View source for Niamey

{{Short description|Capital and the largest city of Niger}}
{{good article}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name      = Niamey
| other_name         = 
| native_name        = {{native name|dje|Ɲamay}}<br />{{native name|ha|Yamai}}<br />{{native name|ff|Nyame}}
| translit_lang1     = Names
| translit_lang1_type = [[Zarma language|Zarma]]
| translit_lang1_info = {{script/Arabic|ٽَمَيْ}}
| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Hausa language|Hausa]]
| translit_lang1_info1 = {{script/Arabic|یَمَیْ}}<br />{{script/Hausawi|یَمَیْ}}
| nickname           = 
| settlement_type    = Capital district
| motto              = 
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border            = infobox
| perrow            = 1/2/2/1
| total_width       = 280
| caption_align     = center
| image1            = Niamey from grand mosque theatre 2006.jpg
| caption1          = Niamey, seen from the Grand Mosque Theater
| alt1              = Niamey as seen from a multi-story building; several roads with cars are visible.
| image2            = Vue du Stade général Seyni Kountché.jpg
| caption2          = [[Stade Général Seyni Kountché]]
| image3            = Université Abdou Moumouni IRSH.jpg
| caption3          = [[Abdou Moumouni University]]
| image4            = Zoo du Musée national de Niamey.jpg
| caption4          = [[Musée National Boubou Hama]]
| image5            = Old Presidential Palace in Niamey - Mapillary (1zunKARfz0wkJExHFVEFng).jpg
| caption5          = Old [[Presidential Palace, Niamey|Presidential Palace]]
}}
| image_flag         = 
| flag_size          = 
| image_seal         = City of Niamey logo.png
| seal_alt           = A coat of arms depicting a blue river between green land and a yellow sunset. A boat is on the river. A tree and a lion's head are on the land. The coat of arms is within two concentric white circles with black outlines, with the text "VILLE DE NIAMEY" in the outer circle.
| seal_size          = 
| image_shield       = 
| shield_size        = 
| city_logo          = 
| citylogo_size      = 
| image_map          = 
| mapsize            = 
| map_caption        = 
| image_map1         = 
| mapsize1           = 
| map_caption1       = 
| image_dot_map      = 
| dot_mapsize        = 
| dot_map_caption    = 
| dot_x              = 
| dot_y              = 
| pushpin_map        = Niger#Africa
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Niger]] and Africa
| pushpin_relief     = yes
| pushpin_mapsize    = 
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Niger}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Regions of Niger|Region]]
| subdivision_name1  = '''Niamey Urban Community'''
| subdivision_type2  = [[Communes of Niger|Communes Urbaines]]
| subdivision_name2  = {{Ubl|[[Niamey I]]|[[Niamey II]]|[[Niamey III]]|[[Niamey IV]]|[[Niamey V]]}}
| parts_type         = 
| parts              = {{Ubl|90 [[Quarter (urban subdivision)|quartiers]]|37 attached villages}}
| established_title  = Founded as French post
| established_date   = 1901
| founder            = {{ill|Henri Salaman|de}}
| government_footnotes = 
| government_type    = Appointed regional government, dissolved local government<ref name="AFP 2024" />
| leader_title       = Governor
| leader_name        = Oudou Ambouka<ref>{{Cite news |last=<!--not stated--> |date=25 February 2021 |title=Passation de service au Gouvernorat de Niamey: M. Oudou Ambouka prent officiellement fonction |trans-title=Transfer of power of the Governor of Niamey: Mr. Oudou Ambouka officially takes office |url=https://www.lesahel.org/passation-de-service-au-gouvernorat-de-niamey-m-oudou-ambouka-prend-officiellement-fonction/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712072720/https://www.lesahel.org/passation-de-service-au-gouvernorat-de-niamey-m-oudou-ambouka-prend-officiellement-fonction/ |archive-date=12 July 2025 |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=Le Sahel}}</ref>
| leader_title1      = Mayor
| leader_name1       = Vacant since 2024<ref name="AFP 2024" />
| leader_title2      = 
| leader_name2       = 
| leader_title3      = 
| leader_name3       = 
| leader_title4      = 
| leader_name4       = 
| established_title2 = 
| established_date2  = 
| established_title3 = 
| established_date3  = 
| area_magnitude     = 
| unit_pref          = 
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 552.27
| area_land_km2      = 
| area_water_km2     = 
| area_total_sq_mi   = 
| area_land_sq_mi    = 
| area_water_sq_mi   = 
| area_water_percent = 
| area_urban_km2     = 297.46
| area_urban_sq_mi   = 
| area_metro_km2     = 
| area_metro_sq_mi   = 
| population_total   = 1,026,848<ref name="INS 2012">{{cite web |url=https://stat-niger.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ETAT_STRUCTURE_POPULATION.pdf |title=Structure of the Population RGPH 2012 |author=National Statistics Institute of Niger |access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
| population_as_of   = 2012
| population_footnotes = 
| population_note    = Niamey Urban Community
| population_est     = 1407635{{sfn|INS|2024|p=17}}
| pop_est_as_of      = 2022
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro   = 
| population_density_metro_km2 = 
| population_urban   = 
| population_density_urban_km2 = 2,549
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 
| population_blank1_title = 
| population_blank1  = 
| population_density_blank1_km2 = 
| population_density_blank1_sq_mi = 
| timezone           = [[West Africa Time|WAT]]
| utc_offset         = +01:00
| coordinates        = {{coord|13|30|49|N|02|06|32|E|region:NE|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_max_m    = 250
| elevation_min_m    = 180
| elevation_ft       = 
| postal_code_type   = 
| postal_code        = 
| area_code          = 20
| blank1_name        = 
| blank1_info        = 
| website            = https://villedeniamey.ne/
| footnotes          = 
| name               = 
| map_alt            = Niamey in Niger
| blank_name         = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2022)
| blank_info         = 0.484<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{cite web
|url= https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/NER/?levels=1+4&years=2022&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0|title=Sub-national HDI – Subnational HDI – Global Data Lab}}</ref><br/> {{color|#900|low}} · [[List of regions of Niger by Human Development Index|2nd]]
}}

'''Niamey''' ({{IPA|fr|njamɛ}}) is the capital and largest city of [[Niger]]. It is in the western part of the country, surrounded by the [[Tillabéri Region]]. Niamey lies on the [[Niger River]], primarily situated on the river's left bank (east side). The capital of Niger since the [[Colony of Niger|colonial era]], Niamey is an ethnically diverse city and the country's main economic centre.

Before the French developed it as a colonial centre, Niamey was the site of villages inhabited by [[Fula people|Fula]], [[Zarma people|Zarma]], [[Maouri people|Maouri]], and [[Songhai people|Songhai]] people. French expeditions first visited the location in the 1890s before Captain {{ill|Henri Salaman|de}} established a military post in 1901. Niamey replaced [[Zinder]] as the territorial capital from 1903 to 1911 and again in 1926, after which large-scale development occurred. The first city plan in 1930 relocated neighbourhoods and enacted [[Racial segregation|segregation]] of European and indigenous neighbourhoods, which remained separate until the 1950s. Niamey held Niger's first municipal elections in 1956, electing [[Djibo Bakary]] as the first mayor. In the decade following [[Independence Day (Niger)|independence in 1960]], urban planning introduced infrastructure such as the [[Kennedy Bridge (Niamey)|Kennedy Bridge]], which connected the city to the right bank. In the 1970s and 1980s, Niamey's growth was fuelled by a boom in [[Oil and mining industry of Niger#Uranium|the national uranium industry]] and by droughts that brought rural migrants. Protests in Niamey contributed to the democratisation of Niger in the 1990s. This era saw an [[Islamic revival]].

Niamey has a dense city centre and includes some villages in the periphery. Due to rapid population growth, the city has many [[informal settlement]]s, allocated semi-legally from chiefs of traditional governments, which are often excluded from public utilities. The city's economy is dominated by commerce, largely in the [[informal economy]]. The city also has extensive [[urban agriculture]]. Alongside the [[Zarma people]], Niamey has a large [[Hausa people|Hausa]] population, who often [[Seasonal migration in Niger|seasonally migrate from rural Niger]]. Both groups' languages are used as [[lingua franca]]s. Most of the population follows Islam—including the [[Tariqa]] movement of [[Sufism]] and the newer [[Izala Society|Izala]] movement of [[Salafism]]—with a Christian minority. Niamey is one of the [[List of cities by average temperature|hottest major cities in the world]]. It is prone to droughts and floods. The Niger River is the city's only permanent river and the sole source of its [[municipal water supply]].

Niamey comprises the '''Niamey Urban Community''' ({{langx|fr|Communauté Urbaine de Niamey}}, '''CUN'''), a [[Regions of Niger|first-level division of Niger]], led by the [[Governor of Niamey]]. It is divided into five [[Communes of Niger|communes]]: [[Niamey I]], [[Niamey II|II]], [[Niamey III|III]], and [[Niamey IV|IV]] on the left bank, and [[Niamey V|V]] on the right bank. The city also has a municipal government, though it was dissolved in 2024. Transportation links include [[Diori Hamani International Airport]], highways including [[Route Nationale 1 (Niger)|RN1]], and the unused [[Niamey railway station]]. Niamey is home to [[Abdou Moumouni University]], Niger's most important university, and [[National Hospital (Niamey)|Niamey National Hospital]], the country's largest [[Tertiary referral hospital|referral hospital]].

==History==
{{Main|History of Niamey}}
{{for timeline}}

=== Background and foundation ===
The area of modern Niamey was of little importance before Niger's [[History of Niger#Colonization|colonial era]]. As the [[Sahelian kingdoms]] fought for control over the [[Sahel]], the Niamey area was a [[buffer zone]] that was not urbanised.{{sfnm|1a1=Meyer|1y=2021|1pp=2–3|2a1=Hungerford|2y=2012|2p=42}} Late-sixteenth-century residents of this area included the [[Zarma people|Zarma]] and other [[Songhai people|Songhai]] refugees from the [[Moroccan invasion of the Songhai Empire]], [[Hausa language|Hausa]]-speaking [[Maouri people|Maouri]] hunters who migrated westward from the [[Dogondoutchi]] area, and the regionally dominant [[Fula people]]. These ethnic groups comprise the population of modern Niamey.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|pp=2–3}}

The villages of {{ill|Goudel|fr|Goudel (Niamey)}} and {{ill|Gamkalé|de|Gamkalley}} were founded on the left bank (east side) of the [[Niger River]] in the sixteenth century. The site that would become Niamey was situated between these villages, around the [[gully]] of {{ill|Gounti Yéna|de}}. Various other villages sprouted here around the early nineteenth century; the Hausa village of {{ill|Maourey|de|Maourey (Niamey)}}, the Zarma village of {{ill|Kalley (Niamey)|de|lt=Kalley}}, and the Songhai village of {{ill|Gaweye|de|Gawèye (Niamey)}} were on the left bank, while the Fula villages of {{ill|Lamordé|de}}, {{ill|Nogaré|de|Nogaré (Niamey)}}, and {{ill|Kirkissoye|de}} were on the right bank.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|pp=3–4}}

Oral histories differ on the chronology of Niamey's early settlement and the etymology of its name. The Maouri believe that the city's Maouri founders were driven away from the nearby river island of {{ill|Néni Goungou|de|Néini Goungou}} by the Fula villagers of [[Bitinkodji]]; they say the city was built next to a landmark tree called {{lang|ha|Gna}}{{NoteTag|Also written as {{lang|ha|niami}}<ref name="Everett-Heath" />}} and was thus named "place of the Gna", or {{lang|ha|Gna-mé}}. The Zarma believe that the founder, a [[Zarma people#Demographics and language|Kallé Zarma]] chief from the [[Zarmaganda]] region named Kouri Mali, acquired land between {{ill|Yantala|de|Yantala Haut}} and {{ill|Gamkalé Sebangayé|de|Gamkalley Sebanguey}}; they say the city's name is derived from his exclamation of "{{lang|dje|wa gnam ne}}", meaning "clear out here" or "settle here". The Songhai believe that the founders were two fishermen from [[Gao]], who were gifted the river island of Yama Gungu by the local Fula herders before settling on the left bank.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|pp=3–4}}<ref name="Everett-Heath">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Everett-Heath |first=John |title=Niamey |year=2020 |encyclopedia=Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191905636.001.0001/acref-9780191905636-e-5285 |access-date=2025-04-09 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780191905636.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-190563-6}}</ref>

=== Colonial era ===
==== French invasion and military rule ====
[[File:Carte de l'Afrique occidentale française - dressée par A. Meunier et E. Barralier, 1903 ; Ministère des colonies. Service géographique et des missions. M. Barbotin, chef du service - btv1b530605988 (2 of 6) - crop Niamey.jpg|thumb|left|1903 French map showing Niamey and nearby settlements]]
By the time of the [[Scramble for Africa]], when France laid claim to [[Niger]], western Niger had been weakened by local conflicts and had no major political powers.{{sfnm|1a1=Kang|1y=2015|1p=37|2a1=Meyer|2y=2021|2p=5}} This facilitated the French invasion of Niger, which began in 1891. The first European mentions of Niamey were by the 1897 mission of {{ill|Émile Auguste Léon Hourst|fr}},{{sfn|Meyer|2021|pp=5–6}} then the 1899 [[Voulet–Chanoine Mission]], which set fire to Niamey.{{sfnm|1a1=Meyer|1y=2021|1pp=5–6|2a1=Hungerford|2y=2012|2pp=45–46}} A local account mentioned earlier contact with Europeans, identified as the expedition of {{ill|Georges Joseph Toutée|fr}}.{{sfn|Hungerford|2012|p=42}}

The first French post in Niamey was established in 1901 by {{ill|Henri Salaman|de}}, a captain overseeing the Niger–Chad road.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|p=6}} The administration chose the location—above a river bend—to provide a port between [[Zinder]] and [[Timbuktu]] and to facilitate securing control over the inland part of the territory.{{sfnm|1a1=Hungerford|1y=2012|1p=46|2a1=Hungerford|2a2=Smiley|2y=2016|2p=77}} Salaman was the first to refer to the whole cluster of villages as Niamey.{{sfnm|1a1=Meyer|1y=2021|1p=6|2a1=Hungerford|2y=2012|2p=46}} Niamey's residents viewed him as a bringer of peace and development, and the city became known in Hausa as "{{lang|ha|garin captin Salma}}", meaning "Captain Salaman's city". French settlement of Niamey began on an empty plateau on the left bank (the modern-day [[Quarter (urban subdivision)|quartier]] of {{ill|Terminus (Niamey)|de|lt=Terminus}}). Salaman's administration led construction in this area and drew in migrants through incentives, which included suspending taxation and forced labour for residents.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|p=6}}

Niamey replaced Zinder as the capital of Niger in 1903, after a Tuareg revolt had weakened the eastern part of the territory.{{sfnm|1a1=Kang|1y=2015|1p=35|2a1=Fuglestad|2y=1983|2p=65}} The French government incorporated several former chiefdoms into the Canton of Niamey. The first chief, a commoner named Bagniou, was unpopular as he had been a guide for the Voulet–Chanoine Mission, and the chiefdom of [[Karma, Niger|Karma]] protested losing autonomy to the new canton; it was replaced by the Canton of Karma in 1908.{{sfnm|1a1=Meyer|1y=2021|1p=7|2a1=Fuglestad|2y=1983|2pp=68, 74}} Niamey had about 1,800 inhabitants in 1904, when it became the capital of the [[Upper Senegal and Niger|Third Military Territory of Niger]].{{sfn|Meyer|2021|p=6}} The first [[city limits]] were then drawn.{{sfn|Hungerford|2012|p=48}} Niamey was not yet a focus of development as the capital's location was intended to be temporary, and officials debated whether the capital should be Niamey or Zinder.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|p=6}} The capital moved back to Zinder in 1911, after violence in the eastern region had subsided{{sfn|Kang|2015|p=35}} and reorganisation had drawn Niamey further away from the center of the territory.{{sfn|Hungerford|2012|p=48}} From that year, Niamey's population began to decline from a peak of 3,000.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|p=6}}

==== Colony of Niger ====
{{See also|Colony of Niger}}
[[Image:Mittelholzer-niamey.jpg|thumb|Niamey in December 1930. The large house in the centre is the French governor's residence. Air photo taken by Swiss pilot and photographer [[Walter Mittelholzer]].]]
The [[Colony of Niger]] was founded in 1922.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|p=6}} Zinder's proximity to the Nigerian border and its distance from French-controlled ports prompted the French to move the capital back to Niamey. Although Niamey was isolated from most of the colony, it was near [[French Dahomey]]. The official reason for the move was that Zinder had insufficient potable water. Other reasons included the resistance of Zinder's unified Hausa population to French rule, Niamey's more comfortable climate, and its river location, which officials believed was the only place suitable for agriculture.{{sfnm|1a1=Roberts|1y=1981|1p=196|2a1=Ibrahim|2y=1994|2p=18|3a1=Hungerford|3y=2012|3p=48|4a1=Meyer|4y=2021|4p=6}} The governor of Niger, [[Jules Brévié]], made Niamey the capital on 28 December 1926,{{sfnm|1a1=Meyer|1y=2021|1p=6|2a1=INS|2y=2024|2p=8}} by which time the city had 3,142 inhabitants.{{sfn|Kang|2015|p=31}} Construction of the new capital—including the governor's palace—began the year prior, mostly using forced labour.{{sfnm|1a1=Hungerford|1y=2012|1p=49–50|2a1=Meyer|2y=2021|2p=7}}

In the decades following Niamey's establishment as the capital, the government developed agriculture and trade routes in western Niger, largely ignoring the rest of the territory.{{sfn|Roberts|1981|p=196}} The government planned to extend [[Rail transport in Benin|Dahomey's rail network]] to link [[Parakou]] to Niamey, but this project was not completed.{{sfn|Roberts|1981|pp=197–198}} As capital, Niamey also became the center for the educated class of mostly Songhai and Zarma people, with the first regional school opening in 1930.{{sfn|Ibrahim|1994|p=18}} Niamey's first city plan in 1930 designated an indigenous quarter near the river and a European quarter further inland, separated by a park used as a {{lang|fr|[[Cordon sanitaire (medicine)|zone sanitaire]]}} (isolation zone).{{sfn|Hungerford|2012|p=52}} Government construction, including the completion of the governor's palace, took place in late 1930 and early 1931 using forced labour.{{sfn|Slobodkin|2023|p=139}}

Before the 1930s, most migrants to Niamey were from western Niger.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=40}} Low rainfall in 1930 caused [[1931 Niger famine|a famine]] that brought [[internally displaced people]] to Niamey starting in May 1931.{{sfnm|1a1=Fuglestad|1y=1983|1p=133|2a1=Slobodkin|2y=2023|2pp=127–130, 134}} These migrants increased the city's population tenfold, but most left after the famine ended. Those who remained established [[informal settlements]] with mostly [[thatched]] mud buildings on the edge of the indigenous quarter. The growth led colonial administrators to increase policing of hygiene.{{sfn|Hungerford|2012|p=55}} Urban planning in the 1930s introduced health initiatives that involved the relocation of existing neighbourhoods, except for Gaweye, to the plateau. Most residents wished to stay on the river bank, but, after a 1935 fire destroyed many straw buildings, they were forcibly moved to [[mudbrick]] houses, resulting in multiethnic neighbourhoods. An urban plan implemented in 1937 divided Niamey into the European city, the indigenous city, and a commercial and industrial zone by the river.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|pp=7}}

Most of the urban plan was cancelled during the [[Second World War]], when colonial officials left for the war and the administration prioritised commercial farming over infrastructure.{{sfnm|1a1=Hungerford|1a2=Smiley|1y=2016|1p=82|2a1=Meyer|2y=2021|2p=7}} As the city's population increased—from 5,000 in 1941 to 7,500 in 1945—the remaining colonial administrators were unable to enforce property ownership laws, resulting in many people acquiring land from indigenous chiefs.{{sfn|Hungerford|2012|p=60}} In the 1940s, the administration used taxation and forced labour to disincentivise immigration to the city. This labour was used for public works such as a central hospital and maternity ward. Forced labour was permitted under the {{lang|fr|[[Native code (France)|indigénat]]}} until its abolishment in 1946, after which rural immigration increased.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|p=8}} The same year, Niger gained autonomy as an [[French Union|overseas territory]], leading to the formation of political parties in Niamey. The French government reorganised Niamey in response to political unrest, and Gamkalé and Yantala were incorporated into the city.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|pp=8–9}}

A new urban plan in 1952, the {{lang|fr|Plan Herbé}} ({{lit|Grassy Plan}}), divided the city into several zones. The indigenous side included dense [[city block]]s, while the European side was more open and green. This plan also formalised a marketplace of [[land plot]]s, replacing [[Customary land|traditional ownership]].{{sfn|Meyer|2021|p=9}} Niamey was the first settlement in Niger to become an urban centre, doubling in size between 1945 and 1955 to about 15,000 people.{{sfnm|1a1=Fuglestad|1y=1983|1p=171|2a1=Meyer|2y=2021|2p=9}} The {{lang|fr|Plan Herbé}} became outdated amid rapid urban growth and a wave of migrants from a 1954 famine.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|p=9}} The city grew inward into the {{lang|fr|zone sanitaire}}, eliminating the distinction between the European and indigenous cities by 1955.{{sfn|Hungerford|2012|pp=62–63}}

Niamey was named as a {{lang|fr|{{ill|commune mixte|fr}}}}, with a partially elected council, on 14 February 1954. It was upgraded to Niger's only {{lang|fr|{{ill|commune de plein exercice|fr}}}} on 18 December 1955, leading to municipal elections on 18 November 1956, the first in the country.{{sfnm|1a1=Fuglestad|1y=1983|1pp=179–180|2a1=Meyer|2y=2021|2p=9|3a1=INS|3y=2024|3p=8}} The newly formed {{lang|fr|Mouvement Socialiste Africain}} coalition (later renamed [[Sawaba]]) won a majority in these elections. [[Djibo Bakary]]—the leader of a popular trade union in Niamey—thus became the first mayor. [[Boubou Hama]] was his deputy mayor.{{sfnm|1a1=Fuglestad|1y=1983|1pp=162, 171, 182–183|2a1=Meyer|2y=2021|2p=9}} As mayor, Bakary campaigned in support of immediate independence in [[1958 Nigerien constitutional referendum|the 1958 referendum]]{{sfn|Meyer|2021|p=9}} and unsuccessfully ran for Niamey's seat in the [[1958 Nigerien Territorial Assembly election]].{{sfn|Fuglestad|1983|p=186}}

=== Post-independence era ===
==== Independence, economic growth, and population boom ====
[[File:Photo Buildings and house in Niamey along the Niger River 1961 - Touring Club Italiano BBG 08.jpg|thumb|upright=0.875|alt=Black-and-white photo of small mudbrick houses and thatched huts next to a river.|Niamey riverfront in 1961]]
By 1960, the year of Niger's independence, Niamey's population had grown to 33,816.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=43}} A new city plan was drafted in 1961 by the French firm {{ill|Kalt, Pourdaier-Duteil, and Raymond|de|Kalt Pouradier-Duteil Vignal}}, which [[Zoning|zoned]] the former indigenous quarter for a higher density than the former European quarter.{{sfn|Hungerford|2012|p=71}} Niamey received the country's only asphalt highway, spanning a few kilometres between [[Diori Hamani International Airport]] and the [[Presidential Palace, Niamey|Presidential Palace]]—the former governor's palace.{{sfn|Masquelier|2002|p=135}} The French military base in the city was transferred to the [[Niger Armed Forces]] in 1961, becoming the {{lang|fr|1re Compagnie de commandement, d'appui et de service}} ({{lang|fr|1re CCAS}}; {{Translation|1st Company of Command, Support, and Service}}),{{sfn|Idrissa|2008|pp=57–58}} but Niamey's gendarmerie unit remained under French control.{{sfn|Mahamane|2008|p=63}} The {{lang|fr|1re CCAS}} led a rebellion against the French units in the city on 3 December 1963.{{sfn|Mahamane|2008|pp=78–79}}

Public-sector employees in Niamey comprised a large part of Niger's workforce in the mid-1960s,{{sfn|Hungerford|2012|p=73}} and the proportion grew to 14% by 1980.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=43}} The government of [[Hamani Diori]] aimed to increase the country's industrial activities; Niamey received a textile production facility and a refrigerated [[slaughterhouse]].{{sfn|Malam Issa|2008|pp=129–130}} Niamey's [[Peanut|groundnut]] industry rapidly grew around this time, which contributed to increasing the capital's population to 108,000 in 1972.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|p=10}} Diori's government established a party militia in 1964, stationing personnel in each of the city's seventeen quartiers.{{sfn|Malam Issa|2008|p=133}} An urban plan in the 1960s{{NoteTag|The plan was enacted in 1964{{sfn|Meyer|2021|p=10}} or 1966.{{sfn|Hungerford|Moussa|2017|p=288}}}} introduced developments including a [[greenbelt]].{{sfn|Hungerford|Moussa|2017|p=288}} The plan ended the distinction between European and indigenous neighbourhoods, aiming to lower the disparity within the city's population density. Despite this, housing insecurity increased, and the [[informal settlement]] of {{ill|Talladjé|de|Talladjé (Niamey)}} was created in 1966.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|p=10}} Diori led the inaugural summit of the {{lang|fr|[[Organisation de la Francophonie]]}} in 1969 in Niamey,{{sfn|Malam Issa|2008|p=129}} giving the city unprecedented media coverage, after which Diori launched a rebranding campaign for the city, which included naming of streets.{{sfn|Hungerford|2012|p=74}} The [[Kennedy Bridge (Niamey)|Kennedy Bridge]] opened in 1970 and connected the left bank of Niamey to the much less populated right bank, which then began to urbanise.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|p=10}}

A national uranium boom in the 1970s and 1980s improved the economy of Niamey. The city's public spending was then invested in modern buildings, resulting in an era of opulent architecture in a revival of the [[Sudano-Sahelian architecture|Sudanese style]].{{sfnm|1a1=Meyer|1y=2021|1p=10|2a1=Hungerford|2y=2012|2p=75|3a1=Youngstedt|3y=2004|3p=96}} The economic situation caused a [[baby boom]]. Meanwhile, a drought in 1972–73 brought a wave of migrants that led to rapid urban sprawl, and Malian immigrants settled in the outer parts of the city.{{sfnm|1a1=Meyer|1y=2021|1p=10|2a1=Hungerford|2y=2012|2p=77}} As a result, the population of Niamey grew from 108,000 to 398,365 inhabitants, and the city limits expanded from {{cvt|1367|ha|acre}} in 1970 to {{cvt|4400|ha|acre}} by 1977, annexing peripheral villages.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LjzZ_rVv_2MC&pg=PA30 |title=Villes et organisation de l'espace en Afrique |pages=30–31 |first1=Jérôme |last1=Aloko-N'Guessan |first2=Amadou |last2=Diallo |first3=Kokou Henri |last3=Motcho |publisher=Karthala Editions |year=2010 |isbn=978-2-8111-0339-2}}</ref>

After the military government of [[Seyni Kountché]] took power in the [[1974 Nigerien coup d'état|1974 coup]], there were strict controls on residency and the government would regularly round up and deport those without permits back to their villages.{{sfn|Gilliard|Pédenon|1996|p=53}} The government established a daily [[curfew]] and placed 10,000 political agents in the city, which had a population of 400,000.{{sfnm|1a1=Ibrahim|1y=1994|1p=26|2a1=Malam Issa|2y=2008|2p=159}} A second drought occurred in 1983–84, bringing about 150,000 migrants to Niamey.{{sfnm|1a1=Meyer|1y=2021|1p=10|2a1=Hungerford|2y=2012|2p=83}} Kountché's government responded to the ensuing [[housing crisis]] with eviction and resettlement to new districts including [[Lazaret, Niger|Lazaret]] and {{ill|Madina (Niamey)|de|lt=Madina}}, but the crisis continued.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|p=11}} Kountché's government also constructed water sources in the city's periphery{{sfn|Hungerford|2012|p=83–84}} and led the construction of the [[Grand Mosque of Niamey]], funded by the Libyan government.{{sfn|Kang|2015|p=55}} In 1984, the {{lang|fr|Schéma Directeur d'Aménagement et d'Urbanisme}} ({{Translation|Master Plan for Urban Planning and Development}}) divided Niamey into five districts, subordinate to the [[Prefect|Prefect Mayor]], to manage the large population. These were reorganised into the Niamey Urban Community ({{lang|fr|Communauté Urbaine de Niamey}}, CUN), with three municipalities, in 1989. In the 1990s, with further reorganisation and decentralisation, the city's growth rate slightly declined.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|p=11}}

==== Democratisation era and urban reorganisation ====
[[File:JIRCAS Niamey view I crop.jpg|thumb|alt=The Niger river, with a bridge. The background has some small buildings, while some multi-storey buildings are closer to the camera.|View from the left bank overlooking the [[Kennedy Bridge (Niamey)|Kennedy Bridge]] in 1990]]
In the 1990 [[Kennedy Bridge massacre]], soldiers killed three student protestors. This event propelled protests and political participation in support of democracy.{{sfn|Masquelier|2019|pp=19, 186–187}} That November, 100,000 people in Niamey participated in a [[general strike]] against president [[Ali Saibou]], after which he agreed to establish a democratic council.{{sfn|Ibrahim|1994|p=29}} In 1993, the year [[Mahamane Ousmane]] became the first democratically elected president, Niamey had high rates of poverty and unemployment as public-sector jobs decreased.{{sfnm|1a1=Hungerford|1y=2012|1pp=88–89|2a1=Meyer|2y=2021|2p=13}} Niger's democratisation effected an upsurge in the popularity of private radio{{sfn|Moussa|2023|p=58}} and in Islamic discourse.{{sfn|Sounaye|2017b|p=16}} Islamic groups based in Niamey, including [[Izala Society]] supporters, played major roles in protests against the Ousmane government's proposed [[family law]] in 1994 and against the city's hosting of the {{ill|International Festival of African Fashion|fr|Festival international de la mode africaine}} in 2000.{{sfnm|1a1=Alidou|1y=2005|1p=157|2a1=Kang|2y=2015|2pp=60–61}} [[1996 Nigerien coup d'état|A coup d'état]] organised in Niamey in February 1996 installed [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara]] as president.{{sfn|Idrissa|2008|p=185}} Baré was unpopular in Niamey as public-sector employment decreased and state-run urban services declined.{{sfn|Hungerford|2012|p=91}} On 9 April 1999, Baré was ambushed, shot, and killed at Niamey's airport during [[1999 Nigerien coup d'état|a coup d'état]].{{sfn|Idrissa|2008|p=192}}

The CUN was reorganised in 1996 amid a wide reorganisation of the country's municipalities. The CUN became a first-level [[Regions of Niger|region of Niger]] and was divided into five municipalities. The plan allowed the region to shrink to centralise the area managed, but a 2002 plan instead allowed each municipality to expand within a perimeter to benefit from urban growth. This plan redrew municipalities' boundaries based on pre-colonial settlements, with consulting from traditional chiefs.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|pp=11–12}} Administrative decentralisation in 2004 gave these municipalities control over [[zoning]], leading to a dispute with the CUN. Residents of the village of {{ill|Saga (Niamey)|de|lt=Saga}} disagreed with being incorporated into the CUN.{{sfn|Hagberg|Körling|2016|p=301–302}} In 2011, the municipalities were reorganised as municipal districts, undoing the decentralisation.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|pp=11–12}}

[[File:Niger, Niamey, Place du Liptako-Gourma (2).jpg|thumb|alt=A taxi at a roundabout with an abstract sculpture. There are water towers in the background.|Place du Liptako-Gourma in 2018]]
Urban development projects in the 2010s involved the [[expropriation]] and destruction of neighbourhoods. These projects included president [[Mahamadou Issoufou]]'s {{lang|ha|Niamey Nyala}} initiative, launched in 2011, and preparation for the city's hosting of an [[African Union]] summit in 2019.{{sfn|Körling|2020|p=27, 43}} In 2013, American and French military bases were established at adjacent parts of Diori Hamani International Airport.{{sfnm|1a1=Pezard|1a2=Shurkin|1y=2015|1p=85|2a1=Moore|2a2=Walker|2y=2016|2pp=696, 704}} Niamey was the site of protests against [[2020–21 Nigerien general election|the 2021 presidential election]] and president-elect [[Mohamed Bazoum]]; most Niameyans believed he had stolen the election as the city had overwhelmingly voted for Ousmane. Air force units in the city led [[2021 Nigerien coup attempt|a failed coup against Bazoum]] before his inauguration.{{sfn|Korotayev|Issaev|Ilyina|Zinkina|2024|pp=180–181}} In July 2023, the [[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland|Niger junta]] began renaming street names from the colonial era to more local names, such as replacing the name of [[Charles de Gaulle]] with that of Bakary.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abdou Tasawa |first=Gazali |url=https://www.dw.com/fr/au-niger-la-junte-militaire-rebaptise-des-rues-de-niamey/a-70507221 |title=Au Niger, la junte militaire rebaptise des rues de Niamey |date=15 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220022542/https://www.dw.com/fr/au-niger-la-junte-militaire-rebaptise-des-rues-de-niamey/a-70507221 |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=16 October 2024 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Njie |first1=Paul |last2=Fleming |first2=Lucy |date=16 October 2024 |title=Niger drops French place names to honour local heroes |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd7x9eprvvwo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250729072742/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd7x9eprvvwo |archive-date=29 July 2025 |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> In April 2024, the junta's leader, [[Abdourahamane Tchiani]], declared the dissolution of local governments, replacing the mayor of Niamey, Oumarou Dogari, with an army official.<ref name="AFP 2024">{{Cite news |last=<!--not stated--> |date=5 April 2024 |title=Niger's Junta Chief Dissolves Local Councils |url=https://www.voaafrica.com/a/niger-s-junta-chief-dissolves-local-councils/7557973.html |access-date=1 May 2025 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref> The same month, hundreds rallied in Niamey to demand the withdrawal of the US military from the country.<ref>{{cite news|title=Niger protesters demand US troop withdrawal |date=13 April 2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/niger-protesters-demand-us-troop-withdrawal/a-68812727 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413204833/https://www.dw.com/en/niger-protesters-demand-us-troop-withdrawal/a-68812727 |archive-date=13 April 2024 |access-date=14 April 2024}}</ref> The US withdrew its troops from Niamey in July 2024.<ref name="Reuters 2024">{{Cite news |last=<!--Reuters--> |date=8 July 2024 |title=US troops pull out of Niger's Air Base 101 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/us-troops-pull-out-nigers-air-base-101-2024-07-07/ |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Niamey SPOT 1101.jpg|thumb|upright=0.875|alt=A river flowing southeast, curving inward on each side. Development on both sides of the river, mostly the northeast side.|Niamey seen from [[Spot Satellite]]]]
[[File:Niamey River Front.jpg|thumb|alt=A colourful boat on the bank of a marshy river. The city skyline is behind the river.|The [[Niger River]], with Kennedy Bridge on the right]]
Niamey is in the western part of Niger,{{sfn|INS|2024|p=7}} surrounded by the [[Tillabéri Region]].{{sfn|Almouctar|Wu|Zhao|Qin|2024|p=4}} Located between the longitudes {{nobr|2°03' E}} and {{nobr|2°15' E}} and the latitudes {{nobr|13°35' S}} and {{nobr|13°24' S}}, it covers an area of {{Cvt|552.27|km2}}, of which {{Cvt|297.46|km2}} is urban, {{As of|2022|lc=y}}.{{sfn|INS|2024|p=7}} It is located on the [[Niger River]], mostly on the [[plateau]] of the left bank (east side), with a few developments on the [[alluvial plain]] of the right bank.{{sfnm|1a1=Hassane|1a2=Leduc|1a3=Favreau|1a4=Bekins|1y=2016|1p=408|2a1=Almouctar|2a2=Wu|2a3=Zhao|2a4=Qin|2y=2024|2p=4}} The city's [[height above sea level]] mostly ranges from 190&nbsp;m to 230&nbsp;m on the left bank and from 180&nbsp;m to 185&nbsp;m on the right bank; the highest point, {{ill|Trois Sœurs|de}}, reaches 250&nbsp;m.{{sfnm|1a1=Lasagna|1a2=Dino|1a3=Perotti|1a4=Spadafora|1y=2015|1p=68|2a1=Hassane|2a2=Leduc|2a3=Favreau|2a4=Bekins|2y=2016|2p=408}}

The Niger is Niamey's only permanent river. {{lang|ha|Koris}} ([[wadi]]s) form temporarily, mostly on the left bank, and have become more common since the 1970s due to human activity.{{sfnm|1a1=Lasagna|1a2=Dino|1a3=Perotti|1a4=Spadafora|1y=2015|1p=68|2a1=Mamadou|2a2=Gautier|2a3=Descroix|2a4=Noma|2y=2015|2p=135|3a1=Mansour Badamassi|3a2=Moussa|3a3=Touré|3a4=Ahmed|3y=2023|3p=716}} The river is fed by {{lang|ha|koris}} in the [[Inner Niger Delta]], with the flow in the city mainly coming from three {{lang|ha|koris}} on the right bank: {{ill|Gorouol (river)|de|Gorouol (Niger)|lt=Gorouol}}, {{ill|Dargol (river)|de|Dargol (Fluss)|lt=Dargol}}, and [[Sirba River|Sirba]].{{sfnm|1a1=Mamadou|1a2=Gautier|1a3=Descroix|1a4=Noma|1y=2015|1p=134|2a1=Casse|2a2=Gosset|2a3=Peugeot|2a4=Pedinotti|2y=2015|2p=163}} The plateau of Niamey pushes the river's flow to be straight.{{sfn|Mamadou|2021|p=253}} Niamey is downriver from the [[Sélingué Dam]] in Mali, which has regulated the river's water level and prevented the city from losing water during droughts.{{sfn|Julien|2012|pp=81–82}} A series of sandy islands lies from Niamey upstream to [[Karma, Niger|Karma]]; the largest are [[Boubon]], {{ill|Kanazi|de|Kanazi (Niger)}}, and {{ill|Néni Goungou|de|Néini Goungou}}.{{sfn|Mamadou|2021|p=255}} As {{lang|ha|koris}} form [[alluvial fan]]s, the river is prone to flooding. Erosion and sedimentary deposits cause high [[siltation]] of the river, preventing it from flowing during periods of dryness, which threatens agriculture in Niamey.{{sfnm|1a1=Mamadou|1y=2021|1pp=251–252|2a1=Mansour Badamassi|2a2=Moussa|2a3=Touré|2a4=Ahmed|2y=2023|2p=715, 729}}

Niamey is between the geological regions of [[Liptako]] on the west and the [[Iullemmeden Basin]] on the east.{{sfnm|1a1=Hassane|1a2=Leduc|1a3=Favreau|1a4=Bekins|1y=2016|1p=410|2a1=Perotti|2a2=Dino|2a3=Lasagna|2a4=Moussa|2y=2016|2p=38}} It sits atop plateaus of sand and [[laterite]],{{sfn|Brinkmann|Schumacher|Dittrich|Kadaore|2012|p=95}} which are extracted by the city's [[quarries]].{{sfn|Perotti|Dino|Lasagna|Moussa|2016|p=43}} The city centre is built on [[bedrock]] formed by the [[West African Craton]] on the east bank, while the porous sediment of the Iullemmeden lies on both banks.{{sfn|Lasagna|Dino|Perotti|Spadafora|2015|pp=68–69}}

Niamey's vegetation consists of [[tiger bush]] shrubland on the plateau and [[millet]] fields and [[savanna]] in the valleys.{{sfn|d'Herbès|Valentin|1997|p=19}} Some trees are planted by government projects; a [[greenbelt]] was created in the 1960s, and areas in the city centre were planted in the mid-1970s by the Kountché administration.{{sfn|Hungerford|Moussa|2017|p=289}} The greenbelt covers {{Cvt|2500|ha}} of the peri-urban area, though most of its original space is no longer forested, and nine other [[Urban green space|green spaces]] each cover {{Cvt|42|ha}}.{{sfnm|1a1=Hungerford|1a2=Moussa|1y=2017|1p=289|2a1=Moussa|2a2=Kuyah|2a3=Kyereh|2a4=Tougiani|2y=2020|2p=853}} Most trees in the city are maintained by residents, who use them for shade (which provides space for outdoor events) and for fruit.{{sfnm|1a1=Hungerford|1a2=Moussa|1y=2017|1p=289|2a1=Moussa|2a2=Diop|2a3=Nassirou|2a4=Nafiou|2y=2024|2p=5}} Common trees planted by residents include [[neem]], [[mango]], and [[Terminalia (plant)|étagère]].{{sfn|Hungerford|Moussa|2017|p=294}} Most of the city's tree coverage is of [[introduced species]]; some were introduced during the colonial era, and others, including neem, were planted for the greenbelt.{{sfn|Moussa|Kuyah|Kyereh|Tougiani|2020|pp=852–853, 855}} The predominant natural trees are ''[[Combretaceae]]'', including the species ''[[Acacia albida]]'', which is maintained for soil regeneration.{{sfnm|1a1=Hassane|1a2=Leduc|1a3=Favreau|1a4=Bekins|1y=2016|1pp=408–409|2a1=Moussa|2a2=Kuyah|2a3=Kyereh|2a4=Tougiani|2y=2020|2p=852}} [[Urban garden]]s take up {{Cvt|54|ha}}, {{As of|2007|lc=y}}.{{sfn|Predotova|Gebauer|Diogo|Schlecht|2010|p=2}} The city's [[woodland]] and [[shrubland]] coverage decreased from 35% in 1968 to 7% in 2009, despite a stagnant area of agricultural land.{{sfn|Brinkmann|Schumacher|Dittrich|Kadaore|2012|p=99}}

=== Cityscape ===
{{Multiple image
| width             = 250
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| image1            = Pont Kennedy, Niamey (6253428325).jpg
| alt1              = A few beige multi-storey buildings. The most visible building has a sign that says "SOMAIR"
| caption1          = Multi-storey buildings seen from Kennedy Bridge
| image2            = Niamey 5285.jpg
| alt2              = Some mudbrick houses next to a dirt road
| caption2          = Mudbrick houses in Saga
}}

The density of Niamey decreases with distance from the built-up city centre,{{sfn|Moussa|Diop|Nassirou|Nafiou|2024|p=2}} with some rural settlements within and surrounding the locality.{{sfn|Almouctar|Wu|Zhao|Qin|2024|p=4}} The Niamey Urban Community incorporates several surrounding towns and villages that have been annexed.<ref name="Decalo1997">{{Cite book |last=Decalo |first=Samuel |title=Historical Dictionary of the Niger (3rd ed.) |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Boston & Folkestone |year=1997 |isbn=0-8108-3136-8}} pp. 225–227</ref> Niamey's [[grid plan]] includes wide boulevards linking [[roundabout]]s,{{sfn|Masquelier|2019|pp=24–25}} alongside dirt roads in residential areas.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=49}}

Houses in Niamey have building materials associated with their inhabitants' [[social strata]], ranging from huts to European-style [[villa]]s.{{sfnm|1a1=Masquelier|1y=2019|1pp=24–25|2a1=Meyer|2y=2021|2p=13}} Most houses are fenced.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=49}} [[Mudbrick]] is popular as an inexpensive, local construction method,{{sfn|Körling|2020|p=32–33}} having replaced lighter materials as the colonial city was established.{{sfn|Golden|2018|p=271}} In the post-independence era, more expensive, imported materials such as cement and [[reinforced concrete]] became more popular. Urban planning authorities favour cement over mudbrick, which is associated with poverty.{{sfnm|1a1=Golden|1y=2018|1pp=268, 271|2a1=Körling|2y=2020|2p=32–33}} The vast majority of the population in the 2000s lived in mudbrick buildings.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|p=13}} Many neighbourhoods, both formal and [[Informal housing|informal]], have dense populations who rent [[Multifamily residential|multifamily compounds]] made of mudbrick with shared courtyards. Most of these compounds are not connected to the electricity grid or running water.{{sfnm|1a1=Masquelier|1y=2019|1pp=24–25|2a1=Meyer|2y=2021|2p=13}}

Municipally allocated [[land lot]]s typically measure 300 to 400 square metres.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|p=14}} Much of Niamey's urban expansion involves informal neighbourhoods, or {{lang|fr|quartier non-loti}},{{NoteTag|{{lang|fr|Quartier non-loti}}, literally "non-zoned quarter", is a Francophone West African term for neighbourhoods that lack official [[zoning]] or subdivision.{{sfn|Körling|2020|p=29}}}} which are constructed by their residents without administrative approval and are allocated and [[zoned]] by traditional chiefs (See {{Section link||Governance and politics}}).{{sfn|Körling|2020|pp=24–25, 29–31}} This kind of settlement became popular during the 1970s housing crisis and proliferated during the 1990s economic decline.{{sfnm|1a1=Körling|1y=2020|1pp=26–27|2a1=Meyer|2y=2021|2p=12–13}} Government zoning and public housing projects often focus on middle-class residents, motivating lower-class residents to live in informal settlements.{{sfn|Körling|2020|p=26}} Though Niger recognises traditional ownership, the parallel land market violates the city code, so these neighbourhoods have ambiguous government approval. The government variably rebuilds such neighbourhoods or destroys them for new development.{{sfn|Körling|2020|p=27–28}}

Niamey is a polycentric city.{{sfn|Youngstedt|2004|p=96}} The city centre has poor, dense neighbourhoods that have existed since the 1930s and 1940s.{{sfn|Hungerford|Moussa|2017|p=298}} Some were replaced by [[business district]]s with multi-story buildings in the 2010s.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|p=13}} Such developments have caused poor residents of the area to sell their homes or be pressured to leave by [[gentrification]] projects.{{sfn|Bontianti|Hungerford|Younsa|Noma|2014|p=290}} The northernmost part of Niamey contains the poor neighbourhood of {{ill|Koira Tégui|de|Koira Tagui}}, which was relocated from the city centre in 1989.{{sfnm|1a1=Hungerford|1y=2012|1p=113|2a1=Heywood|2y=2023|2p=174}} The city's eastern periphery is centered around the industrial zone, military barracks, commercial establishments, and [[Diori Hamani International Airport]].{{sfn|Körling|2020|p=27}} On the opposite side of the industrial zone is the village of {{ill|Saga (Niamey)|de|lt=Saga}}, 5&nbsp;km from downtown Niamey, which has become a [[peri-urban]] area due to nearby developments.{{sfn|Hagberg|Körling|2016|p=297–298}} The city's largest informal neighbourhood, {{ill|Pays Bas (Niamey)|de|lt=Pays Bas}}, is built on a [[ravine]] near the airport,{{sfn|Körling|2020|pp=27–28, 34}} allocated by Saga's chief;{{sfn|Hagberg|Körling|2016|p=303}} informal settlements expand eastward to the neighbourhood of {{ill|Tondigamay|de|Tondi Gammé}}, built on existing roads.{{sfn|Körling|2020|pp=27–28, 34}} In the west of the city, [[Commune I (Niamey)|Commune I]] is the wealthiest part of Niamey, with many foreign embassy workers.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=14}} [[Commune V (Niamey)|The right bank of Niamey]] contains traditional Fula villages, as well as neighbourhoods that arose after the construction of [[Kennedy Bridge (Niamey)|Kennedy Bridge]] (such as {{ill|Karadjé|de|Karadjé (Niamey)}} and {{ill|Banga Bana|de}}) and relocated neighbourhoods such as {{ill|Gaweye|de|Gawèye (Niamey)}}. The right bank also contains higher education institutions including [[Abdou Moumouni University]].{{sfn|Meyer|2021|p=10}}

===Climate===
{{climate chart
|Niamey, [[Niger]]
   |16.1|32.5|0
   |19.0|35.7|0
   |22.9|39.1|3.9
   |26.5|40.9|5.7
   |27.7|40.2|34.7
   |25.7|37.2|68.8
   |24.1|34.0|154.3
   |23.2|33.0|170.8
   |23.6|34.4|92.2
   |24.2|37.8|9.7
   |19.5|36.2|0.7
   |16.7|33.3|0
| source = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]<ref name="Deutscher Wetterdienst">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_610520_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Niamey (Aéro) / Niger
| publisher = Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250616001017/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_610520_kt.pdf
| archive-date = 16 June 2025
| access-date = 14 June 2016}}
</ref>
|float=right
}}
With monthly highs ranging from 32&nbsp;°C in January to 41&nbsp;°C in April,{{sfn|Garba|Abdourahamane|2023|p=3}} Niamey is one of the hottest parts of Niger{{sfn|Almouctar|Wu|Zhao|Qin|2024|p=4}} and of the Sahel,{{sfn|Deme|Gaye|Hourdin|2017|p=67}} and it is one of [[List of cities by average temperature|the world's hottest major cities]].{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2018|p=45}} With an expected rainfall of 500 to 750&nbsp;mm in a year,{{sfn|Almouctar|Wu|Zhao|Qin|2024|p=4}} it is drier than areas further west in West Africa.{{sfn|Fink|2017|p=29}} Rainfall mostly begins with a few storms in May, then transitions to a [[rainy season]] from early June to early September, and there is practically no rain from October to April.{{sfn|Fink|2017|p=29}} The [[dry season]] is divided into a cool dry season from November to February and a hot dry season from March to May.{{sfn|Diogo|Buerkert|Schlecht|2010|p=1726}}

Niamey has a pattern of two floods. The first, termed the "local flood" or "red flood",{{NoteTag|The term "red flood" refers to the color of the sediment carried by the flood, containing [[iron oxide]].{{sfnm|1a1=Mamadou|1a2=Gautier|1a3=Descroix|1a4=Noma|1y=2015|1p=134|2a1=Casse|2a2=Gosset|2a3=Peugeot|2a4=Pedinotti|2y=2015|2p=163}}}} flows from the Inner Niger Delta, usually from August to October. A smaller flood, called the "Guinean flood", is caused by rainfall that flows from Guinea's [[Fouta Djallon]] region, usually from January to March.{{sfnm|1a1=Julien|1y=2012|1p=87|2a1=Mamadou|2a2=Gautier|2a3=Descroix|2a4=Noma|2y=2015|2pp=130, 134|3a1=Casse|3a2=Gosset|3a3=Peugeot|3a4=Pedinotti|3y=2015|3pp=162–163}} The region around Niamey has seen increases in [[surface water]] levels following decreases in rainfall—a phenomenon known as the Niamey paradox—which has caused decreased durations of the two floods.{{sfn|Julien|2012|p=87}} The river's flow has increased since the 1970s, which led to the distinguishment of the two floods, with the red flood shifting ahead by 40 days.{{sfnm|1a1=Casse|1a2=Gosset|1a3=Peugeot|1a4=Pedinotti|1y=2015|1pp=162|2a1=Descroix|2a2=Mahé|2a3=Olivry|2a4=Aubergel|2y=2017|2p=148}} The two-flood cycle causes significant flooding events, exacerbated by inadequate [[drainage]] systems, and damage is intensified when the floods overlap.{{sfnm|1a1=Garba|1a2=Abdourahamane|1y=2023|1p=3|2a1=Sauzedde|2a2=Vischel|2a3=Panthou|2a4=Tarchiani|2y=2025|2pp=408, 417–418}} In the 2000s and 2010s, the red flood increased in strength due to increased [[runoff (hydrology)|runoff]], causing extreme floods in 2010, 2012, and 2013.{{sfn|Casse|Gosset|Peugeot|Pedinotti|2015|pp=162–163}}{{NoteTag|These three floods were the most intense since records began in the 1920s.{{sfn|Casse|Gosset|Peugeot|Pedinotti|2015|p=163}}}} Rainfall across the city is uneven.{{sfn|Garba|Abdourahamane|2023|p=4}} The city is affected by droughts, especially the northern, central, and southwestern parts.{{sfn|Almouctar|Wu|Zhao|Qin|2024|pp=8–9, 13}} The driest years on record are 1972, 1982, and 1984.{{sfn|Kosmowski|Lalou|Sultan|Ndiaye|2017|p=95}}

Leading up to the rainy season, Niamey is dry with low [[cloud cover]], leading to significant [[diurnal temperature variation]]. In June, the temperature rises quickly in the morning and slows down by the afternoon; in August, there is a slower temperature rise in the morning and a slight decrease in the afternoon.{{sfn|Parker|2017|p=135}} Temperatures in the hot dry season regularly exceed 40&nbsp;°C and may come near the unsafe threshold of 45&nbsp;°C.{{sfn|Parker|2017|p=160}} In the cool dry season, average nighttime lows range from 14 to 18&nbsp;°C.{{sfn|Almouctar|Wu|Zhao|Qin|2024|p=4}} [[Climate change]] led to a 1.4-degree increase in annual minimum temperatures between 1965 and 2013.{{sfn|Kosmowski|Lalou|Sultan|Ndiaye|2017|p=95}} Winds of the [[African easterly jet]] (AEJ) contribute to the [[convective boundary layer]] in Niamey, whose depth is about 1,000 to 2,000&nbsp;m (with a pressure of 850&nbsp;[[hPa]]) during the rainy season and 2,000 to 3,000&nbsp;m (750&nbsp;hPa) leading up to the rainy season.{{sfn|Parker|2017|p=141}} [[Air mass]]es caused by small-scale burning in Niamey have been observed.{{sfn|Fink|2017|p=31}} Land clearing in the area has led to [[erosion]], forming {{lang|ha|koris}} and [[alluvial cone]]s.{{sfn|Descroix|Mahé|Olivry|Aubergel|2017|p=157}} The city's heat leads to a high risk of [[malaria]] near water pools, while [[dust storm]]s contribute to [[meningitis]].{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=48}}

{{Weather box
|location = Niamey Airport (1991–2020, extremes 1961–present)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes

|Jan record high C=40.7
|Feb record high C=44.0
|Mar record high C=45.0
|Apr record high C=46.1
|May record high C=47.0
|Jun record high C=44.4
|Jul record high C=41.0
|Aug record high C=39.6
|Sep record high C=41.8
|Oct record high C=41.6
|Nov record high C=41.8
|Dec record high C=40.0

|Jan high C = 36.8
|Feb high C = 40.1
|Mar high C = 42.7
|Apr high C = 44.3
|May high C = 44.1
|Jun high C = 42.1
|Jul high C = 38.9
|Aug high C = 36.8
|Sep high C = 39.1
|Oct high C = 40.4
|Nov high C = 39.4
|Dec high C = 37.3

|Jan mean C= 24.6
|Feb mean C= 27.8
|Mar mean C= 31.9
|Apr mean C= 34.7
|May mean C= 34.5
|Jun mean C= 32.2
|Jul mean C= 29.5
|Aug mean C= 28.1
|Sep mean C= 29.6
|Oct mean C= 31.5
|Nov mean C= 29.0
|Dec mean C= 25.5

|Jan low C = 13.5
|Feb low C = 15.9
|Mar low C = 19.5
|Apr low C = 23.0
|May low C = 23.1
|Jun low C = 20.7
|Jul low C = 20.3
|Aug low C = 20.4
|Sep low C = 20.7
|Oct low C = 21.1
|Nov low C = 17.3
|Dec low C = 13.9

|Jan record low C=8.3
|Feb record low C=10.4
|Mar record low C=16.0
|Apr record low C=19.9
|May record low C=20.2
|Jun record low C=19.8
|Jul record low C=19.4
|Aug record low C=19.4
|Sep record low C=19.5
|Oct record low C=18.0
|Nov record low C=13.4
|Dec record low C=11.6

|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 0.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 0.3
|Mar precipitation mm = 0.2
|Apr precipitation mm = 9.8
|May precipitation mm = 25.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 78.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 145.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 192.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 85.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 16.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 0.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 0.0

| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days  = 0.0
| Feb precipitation days  = 0.0
| Mar precipitation days  = 0.1
| Apr precipitation days  = 1.0
| May precipitation days  = 2.7
| Jun precipitation days  = 6.0
| Jul precipitation days  = 9.7
| Aug precipitation days  = 12.1
| Sep precipitation days  = 6.8
| Oct precipitation days  = 1.7
| Nov precipitation days  = 0.0
| Dec precipitation days  = 0.0
| year precipitation days = 40.1

|Jan humidity=22
|Feb humidity=17
|Mar humidity=18
|Apr humidity=27
|May humidity=42
|Jun humidity=55
|Jul humidity=67
|Aug humidity=74
|Sep humidity=73
|Oct humidity=53
|Nov humidity=34
|Dec humidity=27

|Jan sun = 285.0
|Feb sun = 259.1
|Mar sun = 263.3
|Apr sun = 256.8
|May sun = 266.8
|Jun sun = 247.4
|Jul sun = 245.1
|Aug sun = 226.2
|Sep sun = 250.1
|Oct sun = 286.1
|Nov sun = 293.8
|Dec sun = 299.4
|year sun = 3179.1

|source 1=[[NOAA]],<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231002040804/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/4.4/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Niger/CSV/Niamey_Aero_61052.csv
| archive-date = 2 October 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/4.4/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Niger/CSV/Niamey_Aero_61052.csv
| title = Niamey Normals 1991–2020
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=global-summary-of-the-day&stations=61052099999&startDate=1700-01-01&endDate=2023-12-31&dataTypes=MAX,MIN,PRCP
| title = Global Surface Summary of the Day – GSOD
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = 26 January 2023
| format = pdf
}}</ref> Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1991-2020-1-p156.php
| title = Météo Climat stats for Niamey 1991–2020
| publisher = Météo Climat
| access-date = 15 October 2017}}</ref>
|source 2=[[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (humidity 1961–1990)<ref name="Deutscher Wetterdienst" />
}}

==Demographics==
{{See also|Demographics of Niger}}

{{historical populations
|1977|242973
|1988|397437
|2001|707951
|2012|1026848
|source=National Statistics Institute of Niger<ref name="INS 2012" />}}

{{Population pyramid
|year=(2022){{sfn|INS|2024|p=17}}
|m0=9.853 |m5=8.214 |m10=6.799 |m15=5.526 |m20=4.406 |m25=0.626 |m30=2.654 |m35=1.920 |m40=1.554 |m45=1.350 |m50=1.069 |m55=0.943 |m60=0.769 |m65=0.570 |m70=0.382 |m75=0.199 |m80=0.106 
|f0=9.679 |f5=8.109 |f10=6.727 |f15=5.465 |f20=4.347 |f25=0.613 |f30=2.679 |f35=2.216 |f40=1.837 |f45=1.483 |f50=1.213 |f55=0.982 |f60=0.757 |f65=0.547 |f70=0.391 |f75=0.245 |f80=0.146 
|scale=7
}}

In 2022, Niamey had an estimated population of 1,407,635 (700,722 males and 706,913 females) and a population density of 2,549 per square kilometre.{{sfn|INS|2024|pp=17, 19}} Niamey has a high [[population growth]] rate, correlated with the national rate, which is [[List of countries by population growth rate|one of the highest in the world]].{{sfnm|1a1=Boyer|1a2=Lessault|1y=2021|1p=713|2a1=Garba|2a2=Abdourahamane|2y=2023|2pp=3–4}} [[Oxford Economics]] estimated that Niamey was the world's fastest growing city in 2015, predicting a growth rate of 5.2% each year until 2030.{{sfnm|1a1=Hungerford|1a2=Moussa|1y=2017|1p=291|2a1=Keough|2a2=Youngstedt|2y=2019|2p=6}} Niamey's population is largely young; its [[age distribution]] has a median of 14 years and a third quartile of 24 years, {{As of|2013|lc=y}}.{{sfn|Masquelier|2019|p=13}}

Most people in Niamey work in the [[informal economy]].{{sfn|Moussa|Diop|Nassirou|Nafiou|2024|p=2}} The city has high [[wealth disparity]], and neighbourhoods have strong class divisions.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|pp=41, 47}} The [[average income]] is about 500 [[CFA franc]]s {{nobr|(1 US dollar)}} per day, {{As of|2019|lc=y}}.{{sfn|Youngstedt|2019|p=63}} The [[living wage]] is about 100 US dollars per month, {{As of|2016|lc=y}}.{{sfn|Cantrell|Yaye'|Hungerford|Forthun|2021|p=133}} Since the 1990s, the city's [[cost of living]] has increased while employment has decreased.{{sfn|Youngstedt|2004|p=98}} The number of government jobs has decreased amid [[neoliberal]] economic programs.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=57}} People without formal education have few job opportunities.{{sfn|Diallo|2022|p=663}} Job market saturation has made it difficult for young migrants to find employment.{{sfn|Cantrell|Yaye'|Hungerford|Forthun|2021|p=134}}

Most residents of Niamey rent their homes and frequently move within the urban area based on finances. Some seasonal residents arrange to keep a property within a group of [[roommate]]s.{{sfn|Youngstedt|2013|p=140}} About 20% of households in the city have a woman as the [[head of household]].{{sfn|Youngstedt|2013|p=148}} The city has many [[Nuclear family|nuclear household]]s, but preference for a large [[family size]] is widespread,{{sfn|Moussa|2023|p=103}} with an average of 4.2 children per woman {{As of|2021|alt=in 2021}}.{{sfn|INS|2024|p=19}} Expectations of marriage limit the social status of many young men in Niamey who cannot afford to marry.{{sfn|Diallo|2022|p=662}}

Informal settlements and [[squatting]] are common throughout the city. It does not have extensive [[slum]]s, although the United Nations definition of slums includes 80% of the city.{{sfn|Hungerford|2012|pp=123–124}} The city centre has visible groups of [[beggar]]s, particularly within the more trafficked neighbourhoods. Beggars have formed a well-regulated hierarchical system in which they garner money according to cultural perceptions that view groups such as disabled people as being worthy of begging.{{sfn|Gilliard|Pédenon|1996|pp=58–60}}

=== Ethnicity and language ===
Niamey is a cosmopolitan, highly ethnically integrated city with residents from every [[Demographics of Niger#Ethnic groups|ethnic group of Niger]] and others from across West Africa.{{sfnm|1a1=Youngstedt|1y=2004|1p=96|2a1=Moussa|2y=2023|2p=12}} According to anthropologist Scott M. Youngstedt, [[Hausa people]] have comprised over half of the city's population since about 1980, having increased from 12% in 1960. Despite this, the Hausa largely identify as a diaspora community within a [[Zarma people|Zarma]] city,{{sfn|Youngstedt|2013|pp=139–140}} which lies about 150 kilometres west of [[Hausaland]].{{sfn|Youngstedt|2013|p=146}} Members of the [[Ikelan|Bella]] caste of [[Tuareg people]] have assimilated into the Zarma and Songhai cultures in the area since coming to Saga from the village of [[Sona Bella]] in the late 19th century.{{sfn|Gosselain|2016|pp=39, 50}}

The [[Hausa language|Hausa]] and [[Zarma language|Zarma]] languages are Niamey's [[lingua franca]]s.{{sfn|Alidou|2005|p=89}} An overwhelming majority of the city speaks Hausa,{{sfn|Youngstedt|2013|pp=139–140}} including international immigrants.{{sfn|Alidou|2005|p=49}} The variety of Hausa used in the city is influenced by Zarma grammar.{{sfn|McLaughlin|2021|p=657}} [[Code switching]] between Hausa, Zarma, and French is common.{{sfn|Kang|2015|p=24}} Other languages used include [[Fula language|Fula]] and [[Tamasheq language|Tamasheq]].{{sfn|Youngstedt|2021|p=16}}

=== Migration ===
Since Niamey's establishment as a city, the vast majority of its population has been migrants and their children. This is due to its political status as well as the effects of droughts and famines.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=40}} The city's population increases by 200,000 or 300,000 during the dry season due to [[Seasonal migration in Niger|circular migration from rural Niger]].{{sfnm|1a1=Hungerford|1y=2012|1p=6|2a1=Bontianti|2a2=Hungerford|2a3=Younsa|2a4=Noma|2y=2014|2p=288}} During the dry season, many Hausa residents work in the city's [[informal economy]].{{sfn|Youngstedt|2013|p=133}} For rural Nigerien Hausas, Niamey is the most popular place to migrate due to its ease of travel.{{sfn|Youngstedt|2004|pp=97–98}} Many Hausa migrants stay in Niamey for a few years. Most do not consider it their home, but youths in the 21st century often feel stronger connections to the city. Those who stay in the city permanently are seen within the community as "left behind".{{sfn|Youngstedt|2013|p=137–138}} Many such people prefer Niamey for its [[standard of living]] and lack of violence, despite difficulties with employment and affordability. Others cannot afford to return home.{{sfn|Youngstedt|2013|pp=146–147}}

Many Niamey residents desire to move out of the country, and social groups are formed with this goal. These groups often fund emigrations to receive [[remittance]]s in return. It is common for international emigrants to return to the city after long periods.{{sfn|Youngstedt|2013|p=141–145}} Hausa migrants to Niamey often emigrate internationally, comprising a large part of the international [[Hausa diaspora]].{{sfn|Youngstedt|2013|p=133}} Hausa migrants within Niger are composed about equally of men and women, but, as men emigrate internationally, women typically stay in Niamey, often with their in-laws.{{sfn|Youngstedt|2013|pp=134–136, 147–148}} Some Niameyans are educated in Western cities such as Paris, Hamburg, New York City, and [[Greensboro, North Carolina|Greensboro]], the latter being nicknamed Little Niamey.{{sfn|Alidou|2005|p=15}}

The foreign-born population of Niger is mostly centered in Niamey and Tillabéri.{{sfn|Nimis|2013|p=114}} Nigerian [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] businesspeople come to Niamey because it has less competition than other cities in Niger. Yoruba people first came to Niamey in the 1950s, immigrating from [[Shaki, Oyo|Shaki]] and [[Igboho]]. They comprised 2.4% of the city in 1961{{NoteTag|As estimated by {{ill|Suzanne Bernus|fr}}{{sfn|Nimis|2013|p=122}}}} before large-scale immigration began in the 1970s.{{sfn|Nimis|2013|p=122}} Niamey has had waves of Tuareg refugees from northern Mali since the 1960s, caused by war or drought. The city has about 4,000 such people, {{As of|2022|lc=y}}, and they formed an advocacy group in 2012. Many upper-caste Tuaregs experience lower social status in Niamey than in Mali.{{sfn|Diallo|2022|pp=658, 661}} Many Tuareg migrants work as brickmakers or water vendors (see {{Section link||Water}}).{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=78}} Niamey has Niger's largest Chinese population, composed of mostly short-term residents.{{sfn|Topkiran|2019|p=38, 50–51}} The city's first Chinese women came in the 1980s with their Nigerien husbands, who they met at universities in [[Guangzhou]].{{sfn|Topkiran|2019|pp=40–41}} Some Chinese women are employed by the public sector or by Chinese corporations; they come from cities or provinces that have relations with Niger.{{sfn|Topkiran|2019|pp=40, 42–43}} Others, largely from southern China, establish businesses.{{sfn|Topkiran|2019|pp=40–42, 44–49, 56–57}}

=== Religion ===
==== Islam ====
{{See also|Islam in Niger}}
[[File:Niamey-Moschee4.jpg|thumb|alt=A room with a patterned wood window.|Interior of the [[Grand Mosque of Niamey]]]]
An [[Islamic revival]] in West Africa began in the 1990s,{{sfnm|1a1=Sounaye|1y=2015|1p=106|2a1=Moussa|2y=2023|2pp=171–172}} turning Niamey into a centre of religious activism.{{sfn|Sounaye|2017b|p=11}} This occurred during the era of democratisation and the breakdown of formal education in Niger, and the city saw an increase in [[political Islam]] and support for [[Madrasa|Islamic education centres]], known locally as {{lang|ha|makaranta}}.{{sfn|Alidou|2005|p=17}} In subsequent decades, the city saw an increase in [[hijab]] use, mosque constructions, public sermons, and Arabic language students.{{sfnm|1a1=Moussa|1y=2023|1pp=171–172|2a1=Sounaye|2y=2016|2p=249}} In neighbourhoods such as {{ill|Boukoki|fr|Boukoki (Niamey)}}, the Islamic revival has increased the popularity of [[Gender roles in Islam|traditionalist gender roles]] that require women to stay at home, which are promoted by most Islamic educators in the city.{{sfnm|1a1=Moussa|1y=2023|1pp=171–172|2a1=Moussa|2y=2023|2p=209}}

[[Sufism]] is popular in Niamey, and most {{lang|ha|makarantu}} are affiliated with the movement.{{sfn|Sounaye|2016|p=239}} [[Izala Society|Izala]], a [[Salafi]] movement opposed to Sufism, is much smaller than the [[Tariqa]] Sufi movement in Niamey, but theological debates between the two are frequent.{{sfn|Youngstedt|2004|p=111}} Izala gained traction in Niamey in the early 1990s and was present across the city by the 2000s.{{sfn|Sounaye|2015|p=90}} The movement established educational institutions,{{sfn|Sounaye|2016|p=239}} and its preachers became celebrities.{{sfn|Sounaye|2017b|p=11}} Many congregations in the city became more conservative as they shifted from Sufism from Izala.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=63}} [[Shiism]] came to Niamey later and became the target of [[anti-Shiism]] by Izala supporters.{{sfn|Sounaye|2015|p=96}} A reformist Izala faction known as Sunnance is centered on teaching its view on the [[sunnah]] rather than establishing political presence.{{sfn|Sounaye|2015|p=93}} It is popular among youths who reject the traditionalism of mainstream Izala.{{sfn|Sounaye|2015|p=95}}

{{lang|ha|Makarantu}} largely target the city's women and young people.{{sfn|Launay|2016|p=22}} During the Islamic revival, these provided the first Islamic education for many women in the city.{{sfn|Sounaye|2016|pp=236–237}} Women with formal employment are one of the largest contingents of Islamic education proponents in the city.{{sfn|Sounaye|2016|pp=241–242}} The city's Islamic broadcast media largely targets women.{{sfn|Sounaye|2017b|pp=10}} Public sermons, known as {{lang|ha|wa'azai}}, typically take place on Thursdays.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=63}} Sunnance preachers in Niamey perform {{lang|za|wazu}}, a form of [[Dawah|Islamic outreach]] that involves preaching to large gatherings, with a nontraditional, dramatic style that involves narrative, humour, and colloquialisms.{{sfn|Sounaye|2017b|p=12–15}} Popularised in the 2000s and 2010s, it is opposed by many Sufi and mainstream Izala leaders in the city.{{sfn|Sounaye|2017b|pp=10–11}} Many mosques in Niamey prohibit {{lang|za|wazu}}, which is often instead performed in public places, increasing its visibility.{{sfn|Sounaye|2017b|pp=16–17}} Sunnance followers in the city also hold theological discussion groups they call {{lang|ar-Latn|[[wikt:ziara|ziyāra]]}}.{{sfn|Sounaye|2015|p=94}}

==== Christianity ====
[[File:Niger, Niamey, Cathedral.jpg|thumb|The [[Our Lady of Perpetual Help Cathedral, Niamey|Our Lady of Perpetual Help Cathedral]], seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Niamey]]]]
{{See also|Christianity in Niger}}
[[Christianity in Niger|Christians in Niger]] are mostly concentrated in Niamey and Maradi.{{sfn|Youngstedt|2019|p=62}} Niamey has a Christian community descended from migrants. A large church is run by wealthy Christians with ties to Maradi and [[Tibiri]]. Francophone African immigrants are served by a French-language church and the {{lang|fr|Centre Biblique}}, a library run by the organisation [[SIM (Christian organization)|SIM]].{{sfn|Cooper|2006|p=220}} [[Pentecostalism]] has a widespread media presence, paralleling that of Izala.{{sfn|Sounaye|2017b|p=12}} The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Niamey]] was founded in 1942 and has been the [[metropolitan diocese]] of the [[ecclesiastical province]] of Niger since 2014.{{sfn|Kafando|2020|pp=178, 189}}

Niamey's first [[Catholic mission]] was established in 1931 by Father {{ill|François Faroud|fr}}.{{sfn|Cooper|2006|p=163}} The Catholic mission has run secular schools in Niamey since 1949, having been supported by the colonial government as Islam overtook [[animism]] in the area.{{sfn|Cooper|2006|p=257}} Initially teaching only boys, the Catholic school became coeducational in 1961.{{sfn|Alidou|2005|p=61}} The [[Baptist Church]] became active in the city in the late 20th century.{{sfn|Cooper|2006|p=324}} The {{lang|fr|Église Évangelique Salama du Niger}}, a Christian group established in 1989, is primarily active in Niamey.{{sfn|Cooper|2006|p=222}}

== Economy ==
[[File:Niger, Niamey, Rue NB-26 (2).jpg|thumb|alt=Sacks of grain being sold next to a narrow road with cars and pedestrians.|Marketplace at the {{lang|fr|{{ill|Petit Marché|de}}}}]]
Niamey is the [[primate city]] of Niger.{{sfn|Hungerford|2012|p=5}} Its economic development was limited during the colonial era due to its lack of connections to other cities. Urban expansion in the 1970s and 1980s led to it becoming a regional economic centre, though its economic power is limited by its distance from larger centres, emigration to other countries, and the instability of the region.{{sfn|Boyer|Lessault|2021|pp=712–713, 722}} The [[jihadist insurgency in Niger]] has limited foreign demand for goods in the country, hindering some commerce in Niamey.{{sfn|Cantrell|Yaye'|Hungerford|Forthun|2021|p=134}}

Niamey's main economic activities are commercial.{{sfn|Moussa|Diop|Nassirou|Nafiou|2024|p=2}} Most people in the city rely on informal [[peddler]]s and [[street market]]s for common purchases, including food, clothing, water (see {{Section link||Water}}), and pharmaceuticals (see {{Section link||Healthcare}}). These vendors typically sell a single product or service.{{sfn|Youngstedt|2021|p=9}} The [[Niamey Grand Market]] ({{lang|fr|Grand Marché}}) is the city's largest commercial site,{{sfn|Keough|Yayé Saidou|2021|p=100}} and the {{lang|fr|{{ill|Petit Marché|de}}}} in the city centre is the largest vegetable market.{{sfn|Hassane|2017|p=414}} [[Street food]] vendors, mostly women, sell [[cowpea]]-based foods such as [[Akara|kossaï]], primarily at breakfast time.{{sfn|Otoo|Ibro|Fulton|Lowenberg-Deboer|2012|pp=20, 22}}

Niamey has extensive [[urban agriculture]] including [[animal husbandry]].{{sfn|Moussa|Diop|Nassirou|Nafiou|2024|p=2}} The city is located in a [[pearl millet]] and cowpea growing region; agricultural products include millet, meat, eggs, and dairy.{{sfn|Brinkmann|Schumacher|Dittrich|Kadaore|2012|p=95}} Rice is grown on the floodplains the Niger River in neighbourhoods including Saga, Kirkissoye, and {{ill|Losso Goungou|de}},{{sfnm|1a1=Roberts|1y=1981|1p=193|2a1=Adamou Marafa|2a2=Tankari Dan Badjo|2a3=Abdou Gado|2y=2020|2p=105}} though rice is mostly imported.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=47}} Niamey's agricultural infrastructure enables the farming of more resource-intensive vegetables than in rural parts of Niger.{{sfn|Predotova|Gebauer|Diogo|Schlecht|2010|p=6}} Demand for food in Niamey has led to an increase in farming of potatoes, which had previously been a luxury in the region. Farmers in nearby villages purchase potato seeds primarily from the {{lang|fr|Petit Marché}} and sell potatoes for a higher profit than more common crops.{{sfn|Hassane|2017|pp=399, 406–407}} Livestock includes sheep and goats in the urban area and cattle in the periphery.{{sfn|Diogo|Buerkert|Schlecht|2010|p=1726}}

Niamey has little industrial activity, and most products are imported.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=47}} Manufacturing industries include [[leatherworking]], [[Chemical industry|chemicals]], and soap production. Food processing activities include brewing, dairy, [[meatpacking]], and syrup production.{{sfn|Adamou Marafa|Tankari Dan Badjo|Abdou Gado|2020|p=104}} Financial investment is primarily from Nigerien citizens. The city has about ten commercial banks, as well as a housing bank and an agricultural bank.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|p=16}}

== Culture ==
Residents of Niamey have various kinds of conversation groups.{{sfn|Youngstedt|2004|p=117}} [[Tea drinking]] groups for young men, known as {{lang|ha|[[Fada (social group)|fada]]s}}, are located at many spaces in the city.{{sfn|Heywood|2023|p=172}} {{lang|ha|Fadas}} originated in Niamey during the 1990s democratisation era before spreading to other Nigerien cities; some members of {{lang|ha|fadas}} attribute their creation to the protests against the Kennedy Bridge massacre.{{sfn|Masquelier|2019|p=19, 22, 36}} Being active at night, {{lang|ha|fadas}} defend their neighbourhoods, especially in areas without police patrols.{{sfn|Göpfert|2012|pp=57–58, 63}} {{lang|ha|Fadas}} are primarily a phenomenon of unemployed men, though many {{lang|ha|fadas}} in the city consist of students,{{sfn|Masquelier|2019|p=39}} and some include women.{{sfn|Masquelier|2019|pp=39, 98, 106}} Many women in the city instead form smaller gatherings or financially supportive social groups called {{lang|dje|foyandi}}.{{sfnm|1a1=Masquelier|1y=2019|1p=97|2a1=Heywood|2y=2023|2p=172}} The city's Hausa conversation groups, or {{lang|ha|hira}} groups, usually assemble at streetside spots.{{sfn|Youngstedt|2004|p=103}} These groups, often formed through hometown connections, are single-gender and mostly male. Most of the city's Hausa men lack full-time employment, so they spend most of their time with these groups.{{sfn|Youngstedt|2004|p=92–93}} The city's {{lang|ha|hira}} groups include seasonal and long-term migrants, and some include non-Hausa people. Many people are members of multiple groups.{{sfn|Youngstedt|2004|pp=101, 103}}

[[New Year's Eve]] is a popular holiday in Niamey due to global influence, though conservative Muslims reject it for its [[Christmas and holiday season|associations with Christmas]] and alcohol. It was rarely celebrated in Niamey until widespread festivities a few weeks after the city hosted the [[2005 Jeux de la Francophonie]].{{sfn|Youngstedt|2019|pp=61, 66–67}} New Year's Eve provides an economic boost, being the most popular day for live music and nightlife, the only secular holiday to feature feasts, and, for many Niameyans, the only day they drink alcohol.{{sfn|Youngstedt|2019|p=63–64}}

=== Arts and architecture ===
[[File:Hip hop black daps niamey 2009.jpg|thumb|alt=Singers on stage.|A hip-hop concert in Niamey]]
{{lang|za|Fakaray}}, a form of [[oration]] built on improvising details, is popular among the city's youth.{{sfn|Sounaye|2017b|p=32}} With the influence of global popular culture in Niamey, some musicians perform [[Nigerien hip-hop]] music in Hausa or Zarma,{{sfn|Youngstedt|2004|pp=112, 118}} and [[hip-hop fashion]] is popular among young men.{{sfn|Masquelier|2019|p=166}} Organisations such as the {{lang|fr|Centre pour la formation et la promotion musicale}} support hip-hop production.{{sfn|Apard|2020|p=111}} The orchestra [[Tal National]] performs at its own concert hall in Niamey.{{sfn|Apard|2020|p=106}} Niamey's Islamic revival increased the popularity of women's [[Islamic clothing|Islamic fashion]], including clothing imported from the Middle East and Asia; women who wear expensive Islamic clothing are known idiomatically as {{lang|ha|[[Hajji|hajiya]]}}. Meanwhile, Western fashions became popular among wealthy, Western-educated women, as well as a group of young women known as {{lang|fr|les souris d'hôtel}} ({{Translation|hotel mice}}).{{sfn|Alidou|2005|pp=14–15}}

Niamey is the Nigerien city with the most photography studios.{{sfn|Nimis|2013|p=122}} Most photographers in the city are Togolese, Beninese, or Nigerian Yoruba immigrants, with the latter running 75% of the city's studios in 2000.{{sfn|Nimis|2013|p=103, 123}} Apprenticeships led to the spread of [[Photography in Nigeria|Yoruba photography]] across the city.{{sfn|Nimis|2013|p=133–135}} Niamey is a centre for pottery markets, with Saga historically being a centre of Bella Tuareg pottery.{{sfn|Gosselain|2016|pp=50–55}} Most of the pottery sold in Niamey is made in the nearby village of [[Boubon]].{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2014|p=155}} Niamey has a large market for Tuareg craftwork and art, often purchased by Western expatriates, which has motivated Tuareg artisans to work in the city; the market of {{ill|Château 1|de}} became a popular place for such products in the 1990s.{{sfn|Davis|1999|pp=485, 487–488, 491}}

Most of Niamey's tall buildings were built during the uranium boom of the 1970s and 1980s.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=44}} In addition to storefronts and high-rise office buildings, the city centre contains stadiums, cultural centers, and the [[Musée National Boubou Hama]].{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=48}} Niger being a predominantly Muslim country, mosques are the most common places of worship, with the [[Grand Mosque of Niamey|Grande Mosquée]] being the largest in the city. There are also various Christian churches, including [[Our Lady of Perpetual Help Cathedral, Niamey|Our Lady of Perpetual Help Cathedral]], the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Niamey]], and the Cathedral de Maourey.<ref>J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ''Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 2103</ref><ref name="Bradt">Geels, Jolijn, (2006) ''Bradt Travel Guide – Niger'', pgs. 93–113</ref> The {{ill|Niamey 2000|de}} neighbourhood, the first dense [[housing estate]] in the city, was designed by the firm [[Mariam Kamara|united4design]] for middle-class residents. It was built with local materials and was one of the first projects in the city to use [[compressed earth block]] construction.{{sfn|Golden|2018|pp=271–276}}

=== Sport ===
[[File:Niger, Niamey, Kountché Stadium (1).jpg|thumb|alt=Seats at a stadium with a few thousand people.|People watching a football game at the [[Stade Général Seyni Kountché]]]]
Many men in Niamey are fans of [[Association football|football]]. The national stadium, [[Stade Général Seyni Kountché]], holds matches between Nigerien football teams as well as international matches.{{sfn|Youngstedt|2004|p=109}} Football clubs were established in each quartier of Niamey in 1964, under [[Diori Hamani]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moussa |first=Oumarou |date=12 May 2020 |title=Hommage au premier coach du Onze national Mena: Hamidou Garba |trans-title=Tribute to the first coach of the national Mena: Hamidou Garba |url=https://www.lesahel.org/hommage-au-premier-coach-du-onze-national-mena-hamidou-garba-un-exemple-de-patriotisme-et-dhumilite/ |access-date=19 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623230555/https://www.lesahel.org/hommage-au-premier-coach-du-onze-national-mena-hamidou-garba-un-exemple-de-patriotisme-et-dhumilite/ |archive-date=23 June 2025 |work=Le Sahel}}</ref> Prominent football clubs in Niamey's neighbourhoods include [[Olympic FC de Niamey]] in {{ill|Lacouroussou|de}}, [[Sahel SC]] in the {{langr|fr|Nouveau Marché}} neighbourhood, [[AS Renaissance]] in Boukoki, and {{langr|fr|[[Étoile Rouge FC]]}} in {{ill|Talladjé|de}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ibrahim |first=Abdoul-Aziz |date=14 March 2025 |title=La vie des clubs de football au Niger: Entre défis financiers et nécessité de réorganisation |trans-title=The life of Niger's football clubs: Between financial challenges and need for reorganisation |url=https://www.lesahel.org/la-vie-des-clubs-de-football-au-niger-entre-defis-financiers-et-necessite-de-reorganisation/ |access-date=19 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428153628/https://www.lesahel.org/la-vie-des-clubs-de-football-au-niger-entre-defis-financiers-et-necessite-de-reorganisation/ |archive-date=28 April 2025 |work=Le Sahel}}</ref> Niamey also holds the annual national [[Lutte traditionnelle|traditional wrestling]] competition.{{sfn|Masquelier|2019|p=149}} The city's basketball league is the only one in operation in the [[Nigerien Basketball Federation]], {{As of|2024|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ibrahim |first=Abdoul-Aziz |date=30 August 2024 |title=Une discipline sportive en déclin malgré l'existence d'un vivier de talents |trans-title=A sport in decline despite the existence of a pool of talent |url=https://www.lesahel.org/basket-ball-au-niger-une-discipline-sportive-en-declin-malgre-lexistence-dun-vivier-de-talents/ |access-date=19 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219030917/https://www.lesahel.org/basket-ball-au-niger-une-discipline-sportive-en-declin-malgre-lexistence-dun-vivier-de-talents/ |archive-date=19 February 2025 |work=Le Sahel}}</ref>

=== Media ===
[[Mass media in Niger|The press in Niger]] is predominantly centred in Niamey. The government ran radio broadcasts in the city since independence; the [[Office of Radio and Television of Niger]] was formed in 1967 to broadcast government propaganda, which continued until democratisation in 1990. Niamey had the country's first commercial radio in 1994.{{sfn|Schritt|2020|p=429}} Radio networks based in Niamey include [[Studio Tamani]] and [[Hirondelle News Agency|Studio Kalangou]].{{sfn|Heywood|2023|p=15}} Many Hausa residents consume international news media such as [[BBC Hausa]].{{sfn|Youngstedt|2004|p=111}} The first television programming in Niamey was the [[Télé Sahel#History|Niger School Television Program]] in 1966.{{sfn|Gecit|2022|pp=66–67}}

==Governance==
<!--linked section at "Communes of Niamey"-->

===Administration===
[[File:Hôtel de ville de Niamey 01.jpg|thumb|City Hall of Niamey]]
Niamey makes up a [[Capital districts and territories|capital district]] of Niger, the Niamey Urban Community (CUN), a first-level subdivision equal to the seven [[regions of Niger]]. The CUN's administration, appointed by national leaders, is led by the [[Governor of Niamey]], accompanied by the Secretary General and Assistant Secretary General.{{sfn|INS|2024|p=8}}<ref name=sahel20110701>{{Cite news |last=Souleymane |first=Laouali |date=1 July 2011 |title=Installation du Conseil de ville de Niamey et élection des membres: M. Oumarou Dogari Moumouni, élu maire de la ville de Niamey |url=http://www.lesahel.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7753:installation-du-conseil-de-ville-de-niamey-et-election-des-membres--m-oumarou-dogari-moumouni-elu-maire-de-la-ville-de-niamey&catid=34:actualites&Itemid=53 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007113011/http://www.lesahel.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7753:installation-du-conseil-de-ville-de-niamey-et-election-des-membres--m-oumarou-dogari-moumouni-elu-maire-de-la-ville-de-niamey&catid=34:actualites&Itemid=53 |archive-date=7 October 2011 |work=Le Sahel}}</ref> On a municipal level, forty-five councillors are popularly elected and in turn elect the Prefect Mayor; the first mayor under this system was Oumarou Dogari in 2011.<ref name=sahel20110701 /> The City Council and Mayor have limited roles compared to the CUN Governor.<ref name=sahel20110701 /> The city was placed under military rule in 2024, with the municipal government being dissolved.<ref name="AFP 2024" /> Before, the municipal government was largely funded through sale of land.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|p=14}} The CUN also has three traditional chiefdoms: {{ill|Saga (Niamey)|de|lt=Saga}} lies entirely within the community, while [[Karma, Niger|Karma]] and {{ill|Lamordé|de}} extend into Tillabéri Region.{{sfn|INS|2024|p=9}} Traditional chiefs have less power than in other parts of Niger; they perform [[tax collection]] and act as community representatives.{{sfn|Körling|2010|p=8}} Neighbourhood chiefs ({{lang|fr|chefs du quartier}}) also exist without government recognition, mostly in lower-class neighbourhoods.{{sfn|Hungerford|2012|pp=132, 139}}

Niamey has one of two [[courts of appeal]] in the [[judiciary of Niger]] (with the other in Zinder). The Court of Appeal of Niamey oversees four district courts, including the Higher District Court of Niamey,{{sfn|Hamani|2014|p=148}} which has the largest caseload in Niger.{{sfn|Hamani|2014|p=145}} Other courts located in Niamey include the Niamey Regional Court, the [[Council of State (Niger)|Council of State]] and the [[Constitutional Court (Niger)|Constitutional Court]].{{sfn|INS|2024|p=76}}

Niamey has a low rate of [[violent crime]].{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=49}} The city's public spaces, including greenspaces and market neighbourhoods, have criminal reputations in public discourse.{{sfn|Göpfert|2012|p=59}} With increased police presence after the [[2010 Niger coup d'etat|2010 coup]], Niamey was divided into three sectors with night patrols by different state police groups: the [[Gendarmerie Nationale (Niger)|Gendarmerie Nationale]] on the right bank, [[Police Nationale (Niger)|Police Nationale]] on the left bank, and [[National Guard of Niger|Garde Nationale]] on the north side.{{sfn|Göpfert|2012|pp=60, 71}} Niamey has a higher proportion of women in police, customs, and forest service positions than most of the country,{{sfn|Zangaou|2008|pp=268–269, 272–273, 275}} and the gendarmerie has noted "a large proportion of single women and a preference to reside there."{{sfn|Zangaou|2008|p=265}} In addition to state police, Niamey has most of the country's private security companies; the oldest, GED Services, was founded in 1988.{{sfn|Göpfert|2012|p=56}} {{lang|ha|[[Yan banga]]}}, informal defence forces, exist in peripheral neighbourhoods, where they are sometimes established by chiefs.{{sfn|Göpfert|2012|pp=57, 61}} These belong to specific neighbourhoods, unlike police, though some {{lang|ha|yan banga}} lose the support of their neighbourhoods.{{sfn|Göpfert|2012|pp=66–67}}

===Divisions===
[[File:Niamey (district map).png|thumb|upright=1.5|City map with the 5 communes]]
Under Law No. 2002-15, passed on 11 June 2002, the CUN contains five municipal districts.{{sfn|INS|2024|p=8}} These districts were labelled as [[communes of Niger]], although the Niamey Urban Community is the central authority.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|p=12}} Each commune elects a council and a mayor with administrative duties.{{sfnm|1a1=Körling|1y=2010|1p=9|2a1=Meyer|2y=2021|2p=11}}<ref name=sahel20110701 /> The urban area of the CUN is organised into 90 [[Quarter (urban subdivision)|quartiers]], and the rural area consists of 37 attached villages, {{As of|2023|lc=y}}.{{sfn|INS|2024|pp=10–11}} Each quartier has an elected government.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=47}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Commune
! Population<br />(2022 estimate){{sfn|INS|2024|p=17}}
! Quartiers{{sfn|INS|2024|pp=10–11}}
! Villages{{sfn|INS|2024|pp=10–11}}
|-
|'''[[Commune I (Niamey)|Niamey I]]'''
| 287,902
| 18
| 8
|-
|'''[[Commune II (Niamey)|Niamey II]]'''
| 338,455
| 22
| 5
|-
|'''[[Commune III (Niamey)|Niamey III]]'''
| 223,685
| 16
| 7
|-
|'''[[Commune IV (Niamey)|Niamey IV]]'''
| 376,271
| 23
| 10
|-
|'''[[Commune V (Niamey)|Niamey V]]'''
| 181,321
| 11
| 8
|-
|}

The boundaries of Niamey's communes are based on historic villages: Niamey I contains Goudel and Yantala; Niamey II contains Maourey, across the gully of {{ill|Gounti Yéna|de}} from Niamey I; Commune III contains Kalley; Commune IV contains Gamkalé and Saga; and Commune V, on the right bank, was the site of Fula settlements.{{sfn|Meyer|2021|p=12}}

== Infrastructure ==
=== Transport ===
{{Multiple image |width=250 |align=right |direction=vertical
| image1 = Niger, Niamey, Boulevard du 15 Avril, Route Nationale No.1 (8).jpg
| alt1 = A railroad track in poor condition, in front of a busy highway with cars, buses, and motorcycles.
| caption1 = Unused railroad track next to [[Route Nationale 1 (Niger)|Route Nationale 1]]
| image2 = Niameyairport 2005 crop.JPG
| alt2 = 
| caption2 = [[Diori Hamani International Airport]]
}}
Niamey's roads are traversed by cars, motorcycles, pedestrians, goats, and camels.{{sfn|Youngstedt|2004|p=96}} Most of the population travels primarily by foot, while about 9% own cars, and another 9% own motorbikes, {{As of|1996|lc=y}}.{{sfn|Diaz Olvera|Plat|Pochet|Maïdadi|2012|pp=8–9}} Roads are the main mode of transportation between Niamey and the rest of Niger.{{sfn|Masquelier|2002|p=835}} Niamey is crossed by the [[Route nationale 1 (Niger)|RN1 highway]] (or {{lang|fr|La Route de l'Unité}}), connecting it to [[N'guigmi]] on the eastern edge of Niger.{{sfn|Masquelier|2002|p=835}} Niamey is located on routes connecting northern Niger to coastal West Africa and the Sahara.{{sfn|Mounkaila|2021|p=753}} The route between Niamey and [[Agadez]], which takes approximately one day of driving,{{sfn|Pezard|Shurkin|2015|p=68}} is a significant path for [[Migrants' African routes|trans-Saharan migrants]].{{sfn|Mounkaila|2021|p=753}}

Cargo frequently travels via Benin as it has the closest seaport to Niamey, the {{ill|Port of Cotonou|fr|Port de Cotonou}}.{{sfn|Djimba|1997|p=47}} Boats are infrequently used to travel the Niger River as it traverses little of Niger. A freight company has operated along the Niger River since 1975 but, {{As of|2008|lc=y}}, has an annual load of only a few thousand tons, and there is a lack of support for a planned connection to the coast.{{sfn|Masquelier|2002|p=135}} The main highway in western Niger connects Niamey to Benin, linking to [[Rail transport in Benin|the country's rail system]].{{sfn|Masquelier|2002|p=835}} Following plans from the 1970s for a railway to Benin,{{sfn|Masquelier|2002|p=134}} [[Niamey railway station]], the first one built in Niger, was inaugurated in April 2014,<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20140407-niger-inauguration-premiere-gare-ferroviaire-niamey/ "Inauguration of the first train station in Niamey"] ([[Radio France Internationale]])</ref><ref>[http://globalvoicesonline.org/2014/04/09/a-80-year-long-wait-niger-gets-its-first-train-station/ "{{sic|hide=y|A}} 80 Year-long Wait: Niger Gets its First Train Station"] ([[Global Voices Online]])</ref> and rails between Niamey and [[Dosso, Niger]], were completed in January 2016. However, the extension to Benin failed, the rails fell into disrepair, and disassembly began in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bamba |first=Mamadou |date=October 2024 |title=2.4 Niger Railway Assessment |url=https://lca.logcluster.org/24-niger-railway-assessment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121073817/https://lca.logcluster.org/24-niger-railway-assessment |archive-date=21 January 2025 |access-date=23 May 2025 |website=[[Logistics Cluster]]}}</ref> Niamey is served by [[Diori Hamani International Airport]], located to the southeast of the city centre.{{sfn|Körling|2020|p=27}} The airport houses a military base, {{langr|fr|{{ill|Air Base 101 (Niamey)|fr|Base aérienne projetée 101 Niamey|lt=Air Base 101}}}}.<ref name="Reuters 2024" />

=== Healthcare ===
Most people in Niamey have experience with [[biomedicine]], [[Islamic medicine]], and [[folk medicine]] (including [[medicinal plants]] and spiritual healing), with uncertainty about health issues requiring them to seek multiple providers.{{sfn|Youngstedt|2021|p=7}} The city has better healthcare than rural Niger,{{sfn|Burgess|2016|p=347}} though patients are often unhappy with medical professionals whose behaviour is impersonal or violates social norms.{{sfnm|1a1=Masquelier|1y=2001|1p=281|2a1=Youngstedt|2y=2021|2p=3}} {{As of|2012}}, Niamey has one doctor for every 6,774 people, one nurse for every 3,765 patients, and one midwife for every 832 women of reproductive age, lower than [[World Health Organization|WHO]] recommendations.{{sfn|Mayaki|Kabo|Moutschen|Albert|2016|pp=83–84}} Scarcity of required medications, materials, and labour leads to a high level of improvisation among the city's medical professionals.{{sfn|Burgess|2016|p=345}} [[Marabout]]s who act as folk healers are common the city, advertising their treatments to the population with limited access to biomedicine.{{sfn|Moussa|2023|pp=57–58}} Most pharmaceuticals are purchased from street vendors, known in Hausa as {{lang|ha|akwaku}} ({{lit|clerk}}),{{NoteTag|Also known in Zarma as {{lang|dje|safarikoy}} ({{lit|medicine vendor}} and in French as {{lang|fr|médicin par terre}} ({{lit|street doctor}}){{sfn|Youngstedt|2021|p=17}}}} who sell [[generic drug]]s in individual portions for much lower prices than licensed pharmacies. These began operating in the 1990s and became widespread in the 2010s.{{sfn|Youngstedt|2021|pp=1–2, 17}} The city's {{lang|ha|akwaku}} are universally male and largely Zarma, and they carry products in pushcarts or [[Head-carrying|on their heads]].{{sfn|Youngstedt|2021|p=11}} They lack pharmaceutical expertise and buy from unlicensed wholesalers, mostly at the Grand Market.{{sfn|Youngstedt|2021|p=8–9, 16}} Despite widespread views of medical professionals as [[charlatan]]s, Niameyans largely rely on {{lang|ha|akwaku}} when facing health problems.{{sfn|Youngstedt|2021|pp=5–6}}

[[File:Niamey quartier référence (cropped).jpg|thumb|A hospital in Niamey]]
The largest medical facilities in Niamey are the [[National Hospital (Niamey)|Niamey National Hospital]] and the [[Lamordé University Hospital|Lamordé National Hospital]].{{sfn|Adamou Marafa|Tankari Dan Badjo|Abdou Gado|2020|p=105}} The Niamey National Hospital, Niger's main [[Tertiary referral hospital|referral hospital]], treats mostly [[outpatient]]s, particularly in the specialisations of dentistry, [[ophthalmology]], and [[Otorhinolaryngology|ENT]].{{sfn|Weaver|1995|p=350–351, 354}} A national economic decline in the late 1990s caused low funding for the National Hospital.{{sfn|Masquelier|2001|p=277}} [[Maternité Issaka Gazoby]] (MIG) is the national-level [[Obstetrics and gynaecology|obstetric and gynaecological]] referral hospital.{{sfn|Moussa|2023|p=13}} Additional maternity wards are in the Talladjé and {{ill|Poudrière|de}} neighbourhoods.{{sfnm|1a1=Adamou Marafa|1a2=Tankari Dan Badjo|1a3=Abdou Gado|1y=2020|1p=105|2a1=Moussa|2y=2023|2p=13}} Other health centres include the Magori Clinic and the Lakouroussou Clinic.{{sfn|Adamou Marafa|Tankari Dan Badjo|Abdou Gado|2020|p=105}} [[Blood transfusion]]s are performed at the Niamey Regional Blood Transfusion Center, with plans to be implemented at the National Hospital and MIG, {{As of|2016|lc=y}}.{{sfn|Mayaki|Kabo|Moutschen|Albert|2016|p=79}} Niamey is also home to Niger's reference hospital for [[tuberculosis]], the National Anti-Tuberculosis Center.{{sfn|Djika|Koudokpon|Dougnon|Sanoussi|2024|p=3}}

Despite the presence of maternal health centres, Niamey has high [[maternal mortality]],{{sfn|Masquelier|2001|p=281}} with a rate of 30.7 per 100,000 births {{As of|2022|alt=in 2022}}.{{sfn|INS|2024|p=25}} Many patients seeking prenatal care get inadequate treatment.{{sfn|Burgess|2016|p=345}} Biomedical contraception is widely availabile in pharmacies and medical facilities but is used less frequently than plant-based folk medicine, as many people view it as foreign.{{sfn|Moussa|2023|pp=147, 158, 165, 167}} Many Niameyan women use contraception or abortion to control [[birth spacing]], despite norms favouring large families.{{sfn|Moussa|2023|pp=214–215}} As [[Abortion in Niger|abortion is illegal in the country]], they often seek abortions abroad.{{sfn|Moussa|2023|p=189, 206}}

=== Public utilities ===
{{As of|2005}}, 54.4% of households in Niamey have electricity, while 38.3% have water.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=49}} Niamey's [[electrical grid]] is run by [[NIGELEC]], a [[state-owned enterprise]]. The city's [[water supply]] is operated by the private firm {{lang|fr|Société d'Exploitation des Eaux du Niger}} (SEEN) and runs on infrastructure owned by the state-owned {{lang|fr|Société de Patrimonie des Eaux du Niger}} (SPEN). Many residents of Niamey lack connections to these utilities because urban expansion has outpaced the expansion of the grids.{{sfn|Körling|2020|pp=36–38}} Many informal neighbourhoods are excluded from utilities as their residents lack legal recognition.{{sfn|Körling|2020|p=27}} Some residents of informal neighbourhoods negotiate with the public utility firms or invest their own funds to connect to the grids.{{sfn|Körling|2020|pp=36–38}} The grids are unreliable during the hot dry season, especially on the right bank.{{sfnm|1a1=Bontianti|1a2=Hungerford|1a3=Younsa|1a4=Noma|1y=2014|1p=288|2a1=Keough|2a2=Yayé Saidou|2y=2021|2p=103}}

==== Energy ====
[[Energy in Niger]], including in Niamey, is dependent on imports from Nigeria, which were halted in the 2020s due to [[Niger–Nigeria relations|tensions between the countries]]. A 132-kilovolt connection to Niamey from [[Birnin Kebbi]], Nigeria, has a capacity of 120 megawatts. The city's grid is also powered by the [[thermal power plant]]s of Gorou Banda (80 megawatts) and Istithmar (89 megawatts) as well as [[Gourou Banda Solar Power Station|a solar power plant]] (30 megawatts).{{sfn|Tahirou Halidou|Elkholy|Senjyu|Said|2025|pp=1–5}} The [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] began solar power development in the city in 1964, the first in West Africa.{{sfn|Gecit|2022|p=64}} The city has a climate conducive to solar panels but lacks financial incentives for widespread implementation.{{sfn|Tahirou Halidou|Elkholy|Senjyu|Said|2025|pp=3–4}}

Niamey has typical electricity usage for a city. Its average [[electrical load]] is about 90 megawatts, with a peak of about 123 megawatts during extreme heat. Niamey frequently experiences [[power outage]]s,{{sfn|Tahirou Halidou|Elkholy|Senjyu|Said|2025|p=6, 9}} despite government plans for [[Petroleum industry in Niger|the country's oil industry]] to improve electricity access.{{sfn|Pezard|Shurkin|2015|p=84}} Some residents who are not connected to the electrical grid install [[electric generator]]s, [[solar panel]]s, or [[Electricity theft|unauthorised wiring]] that connects to the grid, while others rely on portable lights and mobile phone charging services.{{sfn|Körling|2020|pp=36, 38}} [[Firewood]] is a vital energy source in the city, with annual usage increasing from 70,000 tons in 1977 to 200,000 tons in 2007. It is harvested from distant forests, with the largest source being the municipality of [[Torodi]].{{sfn|Montagne|Amadou|2012|pp=3–4, 6}}

==== Water ====
[[File:Niger, Niamey, Quartier Route Tchanga (02), children getting water.jpg|thumb|alt=A family receives water from a standpipe. Some metal pushcarts, each containing ten jugs, surround the standpipe.|A [[standpipe (street)|standpipe]] with {{lang|ha|[[ga'ruwa]]}} carts]]
The Niger River is the sole source of Niamey's water supply.{{sfn|Julien|2012|pp=81–82}} Increased use resulted in a decline in the river's [[water quality]] in the late 20th century.{{sfn|Hungerford|2012|p=6}} Unlike most of Niger, Niamey has a central water supply, so the resource is sold as a [[commodity]].{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=8}} According to official sources, pipes serve about 65% of Niamey's population {{As of|2008|lc=y}}.{{NoteTag|By another estimate, pipes serve about one-third of Niamey's population, {{As of|2019|lc=y}}.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=56}}}} The rest receive water from sources such as publicly funded [[standpipe (street)|standpipe]]s or [[water tower]]s funded by charities or Islamic organisations.{{sfnm|1a1=Hungerford|1y=2012|1p=6|2a1=Körling|2y=2020|2p=36}} Standpipes are the cheapest source of water, with a cost of 15 francs (3 US cents) for 25 litres, {{As of|2014|lc=y}}.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2014|p=153}} Niamey's neighbourhoods have uneven access to water. Neighbourhoods in both the periphery and the city centre have low use of [[tap (valve)|tap]]s; SEEN does not operate in these neighbourhoods due to their topography or lack of legal recognition.{{sfnm|1a1=Hungerford|1y=2012|1pp=101, 127–128, 13|2a1=Körling|2y=2020|2p=36}} Hand-dug [[well]]s exist in lower-class neighbourhoods of the periphery and are often polluted,{{sfnm|1a1=Hungerford|1y=2012|1p=147|2a1=Keough|2a2=Youngstedt|2y=2018|2p=41}} though they have become rare as neighbourhoods install communally funded [[borehole]]s.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=62}} More affluent neighbourhoods in the periphery are connected to the pipe system.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2018|p=41}} In such neighbourhoods, wealthy residents often supply water for their poorer neighbours.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=57}} Compounds have taps in courtyards; only upper-class residents have taps inside their houses.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2014|p=153}} Access to piped water is unreliable during the dry season,{{sfn|Hungerford|2012|p=147}} when water usage increases due to heat. During this time, water is supplied by water towers, installed by SEEN in most neighbourhoods, or smaller tanks in some households and compounds.{{sfnm|1a1=Keough|1a2=Youngstedt|1y=2014|1p=156|2a1=Keough|2a2=Youngstedt|2y=2019|2p=129}}

People whose homes lack piped water purchase water from vendors, leading to higher water prices for poorer residents.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2018|pp=41–42, 46}} Water deliverers, known in Hausa as {{lang|ha|[[ga'ruwa]]}} ({{lit|there is water}}), purchase water from standpipes to fill 25-litre jugs, which they deliver to households via pushcart.{{sfnm|1a1=Hungerford|1y=2012|1p=81|2a1=Keough|2a2=Youngstedt|2y=2018|2p=42|3a1=Keough|3a2=Yayé Saidou|3y=2021|3pp=96–97}} Providing over half of the city's drinking water,{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=56}} {{lang|ha|ga'ruwa}} operate in groups on regular routes{{sfn|Keough|Yayé Saidou|2021|p=100}} and make an above-average income.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|p=84}} {{lang|ha|Ga'ruwa}} are universally male; most are immigrants from around eastern Mali who are predominantly Tuareg or Fula.{{sfnm|1a1=Hungerford|1y=2012|1p=64, 149|2a1=Keough|2a2=Youngstedt|2y=2019|2p=74}} They receive annual municipal licences and operate informal guilds and apprenticeships.{{sfn|Keough|Yayé Saidou|2021|p=100}} Other vendors sell [[water sachet]]s, known in Hausa as {{lang|ha|piya wata}} (from the English ''pure water''). Water sachet vendors arose around the 1990s, manually filling sachets imported from Nigeria; factories were established by the early 2000s and supplanted manual production by the 2010s.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2018|pp=42–43}} Water sachets are sold by street vendors with [[cooler]]s, especially in poor neighbourhoods; this is a common [[entry-level job]] in the city, with many boys employed by female relatives.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|pp=96–97, 107}} Water sachets are also sold at shops, including in wealthy neighbourhoods.{{sfnm|1a1=Keough|1a2=Youngstedt|1y=2014|1pp=154–155|2a1=Keough|2a2=Youngstedt|2y=2018|2p=50–51}} Vendors purchase water sachets from small-scale producers, which purchase water from {{lang|ha|ga'ruwa}}, and more popularly from large-scale producers, which use printed labels and piped water.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2018|p=51–52}} [[Bottled water]] is rare and expensive. The bottled water market is dominated by local brands—which are more contaminated than piped water—alongside high-end French brands.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2019|pp=66, 136–137, 146}} Most households store water in clay pots.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2014|p=155}}

Standpipes were installed in the 1950s by the French semi-public {{lang|fr|Société Energie A.O.F.}}, the predecessor of NIGELEC. These offered subscription pricing, leading to the {{lang|ha|ga'ruwa}} business model.{{sfn|Hungerford|2012|p=64}} The water utility became independent from NIGELEC during the Kountché administration, forming the {{lang|fr|Société National des Eaux}}) (SNE, {{Translation|National Water Company}}) under the {{ill|Ministry of Hydraulics (Niger)|fr|Ministère de l'Hydraulique|lt=Ministry of Hydraulics}}.{{sfn|Hungerford|2012|p=85}} Droughts of the 1980s dried the Niger River, and construction of wells increased.{{sfn|Lasagna|Dino|Perotti|Spadafora|2015|p=68}} After the privatisation of SNE under Baré, Niamey's water supply became unreliable; in 1990, an estimated 22% of the city's inhabitants had access to water taps, though the government gave this figure as 45%.{{sfn|Hungerford|2012|p=90}} SEEN began operating the city's water utility in 2001, under a plan from the [[World Bank]].{{sfn|Hungerford|2012|pp=93–94}} The French firm [[Veolia Water]] purchased a 51% share in SEEN the same year.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2018|p=41}} The World Bank's plan increased the price of water, with the intention that wealthier users pay for more water, which critics say does not account for the needs of large, poor households.{{sfn|Hungerford|2012|pp=93–95}} Investment in the 2000s and 2010s led to a large increase in standpipes,{{sfn|Hungerford|2012|p=150}} but access to water in the city remained low.{{sfn|Bontianti|Hungerford|Younsa|Noma|2014|p=285}}

==== Waste management and sanitation ====
Niamey produces about 1,400 [[tonne]]s of waste per day, {{As of|2020|lc=y}}.{{sfn|Oyama|2022|p=229}} Most waste consists of sand and organic matter such as pruned branches, leaves, and [[food waste]].{{sfn|Oyama|2022|p=241, 247}} The city does not have a standardised [[waste collection]] system. Plastic litter is common, including used water sachets.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2018|p=38}} Waste is often [[Open burning of waste|burned]] or enters the Niger River.{{sfnm|1a1=Youngstedt|1y=2021|1p=11|2a1=Keough|2a2=Youngstedt|2y=2018|2p=43–44}} Residents of some wealthy neighbourhoods hire private waste collectors, who often dump waste in poor neighbourhoods in the absence of recycling facilities.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2018|p=43–44}} Reuse of materials is common in the city; [[scrap metal]] is often recycled at the {{lang|fr|{{ill|Marché de Katako|de}}}}.{{sfn|Oyama|2022|pp=243–244}}

Niamey's [[sanitation]] system drains [[wastewater]] with rainwater along the Gounti Yéna valley.{{sfn|Adamou Marafa|Tankari Dan Badjo|Abdou Gado|2020|p=102}} Waste dumped on the ground pollutes the river and groundwater, and litter often obstructs [[drainage]] pipes.{{sfnm|1a1=Hassane|1a2=Leduc|1a3=Favreau|1a4=Bekins|1y=2016|1p=411|2a1=Adamou Marafa|2a2=Tankari Dan Badjo|2a3=Abdou Gado|2y=2020|2p=102}} {{As of|2020}}, municipal [[wastewater treatment]] has been non-functional for over a decade; some factories and hospitals treat their wastewater themselves.{{sfn|Adamou Marafa|Tankari Dan Badjo|Abdou Gado|2020|p=104–105}} Contamination of the water supply is exacerbated during the rainy season due to flooding.{{sfn|Keough|Youngstedt|2014|p=162}}

== Education ==
[[File:Ecole Poudrière 3.jpg|thumb|A classroom in {{ill|Poudrière|de}}]]
[[Abdou Moumouni University]] (AMU) in Niamey is the most prominent university in Niger. It has 29,605 students, {{As of|2022|lc=y}}, most of whom come from outside of the city.{{sfnm|1a1=Sounaye|1y=2017a|1pp=214–217|2a1=INS|2y=2024|2p=34}} The university was founded as the {{lang|fr|Centre d'Enseignement Superieur}} in 1971 and became a university in 1973.{{sfn|Smirnova|2019|p=S171}} It has a large political influence, having been the site of [[Marxist-Leninist]] activism in the 1990s and Salafi activism in the 2010s, and some protests at the university have resulted in military intervention.{{sfn|Sounaye|2017a|pp=214–217}}

The city has several types of secular and Islamic education. Quranic education, both formal and informal, is popular. Such education is not publicly funded, and some children in the city engage in begging to pay for it.{{sfn|Butler|2016|pp=295–296}} The {{lang|fr|{{ill|Collège Mariama|de|Collège Mariama (Schule)}}}}, one of the most prestigious secondary schools in Niger, was founded during the colonial era by the Catholic Church.{{sfn|Cooper|2006|p=257}} Informal neighbourhoods often lack public services such as schools. After widespread advocacy from residents, the first school in the Pays Bas opened in 2008, serving 1,000 students, followed by another in Pays Bas and one in Tondigamay in 2010.{{sfn|Körling|2020|p=40–41}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Number of schools in Niamey (2022)
! Level !! Public !! Private !! Total
|-
| [[Preschool]]{{sfn|INS|2024|p=34}} || 589 || 358 || 251
|-
| Primary school{{sfn|INS|2024|p=34}} || 808 || 489 || 319
|-
| Secondary school{{sfn|INS|2024|p=50}} || 253 || 49 || 204
|-
| [[Vocational education]]{{sfn|INS|2024|p=52}} || 98 || 16 || 82
|}

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
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* <!--Gosselain--> {{Cite book |last=Gosselain |first=Olivier P. |title=Knowledge in Motion: Constellations of Learning Across Time and Place |publisher=[[University of Arizona Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-8165-3374-9 |editor-last=Roddick |editor-first=Andrew P. |pages=36–66 |chapter=1. The World Is Like a Beanstalk: Historicizing Potting Practice and Social Relations in the Niger River Area |editor-last2=Stahl |editor-first2=Ann B. |editor-link2=Ann B. Stahl |id={{Project MUSE|1754173|type=chapter}}}}
* <!--Hagberg & Körling--> {{Cite journal |last1=Hagberg |first1=Sten |last2=Körling |first2=Gabriella |date=August 2016 |title=Urban land contestations and political mobilisation: (re)sources of authority and protest in West African municipalities |journal=[[Social Anthropology (journal)|Social Anthropology]] |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=294–308 |doi=10.1111/1469-8676.12312}}
* <!--Hamani--> {{Cite book |last=Hamani |first=Oumarou |title=States at Work: Dynamics of African Bureaucracies |chapter="We make do and keep going!" Inventive Practices and Ordered Informality in the Functioning of the District Courts in Niamey and Zinder (Niger) |editor-last=Bierschenk |editor-first=Thomas |editor-last2=Olivier de Sardan |editor-first2=Jean-Pierre |date=30 January 2014 |pages=145–173 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-26496-0 |doi=10.1163/9789004264960_007}}
* <!--Hassane--> {{Cite journal |last1=Hassane |first1=Aïssata B. |last2=Leduc |first2=Christian |last3=Favreau |first3=Guillaume |last4=Bekins |first4=Barbara A. |last5=Margueron |first5=Thomas |date=March 2016 |title=Impacts of a large Sahelian city on groundwater hydrodynamics and quality: example of Niamey (Niger) |journal=[[Hydrogeology Journal]] |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=407–423 |doi=10.1007/s10040-015-1345-z |bibcode=2016HydJ...24..407H |issn=1431-2174}}
* <!--Heywood--> {{Cite book |last=Heywood |first=Emma |title=Radio and Women's Empowerment in Francophone West Africa |date=29 December 2023 |publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]] |isbn=978-3-031-35984-2 |series=Palgrave Studies in Communication for Social Change |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-35985-9}}
* <!--Hungerford--> {{Cite thesis |last=Hungerford |first=Hilary B. |title=Water, Cities, and Bodies: A Relational Understanding of Niamey, Niger |date=30 March 2012 |access-date=21 April 2025 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of Kansas]] |url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/90c635f9-c2b0-4f3c-a486-3480befd8ae4/content |format=PDF}}
* <!--Hungerford & Moussa--> {{Cite journal |last1=Hungerford |first1=Hilary |last2=Moussa |first2=Yayé |date=2 September 2017 |title=Seeing the (urban) forest through the trees: governance and household trees in Niamey, Niger |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19376812.2016.1226909 |journal=[[African Geographical Review]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=286–304 |doi=10.1080/19376812.2016.1226909 |bibcode=2017AfrGR..36..286H |issn=1937-6812}}
* <!--Hungerford & Smiley--> {{Cite journal |last1=Hungerford |first1=Hilary |last2=Smiley |first2=Sarah L. |date=April 2016 |title=Comparing colonial water provision in British and French Africa |journal=[[Journal of Historical Geography]] |volume=52 |pages=74–83 |doi=10.1016/j.jhg.2015.12.001}}
* <!--Ibrahim--> {{Cite journal |last=Ibrahim |first=Jibrin |year=1994 |title=Political Exclusion, Democratization and Dynamics of Ethnicity in Niger |journal=[[Africa Today]] |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=15–39 |issn=0001-9887 |jstor=4187000}}
* <!--INS--> {{Cite web |date=February 2024 |title=Annuaire statistique 2018–2022 édition 2023 |trans-title=Statistical directory 2018–2022: 2023 edition |url=https://stat-niger.org/wp-content/uploads/niamey/as_niamey_2018_2022_edition_2023.pdf |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=[[Institut National de la Statistique du Niger]] |ref={{harvid|INS|2024}}}}
* <!--Kang--> {{Cite book |last=Kang |first=Alice J. |title=Bargaining for Women's Rights: Activism in an Aspiring Muslim Democracy |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4529-4426-5 |id={{Project MUSE|42069|type=book}}}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Idrissa |editor-first=Kimba |title=Armée et politique au Niger |publisher=[[CODESRIA]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-86978-387-4 |trans-title=Army and politics of Niger |id={{Project MUSE|16784|type=book}}}}
** <!--Mahamane--> {{harvc |last=Mahamane |first=Aliou |c=3: La naissance de l'armée nationale au Niger : 1961-1974 |in=Idrissa |year=2008}}
** <!--Malam Issa--> {{harvc |last=Malam Issa |first=Mahaman |c=5: Le régime militaire de Seyni Kountché (1974–1987) |in=Idrissa |year=2008}}
** <!--Idrissa--> {{harvc |last=Idrissa |first=Kimba |c=6: Les régimes militaires entre 1974 et 1999 au Niger |in=Idrissa |year=2008 |id="Idrissa5"}}
** <!--Zangaou--> {{harvc |last=Zangaou |first=Moussa |c=9: Femmes en uniforme dans les secteurs militaire et para-militaire au Niger |in=Idrissa |year=2008}}
* <!--Julien--> {{Cite book |editor-last=Julien |editor-first=Frédéric |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/25255 |title=La gestion intégrée des ressources en eau en Afrique subsaharienne: Paradigme occidental, pratiques africaines |trans-title=Integrated management of water resources in sub-Saharan Africa: Western paradigm, African practices |chapter=Chapitre 3 – Le bassin versant : Unité de gestion des eaux idéale pour l'Afrique subsaharienne ? |trans-chapter=Chapter 3 – The watershed: ideal water management unit for sub-Saharan Africa? |pages=77–106 |date=2012 |publisher=Presses de l'Université du Québec |isbn=978-2-7605-3450-6 |doi=10.1353/book25255 |language=fr}}
* <!--Kafando--> {{Cite book |last=Kafando |first=Gilbert M. |chapter=Die katholische Kirche in Burkina Faso und im Niger. Neuere Geschichte, aktuelle Situation und Herausforderungen |trans-chapter=The Catholic Church in Burkina Faso and Niger: Recent history, current situation, and challenges |date=17 December 2020 |title=Afrika |pages=178, 189 |editor-last=Moerschbacher |editor-first=Marco |series=Kirche und Katholizismus seit 1945 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.30965/9783657777013_013 |isbn=978-3-506-77701-0 |language=de}}
* <!--Keough & Yayé Saidou--> {{Cite journal |last1=Keough |first1=Sara Beth |last2=Yayé Saidou |first2=Hadiara |date=October 2021 |title=Water delivery and the creation of hydrosocial routes: Comparing five neighborhoods in Niamey, Niger |journal=[[Geoforum]] |volume=125 |pages=96–106 |doi=10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.07.006}}
* <!--Keough & Youngstedt 2014--> {{Cite journal |last1=Keough |first1=Sara Beth |last2=Youngstedt |first2=Scott M. |date=17 December 2014 |title=The Material Culture of Water: Transportation, Storage, and Consumption in Niamey, Niger |journal=[[Focus on Geography]] |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=152–163 |doi=10.1111/foge.12041}}
* <!--Keough & Youngstedt 2018--> {{Cite journal |last1=Keough |first1=Sara Beth |last2=Youngstedt |first2=Scott M. |date=9 January 2018 |title='Pure water' in Niamey, Niger: the backstory of sachet water in a landscape of waste|journal=[[Africa (journal)|Africa]] |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=38–62 |doi=10.1017/S0001972017000560 |issn=0001-9720}}
* <!--Keough & Youngstedt 2019--> {{Cite book |last1=Keough |first1=Sara Beth |title=Water, Life, and Profit: Fluid Economies and Cultures of Niamey, Niger |last2=Youngstedt |first2=Scott M. |year=2019 |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |isbn=978-1-78920-338-7 |doi=10.1515/9781789203387}}
* <!--Körling 2010--> {{Cite journal |last=Körling |first=Gabriella |date=1 December 2010 |title=The mobilization of the local in a public primary school in peri-urban Niamey, Niger |url=http://journals.openedition.org/apad/4062 |journal=Bulletin de l'APAD |issue=31–32 |pages=137–159 |doi=10.4000/apad.4062 |issn=1950-6929}}
* <!--Körling 2020--> {{Cite journal |last=Körling |first=Gabriella |date=April 2020 |title=Bricks, Documents and Pipes: Material Politics and Urban Development in Niamey, Niger |journal=[[City & Society]] |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=23–46 |doi=10.1111/ciso.12240 |issn=0893-0465}}
* <!--Korotayev et al--> {{Cite book |last1=Korotayev |first1=Andrey |last2=Issaev |first2=Leonid |last3=Ilyina |first3=Anna |last4=Zinkina |first4=Julia |last5=Voronina |first5=Elena |title=Terrorism and Political Contention: New Perspectives on North Africa and the Sahel Region |chapter=Revolutionary History of Niger: From Independence to 2023 Coup |date=3 April 2024 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |isbn=978-3-031-53428-7 |editor-last=Besenyő |editor-first=János |series=Perspectives on Development in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-53429-4 |editor-last2=Issaev |editor-first2=Leonid |editor-last3=Korotayev |editor-first3=Andrey}}
* <!--Lasagna et al--> {{Cite journal |last1=Lasagna |first1=Manuela |last2=Dino |first2=Giovanna Antonella |last3=Perotti |first3=Luigi |last4=Spadafora |first4=Francesco |last5=De Luca |first5=Domenico A. |last6=Yadji |first6=Guero |last7=Dan-Badjo |first7=Abdourahamane Tankari |last8=Moussa |first8=Issaka |last9=Harouna |first9=Moussa |last10=Konaté |first10=Moussa |date=August 2015 |title=Georesources and Environmental Problems in Niamey City (Niger): A Preliminary Sketch |journal=[[Energy Procedia]] |volume=76 |pages=67–76 |doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.848 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2015EnPro..76...67L }}
* {{Cite book |title=Islamic Education in Africa |date=3 December 2016 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-02318-6 |editor-last=Launay |editor-first=Robert |id={{Project MUSE|49094|type=book}}}}
** <!--Launay--> {{harvc |last=Launay |first=Robert |c=Introduction |in=Launay |year=2016 |id="Launay_Intro"}}
** <!--Sounaye 2016--> {{harvc |last=Sounaye |first=Abdoulaye |c=Walking to the Makaranta: Production, Circulation, and Transmission of Islamic Learning in Urban Niger |in=Launay |year=2016}}
** <!--Butler--> {{harvc |last=Butler |first=Noah |c=Collapsed Pluralities: Islamic Education, Learning, and Creativity in Niger |in=Launay |year=2016}}
* <!--Mamadou--> {{Cite journal |last=Mamadou |first=Ibrahim |date=Winter 2021 |title=Dynamiques des îles et bancs sédimentaires du fleuve Niger dans la région de Niamey au Niger |trans-title=Dynamics of islands and sedimentary banks of the Niger River in the Niamey region of Niger |journal=Cinq Continents |publisher=[[University of Bucharest]] |volume=11 |issue=24 |pages=249–264}}
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* <!--Mansour Badamassi et al--> {{Cite journal |last1=Mansour Badamassi |first1=Mamane Barkawi |last2=Moussa |first2=Konate |last3=Touré |first3=Labaly |last4=Ahmed |first4=El-Aboudi |last5=Gerard |first5=Gbetkom Paul |last6=Ismaguil |first6=Hanadé Houmma |last7=Gérard |first7=Kabore |date=3 September 2023 |title=Using Multisensor Earth Observation Data to Understand the Development of the Kourtéré Kori Alluvial Fan and Its Impact on the Hydrology of the Niger River |journal=[[The Professional Geographer]] |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=715–732 |doi=10.1080/00330124.2023.2183415 |bibcode=2023ProfG..75..715M |issn=0033-0124}}
* <!--Masquelier 2001--> {{Cite journal |last=Masquelier |first=Adeline |author-link=Adeline Masquelier |date=1 May 2001 |title=Behind the Dispensary's Prosperous Façade: Imagining the State in Rural Niger |journal=[[Public Culture]] |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=267–292 |doi=10.1215/08992363-13-2-267 |issn=0899-2363}}
* <!--Masquelier 2002--> {{Cite journal |last=Masquelier |first=Adeline |author-link=Adeline Masquelier |date=November 2002 |title=Road Mythographies: Space, Mobility, and the Historical Imagination in Postcolonial Niger |journal=[[American Ethnologist]] |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=829–856 |doi=10.1525/ae.2002.29.4.829 |issn=0094-0496}}
* <!--Masquelier 2019--> {{Cite book |last=Masquelier |first=Adeline |author-link=Adeline Masquelier |title=Fada: Boredom and Belonging in Niger |date=2019 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-62434-1 |language=en |doi=10.7208/chicago/9780226624488.001.0001}}
* <!--Mayaki et al--> {{Cite journal |last1=Mayaki |first1=Z. |last2=Kabo |first2=R. |last3=Moutschen |first3=M. |last4=Albert |first4=A. |last5=Dardenne |first5=N. |last6=Sondag |first6=D. |last7=Gérard |first7=C. |date=May 2016 |title=Knowledge, attitudes and clinical practice of blood products prescribers in Niamey |journal=Transfusion Clinique et Biologique |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=78–85 |doi=10.1016/j.tracli.2015.11.007|pmid=26778838 }}
* <!--Meyer--> {{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Ursula |year=2021 |title=Interweaving urban land tenure, spatial expansion and political institutions: An urban history of Niamey, Niger |journal=African Cities Journal |doi=10.34915/ACJ.V2I2.106 |doi-access=free}}
* <!--Montagne & Amadou--> {{Cite journal |last1=Montagne |first1=Pierre |last2=Amadou |first2=Oumarou |date=20 June 2012 |title=Rural districts and community forest management and the fight against poverty in Niger |url=https://journals.openedition.org/factsreports/1473 |journal=Field Actions Science Reports. The Journal of Field Actions |issue=Special Issue 6 |issn=1867-139X}}
* <!--Moore & Walker--> {{Cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=Adam |last2=Walker |first2=James |date=20 April 2016 |title=Tracing the US Military's Presence in Africa |journal=[[Geopolitics (journal)|Geopolitics]] |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=686–716 |doi=10.1080/14650045.2016.1160060 |issn=1465-0045}}
* <!--H. Moussa--> {{Cite book |last=Moussa |first=Hadiza |title=Yearning and Refusal: An Ethnography of Female Fertility Management in Niamey, Niger |date=7 May 2023 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-766214-4 |editor-last=Kang |editor-first=Alice J. |editor-last2=Cooper |editor-first2=Barbara M.}}
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* <!--Nimis--> {{Cite book |last=Nimis |first=Érika |title=Portraiture and Photography in Africa |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-253-00872-5 |editor-last=Peffer |editor-first=John |pages=102–140 |chapter=3. Yoruba Studio Photographers in Francophone West Africa |id={{Project MUSE|845044|type=chapter}} |editor-last2=Cameron |editor-first2=Elisabeth L.}}
* <!--Otoo--> {{Cite journal |last1=Otoo |first1=Miriam |last2=Ibro |first2=Germaine |last3=Fulton |first3=Joan |last4=Lowenberg-Deboer |first4=James |date=4 April 2012 |title=Micro-Entrepreneurship in Niger: Factors Affecting the Success of Women Street Food Vendors |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15228916.2012.657937 |journal=[[Journal of African Business]] |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=16–28 |doi=10.1080/15228916.2012.657937 |issn=1522-8916}}
* <!--Oyama--> {{Cite book |last=Oyama |first=Shuichi |title=African Potentials: Bricolage, Incompleteness and Lifeness |date=29 April 2022 |publisher=Langaa RPCIG |isbn=978-9956-552-54-2 |editor-last=Ohta |editor-first=Itaru |pages=225–252 |chapter=Chapter 10. CIRCULATION. Waste Valorisation and African Potentials: The Forgotten Life of Things and Their Rebirth in Mass Consumption Capitalism |id={{Project MUSE|3158091|type=chapter}} |editor-last2=Nyamnjoh |editor-first2=Francis B. |editor-link2=Francis B. Nyamnjoh |editor-last3=Matsuda |editor-first3=Motoji}}
* {{Cite book |title=Meteorology of Tropical West Africa: The Forecasters' Handbook |date=23 March 2017 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-39130-3 |editor-last=Parker |editor-first=Douglas J. |edition=1 |doi=10.1002/9781118391297 |editor-last2=Diop-Kane |editor-first2=Mariane}}
** <!--Fink--> {{harvc |last=Fink |first=Andreas A. |c=Mean Climate and Seasonal Cycle |in1=Parker |in2=Diop-Kane |year=2017}}
** <!--Parker--> {{harvc |last=Parker |first=Douglas J. |c=Local weather |in1=Parker |in2=Diop-Kane |year=2017}}
* <!--Perotti et al--> {{Cite journal |last1=Perotti |first1=Luigi |last2=Dino |first2=Giovanna Antonella |last3=Lasagna |first3=Manuela |last4=Moussa |first4=Konaté |last5=Spadafora |first5=Francesco |last6=Yadji |first6=Guero |last7=Dan-Badjo |first7=Abdourahamane Tankari |last8=De Luca |first8=Domenico A. |date=November 2016 |title=Monitoring of Urban Growth and its Related Environmental Impacts: Niamey Case Study (Niger) |journal=[[Energy Procedia]] |volume=97 |pages=37–43 |doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2016.10.014 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2016EnPro..97...37P }}
* <!--Pezard--> {{Cite book |last1=Pezard |first1=Stephanie |chapter=Is There a Nigerien Model of Resilience? |year=2015 |title=Achieving Peace in Northern Mali |pages=59–88 |series=Past Agreements, Local Conflicts, and the Prospects for a Durable Settlement |publisher=RAND Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-8823-9 |last2=Shurkin |first2=Michael|jstor=10.7249/j.ctt15zc57q.12 }}
* <!--Predotova et al--> {{Cite journal |last1=Predotova |first1=Martina |last2=Gebauer |first2=Jens |last3=Diogo |first3=Rodrigue V.C. |last4=Schlecht |first4=Eva |last5=Buerkert |first5=Andreas |date=4 January 2010 |title=Emissions of ammonia, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide from urban gardens in Niamey, Niger |journal=Field Crops Research |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=115 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1016/j.fcr.2009.09.010|bibcode=2010FCrRe.115....1P }}
* <!--Roberts--> {{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Pepe |chapter='Rural Development' and the Rural Economy in Niger, 1900–75 |date=1981 |title=Rural Development in Tropical Africa |pages=193–221 |editor-last=Heyer |editor-first=Judith |chapter-url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-349-05318-6_8 |access-date=2025-04-09 |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-05318-6_8 |isbn=978-1-349-05320-9 |editor2-last=Roberts |editor2-first=Pepe |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Gavin}}
* <!--Sauzedde et al--> {{Cite journal |last1=Sauzedde |first1=Elisa |last2=Vischel |first2=Théo |last3=Panthou |first3=Gérémy |last4=Tarchiani |first4=Vieri |last5=Massazza |first5=Giovanni |last6=Housseini Ibrahim |first6=Mohamed |date=17 February 2025 |title=Compound-event analysis in non-stationary hydrological hazards: a case study of the Niger River in Niamey |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02626667.2024.2435534 |journal=Hydrological Sciences Journal |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=406–421 |doi=10.1080/02626667.2024.2435534 |bibcode=2025HydSJ..70..406S |issn=0262-6667}}
* <!--Schritt--> {{Cite journal |last=Schritt |first=Jannik |date=2 July 2020 |title=Crude talking: radio and the politics of naming, blaming and claiming in oil-age Niger |journal=[[Journal of Contemporary African Studies]] |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=415–436 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2020.1800605 |issn=0258-9001}}
* <!--Slobodkin--> {{Cite book |last=Slobodkin |first=Yan |title=The Starving Empire: A History of Famine in France's Colonies |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-5017-7237-5 |pages=125–155 |chapter=5. The Scandal of Starvation in Niger, 1931}}
* <!--Smirnova--> {{Cite journal |last=Smirnova |first=Tatiana |year=2019 |title=Student activism in Niger:subverting the 'limited pluralism', 1960–83 |journal=[[Africa: The Journal of the International African Institute]] |volume=89 |issue=Supplement 2019 |pages=S167–S188 |doi=10.1017/S0001972018000967 |id={{Project MUSE|715511|type=article}}}}
* <!--Sounaye 2015--> {{Cite journal |last=Sounaye |first=Abdoulaye |date=6 July 2015 |title=Irwo Sunnance yan-no! 1: Youth Claiming, Contesting and Transforming Salafism |journal=Islamic Africa |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=6 |issue=1–2 |pages=82–108 |doi=10.1163/21540993-00602006 |issn=0803-0685}}
* <!--Sounaye 2017a--> {{Cite book |last=Sounaye |first=Abdoulaye |editor-last=Oinas |editor-first=Elina |url=https://brill.com/view/title/33500 |title=What Politics?: Youth and Political Engagement in Africa |editor-last2=Onodera |editor-first2=Henri |editor-last3=Suurpää |editor-first3=Leena |date=27 October 2017a |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-32244-8 |doi=10.1163/9789004356368_014}}
* <!--Sounaye 2017b--> {{Cite journal |last=Sounaye |first=Abdoulaye |date=27 October 2017b |title=Salafi Aesthetics: Preaching Among the Sunnance in Niamey, Niger |journal=[[Journal of Religion in Africa]] |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=9–41 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340101 |issn=0022-4200}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://books.openedition.org/irdeditions/12298 |title=Rural societies in the face of climatic and environmental changes in West Africa |year=2017 |publisher=IRD Éditions |isbn=978-2-7099-2424-5 |editor-last=Sultan |editor-first=Benjamin |doi=10.4000/books.irdeditions.12298 |editor-last2=Lalou |editor-first2=Richard |editor-last3=Sanni |editor-first3=Mouftaou Amadou |editor-last4=Oumarou |editor-first4=Amadou |editor-last5=Arame Soumaré |editor-first5=Mame}}
** <!--Deme et al--> {{harvc |last1=Deme |first1=Abdoulaye |last2=Gaye |first2=Amadou Thierno |last3=Hourdin |first3=Frédéric |c=Chapter 3. Climate projections in West Africa: the obvious and the uncertain |in1=Sultan |in2=Lalou |in3=Sanni |in4=Oumarou |year=2017}}
** <!--Kosmowski et al--> {{harvc |last1=Kosmowski |first1=Frédéric |last2=Lalou |first2=Richard |last3=Sultan |first3=Benjamin |last4=Ndiaye |first4=Ousmane |last5=Muller |first5=Bertrand |last6=Galle |first6=Sylvie |last7=Seguis |first7=Luc |c=Chapter 4. Contrasting perceptions with climate change |in1=Sultan |in2=Lalou |in3=Sanni |in4=Oumarou |year=2017}}
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{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Niamey}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline}}
*[http://www.assemblee.ne/ Niger Assemblee Nationale ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818033526/http://www.assemblee.ne/ |date=18 August 2007 }} official website

{{Niamey}}
{{Regions and departments of Niger}}
{{Communes of Niger}}
{{List of African capitals}}
{{Niger River}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Niamey| ]]
[[Category:Capitals in Africa]]
[[Category:Populated places in Niger]]
[[Category:Communities on the Niger River]]
[[Category:Capital districts and territories]]
[[Category:Regions of Niger]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 2nd millennium]]