View source for New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division

{{Short description|Courts in the US state of New York}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{New York State Judiciary}}[[File:New York State Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Second Department seal.gif|thumb|The four departments of the Appellate Division have a common seal design.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Appellate Division - Second Judicial Department |url=https://nycourts.gov/courts/ad2/aboutthecourt.shtml |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=nycourts.gov}}</ref>]]
The '''Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of the State of New York''' is the intermediate [[appellate court]] in [[New York State]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nycourts.gov/courts/structure.shtml|title=The Courts, General Info - N.Y. State Courts|first=New York State Unified Court|last=System|website=www.nycourts.gov|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref> The state is geographically divided into four judicial departments of the Appellate Division.<ref>New York State Const., Art. VI, § 4.  https://www.dos.ny.gov/info/constitution.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207142326/http://www.dos.ny.gov/info/constitution.htm |date=2016-02-07 }}</ref> The full title of each is, using the "Fourth Department" as an example, the "Supreme Court of the State of New York, Appellate Division, Fourth Judicial Department".<ref name=AD>[http://www.nycourts.gov/courts/appellatedivisions.shtml NY Courts website Appellate Divisions page].  Accessed June 24, 2009.</ref>

==Jurisdiction==
The Appellate Division primarily hears appeals from the state's [[superior court]]s ([[New York Supreme Court|Supreme Court]], [[New York Surrogate's Court|Surrogate's Court]], [[New York Family Court|Family Court]], [[New York Court of Claims|Court of Claims]], the [[New York county courts|county courts]]) in [[Civil law (common law)|civil]] cases, the Supreme Court in [[Criminal law|criminal]] cases, and, in the Second, Third, and Fourth Judicial Departments, from the county courts in [[felony]] criminal cases.{{sfn|Practice of Law|2012|pp=9-10}} In addition, in civil cases it may hear appeals from the appellate terms of the Supreme Court when these courts have heard appeals from one of the lower trial courts.

New York's rules of [[civil procedure]] allow for [[interlocutory appeal]]s of right from nearly every order and decision of the trial court,<ref>See N.Y. CPLR 5701(a)(2).</ref> meaning that most may be appealed to the appropriate appellate department while the case is still pending in the trial court.[[File:New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division department map recolored.svg|thumb|300px|Map of the four departments of the<br />New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
{|
|{{Color box|Yellow|border=darkgray}} [[New York State Supreme Court, Appellate Division, First Department|First Department]]||{{Color box|#008000|border=darkgray}} [[New York State Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Second Department|Second Department]]
|-
|{{Color box|#800000|border=darkgray}} Third Department||{{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} Fourth Department
|}|left]]

The Appellate Division may make [[Question of law|decisions of law]] and [[Question of fact|fact]] with respect to its power to hear first appeals from state trial courts, including the Supreme Court and County Courts. These trial level courts exercise [[specific jurisdiction]] as conferred by law.<ref name="An Overview of the Appellate Division">[http://www.courts.state.ny.us/ad3/Aboutcourt.html "An Overview of the Appellate Division"] on the New York State Courts website</ref> In contrast, both the New York Court of Appeals and the Appellate Division, when it sits as a final appeals court with respect to appeals arising from decisions of the Appellate Terms in the First and Second Departments, generally may only decide questions of law.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} The Appellate Division may adjudicate facts subject to specific constraints in the course of initial review of agency decisions under New York's CPLR Article 78, which provides for limited court review or agency and corporate decisions.

Decisions of the Appellate Division departments are binding on the lower courts in that department, and also on lower courts in other departments unless there is contrary authority from the Appellate Division of that department.<ref name=notebook>{{cite book|title=New York Trial Notebook|first1=Edward L.|last1=Birnbaum|first2=Ariel E.|last2=Belen|first3=Carl T.|last3=Grasso|year=2012|edition=6th|pages=1–23|publisher=James Publishing|isbn=978-1-58012-104-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P8QOAKjF4zgC&pg=SA1-PA23}}</ref><ref>''Duffy v. Horton Memorial Hospital'', 66 N.Y.2d 473, 497 N.Y.S.2d 890 (1985); ''Mountain View Coach Lines v. Storms'', 102 A.D.2d 663, 476 N.Y.S.2d 918 (2d Dept. 1984).</ref> If two different departments have made different rulings on the same issue, then the lower courts in each departmental area must follow the ruling made by their respective department. This can sometimes result in the same law being applied differently in different departments. When this occurs, the highest court in the state, the Court of Appeals, can remedy the situation by hearing the case and issuing a single ruling, which is then binding on every court in the state.<ref>''Mountain View Coach Lines v. Storms'', 102 A.D.2d 663, 476 N.Y.S.2d 918 (2d Dept. 1984)</ref> Every opinion, memorandum, and motion of the Appellate Division sent to the [[New York State Reporter]] of the [[New York State Law Reporting Bureau]] is required to be published in the ''[[New York Appellate Division Reports|Appellate Division Reports]]''.{{sfn|Gibson|Manz|2004|p=149}}{{sfn|Gibson|Manz|2004|p=153}}<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Official Reports|publisher=[[New York State Law Reporting Bureau]]|access-date=20 August 2014|url=http://www.nycourts.gov/reporter/About.htm}}</ref> Opinions of the appellate terms are published selectively in the ''[[New York Miscellaneous Reports|Miscellaneous Reports]]''.{{sfn|Gibson|Manz|2004|p=153}}{{sfn|Gibson|Manz|2004|p=151}}

==Organization==
[[File:2010 Appellate Division NYS Supreme Court.jpg|thumb|[[Appellate Division Courthouse of New York State]] in [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]], home of the First Department of the Appellate Division]]
[[File:Appellate Division New York State Supreme Court Brooklyn.jpg|thumb|right|218x218px|The Monroe Place Courthouse in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]], home of the Second Department of the Appellate Division]]
[[File:Albany, Fourth Department.jpg|thumb|Albany, Third Department]]
[[File:Supreme Court of the State of New York, Appellate Division, Fourth Judicial Department 2024 jeh.jpg|thumb|Rochester, Fourth Department]]

===Departments===
*The [[Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, First Judicial Department|First Department]], seated in [[Manhattan]], covers both  [[The Bronx]] ([[Bronx County]]) and Manhattan ([[New York County]]).<ref name=AD /><ref>[http://www.nycourts.gov/courts/ad1/index.shtml NY Courts website 1st Department page].  Accessed June 24, 2009.</ref> Justice [[Dianne Renwick]] has been the department's Presiding Justice since June 21, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Appellate Division - First Judicial Department|url=https://www.nycourts.gov/courts/AD1/justicesofthecourt/justices_renwick.shtml|access-date=2024-01-23|website=www.courts.state.ny.us}}</ref>
*The [[New York State Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Second Department|Second Department]], seated in [[Brooklyn]], covers [[Queens]] ([[Queens|Queens County]]), Brooklyn ([[Brooklyn|Kings County]]), [[Staten Island]] ([[Richmond County, New York|Richmond County]]), [[Long Island]] ([[Nassau County, New York|Nassau]] and [[Suffolk County, New York|Suffolk]] counties) and [[Dutchess County, New York|Dutchess]], [[Orange County, New York|Orange]], [[Putnam County, New York|Putnam]], [[Rockland County, New York|Rockland]] and [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester]] counties.<ref name=AD /><ref>[http://www.nycourts.gov/courts/ad2/index.shtml NY Courts website 2d Department page].  Accessed June 24, 2009.</ref> This department is the largest by population. Justice [[Hector LaSalle]] has been the Presiding Justice since May 25, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Appellate Division - Second Judicial Department|url=http://www.courts.state.ny.us/courts/ad2/justices.shtml|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.courts.state.ny.us}}</ref>
*The Third Department, seated in [[Albany, New York|Albany]], includes an area extending from the territory of the Second Department north to New York's borders with [[Vermont]] and [[Quebec]], and includes the cities of Albany, [[Troy, New York|Troy]], [[Schenectady]], [[Saratoga Springs]], and [[Binghamton, New York|Binghamton]]. This territory extends nearly as far west as [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]].<ref name=AD /><ref>[http://www.nycourts.gov/ad3/ NY Courts website 3d Department page]. Accessed June 24, 2009.</ref> Hon. Elizabeth A. Garry has been the Presiding Justice since January 1, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nycourts.gov/ad3/bios/garrybios.html|title=Presiding Justice Elizabeth A. Garry|website=www.nycourts.gov}}</ref>
*The [[New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Fourth Department|Fourth Department]], seated in [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]], covers the remainder of the state west of the Third Department's territory, and includes the cities of [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]], and Syracuse.<ref name=AD /><ref>[http://www.nycourts.gov/ad4/ NY Courts website 4th Department page]. Accessed June 24, 2009.</ref> Hon. Gerald J. Whalen has been the Presiding Justice since January 7, 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Appellate 4th|url=http://www.nycourts.gov/courts/ad4/Court/Whalen.html|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.nycourts.gov}}</ref>

===Programs and agencies===
====Attorneys and Counselors at Law====
In addition to hearing appeals in matters of law and equity, the Appellate Division regulates the admission of lawyers to the Bar and their conduct and discipline.<ref>{{Cite web| title= Part 520 - Rules of the Court of Appeals for the Admission of Attorneys and Counselors at Law |url=https://www.nycourts.gov/ctapps/520rules10.htm| accessdate=May 9, 2020}}</ref>
* Each department has a Character and Fitness Committee, whose members interview applicants in person for admission to the bar.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Practice of Law in New York State: An Introduction For Newly-Admitted Attorneys|pages=18–19|author1=[[New York State Bar Association|NYSBA]] Committee on Legal Education and Admission to the Bar|author2=NYSBA Membership Committee|date=September 2012|publisher=[[New York State Bar Association]]|url=http://old.nysba.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Publications/ThePracticeofLawinNewYorkStatemembersonly/Practice_of_Law_2012-2013.pdf|archive-date=July 15, 2014|access-date=July 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715001131/http://old.nysba.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Publications/ThePracticeofLawinNewYorkStatemembersonly/Practice_of_Law_2012-2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Each department has Attorney Grievance Committees that investigates complaints of attorney misconduct and may issue reprimands or recommend censure, suspension, or disbarment to the Appellate Division.{{sfn|Gibson|Manz|2004|p=138}}

====Protection of minors and the incapacitated ====
At English [[common law]], the [[Lord Chancellor]], as the king's delegate to exercise the Crown's special jurisdiction, had responsibility for the custody and protection of infants and the mentally incapacitated. Revisions to the constitution in 1847 abolished the [[New York Court of Chancery]] and transferred this role to the [[New York Supreme Court]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Sporza v. German Savings Bank, 84 N.E. 406, 192 N.Y. 8|url= https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3607304/sporza-v-german-savings-bank/|publisher=CourtListener.com|accessdate=May 10, 2020}}</ref>
* The Appellate Division regulates the panels of attorneys that represent children in family law proceedings in the appellate, Supreme, Family and Criminal Courts, and each department has an Office for Attorneys for Children (Originally named Law Guardian).<ref>{{cite web|title = Rules of the Appellate Division Fourth Department|url= https://www.nycourts.gov/courts/ad4/AFC/AFC-Rule1032.pdf |publisher=nycourts.gov|accessdate=May 10, 2020}}</ref>
* Each department also has a Mental Hygiene Legal Service (MHLS) program.<ref>{{NYCL|MHY|47.01}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=An Act to amend the mental hygiene law…|journal=[[Laws of New York|Laws of the State of New York Passed at the Sessions of the Legislature]]|volume=[[186th New York State Legislature|208th sess.]]: III|year=1985|pages=3110–3132|hdl=2027/nyp.33433107706321|issn=0892-287X|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433107706321?urlappend=%3Bseq=696}} Chapter 789, enacted 1 August 1985, effective 1 April 1986.</ref><ref>{{citation|title=New York State bill jackets - L-1985-CH-0789|publisher=[[New York State Library]]|publication-date=1 August 1985|url=https://nysl.ptfs.com/aw-server/rest/product/purl/NYSL/s/1bb737c2-cd32-46d2-b962-6d1b9489abea}}<!-- NY ID= NY200060392 --></ref> Since its creation by statute in 1964 as the Mental Health Information Service, the MHLS has served as the watchdog of the rights of the institutionalized mentally disabled in New York and has been recognized by the courts as essential to the state's statutory "protective shield of checks and balances" governing the admission, transfer and retention of psychiatric patients.<ref>{{cite web|title = See, Fhagen v. Miller, 29 NY2d 348, 355 (1972|url= https://www.leagle.com/decision/197237729ny2d3481332| publisher=Leagle.com|accessdate=May 10, 2020}}</ref>
* Court Examiners are designated by each department to ascertain whether guardians appointed pursuant to the Mental Hygiene Law have complied with the order of appointment and have performed the duties specified.<ref>{{cite web|title = Guide To Becoming A Guardian Without A Lawyer |url= https://www.law.cuny.edu/wp-content/uploads/page-assets/academics/clinics/elder/Becoming-A-Guardian-Without-A-Lawyer.pdf#page=12|publisher=CUNY.edu|accessdate=May 10, 2020}}</ref>

==Procedure==
Each case is decided by a panel of five, or in some instances four, justices of the Court. There is no procedure for the Court to sit [[en banc]].

Some basic rules governing appeals are found in Articles 55 and 57 of the [[New York Civil Practice Law and Rules]], but they are not detailed enough to fully provide for a comprehensive system of appellate procedure. Prior to September 2018, and unlike other states that have statewide rules of appellate procedure, there was no set of appellate procedure rules shared by all four departments beyond the rudimentary set in the CPLR. Instead, each of the four departments filled in the CPLR's gaps by promulgating its own individual set of rules governing more specific details of practice before that court. The result was considerable diversity in appellate procedure between the four departments, which extended to matters as basic as the form and formatting of appellate briefs, the deadline to perfect an appeal after filing of the notice of appeal, appellate motions, and oral argument.<ref name="Hartman">{{cite journal |last1=Hartman |first1=Denise |title=New Unified, But Not Uniform, Practice Rules of the Appellate Division |journal=Leaveworthy: The Newsletter of the NYSBA Committee on Courts of Appellate Jurisdiction |date=Winter 2019 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1–3 |url=https://nysba.org/NYSBA/Committees/Committee%20on%20Courts%20of%20Appellate%20Jurisdiction/Leaveworthy%20Newsletter/CCAJ_Newsletter_Winter2019.pdf |access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref>

During the 2010s, this problem was studied at length by the [[New York State Bar Association]], and the NYSBA's recommendations for reform came to the attention of Chief Judge [[Janet DiFiore]].<ref name="Hartman" /> In June 2018, the Presiding Justices of the Appellate Division promulgated statewide Practice Rules of the Appellate Division, which became effective in September 2018 and are codified outside of the CPLR in 22 N.Y.C.R.R. Part 1250.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.com/newyorklawjournal/2018/11/06/new-practice-rules-of-the-appellate-division/|title=New Practice Rules of the Appellate Division|first1=Thomas R.|last1=Newman|first2=Steven J. Jr. |last2=Ahmuty|date=6 November 2018|website=New York Law Journal}}</ref> The four departments retain the ability to supplement and even supersede the uniform rules by promulgating rules of their own.<ref>''See, e.g.'', 22 N.Y.C.R.R. 670.1(a) (observing that the Second Department's rules "control[] when practicing within the Second Judicial Department")</ref>

===Appeals from the Appellate Division===
Decisions by the Appellate Division may be appealed to the state's highest court, the [[New York Court of Appeals]]. In some cases, an appeal lies of right, but in most cases, permission (or "leave") to appeal must be obtained, either from the Appellate Division itself or from the Court of Appeals. In civil cases, the Appellate Division panel or Court of Appeals votes on petitions for leave to appeal; in most criminal cases, however, the petition for leave to appeal is referred to a single Justice or Judge, whose decision whether to grant or deny leave is final.

===Case management===
To keep caseloads under control, most Appellate Division opinions are extremely concise. Often, an Appellate Division panel will dispose of an entire case in only two paragraphs, with the second paragraph stating: "We have considered plaintiff's (or defendant's) remaining contentions and find them unavailing." In contrast, courts in most other states traditionally devote a few more paragraphs to disposing of the other "remaining contentions."

==Appointment of justices==
Justices of the Appellate Division are chosen by the Governor from among those elected to the State Supreme Court. A justice does not have to have been elected from one of the judicial districts within a department to be appointed to the Appellate Division for that department, although the Presiding Justice and a majority of the total number of justices are to reside within the department. They serve at least five years, or until the completion of their 14-year elected terms, or reaching the constitutional age limit of 70, beyond which the governor may choose to reappoint them for up to three two-year terms.

The State Constitution provides that the First and Second Department are each to comprise seven justices, and the Third and Fourth departments five justices. In addition to these "constitutional" justices, the presiding justice of each department may ask the Governor to designate "additional justices" where needed based on the court's workload. At present, for example, the First Department comprises 20 justices in total when there are no vacancies. The qualifications for additional Justices are the same as for other justices.

==Administration of the courts==
Attorneys are admitted to the New York [[bar (law)|bar]] by one of the Appellate Division departments rather than by New York's highest court, the Court of Appeals, though once admitted to any of the Appellate Division departments, such attorney is admitted to practice and appear before all non-federal courts in the state, including the Court of Appeals. Applicants must be interviewed in person by a member of the court's "Character and Fitness Committee" after passing the New York State Bar Exam (since July 2016, the [[Uniform Bar Examination]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/06/nyregion/new-york-state-to-adopt-uniform-bar-exam.html |title=New York to Adopt a Uniform Bar Exam Used in 15 Other States |first1=Stephanie |last1=Clifford |first2=James C. Jr. |last2=McKinley |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 5, 2015 |access-date=November 6, 2017}}</ref>) and [[Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination]] administered by the [[New York State Board of Law Examiners]].{{sfn|Practice of Law|2012|pp=18-19}} Applicants are admitted in the department in which they reside; applicants residing outside New York are admitted through the Third Department in [[Albany, New York|Albany]].

Judges are regulated by the ''Rules Governing Judicial Conduct'' promulgated by the [[Chief Administrator of the Courts|Chief Administrator]], the ''Code of Judicial Conduct'' adopted by the New York State Bar Association, and the relevant rules of the respective Appellate Division departments.{{sfn|Gibson|Manz|2004|p=132}} Attorneys are regulated by various state laws, the ''Rules of Professional Conduct'' (based on the [[American Bar Association Model Rules of Professional Conduct|ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct]]), and rules adopted by each department of the Appellate Division.{{sfn|Gibson|Manz|2004|pp=136–138}}<ref>{{cite press release|title=New Attorney Rules of Professional Conduct Announced|date=17 December 2008|publisher=[[New York Office of Court Administration]]|url=http://www.courts.state.ny.us/press/pr2008_7.shtml|access-date=June 19, 2014|archive-date=February 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202222138/http://www.courts.state.ny.us/press/pr2008_7.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Each department of the Appellate Division has a committee that investigates complaints of attorney misconduct and may issue reprimands or recommend censure, suspension, or disbarment to the Appellate Division.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Gibson's New York Legal Research Guide |first1=Ellen M. |last1=Gibson |first2=William H. |last2=Manz |year=2004 |page=138 |edition=3rd |publisher=Wm. S. Hein Publishing |isbn=1-57588-728-2 |lccn=2004042477 |oclc=54455036 |url=https://www.wshein.com/media/samples/5268.pdf }}</ref>

==History==
The Appellate Division was created by the [[New York State Constitution]] of 1894 to succeed the General Term of the Supreme Court, effective January 1, 1896.<ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1896/01/02/105736876.pdf The new judicial system] in NYT on January 2, 1896</ref>

==See also==
* [[Judiciary of New York]]
* [[Judicial Conference of the State of New York]]
* [[Appellate Division Courthouse of New York State]]
* [[New York State Courts Electronic Filing System]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Galie|first1=Peter J.|last2=Bopst|first2=Christopher|title=The New York State Constitution|edition=2nd|year=2012|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-986056-2|lccn=2011051555|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UflMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA161}}
* {{cite book|title=The Practice of Law in New York State: An Introduction For Newly-Admitted Attorneys|author1=[[New York State Bar Association|NYSBA]] Committee on Legal Education and Admission to the Bar|author2=NYSBA Membership Committee|date=September 2012|publisher=[[New York State Bar Association]]|url=http://old.nysba.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Publications/ThePracticeofLawinNewYorkStatemembersonly/Practice_of_Law_2012-2013.pdf|ref={{harvid|Practice of Law|2012}}|archive-date=July 15, 2014|access-date=July 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715001131/http://old.nysba.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Publications/ThePracticeofLawinNewYorkStatemembersonly/Practice_of_Law_2012-2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last=Lincoln|first=Charles Z.|title=The Constitutional History of New York|url=https://archive.org/details/constitutionalh04lincgoog|year=1906|publisher=Lawyers Co-operative Publishing|oclc=1337955}}
* {{cite web|publisher=[[New York State Department of State]]|title=New York State Constitution|url=http://www.dos.ny.gov/info/constitution.htm|access-date=2012-09-03|archive-date=2021-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423001549/https://www.dos.ny.gov/info/constitution.htm|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=The Historical Society of the Courts of the State of New York|url=http://www.courts.state.ny.us/history}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nycourts.gov/courts/appellatedivisions.shtml Appellate Division of the Supreme Court]
** [http://www.nycourts.gov/courts/ad1/ First Judicial Department]
** [http://www.nycourts.gov/courts/ad2/ Second Judicial Department]
** [http://www.nycourts.gov/ad3/ Third Judicial Department]
** [http://www.nycourts.gov/courts/ad4/ Fourth Judicial Department]
* [http://www.nycourts.gov/COURTS/lowerappeals.shtml Lower appellate courts]
** [http://www.nycourts.gov/COURTS/appterm_1st.shtml First Judicial Department Appellate Term]
** [http://www.nycourts.gov/COURTS/ad2/appellateterm.shtml Second Judicial Department Appellate Term]
* [https://govt.westlaw.com/nycrr/Browse/Home/NewYork/NewYorkCodesRulesandRegulations?guid=Ic9bc74f0bbec11dd8529f5ff2182bffa&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default) Supreme Court] in the [[New York Codes, Rules and Regulations]]
* [http://www.nycourts.gov/reporter/Decisions.htm New York Slip Opinion Service] from the [[New York State Law Reporting Bureau]]
* [http://government.westlaw.com/nyofficial/ New York Official Reports Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182455/http://government.westlaw.com/nyofficial/ |date=July 14, 2014 }} from [[West (publisher)|West]]

{{State Intermediate Appellate Courts}}

[[Category:New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division]]
[[Category:New York state courts]]
[[Category:State appellate courts of the United States]]
[[Category:New York (state) law]]
[[Category:1896 establishments in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Courts and tribunals established in 1896]]