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{{short description|5th-century bishop, missionary, and saint}}
{{other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Nennius}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix= [[Saint]] 
|name=Ninian
|birth_date=
|death_date= AD 432
|feast_day=16 September
|venerated_in={{ubl|[[Catholicism]]|[[Eastern Orthodoxy]]|[[Anglican Communion]]}}
|image=Ninian of Whithorn.jpg
|imagesize=
|caption=Saint Ninian as intercessor ("Ora pro nobis, Sancte Niniane"). [[Donor portrait]] in the ''Book of Hours of the Virgin and Saint Ninian'', 15th century
|contribution=
|titles=Apostle to the Southern Picts
|beatified_date=
|beatified_place=
|beatified_by=
|canonized_date=
|canonized_place=
|canonized_by=
|attributes=Episcopal, Bell of St Ninian<ref name="Huddleston">{{cite web |last1=Huddleston |first1=G |title=St. Ninian |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11084a.htm |website=The Catholic Encyclopedia |publisher=Robert Appleton Company | location = New York | date=1911}}</ref>
|patronage=
|major_shrine=[[Whithorn Priory]]
|suppressed_date=
|issues=
}}

'''Ninian''' is a [[Christianity|Christian]] saint, first mentioned in the 8th century as being an early [[missionary]] among the [[Picts|Pictish]] peoples of what is now [[Scotland]]. For this reason, he is known as the '''Apostle to the Southern Picts''', and there are numerous dedications to him in those parts of Scotland with a Pictish heritage, throughout the [[Scottish Lowlands]], and in parts of Northern [[England]] with a [[Northumbria]]n heritage. He is also known as '''Ringan''' in Scotland, and as '''Trynnian''' in Northern England.

Ninian's major shrine was at [[Whithorn]] in [[Galloway]], where he is associated with the [[Candida Casa]] ([[Latin]] for 'White House'). Nothing is known about his teachings, and there is no unchallenged authority for information about his life.

Ninian's identity is uncertain, and historians have identified the name "Ninian" with other historical figures. A popular hypothesis proposed by [[Thomas Owen Clancy]], a researcher and professor of Celtic studies, posits that Ninian can be identified with three other historical figures: Saint [[Finnian of Moville]], Saint [[Finnian of Clonard]], and Saint [[Finbarr of Cork]]. Linguistic variations across the territories associated with each saint have provided evidence that the Ninian preserved in literary tradition originated from this individual.<ref>O'Neill, Pamela. (2007). "Six degrees of whiteness: "Finbarr, Finnian, Finnian, Ninian, Candida Casa and Hwiterne." JAMEA (2007) vol. 3. pp. 259-268. https://api.researchrepository.uwa.edu.au/portalfiles/portal/14262963/O_Neill._Six_Degrees_of_Whiteness_Finbarr_Finnian_Finnian_Ninian_Candida_Casa_and_Hwiterne.pdf</ref> This article discusses the particulars and origins of what has come to be known as the "traditional" stories of Saint Ninian.

==Background==
The Southern Picts, for whom Ninian is held to be the apostle, were the Picts south of the mountains known as the [[Mounth]], which cross Scotland north of the Firths of [[Firth of Clyde|Clyde]] and [[Firth of Forth|Forth]]. In the 4th century, the southern boundaries of their territory were with British kingdoms.

In his ''Letter to Coroticus'', [[Saint Patrick]] mentions '[[Apostasy|apostate]] Picts'.<ref>{{Citation
|last=Todd
|first=James Henthorn
|author-link=James Henthorn Todd
|year=1864
|contribution=The Epistle on Coroticus
|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=um44AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA384
|title=St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland
|publisher=Hodges, Smith, & Co.
|location=Dublin
|page=384
}}</ref> Patrick is generally considered to be a 5th century individual and Ninian is conventionally taken to have been 4th/5th century.

By 681, the southern Picts were firmly Christian and Northumbria established a bishopric at [[Abercorn]], under [[Trumwine of Abercorn|Bishop Trumwine]]. This effort was abandoned shortly after the Picts defeated the Northumbrians at the [[Battle of Dun Nechtain]] in 685.

Christianity was present in Galloway by the 5th century<ref>{{citation|title=Whithorn Priory origins discovered - 2020 - News |date=9 July 2020 |url=https://www.bradford.ac.uk/news/archive/2020/bradford-bioarchaeologist-helps-reveal-the-origins-of-whithorn-priory.php}}</ref> and continued into the 6th century.<ref>{{Citation
|last=Maxwell
|first=Herbert Eustace
|year=1887
|title=Studies in the Topography of Galloway
|publisher=David Douglas
|publication-date=1887
|location=Edinburgh
|page=21
|url=https://archive.org/details/studiesintopogra00maxwiala
}} – Excavations at the predecessor building of [[Whithorn Priory]], and at [[Saint Ninian's Cave]], had discovered [[Celtic cross]]es from this period. [[Old English language|Old English]] [[rune]]s found on them are later additions.</ref> By the time of [[Bede]]'s account in 731, the Northumbrians had enjoyed an unbroken relationship with Galloway for a century or longer, beginning with the Northumbrian predecessor state of [[Bernicia]]. The full nature of the relationship is uncertain. Also at this time, Northumbria was establishing bishoprics in its sphere of influence, to be subordinate to the Northumbrian [[Archbishop of York]]. One such bishopric was established at [[Whithorn]] in 731, and Bede's account serves to support the legitimacy of the new Northumbrian bishopric. The Bernician name ''hwit ærn'' is [[Old English language|Old English]] for the [[Latin]] ''candida casa'', or 'white house' in modern English, and it has survived as the modern name of Whithorn.

There is as yet no unchallenged connection of the historical record to the person who was Bede's Ninian. However, the unlikelihood that the reputable historian Bede invented Ninian without some basis in the historical record, combined with an increased knowledge of Ireland's early saints and Whithorn's early Christian connections, has led to serious scholarly efforts to find Bede's basis. [[James Henthorn Todd]], in his 1855 publication of the ''Leabhar Imuinn'' (The Book of Hymns of the Ancient Church of Ireland), suggested that it was [[Finnian of Moville]],<ref>{{Citation
|year=1855
|editor-last=Todd
|editor-first=James Henthorn
|editor-link=James Henthorn Todd
|contribution=Note B: St. Finnian of Maghbile
|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0EEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA98
|title=Leabhar Imuinn (The Book of Hymns of the Ancient Church of Ireland)
|publisher=The Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society
|publication-date=1855
|location=Dublin
|pages=98–108
}}</ref> and that view has gained traction among modern scholars.<ref>{{citation | last = Yorke | first = Barbara | author-link = Barbara Yorke | title = The Conversion of Britain: Religion, Politics and Society in Britain, 600–800 | place = Harlow | publisher = Pearson Education Limited | year = 2007 | series = Religion, Politics and Society in Britain (ed. Keith Robbins) |page=113 |isbn = 978-0-582-77292-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/10881305/Not-a-saint-but-a-spelling-mistake.html|title=Not a saint but a spelling mistake|author=Christopher Howse|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=6 June 2014|access-date=9 June 2014}}</ref>

==Traditional story==
The earliest mention of Ninian of Whithorn is in a short passage of ''[[Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum|The Ecclesiastical History of the English People]]'' by the [[Northumbria]]n monk [[Bede]] in {{circa|731}}. The 8th-century poem ''[[Miracula Nyniae Episcopi]]'' records some of the miracles attributed to him. A ''[[Vita Sancti Niniani|Life of Saint Ninian]]'' (''Vita Sancti Niniani'') was written around 1160 by [[Ailred of Rievaulx]], and in 1639 [[James Ussher]] discusses Ninian in his ''Brittanicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates''. These are the sources of information about Ninian of Whithorn, and all provide seemingly innocuous personal details about his life. However, there is no unchallenged historical evidence to support any of their stories, and all sources had political and religious agendas that were served by their accounts of Saint Ninian (discussed below).

Tradition holds that Ninian was a [[Britons (historical)|Briton]] who had studied in [[Rome]], that he established an episcopal see at the ''[[Candida Casa]]'' in Whithorn, that he named the see for [[Martin of Tours|Saint Martin of Tours]], that he converted the southern [[Picts]] to [[Christianity]], and that he is buried at Whithorn. Variations of the story add that he had actually met St Martin, that his father was a Christian king, and that he was buried in a stone sarcophagus near the altar of his church. Further variations assert that he left for [[Ireland]], and died there in 432. Dates for his birth are derived from the traditional mention of St Martin, who died in 397.

===Bede ({{circa|731}})===
[[Image:The Venerable Bede translates John 1902.jpg|thumb|''[[Bede|The Venerable Bede]] translates John'', by [[James Doyle Penrose|J. D. Penrose]], c. 1902.]]

[[Bede]] says that Ninian (whose name he only renders in the ablative case ''Nynia'') was a [[Britons (historical)|Briton]] who had been instructed in [[Rome]]; that he made his church of stone, which was unusual among the Britons; that his [[episcopal see]] was named after [[Martin of Tours|Saint Martin of Tours]]; that he preached to and converted the southern [[Picts]]; that his base was called ''Ad Candidam Casam'', which was in the province of the [[Bernicia]]ns; and that he was buried there, along with many other saints.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Bede|731|pp=271, 273}} Book III Chapter IV, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=azApAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA271 When the nation of the Picts received the faith]''</ref>

[[Image:Saint.Aelred.jpg|thumb|left|100px|Saint Ailred (or Aelred), from an 1845 book.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Forbes|1874|p=frontispiece}} ''The Historians of Scotland: The Lives of S. Ninian and S. Kentigern''</ref>]]

===Aelred ({{circa|1160}})===
Leaving aside the stories regarding miracles, in the ''[[Vita Sancti Niniani]]'' [[Aelred of Rievaulx|Aelred]] includes the following incidental information regarding Saint Ninian: that his father was a Christian king; that he was consecrated a bishop in Rome and that he met Saint Martin in Tours; that Saint Martin sent masons with him on his homeward journey, at his request; that these masons built a church of stone, situated on the shore, and that on learning of Saint Martin's death, Ninian dedicated the church to him; that a certain rich and powerful "King Tuduvallus" was converted by him; that he died after having converted the Picts and returned home, being buried in a stone sarcophagus near the altar of his church; and that he had once travelled with his brother, named "Plebia".<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Forbes|1874|pp=1–26}} ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0K8uAAAAMAAJ&pg=1 The Life of S. Ninian by Ailred]''</ref>

Aelred said that in addition to finding information about Ninian in Bede, he took much additional information for his ''Life of S. Ninian'' from a source written in a "barbarous language"; there is no further information about this text. Aelred wrote his ''Life of S. Ninian'' sometime after spending ten years at the Scottish court and thus had close connections both to the Scottish royal family and to [[Fergus of Galloway]] (who would resurrect the [[Bishop of Galloway|Bishopric of Galloway]]), all of whom would have been pleased to have a manuscript with such a glowing description of a Galwegian and Scottish saint. His work is what Thomas Heffernan refers to as a "sacred biography", probably intended for a politically ambitious audience.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Dowden|1894|pp=23–32}} In ''The Life of St. Ninian''</ref><ref>Thomas Heffernan, ''Sacred Biography: Saints and their Biographers in the Middle Ages,'' Oxford University Press, 1992.</ref>

===Ussher (1639)===
[[Image:James Ussher by Sir Peter Lely.jpg|thumb|[[James Ussher]], Archbishop of Armagh, Primate of All Ireland.]]

[[James Ussher]] wrote that Ninian left Candida Casa for ''Cluayn-coner'' in Ireland, and eventually died in Ireland; that his mother was a Spanish princess; that his father wished to regain him after having assented to his training for an ecclesiastical state; that a bell comes from heaven to call together his disciples; that a wooden church was raised by him, with beams delivered by stags; and that a [[harp]]er with no experience at architecture was the builder of the church. He adds that a smith and his son, named respectively "Terna" and "Wyn", witnessed a miracle by Ninian and that the saint was granted lands to be called "Wytterna".<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Forbes|1874|p=iv–v}} ''Introduction to the Life of S. Ninian''</ref><ref>{{Harvcolnb|Ussher|1639|pp=199–209, 228, 251}} – claims regarding Ninian in his ''Life of Ninian'', in Latin</ref>

In addition, [[William Forbes Skene|Skene]] attributes the "traditional" date of Ninian's death (16 September 432) ultimately to Ussher's ''Life of Ninian'', noting that the date is "without authority".<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Skene|1887|pp=3–4}} In ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oJoQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA3 The Churches in the West]''</ref>

Ussher's contribution is often disparaged,<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Newman|Hutton|1845|p=11}} "The Irish life referred to by Archbishop Ussher does not appear entitled to much consideration" in ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=k-wOAAAAIAAJ St. Ninian's early days]'', for example; and elsewhere in the book.</ref><ref>{{Harvcolnb|Hardy|1862|p=44}} "The Irish Life was written long after Ninian's death, by an author of little discretion, who wished to adjust the conduct of the Saint to the usages of his own time." in the ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4CUJAAAAIAAJ footnote]'', for example.</ref> as he both invented fictitious histories and misquoted legitimate manuscripts to suit his own purposes.<ref>for example, see {{Citation
|last=Bridgett
|first=Thomas Edward
|contribution=Catholicity of North-Britons
|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NdoCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA55
|title=History of the Holy Eucharist in Great Britain
|volume=I
|publisher=C. Kegan Paul & Co
|date=1881
|location=London
|page=55 (footnote)
}} – Ussher printed a manuscript of the letters of [[Alcuin]], which contained a request for the intercession of Saint Ninian; however, Ussher edited the manuscript to change parts of it, and among his changes was the omission of Alcuin's request, but leaving other parts of it intact.</ref><ref>{{Citation
|last=Lawrie
|first=Archibald Campbell
|year=1905
|contribution=Letter of Alcuin to the Monks of Candid Casa, A.D. 782–804
|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wuxJAAAAMAAJ&pg=1
|title=Early Scottish Charters Prior to A.D. 1153
|publisher=James Maclehose and Sons
|publication-date=1905
|location=Glasgow
|pages=226–27
}}</ref> Still, he had access to legitimate manuscripts, and he has contributed to some versions of the traditional stories.

===Other sources===
Others who wrote of Saint Ninian used the accounts of Bede, Aelred, or Ussher, or used derivatives of them in combination with information from various manuscripts. This includes [[John Capgrave]] (1393–1464), John of Tinmouth ({{floruit|{{circa|1366}}}}), [[John Colgan]] (died {{circa|1657}}), and many others,<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Hardy|1862}} throughout the book</ref> up to the present day.

The anonymously written 8th-century hagiographic ''[[Miracula Nyniae Episcopi|Miracula Nynie Episcopi]]'' (''Miracles of Bishop Ninian'') is discounted as a non-historical account, and copies are not widely extant.<ref>{{Citation
|last=Koch
|first=John T.
|year=2005
|contribution=Ninian, St.
|title=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
|publisher=ABC-CLIO
|publication-date=2005
|page=1358
|isbn=978-1-85109-440-0
}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Dedications to St Ninian==
[[Image:St.Ninian.dedications.jpg|thumb|200px|Dedications to St Ninian (England, Scotland, Isle of Man).<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Scott|1905|pp=378–388}} ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qgEdAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA378 Nynia in Northern Pictland]''</ref><ref>{{Harvcolnb|Forbes|1874|p=xiii–xvii}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=0K8uAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR13 List of dedications to Saint Ninian], ''The Historians of Scotland: The Lives of S. Ninian and S. Kentigern''</ref><ref>{{Harvcolnb|Moore|1890|pp=214–15, 306}} In ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mY4OAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA214 Distinctive Affixes]''</ref><ref>{{Harvcolnb|Mackinlay|1904}} mentions are throughout the book.</ref>]]

Dedications to Saint Ninian are expressions of respect for the good works that are attributed to him, and the authenticity of the stories about him are not relevant to that point. Almost all of the dedications have their origins in the medieval era, after Aelred wrote his account.

The dedications are found throughout the lands of the ancient [[Picts]] of Scotland, throughout Scotland south of the Firths of [[Firth of Clyde|Clyde]] and [[Firth of Forth|Forth]], in [[Orkney]] and [[Shetland]], and in parts of northern England. 

Dedications on the [[Isle of Man]] date from the time of medieval Scottish dominance, and are not natively inspired.

There are dedications to Ninian in [[County Donegal|East Donegal]] including the Parish Church in Convoy, and also in [[Belfast]]; and a spot formerly on the shore of [[Belfast Lough]] was traditionally known as St Ninian's Point, where the missionary reputedly landed after a voyage from Scotland. These connections reflect a strong Ulster-Scots heritage in both areas of Ulster.

There are also dedications elsewhere in the world where there is a Scottish heritage, such as [[Nova Scotia]]. St Ninian's Cathedral is located in [[Antigonish]], Nova Scotia.

There is a noticeable lack of dedications in the [[Scottish Highlands]] and [[Hebrides|Isles]], save for Kilninian and the Holy Spring of St Ninian of the Orthodox Mull Monastery on the Isle of Mull.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kilninian|url=https://mullmonastery.com/kilninian/|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Mull Monastery|language=en}}</ref>

In the modern era, the first cathedral built in Scotland after the Protestant Reformation, [[St Ninian's Cathedral]], Perth, was dedicated to the saint in 1850. [[St Ninian and Triduana's Church, Edinburgh]] is a Roman Catholic church constructed in 1932 that is dedicated to Ninian. St Martin and St Ninian is a Catholic church in [[Whithorn]], constructed in 1959–60 in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Galloway]]. The architect was [[Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel]] (1887–1959).

In Scotland the date 16 September is celebrated as St Ninian's [[Feast Day]].<ref name="Who was Saint Ninian?">[cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-11276120]accessdate=18 October 2017</ref> Ninian is honoured in the [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|Church of England]] and in the [[Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)|Episcopal Church]] on [[September 16|16 September]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Calendar|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=2021-03-27|website=The Church of England|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bEq7DwAAQBAJ |title=Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018 |date=2019-12-17 |publisher=Church Publishing, Inc. |isbn=978-1-64065-235-4 |language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:St. Ninan's Cave, Glasserton, Wigtownshire.jpg|[[St Ninian's Cave]], Glasserton, Wigtownshire by Sir Herbert Maxwell. 1885
File:St Ninian's Cave - entrance.jpg|Entrance to St Ninian's Cave
File:The old and the new - - votive offerings - geograph.org.uk - 1552319.jpg|Votives at St Ninian's Cave entrance
File:Clog-rinny.jpg|The ''Clog-rinny'', or ''Bell of St Ninian''
File:Burgh.of.Nairn.Seal.png|Burgh of [[Nairn]] seal, depicting St Ninian (1906).
File:Burgh.of.Whithorn.Seal.png|Burgh of [[Whithorn]] seal, depicting St Ninian (1906)
File:St Martin and St Ninian Catholic Church Whithorn Wigtownshire consecrated 1960.jpg|St Martin and St Ninian Catholic Church in Whithorn
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Saints}}
* [[Isle of Whithorn]]
* [[St Ninian's Isle]]
* [[Dalgarnock Village, Church and Parish|St Ninian's Well]]
* ''[[Vita Sancti Niniani]]'' ("Life of Saint Ninian")

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Citation
|last=Bede
|author-link=Bede
|date=731
|editor-last=Giles
|editor-first=J. A.
|editor-link=John Allen Giles
|title=The Miscellaneous Works of Venerable Bede
|volume=II
|publisher=Whittaker and Co.
|publication-date=1863
|location=London
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=azApAAAAYAAJ
}}
*{{Citation
|last=Dowden
|first=John
|year=1894
|contribution=The Life of St. Ninian
|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5TcLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA23
|title=The Celtic Church in Scotland
|publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
|publication-date=1894
|location=London
|pages=23–32
}}
*{{Citation
|last=Forbes
|first=Alexander Penrose
|author-link=Alexander Penrose Forbes
|year=1874
|title=The Historians of Scotland: The Lives of S. Ninian and S. Kentigern
|volume=V
|publisher=Edmonston and Douglas
|publication-date=1874
|location=Edinburgh
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0K8uAAAAMAAJ
}}
*{{Citation
|last=Hardy
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|year=1862
|title=Descriptive Catalogue of Materials Relating to the History of Great Britain and Ireland
|volume=I
|publisher=Longman, green, Longman, and Roberts
|publication-date=1862
|location=London
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CUJAAAAIAAJ
}} — many references to, and comments upon, sources of information
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|publication-date=1908
|location=Dublin
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c5dDAAAAIAAJ
}}
*{{Citation
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}}
*{{Citation
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}}
* {{Citation
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}}
*{{Citation
|last1=Newman
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|last2=Hutton
|first2=Arthur Wollaston
|year=1845
|title=Lives of the English Saints: St. Aelred, Abbot of Rievaulx
|publisher=James Toovey
|publication-date=1845
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}}
*{{Citation
|last=Scott
|first=Archibald Black
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|jstor=25517649
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|volume=II
|issue=8
|publisher=James Maclehose and Sons
|publication-date=1905
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|pages=378–388
}}
*{{Citation
|last=Skene
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|year=1887
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|publication-date=1887
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}}
*{{Citation
|last=Ussher
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|volume=VI
|location=Dublin
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=solLAAAAMAAJ
}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite EB9 |wstitle = St Ninian |volume= XVII | page=513 |short=1}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |first=Dauvit|last =Braun |authorlink=| publisher = Oxford University Press | encyclopedia= Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | title=Ninian [St Ninian] (supp. fl. 5th–6th cent.) | year = 2004 | url = https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-20198| accessdate= 31 March 2021|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/20198 |isbn =978-0-19-861412-8 | url-access=subscription }} {{ODNBsub}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category inline}}

{{Scotland topics|state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ninian}}
[[Category:360 births]]
[[Category:432 deaths]]
[[Category:Bishops of Galloway (pre-Reformation)]]
[[Category:People from Cumberland]]
[[Category:Northern Brythonic saints]]
[[Category:Pictish people]]
[[Category:Romano-British saints]]
[[Category:5th-century Christian saints]]
[[Category:5th-century Scottish bishops]]
[[Category:Christian missionaries in Scotland]]
[[Category:Anglican saints]]