.htm|title=The Sami Concept of Time|access-date=2020-01-18|archive-date=2019-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719062439/http://www.laits.utexas.edu/sami/dieda/anthro/concept-time.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Winter lunisolar new years <span class="anchor" id="Winter lunar new years"></span> ===
[[File:A journey to the Liaohe River Bridge in Tieling County 31.jpg|thumb|A Happy New Year sign in northeastern China]]
[[Lunisolar calendar]]s count months according to [[lunation]]s but, because there are not an even number of [[lunar cycle]]s in a [[solar year]], the calendar must be restarted annually on the first, second or even third new moon after the [[winter solstice]]. (The term "lunar calendar" is often used of lunisolar calendars, but true [[lunar calendar]]s (such as the [[Islamic calendar]]) count only lunations and ignore the solar seasons.)
*The [[Chinese New Year]], also known as Spring Festival or Lunar New Year, occurs every year on the [[new moon]] of the first lunar month, about the beginning of spring ([[Lichun]]). The exact date can fall any time between January 21 and February 21 (inclusive) of the [[Gregorian Calendar]]. Traditionally, years were marked by one of twelve [[Earthly Branches]], represented by an animal, and one of ten [[Heavenly Stems]], which correspond to the [[Five elements (Chinese philosophy)|five elements]]. This combination [[sexagenary cycle|cycles every 60 years]]. It is the most important Chinese celebration of the year.
*The [[Korean New Year]] is a [[Seollal]] or Lunar New Year's Day. Although January 1 is, in fact, the first day of the year, Seollal, the first day of the lunar calendar, is more meaningful for Koreans. A celebration of the Lunar New Year is believed to have started to let in good luck and ward off bad spirits all throughout the year. With the old year out and a new one in, people gather at home and sit around with their families and relatives, catching up on what they have been doing.
*The [[Vietnamese New Year]] is the [[Tết Nguyên Đán]] which most times is the same day as the Chinese New Year due to the Vietnamese using a lunisolar calendar similar to the Chinese calendar.
*The [[Tibet]]an New Year is [[Losar]] and falls between January and March.
*The [[Taiwanese New Year]] is called Kuè-nî and falls between January and March.

===March===
*[[Babylonia]]n New Year began with the first New Moon after the [[northward equinox]].  Ancient celebrations lasted for eleven days.<ref>{{cite web |author=Tek Web Visuals, Cochina |url=http://www.worldescan.com/Festivity_Newyear.php |title=New Year's Day |publisher=World e scan |access-date=13 November 2011 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110180850/http://www.worldescan.com/Festivity_Newyear.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Nava Varsha is celebrated in India in various regions from March–April.
*The [[Iran]]ian [[Iranian calendar|New Year]], called [[Nowruz]], is the day containing the exact moment of the Northward equinox, which usually occurs on March 20 or 21, marking the start of the spring season. The [[Zoroastrian]] New Year coincides with the [[Iran]]ian New Year of [[Nowruz]] and is celebrated by the [[Parsis]] in India and by Zoroastrians and Persians across the world. In the [[Baháʼí calendar]], the new year occurs on the vernal equinox on March 20 or 21 and is called [[Baháʼí Naw-Rúz|Naw-Rúz]]. The Iranian tradition was also passed on to Central Asian countries, including Kazakhs, Uzbeks, and Uighurs, and there is known as [[Nauryz]]. It is usually celebrated on March 22.
*The [[Bali]]nese New Year, based on the Saka Calendar (Balinese-Javanese Calendar), is called [[Nyepi]], and it falls on Bali's Lunar New Year (around March). It is a day of silence, fasting, and meditation: observed from 6 am until 6 am the next morning, Nyepi is a day reserved for self-reflection and as such, anything that might interfere with that purpose is restricted. Although Nyepi is a primarily Hindu holiday, non-Hindu residents of Bali observe the day of silence as well, out of respect for their fellow citizens. Even tourists are not exempt; although free to do as they wish inside their hotels, no one is allowed onto the beaches or streets, and the only airport in Bali remains closed for the entire day. The only exceptions granted are for emergency vehicles carrying those with life-threatening conditions and women about to give birth.
*[[Ugadi]] ({{langx|te|ఉగాది}}, {{langx|kn|ಯುಗಾದಿ}}); the Telugu and Kannada New Year, generally falls in the months of March or April. The people of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]] and [[Karnataka]] states in southern India celebrate the advent of New Year's Day in these months. The first month of the new year is Chaitra Masa.
*In the Kashmiri calendar, the holiday [[Kashmiri Pandit festivals#Navreh|Navreh]] marks the New Year in March–April. This holy day of [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] Brahmins has been celebrated for several millennia.
*[[Gudi Padwa]] is celebrated as the first day of the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu]] year by the people of [[Maharashtra]], India and Sanskar Padwa is celebrated in [[Goa]]. This day falls in March–April and coincides with [[Ugadi]]. (see: [[Deccan]])
*The [[Sindh]]i festival of [[Cheti Chand]] is celebrated on the same day as [[Ugadi]]/[[Gudi Padwa]] to mark the celebration of the Sindhi New Year.
*The [[Thelemic]] New Year on March 20 (or on April 8 by some accounts) is usually celebrated with an invocation to [[Ra-Hoor-Khuit]], commemorating the beginning of the [[Aeon (Thelema)|New Aeon]] in 1904. It also marks the start of the twenty-two-day Thelemic holy season, which ends on the third day of the writing of [[The Book of the Law]]. This date is also known as The Feast of the Supreme Ritual. There are some{{Who|date=January 2018}} that believe the Thelemic New Year falls on either March 19, 20, or 21, depending on the vernal equinox, which is The Feast for the Equinox of the Gods on the vernal equinox of each year to commemorate the founding of Thelema in 1904. In 1904 the vernal equinox was on March 21, and it was the day after [[Aleister Crowley]] ended his Horus Invocation that brought on the new Æon and Thelemic New Year.
* From 1155 [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750|until 1752]], the civil year in England and its possessions began on March 25 (see [[#Annunciation style|below]].)

===April===
*The Assyrian-Babylonian New Year, called [[Kha b'Nissan]] or Resha d'Sheeta, occurs on April 1.
*[[Thelemic]] New Year Celebrations usually end on April 10, after an approximately one-month-long period that begins on March 20 (the formal New Year). This one-month period is referred to by many as the High Holy Days, and end with periods of observance on April 8, 9, and 10, coinciding with the three days of the Writing of the Book of the Law by [[Aleister Crowley]] in 1904.<ref>"[http://www.thelema.org/home/thelemic_holy_season.html The Thelemic Holy Season] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619132522/http://www.thelema.org/home/thelemic_holy_season.html |date=2017-06-19 }}", 2004</ref>

===Mid-April (Spring in the Northern Hemisphere)===
{{main|South and Southeast Asian New Year}}
The new year of many [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asian]] calendars falls between April 13–15, marking the beginning of spring.
*The [[Baloch people|Baloch]] [[Hindu]] people in [[Pakistan]] and [[India]] celebrate their new year called Bege Roch in the month of Daardans according to their Saaldar calendar.
*[[Tamil people|Tamil]] New Year ({{langx|ta|தமிழ்புத்தாண்டு}} ''[[Puthandu]]'') is celebrated in the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]], on the first of ''Chithrai'' (சித்திரை) (April 13, 14, or 15). In the temple city of [[Madurai]], the Chithrai Thiruvizha is celebrated in the [[Meenakshi Temple]]. A huge exhibition is also held, called Chithrai Porutkaatchi. In some parts of Southern [[Tamil Nadu]], it is also called Chithrai [[Vishu]]. The day is marked with a feast in [[Hindu]] homes and the entrance to the houses are decorated elaborately with [[kolam]]s.
*[[Punjabi people|Punjabi]]/[[Sikh]] [[Vaisakhi]] (ਵਿਸਾਖੀ) is celebrated on April 14 in [[Punjab]] according to their [[nanakshahi]] calendar.
*[[Nepal]] New Year in Nepal is celebrated on the 1st of [[Baisakh]] ''Baisākh'' which falls on 12–15 April in the Gregorian calendar. Nepal follows the [[Bikram Sambat|Bikram Sambat (BS)]] as an official calendar.
*The [[Dogras|Dogra]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] celebrate their new year Chaitti in the month of Chaitra.
*[[Maithili New Year]] or '''Jude-Sheetal''' too fall on these days. It is celebrated by [[Maithils|Maithili People]] all around the world.
*[[Assamese people|Assamese]] New Year (''[[Bihu|Rongali Bihu]]'' or ''Bohag Bihu'') is celebrated on April 14 or 15 in the [[India]]n state of [[Assam]].
*[[Bengali people|Bengali]] New Year ({{langx|bn|পহেলা বৈশাখ}} ''[[Pôhela Boishakh]]'' or {{langx|bn|বাংলা নববর্ষ}} ''Bangla Nôbobôrsho'') is celebrated on the 1st of [[Boishakh]] (April 14 or 15) in [[Bangladesh]] and the Indian state of [[West Bengal]] and [[Tripura]].
*[[Odia people|Odia]] New Year (''[[Festivals of Odisha|Vishuva Sankranti]]'') is celebrated on April 14 in the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. It is also called [[Vishuva Sankranti]] or [[Pana Sankranti]] (ପଣା ସଂକ୍ରାନ୍ତି).
*[[Meitei people|Manipuri]] New Year or Cheirouba is celebrated on April 14 in the Indian State of Manipur with much festivities and feasting.
*[[Sinhalese New Year]] is celebrated with the harvest festival (in the month of Bak) when the sun moves from the Meena Rashiya (House of Pisces) to the Mesha Rashiya (House of Aries). Sri Lankans begin celebrating their National New Year "Aluth Avurudda (අලුත් අවුරුද්ද)" in Sinhala and "Puththandu (புத்தாண்டு)" in Tamil. However, unlike the usual practice where the new year begins at midnight, the National New Year begins at the time determined by the astrologers by calculating the exact time that sun goes from  Meena Rashiya (House of Pisces) to the Mesha Rashiya (House of Aries). Not only the beginning of the new year but the conclusion of the old year is also specified by the astrologers. And unlike the customary ending and beginning of the new year, there is a period of a few hours in between the conclusion of the Old Year and the commencement of the New Year, which is called the "nona gathe" (neutral period) Where part of the sun in House of Pisces and Part is in House of Aries.
*[[Malayali]] New Year ({{langx|ml|വിഷു}}, ''[[Vishu]]'') is celebrated in the South Indian state of [[Kerala]] in mid-April.
*Western parts of [[Karnataka]] where Tulu is spoken, the new year is celebrated along with Tamil/ Malayali New year April 14 or 15, although in other parts most commonly celebrated on the day of [[Gudi Padwa]], the [[Marathi people|Maharashtrian]] new year. In [[Kodagu]], in Southwestern Karnataka, however, both new year, Yugadi (corresponding to Gudi Padwa in March) and Bisu (corresponding to Vishu in around April 14 or 15), are observed.
*The [[Water Festival]] is the form of similar new year celebrations taking place in many [[Southeast Asian]] countries, on the day of the full moon of the 11th month on the [[lunisolar calendar]] each year. The date of the festival is based on the traditional lunisolar calendar which determines the dates of Buddhist festivals and holidays, and is observed from April 13 to 15.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crump|first=William D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujTfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA235|title=Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide|publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers|year=2016|isbn=9781476607481|pages=235|access-date=2023-03-19|archive-date=2023-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018160719/https://books.google.com/books?id=ujTfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA235|url-status=live}}</ref> Traditionally people gently sprinkled water on one another as a sign of respect, but since the new year falls during the hottest month in Southeast Asia, many people end up dousing strangers and passersby in vehicles in boisterous celebration. The festival has many different names specific to each country:
**In [[Burma]] it is known as ''[[Thingyan]]'' ({{MYname|MY=သင်္ကြန်|MLCTS=sangkran}})
** [[Songkran (Thailand)|Songkran]] ({{langx|th|สงกรานต์}}) in Thailand
** [[Lao New Year|''Pi Mai Lao'']] ({{langx|lo|ສົງກຣານ}} ''Songkan'') in Laos
** [[Cambodian New Year|''Chaul Chnam Thmey'']] ({{langx|km|បុណ្យចូលឆ្នាំថ្មី}} ) in [[Cambodia]].
** It is also the traditional new year of the [[Dai people]]s of [[Yunnan Province]], China. Religious activities in the tradition of Theravada Buddhism are also carried out, a tradition in which all of these cultures share.

===June===
* The New Year of the [[Kutchi people]] occurs on ''Ashadi Beej'', that is 2nd day of [[Shukla paksha]] of [[Aashaadha]] month of [[Hindu calendar]]. As for people of [[Kutch]], this day is associated with the beginning of rains in Kutch, which is largely a desert area. Hindu calendar month of Aashaadh usually begins on June 22 and ending on July 22.
* [[Odunde Festival]] is a celebration on the 2nd Sunday of June, where "Odunde" means "Happy New Year" in the Yorube Nigerian language.
*The [[Xooy]] ceremony of the [[Serer people]] of Senegal, Gambia and Mauritania marks the Serer New Year.
*In the [[Dogon religion]], the ''Bulo'' festival marks the [[Dogon people|Dogon]] New Year.

===July===
* The New Year of the [[Zulu people]] occurs on the full moon of July.

===September===
* [[Neyrouz]], the [[Coptic calendar|Coptic]] New Year, is the continuation of the [[#Variable|ancient Egyptian New Year]] following the [[list of Roman emperors|Roman emperor]] [[Augustus]]'s reform of its calendar. Its date of [[Thoth (month)|Thoth]] 1 usually occurs on August 29 in the [[Julian calendar]], except in the year before a Julian [[leap year]], when it occurs the next day. The [[leap year]]s removed from the [[Gregorian calendar]] mean that it presently falls on September 11 or 12 but on different days before 1900 or after 2100.
* [[Enkutatash]], the [[Ethiopian calendar|Ethiopian]] New Year, occurs on the same day as Neyrouz.
* The New Year of the [[French Revolutionary Calendar]], in force from 1793 to 1805 and briefly under the [[Paris Commune]] in 1871, occurred on the [[Southward equinox]] (22, 23, or 24 September)

===Autumn in the Northern Hemisphere===
*[[Rosh Hashanah]] ([[Hebrew]] for 'head of the year') is a Jewish, two day holiday, commemorating the culmination of the [[Genesis creation myth|seven days of Creation]], and marking God's yearly renewal of His world. The day has elements of festivity and introspection, as God is traditionally believed to be assessing His creation and determining the fate of all men and creatures for the coming year. In Jewish tradition, honey is used to symbolize a sweet new year. At the traditional meal for that holiday, apple slices are dipped in honey and eaten with blessings recited for a good, sweet new year. Some Rosh Hashanah greetings show honey and an apple, symbolizing the feast. In some congregations, small straws of honey are given out to usher in the new year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/112530|title=Rosh Hashanah: Prayers, Shofars, Apples, Honey and Pomegranates|last=Ben|first=Tzvi|date=22 September 2006|publisher=Israelnationalnews.com|access-date=13 November 2011|archive-date=27 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127165040/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/112530|url-status=live}}</ref>
*The [[Pathans]] [[Kalasha]] celebrate their Chowmus which marks the beginning of their year in [[Chitral]] district of [[Pakistan]] and parts of [[India]].
*The [[Marwaris|Marwari]] New Year (Thapna) is celebrated on the day of the festival of [[Diwali]], which is the last day [[Paksha|Krishna Paksha]] of the [[Ashvin]] month & also the last day of the Ashvin month of the [[Hindu calendar]].
*The [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] New Year ([[Balipratipada|Bestu/Nao Varas]]) is celebrated the day after the festival of [[Diwali]] (which occurs in mid-fall – either October or November, depending on the [[Lunar calendar]]). The Gujarati New Year is synonymous with ''sud ekam'', i.e. first day of [[Shukla paksha]] of the ''[[Kartika (month)|Kartik]]'' month, which is taken as the first day of the first month of the Gujarati lunar calendar. Most other [[Hindu]]s celebrate the New Year in early spring. The Gujarati community all over the world celebrates the New Year after Diwali to mark the beginning of a new fiscal year.
*The [[Sikkimese people|Sikkimese]] celebrate their new year called [[Losar]].
*The Nepal Era New year (see [[Nepal Sambat]]) is celebrated in regions encompassing original Nepal. The new year occurs on the fourth day of [[Diwali]]. The calendar was used as an official calendar until the mid-19th century. However, the new year is still celebrated by the [[Newars]] community of  Nepal.
*Some [[neo-pagan]]s celebrate their interpretation of [[Samhain]] (a festival of the ancient Celts, held around November 1) as a New Year's Day representing the new cycle of the [[Wheel of the Year]], although they do not use a different calendar that starts on this day.

=== December ===
* The [[Mizo people|Mizo]] in [[northeast India]] celebrate their [[Pawl Kut]] in December.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mizoram : a study in comprehensive geography|last=Rintluanga.|first=Pachuau|date=2009|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-8172112646|location=New Delhi|pages=9|oclc=471671707}}</ref>
* The [[Inuit]], the [[Aleut]], the [[Yupik people|Yupik]], the [[Chukchi people|Chukchi]] and the [[Iñupiat]] celebrate [[Quviasukvik]] ({{langx|iu|ᖁᕕᐊᓲᑎᖃᕐᕕᒃ}}) as their New Year. It occurs on the same day as [[Christmas Eve]].<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.4000/jsa.2772|title = Quviasukvik. The celebration of an Inuit winter feast in the central Arctic|year = 2002|last1 = Laugrand|first1 = Frédéric|last2 = Oosten|first2 = Jarich|journal = Journal de la Société des Américanistes|volume = 88|issue = 88|pages = 203–225|s2cid = 161600212|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://arctickingdom.com/quviasukvik-the-inuit-winter-festival-and-christmas/| title = Quviasukvik: The Inuit Winter Festival & Christmas| access-date = 2020-01-19| archive-date = 2020-10-31| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201031065114/https://arctickingdom.com/quviasukvik-the-inuit-winter-festival-and-christmas/| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Variable===
{{hiero|{{nowrap|Opening of the Year<ref>For alternative representations of the Opening of the Year, see [[Mesori#Names|Mesori]].</ref>}}<br>''[[Transliteration of ancient Egyptian|Wpt Rnpt]]''<ref name=vygus>{{citation |last=Vygus |first=Mark |date=2015 |title=Middle Egyptian Dictionary |url=http://www.pyramidtextsonline.com/documents/VygusDictionaryApril2015.pdf |access-date=2017-02-09 |archive-date=2020-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803121351/https://www.pyramidtextsonline.com/documents/VygusDictionaryApril2015.pdf |url-status=live }}.</ref>|<hiero>F15</hiero>|align=right|era=egypt}}
* The [[Islamic New Year]] occurs on [[Muharram]]. Since the [[Islamic calendar]] is based on 12 [[lunar month]]s amounting to about 354 days, its New Year occurs about eleven days earlier each year in relation to the Gregorian calendar, with two Islamic New Years falling in the Gregorian year 2008.
* [[Satu Suro]] is the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] New Year, which falls on the first day of the month of ''Suro'' and corresponds with the first Islamic month of [[Muharram]]. Most [[Javanese people|Javanese]] in [[Java]], [[Indonesia]] celebrated it by staying at home and refrain leaving the house. 
* The "Opening of the Year" ({{langx|egy|Wp(t) Rnpt}}; {{langx|ar|افتتاح العام}} ''{{transliteration|ar|Aiftitah al-Eam}}''), usually transcribed as Wep Renpet, was the [[ancient Egypt]]ian New Year. It appears to have originally been set to occur upon [[Sirius]]'s [[heliacal rising|return to the night sky]] (July 19 proleptic [[Julian calendar]]),<ref name=teatime>{{citation |last=Tetley |first=M. Christine |title=The Reconstructed Chronology of the Egyptian Kings, ''Vol. I'' |url=http://www.egyptchronology.com/vols-1--2.html |date=2014 |page=[http://www.egyptchronology.com/uploads/2/6/9/4/26943741/ch_3_investigating_ancient_egyptian_calendars.pdf 42] |access-date=2017-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075421/http://www.egyptchronology.com/vols-1--2.html |archive-date=2017-02-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> during the initial stages of former [[flooding of the Nile|annual flood]] of the [[Nile]]. However the [[Egyptian calendar]]'s lack of [[leap year]]s, until its reform by the [[list of Roman emperors|Roman emperor]] [[Augustus]], meant that the celebration slowly cycled through the entire solar year over the course of two or three 1460-year [[Sothic cycle]]s.

==Christian liturgical year==
{{main|Liturgical year}}
The early development of the Christian liturgical year coincided with the [[Roman Empire]] (east and west), and later the [[Byzantine Empire]], both of which employed a taxation system labeled the [[Indiction]], the years for which began on September 1. This timing may account for the ancient church's establishment of September 1 as the beginning of the liturgical year, despite the official Roman New Year's Day of January 1 in the Julian calendar, because the Indiction was the principal means for counting years in the empires, apart from the reigns of the Emperors. The September 1 date prevailed throughout all of [[Christendom]] for many centuries, until subsequent divisions eventually produced revisions in some places.

After the [[Sack of Rome (410)|sack of Rome]] in 410, communications and travel between east and west deteriorated. Liturgical developments in Rome and Constantinople did not always match, although a rigid adherence to form was never mandated in the church. Nevertheless, the principal points of development were maintained between east and west. The [[Roman Liturgy|Roman]] and [[Byzantine Rite|Constantinopolitan]] liturgical calendars remained compatible even after the [[East-West Schism]] in 1054. Separations between the Catholic [[General Roman Calendar]] and [[Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar]] grew only over several centuries' time. During those intervening centuries, the [[Latin Church]] Catholic ecclesiastic year was moved to the first day of [[Advent]], the Sunday nearest to [[St. Andrew's Day]] (November 30). By the time of the Reformation (early 16th century), the Roman Catholic general calendar provided the initial basis for the calendars for the liturgically oriented Protestants, including the [[Anglican]] and [[Lutheran]] Churches, who inherited this observation of the liturgical new year.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

The present-day Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar is the virtual culmination of the ancient eastern development cycle, though it includes later additions based on subsequent history and lives of saints. It still begins on September 1, proceeding annually into the [[Nativity of the Theotokos]] (September 8) and [[Exaltation of the Cross]] (September 14) to the celebration of [[Nativity of Christ]] (Christmas), through his death and resurrection (Pascha/Easter), to his Ascension and the [[Dormition of the Theotokos]] ("falling asleep" of the [[Virgin Mary]], August 15). This last feast is known in the Roman Catholic church as the Assumption. The dating of "September 1" is according to the "new" (revised) Julian calendar or the "old" (standard) Julian calendar, depending on which is used by a particular Orthodox Church. Hence, it may fall on September 1 on the civil calendar, or on September 14 (between 1900 and 2099 inclusive).

The liturgical calendars of the [[Coptic Orthodox Church|Coptic]] and [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian]] Orthodox churches are unrelated to these systems but instead follow the [[Alexandrian calendar]] which fixed the wandering [[ancient Egyptian calendar]] to the [[Julian year (calendar)|Julian year]]. Their New Year celebrations on [[Neyrouz]] and [[Enkutatash]] were fixed; however, at a point in the [[Sothic cycle]] close to the [[Indiction]]; between the years 1900 and 2100, they fall on September 11 during most years and September 12 in the years preceding a [[leap year]].

==Historical European new year dates==
During the [[Roman Republic]] and the [[Roman Empire]], years began on the date on which each consul first entered the office. This was probably May 1 before 222 BC, March 15 from 222 BC to 154 BC,<ref>{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/senategeneralind00ecks/page/n41 16]|title=Senate and General: Individual Decision-making and Roman Foreign Relations, 264–194 B.C.|url=https://archive.org/details/senategeneralind00ecks|url-access=limited|author=Arthur M. Eckstein|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|date=1987|isbn=9780520055827}}</ref> and January 1 from 153 BC.<ref>[http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/Egypt/ptolemies/chron/roman/chron_rom_cal.htm#eponymous Roman Dates: Eponymonous Years] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621043226/http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/Egypt/ptolemies/chron/roman/chron_rom_cal.htm#eponymous |date=June 21, 2009 }}</ref> In 45 BC, when [[Julius Caesar]]'s new [[Julian calendar]] took effect, the Senate fixed January 1 as the first day of the year. At that time, this was the date on which those who were to hold civil office assumed their official position, and it was also the traditional annual date for the convening of the Roman Senate. This civil new year remained in effect throughout the Roman Empire, east and west, during its lifetime and well after, wherever the Julian calendar continued in use.

In the [[Middle Ages]] in Europe a number of significant feast days in the [[ecclesiastical calendar]] of the Roman Catholic Church came to be used as the [[Julian year (calendar)#Julian start of the year|beginning of the Julian year]]:

* {{anchor|Circumcision Style|Circumcision style|Modern Style|modern style|Modern style}}In ''Modern Style''<ref name="Ritter 2005, p. 194">{{Citation |first=R. M. |last=Ritter |year=2005  |title=New Hart's Rules:The Handbook of Style for Writers and Editors: The Handbook of Style for Writers and Editors
|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780191650499 |page= 194}}</ref> or ''Circumcision Style'' dating, the new year started on January 1, the  [[Feast of the Circumcision of Christ]].
* <span class="anchor" id="Annunciation Style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Annunciation style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Lady Day Style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Lady Day style"></span>In  ''Annunciation Style'' or ''Lady Day Style'' dating the new year started on March 25,<ref name="Ritter 2005, p. 194"/> the feast of the [[Annunciation]] (traditionally nicknamed [[Lady Day]]). This date was used in many parts of Europe during the Middle Ages and beyond.<ref name="New Advent">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia |chapter-url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm#beginning |chapter=General Chronology (Beginning of the Year) |publisher=New Advent |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: General Chronology |access-date=2022-01-02 |archive-date=2021-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125003503/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm#beginning |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{anchor|Easter Style|Easter style|Good Friday Style|Good Friday style}}In ''Easter Style'' dating, the new year started on [[Holy Saturday]] (the day before [[Easter]]),<ref name=fantazzi>{{cite book|title=Early Writings I|date=1987|publisher=E. J. Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=9789004077829|page=xvii|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eZIglKV3bmAC&pg=PR17|series=Selected Works of Juan Luis Vives|volume=1|editor1-first=Constant|editor1-last=Matheeussen|editor2-first=Charles|editor2-last=Fantazzi|editor3-first=Edward V.|editor3-last=George|access-date=17 March 2014|chapter=General Introduction, §IV. The date of the ''Opuscula varia''|quote=The ''town'' of Louvain, belonging to the duchy of Brabant, used the Easter Style, beginning the year at Holy Saturday.}}</ref>  or sometimes on [[Good Friday]]. This was used all over Europe, but especially in France, from the eleventh to the sixteenth century. A disadvantage of this system was that because Easter was a [[movable feast]] the same date could occur twice in a year; the two occurrences were distinguished as "before Easter" and "after Easter".
* {{anchor|Christmas Style|Christmas style|Nativity Style|Nativity style}}In ''Christmas Style'' or ''Nativity Style'' dating the new year started on December 25. This was used in Germany and England until the eleventh century,<ref name=England>{{harv|Bond|1875|loc=[https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=bzAWAAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA90&hl=en_GB p. 91]}}</ref> and in Spain from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century.

Over the centuries, countries changed between styles until the Modern Style (January 1) prevailed. For example,
* In [[England]], either [[Annunciation]] Style (March 25) or [[Nativity of Jesus|Nativity]] Style (December 25th) was used until the [[Norman Conquest]] in 1066, when Modern Style (January 1) was adopted; but Annunciation Style was used again from 1155 [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750|until 1752]].<ref name=England/> 
* [[Scotland]] changed from Annunciation Style (March 25) to Modern Style with effect from January 1, 1600 (by Order of the King's [[Privy Council]] on December 17, 1599).{{sfnp|Bond|1875|loc=See footnote on pages xvii–xviii: original text of the Scottish decree}} 
* Despite the unification of the Scottish and English royal crowns with the accession of King James VI and I in 1603, and even the [[Acts of Union 1707|union of the kingdoms themselves]] in 1707, England continued using Annunciation Style while Scotland used Modern Style. This led to the act being recorded at the time in England as 6 March 1706 (rather than 1707), because in England (unlike Scotland) it fell before the new year began (on 25 March).
* The final change came when Parliament passed the [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]]. This act had two major elements: it converted all parts of the British Empire to use of the Gregorian calendar and simultaneously it declared the civil new year in England, Wales, Ireland and the Colonies to be January 1 (as was already the case in Scotland). It went into effect on 3&nbsp;September ([[Old Style]]) or 14{{nbsp}}September (New Style) 1752.<ref name="Ritter 2005, p. 194"/>

A more unusual case is France, which observed the [[Southward equinox|Northern autumn equinox]] day (usually September 22) as "New Year's Day" in the [[French Republican Calendar]], which was in use from 1793 to 1805. This was ''primidi Vendémiaire'', the first day of the first month.

==Adoptions of January 1==
{{see also|Adoption of the Gregorian calendar|Old Style and New Style dates}}
It took quite a long time before January 1 again became the universal or standard start of the civil year. The years of adoption of January 1 as the new year are as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country || Start year
|-
| [[Holy Roman Empire]] (~Germany)<ref name=MS>Mike Spathaky ''[http://www.cree.name/genuki/dates.htm Old Style and New Style Dates and the change to the Gregorian Calendar: A summary for genealogists] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011060050/http://www.cree.name/genuki/dates.htm |date=2014-10-11 }}''</ref> || 1544
|-
| Spain, Portugal, [[Poland]]<ref name=MS /> || 1556
|-
| [[Prussia]],<ref name=MS />  [[Denmark]],<ref>Denmark named 1 January as the New Year in the early 14th century according to R.W. Bauer (''Calender for Aarene fra 601 til 2200'', 1868/1993 {{ISBN|87-7423-083-2}}) although the number of the year did not begin on 1 January until 1559.</ref> and [[Sweden]].<ref name=MS /> || 1559
|-
| France ([[Edict of Roussillon]]) || 1564
|-
| [[Southern Netherlands]]<ref>Per decree of 16 June 1575. Hermann Grotefend, "[http://www.manuscripta-mediaevalia.de/gaeste/grotefend/g_o.htm#Osteranfang Osteranfang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713092953/http://www.manuscripta-mediaevalia.de/gaeste/Grotefend/g_o.htm#Osteranfang |date=2016-07-13 }}" (Easter beginning), ''[http://www.manuscripta-mediaevalia.de/gaeste/grotefend/grotefend.htm Zeitrechnung de Deutschen Mittelalters und der Neuzeit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628120344/http://www.manuscripta-mediaevalia.de/gaeste/grotefend/grotefend.htm |date=2016-06-28 }}'' (Chronology of the German Middle Ages and modern times) (1891–1898)</ref> || 1576
|-
| [[Lorraine (province)|Lorraine]]{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} || 1579
|-
| [[Dutch Republic]]<ref name=MS />  || 1583
|-
| [[Scotland]]{{sfnp|Bond|1875|loc=See footnote on pages xvii–xviii: original text of the Scottish decree}}<ref name=MS />  || 1600
|-
| [[Russia]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Oudard|first=Georges |translator=Atkinson, Frederick |title=Peter the Great |publisher=Payson and Clarke |location=New York |date=1929 |orig-date=1929 |lccn=29-027809 |ol=OL7431283W |page=197 |url=https://archive.org/details/petergreat00ouda/page/197}}</ref> || 1700{{efn|A 1725 date given in some sources probably originates from Bond (1875) (p. 101) but is not correct, as the 1699 ''Ukase'' № 1736 (20 December 1699 [[Old Style and New Style dates|{{resize|[O.S.]}}]] (30 December {{resize|[N.S.]}}) promulgating it attests.<ref name="Ukase 1736">{{cite book |title=Полное собрание законов Российской империи. Том III |trans-title=Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Volume III. |page=683 |entry=Ukase No. 1736 |entry-url=https://viewer.rsl.ru/ru/rsl01003821638?page=683&rotate=0&theme=white |date=20 December 1699 |access-date=26 June 2023 |archive-date=26 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626203043/https://viewer.rsl.ru/ru/rsl01003821638?page=683&rotate=0&theme=white |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|-
| [[Tuscany]]<ref name=MS />  || 1721
|-
| [[England and Wales]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] and <br> [[British Empire]]<ref name=MS />{{efn|[[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]]}}  || 1752
|-
| [[Japan]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAtWc9wCHhMC&pg=PR13|title=The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2000|isbn=9780824823375|quote=Late in 1872 Japan adopted the Gregorian calendar and 1872.12.3 became 1 January 1873|access-date=19 March 2023|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018160719/https://books.google.com/books?id=gAtWc9wCHhMC&pg=PR13|url-status=live}}</ref>|| 1873
|-
| [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Xu|first=Guoqi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=erOGMb8c4XEC&pg=PA34|title=China and the Great War: China's Pursuit of a New National Identity and Internationalization|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=9780521842129|pages=34|quote=Indeed the adoption of the Gregorian calendar was the very first law passed by the new Republic of China. On December 31, 1911, the national senate passed a resolution to adopt the solar calendar immediately, regarding the next day as the first day of the first month of the first year of the Republic of China.|access-date=March 19, 2023|archive-date=October 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018160720/https://books.google.com/books?id=erOGMb8c4XEC&pg=PA34|url-status=live}}</ref>|| 1912
|-
| [[Greece]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cassimatis|first=Louis P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjXLZWQWqkkC|title=American Influence in Greece, 1917-1929|publisher=Kent State University Press|year=1988|isbn=9780873383578|access-date=2023-03-19|archive-date=2023-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018160722/https://books.google.com/books?id=SjXLZWQWqkkC|url-status=live}}</ref>|| 1923
|-
| [[Turkey]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Davison|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=liZvZtMoFZIC&pg=PA150|title=Secularism and Revivalism in Turkey: A Hermeneutic Reconsideration|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1998|isbn=9780300069365|pages=150|access-date=2023-03-19|archive-date=2023-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018160720/https://books.google.com/books?id=liZvZtMoFZIC&pg=PA150|url-status=live}}</ref>|| 1926
|-
| [[Thai solar calendar|Thailand]]{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} || 1941
|}

March 1 was the first day of the numbered year in the [[Republic of Venice]] until its destruction in 1797,<ref name="Beginning - New Year">{{Cite web|title=Beginning - New Year|url=https://fcp.vse.cz/4IZ268/2018-2019-ZS/www/litv00/semprace1/beginning.html|website=fcp.vse.cz|access-date=2020-05-24|archive-date=2020-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804115649/https://fcp.vse.cz/4IZ268/2018-2019-ZS/www/litv00/semprace1/beginning.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and in [[Russia]] from 988 until 1492 ([[Anno Mundi]] 7000 in the [[Byzantine calendar]]).<ref name="Beginning - New Year"/> September 1 was used in Russia from 1492 (A.M. 7000) until the adoption of both the [[Anno Domini]] notation and 1 January as New Year's Day, with effect from 1700, via December 1699 decrees (1735, 1736) of Tsar [[Peter I of Russia|Peter I]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Полное собрание законов Российской империи. Том III |trans-title=Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Volume III. |page=682 |entry=Ukase No. 1735 |entry-url=https://viewer.rsl.ru/ru/rsl01003821638?page=682&rotate=0&theme=white |date=10 December 1699 |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627095345/https://viewer.rsl.ru/ru/rsl01003821638?page=682&rotate=0&theme=white |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ukase 1736" />

<!-- Material about (modern) New Year's Eve and New Year's Day goes in those articles, not here. -->

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

* {{Annotated link |Assyrian New Year|aka=Kha b-Nisan}}
* {{Annotated link |Aztec New Year}}
* {{Annotated link |Baby New Year}}
* {{Annotated link |Yennayer|Berber New Year|aka=Yennayer}}
* {{Annotated link |Cambodian New Year}}
* {{Annotated link |Chinese New Year}}
* {{Annotated link |Ethiopian New Year|aka=Enkutatash}}
* {{Annotated link |Hogmanay}}
* {{Annotated link |Hobiyee}}
* {{Annotated link |Indian New Year's days}}
* {{Annotated link |Islamic New Year}}
* {{Annotated link |Japanese New Year}}
* {{Annotated link |Rosh Hashanah|Jewish New Year}}
* {{Annotated link |Korean New Year}}
* {{Annotated link |Lunar New Year}}
* {{Annotated link |Matariki|Māori New Year}}
* {{Annotated link |Tsagaan Sar|Mongolian New Year}}
* {{Annotated link |New Year's Eve}}
* {{Annotated link |Nogbon}}
*[[Old New Year]] (or Orthodox New Year, Julian New Year)
* {{Annotated link |Old Style and New Style dates}}
* {{Annotated link |Pohela Boishakh}}
* {{Annotated link |Vaisakhi|Pakistani New Year}}
* {{Annotated link |Nowruz|Persian New Year}}
* {{Annotated link |Novy God|Russian New Year}}
* {{Annotated link |Sinhalese New Year}}
* {{Annotated link |Songkran (Thailand)|Thai New Year}}
* {{Annotated link |Taiwanese New Year|aka=Kuè-nî}}
* {{Annotated link |Twelve Grapes}}
* {{Annotated link |Vietnamese New Year|aka=Tết}}
* {{Annotated link |List of films set around New Year}}
{{div col end}}
{{Portalbar|Holidays}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{citation |last1=Bond |first1=John James |author-link=John James Bond |year=1875  |title=Handy-book of rules and tables |location=London |publisher=George Bell & Sons |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bzAWAAAAYAAJ }} - see pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=b2wBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR17 xvii]–xviii

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{Wikiquote-inline}}
<!-- Please consult both [[WP:LINKS]] and [[WP:COI]] before adding external links to this article -->

{{New Year by Calendar}}
{{Public holidays in Europe}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Calendars]]
[[Category:New Year celebrations| ]]
[[Category:Kigo]]