View source for Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot

{{short description|French inventor (1725-1804)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox engineer
|image =  Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, monument à Void (Lorraine) en 1912 (du au meusien Fosse, sur fonds anglais).jpg
|caption = Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot
|name = Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot
|nationality = French
|birth_date = {{birth date|1725|2|26|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Void-Vacon]], [[Lorraine (province)|Lorraine]], [[Kingdom of France|France]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1804|10|2|1725|2|26|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Paris]], [[First French Empire|France]]
|education =
|spouse =
|parents =
|children = 2 children
|discipline =
|institutions =
|practice_name =
|significant_projects = ''fardier à vapeur''
|significant_design =
|significant_advance =
|significant_awards =
}}

'''Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot''' (26 February 1725 – 2 October 1804) was a French [[inventor]] who built the world's first full-size and working self-propelled mechanical land-vehicle, the "Fardier à vapeur" – effectively the world's first [[Car|automobile]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot {{!}} Facts, Invention, & Steam Car {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicolas-Joseph-Cugnot |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|It has alternatively been suggested that the earliest self-propelled vehicle was designed in about 1672 by [[Ferdinand Verbiest]], a member of a [[Jesuit China missions|Jesuit mission in China]], but that it was too small to carry a driver and may have never been built or have worked.<ref>{{cite web |title=1679-1681. Chariot à vapeur du R. P. Verbiest |work=L'histoire de l'Automobile des origines à 1900 |publisher=[[Hergé]] |url=http://users.skynet.be/tintinpassion/VOIRSAVOIR/Auto/Pages_auto/Auto_001.html |access-date=8 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408083439/http://users.skynet.be/tintinpassion/VOIRSAVOIR/Auto/Pages_auto/Auto_001.html |archive-date=8 April 2009|language=French}}</ref>}}

== Background ==
He was born in [[Void-Vacon]], [[Lorraine (province)|Lorraine]], (now ''{{Lang|fr|[[Departments of France|department]]}}'' of [[Meuse (department)|Meuse]]), France. He trained as a military [[engineer]]. In 1765, he began experimenting with working models of [[steam engine|steam-engine]]-powered vehicles for the French Army, intended for transporting [[cannons]].

== First self-propelled vehicle {{Anchor|Fardier à vapeur}} ==
[[File:Fardier de Cugnot - start.webm|thumb|Start of the Fardier (modern replica)]]
[[File:Fardier de Cugnot - machanism.webm|thumb|Detail of driving mechanism (fardier drives in reverse)]]{{Infobox car
| name = Cugnot Fardier à Vapeur
| image = Nicholas-Cugnots-Dampfwagen.png
| production = 1769-1773
| assembly = [[Paris|Paris, France]]
| designer = Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot
| layout = [[Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout|Front Engine, FWD]]
| engine = {{convert|62|L|cc cuin|0}} [[Steam engine|2 Cylinder Steam Engine]]
| powerout = {{convert|12|bhp|PS kW}} <br /> {{convert|112|N.m}}
| transmission = Direct-Drive
| weight = {{convert|2500-2800|kg}}
| height = {{convert|7.25|m}}
| width = {{convert|2.19|m}}
}}
French Army captain Cugnot was one of the first to successfully employ a device for converting the reciprocating motion of a steam piston into a rotary motion by means of a [[Ratchet (device)|ratchet]] arrangement. A small version of his three-wheeled ''fardier à vapeur'' ("steam [[wikt:dray#Noun|dray]]") was made and used in 1769 (a ''fardier'' was a massively built two-wheeled horse-drawn cart for transporting very heavy equipment, such as cannon barrels)[[File:Joseph Cugnot's 1770 Fardier à Vapeur, Musée des arts et métiers, Paris 2015.jpg|right|thumb|Cugnot's 1770 ''fardier à vapeur'', as preserved at the [[Musée des Arts et Métiers]], Paris]]
In 1770, a full-size version of the ''fardier à vapeur'' was built, specified to be able to carry four tons and cover two ''lieue'' (7.8&nbsp;km, or 4.8 miles) in one hour, a performance it never achieved in practice. The vehicle weighed about 2.5 tonnes [[Tare weight|tare]], and 2.8 tonnes full, and had two wheels at the rear and one in the front where the horses would normally have been. The front wheel supported a steam boiler and driving mechanism. The power unit was articulated to the "trailer", and was steered from there by means of a double handle arrangement. One source states that it seated four passengers and moved at a speed of {{convert|2.25|mph|1|disp=flip}}.<ref>L. A. Manwaring, ''The Observer's Book of Automobiles'' (12th ed.) 1966, Library of Congress catalog card # 62-9807. p. 7</ref>

[[File:Engine of the Cugnot machine.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Engine part of Cugnot's 1770 ''fardier à vapeur'', as preserved at the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris]]
The vehicle was reported to have been very unstable owing to poor weight distribution, a serious disadvantage for a vehicle intended to be able to traverse rough terrain and climb steep hills. In addition, boiler performance was also particularly poor, even by the standards of the day. The vehicle's fire needed to be relit, and its steam raised again, every quarter of an hour or so, which considerably reduced its overall speed and distance.

After running a small number of trials, variously described as being between [[Paris]] and [[Vincennes]] and at [[Meudon]], the project was abandoned. This ended the French Army's first experiment with mechanical vehicles. Even so, in 1772, [[Louis XV of France|King Louis XV]] granted Cugnot a pension of 600 ''livres'' a year for his innovative work, and the experiment was judged interesting enough for the ''fardier'' to be kept at the arsenal. In 1800 it was transferred to the [[Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers]], where it can still be seen today.

241 years later, in 2010, a copy of the "fardier de Cugnot" was built by students from [[Arts et Métiers ParisTech|ParisTech]], in conjunction with Cugnot's native [[Communes of France|commune]] of [[Void-Vacon]]. This replica worked perfectly, demonstrating the validity of the concept and the veracity of the tests carried out in 1769.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tbauto.org/cugnot.html |title=Fardier de Cugnot – 1770 – France |publisher=Tampa Bay Automobil Museum |website=tbauto.org |access-date=7 December 2017 |archive-date=2 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302100407/http://www.tbauto.org/cugnot.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The replica was exhibited at the 2010 [[Paris Motor Show]] before returning for exhibit in Void-Vacon.<ref>[https://www.lefardierdecugnot.fr ''Notre fardier devant le monument Cugnot à Void-Vacon (Meuse)''], on the site of lefardierdecugnot.fr</ref>{{clear}}

== First automobile accident ==
[[File:Fardier a vapeur.gif|thumb|right|The first known automobile accident]]
There are reports of a minor incident in 1771, when the second prototype vehicle is said to have accidentally knocked down a brick or stone wall, either that of a Paris garden or part of the Paris Arsenal walls, in perhaps the first known [[automobile accident]].{{sfnp|Mastinu|Ploechl|2014|p=1584}} The incident is unrecorded in contemporary accounts, first appearing in 1804, thirty-three years after the alleged accident. Nevertheless, the story persists that Cugnot was arrested and convicted of dangerous driving, another first for him if true.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot |url=https://www.themotormuseuminminiature.co.uk/inv-nicolas-cugnot.php |publisher=The Motor Museum in Miniature |access-date=7 December 2017}}</ref>
{{clear left}}

== Later life ==
Following the [[French Revolution]], Cugnot's pension was withdrawn in 1789 and he went into exile in [[Brussels]] where he lived in poverty. Shortly before his death, Cugnot's pension was restored by [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] and he eventually returned to Paris where he died on 2 October 1804.

== See also ==
* [[History of steam road vehicles]]

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}

'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}

'''Bibliography'''
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Mastinu |editor1-first=Gianpiero |editor2-last=Ploechl |editor2-first=Manfred |title=Road and Off-Road Vehicle System Dynamics Handbook |year=2014 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-0490-8 }}

== Further reading ==
* Max J. B. Rauck, ''Cugnot, 1769-1969: der Urahn unseres Autos fuhr vor 200 Jahren'', München: Münchener Zeitungsverlag, 196
* Bruno Jacomy, Annie-Claude Martin: ''Le Chariot à feu de M. Cugnot'', Paris, 1992, Nathan/Musée national des techniques, {{ISBN|2-09-204538-5}}.
* Louis Andre: ''Le Premier accident automobile de l'histoire'', in La Revue du Musée des arts et métiers, 1993, Numéro 2, p 44-46

== External links ==
{{Commons category|nowrap=yes}}
* The ''fardier'' exhibit at the [[Musée des Arts et Métiers|Musee National des Arts et Métiers]]:
** [http://cugnot.cnam.fr:8000/SEARCH/BASIS/collec/internet/objet/DDW?W%3DDESIG+PH+WORDS+%27Fardier%27+ORDER+BY+DESIG/Ascend%26M%3D5%26K%3D1%26R%3DY%26U%3D1 Catalogue entry, with specifications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927065608/http://cugnot.cnam.fr:8000/SEARCH/BASIS/collec/internet/objet/DDW?W%3DDESIG+PH+WORDS+%27Fardier%27+ORDER+BY+DESIG%2FAscend%26M%3D5%26K%3D1%26R%3DY%26U%3D1 |date=27 September 2016 }} {{in lang|fr}}
** [http://cugnot.cnam.fr:8000/SEARCH/BASIS/COLLEC/INTERNET/imagette/SDW?W%3DCLE_COL+%3D+%27O000000001%27%26M%3D1%26R%3DY Detail images of exhibit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927070800/http://cugnot.cnam.fr:8000/SEARCH/BASIS/COLLEC/INTERNET/imagette/SDW?W%3DCLE_COL+%3D+%27O000000001%27%26M%3D1%26R%3DY |date=27 September 2016 }}
** [http://cugnot.cnam.fr:8000/BASIS/tldoc/INTERNET/cat/SDF?LIEN_INV=00106-0000- Additional reference sources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051013094734/http://cugnot.cnam.fr:8000/BASIS/tldoc/INTERNET/cat/SDF?LIEN_INV=00106-0000- |date=13 October 2005 }} {{in lang|fr}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100325030154/http://www.3wheelers.com/cugnot.html Cugnot on 3wheelers.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160913194727/http://www.3wheelers.com/dlvideos.html Link to downloadable video] at [[DB Museum]], showing a reconstruction of the ''fardier'' in action (B&W)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111107155133/http://www.tbauto.org/cars/cugnot.htm Replica at the Tampa Bay Automobile Museum]
* [http://www.hybrid-vehicle.org/hybrid-vehicle-first-auto.html Hybrid-Vehicle.org: The Steamers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225155541/http://www.hybrid-vehicle.org/hybrid-vehicle-first-auto.html |date=25 December 2013 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080416231439/http://www.ile-de-france.drire.gouv.fr/vehicules/homolo/cnrv/histoire.htm Le fardier de Cugnot]: page in French about Cugnot and his invention, hosted at an [[Île-de-France]] regional government web site and credited to the [[Société des ingénieurs de l'automobile]] (Society of Automotive Engineers).
* [http://www.bookrags.com/biography/nicholas-joseph-cugnot-woi/ Biography of Cugnot from 'World of Invention']

{{Steam engine configurations|state=collapsed}}
{{Early steam locomotives}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Cugnot, Nicolas-Joseph}}
[[Category:1725 births]]
[[Category:1804 deaths]]
[[Category:French automotive pioneers]]
[[Category:People from Meuse (department)]]
[[Category:18th-century French inventors]]
[[Category:People of the French Revolution]]
[[Category:French mechanical engineers]]
[[Category:18th-century French engineers]]