View source for Nishapur

{{Short description|City in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran}}
{{for|the administrative division of Razavi Khorasan province|Nishapur County}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name=Neyshabur
|native_name={{nativename|fa|نیشابور}}
|settlement_type=City
|other_name={{nobold|[[Abarshahr]] ({{Script/Arabic|اَبَرشهر}})<br>Raēvant ({{Script/Arabic|رَئِوَنْت}})<ref>Originally in [[Avesta]], though some regions near the West of the city are now called Reyvand ({{lang|fa|ریوند}}) which is directly derived from "Raēvant". Source: رنبغ دادگی (۱۳۹۰)، بندهش ترجمهٔ گزارنده مهرداد بهار، تهران: انتشارات توس، ص. ص۱۷۲</ref><br>[[Shadiyakh]] ({{Script/Arabic|شادیاخ}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=شادیاخ |url=https://dehkhoda.ut.ac.ir/en/dictionary/189391/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AE |website=[[Dehkhoda Dictionary|Dehkhoda Lexicon Institute and International Center for Persian Studies]] |publisher=[[University of Tehran]]}}</ref>}}
|image_skyline={{Photomontage
|photo1a=آرامگاه عمر خیام.jpg
|photo2a=Abbasi Karvansaray in Neyshabur.jpg
|photo2b=Attar tomb.jpg
|photo3a=Mahrough.jpg
|photo4a=Plaster tile Louvre MET 40-170-166.jpg
|photo5a=Amin al-Islami Park - Trees and Flowers - Nishapur 077.JPG
|photo5b=Entrance of Baghmeli in Nishapur.jpg
|photo6a=Tomb of Kamal-ol-Molk (Neyshabur) 003.jpg
|photo6b=Ligna moskeo ĉe Nejŝaburo (Irano) 001.jpg
|size=260
|foot_montage=<div style="background:#fee8ab;"> '''From top to bottom & from left to right:'''<br />[[Mausoleum of Omar Khayyám]], [[Shah Abbasi Caravansarai, Nishapur|Shah Abbasi Caravansarai]], [[Mausoleum of Attar of Nishapur]], [[Imamzadeh Mahruq|Imamzadeh Mohammad Mahrouq]] & [[Persian gardens|Khayyam's garden]], An archeological discovery of Nishapur, [[Bagh-e Meli of Nishapur]], [[Khanate mansion and garden of Amin Islami|Khanate Mansion of Amin Islami]], [[Tomb of Kamal-ol-molk|Kamal Al-Molk Tomb]] and the [[Wooden Mosque|Wooden Mosque of Nishapur]].</div>
}}
|image_seal=Seal of Nishapur.png
|nicknames=''[[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid]] and [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyed]] era'': [[Abarshahr]] (Upper Cities), [[Damascus|Little Damascus]] {{small|(According to [[Ibn Battuta]])}},<ref>The Cambridge History of Iran – Volume 1 – Page 68</ref> The City of [[Turquoise]], The City of Gardens
|pushpin_map=Iran#West Asia
|pushpin_map_caption=
|pushpin_relief=yes
|coordinates={{coord|36|12|22|N|58|47|36|E|dim:5km|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes=<ref>{{Cite map |author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=36.206111&mlon=58.793333&zoom=13#map=13/36.20611/58.79333|website=[[OpenStreetMap]] |title=Nishapur, Nishapur County|date=3 November 2024|access-date=3 November 2024|lang=fa}}</ref>
|subdivision_type=Country
|subdivision_name=[[Iran]]
|subdivision_type1=[[Provinces of Iran|Province]]
|subdivision_name1=[[Razavi Khorasan Province|Razavi Khorasan]]
|subdivision_type2=[[Counties of Iran|County]]
|subdivision_name2=[[Nishapur County|Nishapur]]
|subdivision_type3=[[Bakhsh (administrative division)|District]]
|subdivision_name3=[[Central District (Nishapur County)|Central]]
|established_title=Founded
|established_date=3rd century AD
|established_title2=Municipality of Nishapur
|established_date2=1931
|government_type=[[Governorate]], [[Mayor]] & [[Local councils of Iran|City Council]]
|leader_title=Mayor
|leader_name=Hassan MereTatiKa
|leader_title1=Governor of County
|leader_name1=Mahdi Davandeh<ref>{{cite web |title=فرماندار جدید نیشابور معرفی شد |website=irna.ir |date=28 September 2023 |language=fa|url=https://www.irna.ir/news/85241837/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%AF |access-date=9 April 2024}}</ref>
|total_type=City
|area_total_km2=
|area_land_km2=
|area_water_km2=
|area_water_percent=
|elevation_m=1250
|population_total=264375
|population_footnotes=<ref name="2016 Razavi Khorasan Province"/>
|population_metro=
|population_est=
|population_as_of=2016
|population_density_km2=
|population_demonym=[[Nishapuri]], Nishaburi or Neyshaburi
|timezone=[[Iran Standard Time|IRST]]
|utc_offset=+03:30
|timezone_DST=[[Iran Daylight Time|IRDT]]
|utc_offset_DST=+04:30
|postal_code=93131–93491
|area_code=051
|website={{URL|http://neyshabur.ir}}
|name=Nishapur
|native_name_lang=fa
|founder=[[Shapur I]]
|footnotes=Member of the [[League of Historical Cities|LHC]] and the [[Inter-City Intangible Cultural Cooperation Network|ICCN]]
|subdivision_type4=[[Greater Iran|Historical Region]]
|subdivision_name4=[[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]
}}

'''Nishapur''' ({{langx|fa|نیشاپور}}) or '''Neyshabur''' ({{lang|fa|نیشابور}}, {{IPA|fa|ˌnejʃɒːˈbuːɹ||fa-Neyshabur.ogg}}){{efn|Also [[romanize]]d as '''Neyshapur''', '''Nišâpur''', and '''Nişapur'''.<ref name="GEOnet">{{GEOnet3|-3076915}}</ref> "Nishapur" is closer to its original and historic meaning, though it is less commonly used by modern native Persian speakers. In [[Persian literature|Persian poetry]], the name of the city is written and pronounced as "نِشابور" (without the usage of "پ" or "ب"). In modern times and among the general public and the Persian mass media, "نیشابور" is the most commonly used pronunciation and spelling of the city, though "نیشاپور" is also correct. Officially (نیشابور), romanized as '''Neyshabur''';<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipality of Neyshabur |url=https://neyshabur.ir/home/ |website=Municipality of Neyshabur}}</ref> also romanized as '''Nīshābūr''',<ref name="GEOnet"/> from {{Langx|pal|𐭭𐭩𐭥𐭱𐭧𐭯𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭩}}, meaning "The New City of [[Shapur I|Shapur]]" or "The Fair Shapur"<ref>Honigmann, E.; Bosworth, C.E.. "[http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/nishapur-SIM_5930 Nīs̲h̲āpūr]." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Online, 2013. Reference. 31 December 2013</ref>}} is a city in the [[Central District (Nishapur County)|Central District]] of [[Nishapur County]], [[Razavi Khorasan province|Razavi Khorasan]] province, [[Iran]], serving as capital of both the county and the district.<ref name="Khorasan Province Structure">{{cite report|title=Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the divisions of Khorasan province, centered in Mashhad|language=fa|website=rc.majlis.ir|via=Islamic Parliament Research Center|url=https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113047|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024415/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113047|publisher=Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council|last=Habibi|first=Hassan|archive-date=17 November 2015|date=c. 2015|orig-date=Approved 21 June 1369|id=Proposal 3223.1.5.53; Approval Letter 3808-907; Notification 84902/T125K|access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>

Nishapur is the second most populous city<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical Center of Iran > Population and Housing Censuses |url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english/Population-and-Housing-Censuses |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=www.amar.org.ir}}</ref> of the province in the northeast of Iran, situated in a fertile plain at the foot of [[Binalud Mountains|Binalud Mountain Range]]. It has been the historic capital of the Western Quarter{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} of [[Greater Khorasan]], the historic [[Capitals of Persia|capital]] of the 9th-century [[Tahirid dynasty]], the initial capital of the 11th-century [[Seljuk Empire]], and is currently the capital city of [[Nishapur County]] and a historic [[Silk Road]] city<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sardar |first=Marika |date=October 2001 |title=The Metropolitan Museum's Excavations at Nishapur |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nish/hd_nish.htm |website=The Metropolitan Museum |edition=July 2011}}</ref> of [[Greater Iran|cultural]] and [[Economy of Iran|economic]] importance in Iran and the [[Greater Khorasan]] region.

Nearby are [[turquoise]] mines that have supplied the world with turquoise of the finest and the highest quality<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turquoise Quality Factors |url=https://www.gia.edu/turquoise-quality-factor |website=[[Gemological Institute of America]]}}</ref> for at least two [[millennia]].

The city was founded in the 3rd century by [[Shapur I]] as a capital city of [[Sasanian]] [[satrapy]] known as [[Abarshahr]] or Nishapur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=H. Gaube |date=10 January 2014 |title=ABARŠAHR |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/abarsahr |website=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]}}</ref> The city later became the capital of [[Tahirid dynasty]] and was reformed by [[Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani|Abdullah Tahir]] in 830, and later selected as the capital of [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuk dynasty]] by [[Tughril]] in 1037. Nishapur had a territory of 17.6 hectares and 25,000 people in the 6th century, while by the year 1000, the population of the city was about 336,000 people with the territory of 1,680 hectares.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yC0DEAAAQBAJ&dq=historical++population+of+medieval+iran&pg=PA122 |title=Cities of Medieval Iran |date=2020-06-11 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-43433-2 |pages=103 |language=en}}</ref>  From the [[Abbasid]] era to the [[Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia and Eastern Iran]], the city evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center within the [[Muslim world|Islamic world]]. Nishapur, along with [[Merv]], [[Herat]] and [[Balkh]], was one of the four great cities of [[Greater Khorasan]] and one of the greatest cities of the [[Old World]] in the [[Islamic Golden Age]] with strategic importance,<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2010 |title=NISHAPUR i. Historical Geography and History to the Beginning of the 20th Century |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nishapur-i |website=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]}}</ref> a seat of governmental power in the eastern section of [[caliphate]]s, a [[dwelling place]] for diverse ethnic and religious groups and a trading stop on commercial routes from [[Transoxiana]], China, Iraq<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sites of Encounter: Baghdad & Nishapur, 300-1200 |url=https://centerx.gseis.ucla.edu/event/sites-of-encounter-baghdad-nishapur-300-1200/ |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=[[UCLA]] [[Center X]] |language=en-US}}</ref> and Egypt.

Nishapur reached the height of its prosperity under the [[Samanids]] in the 10th century but was destroyed and [[Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire|most of its population was slaughtered by the Mongols in 1221]]. This massacre, combined with subsequent earthquakes<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Melville |first=Charles |date=1980 |title=Earthquakes in the History of Nishapur |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299694 |journal=Iran |volume=18 |pages=103–120 |doi=10.2307/4299694 |jstor=4299694 |issn=0578-6967|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and other invasions, is believed to have destroyed the city several times. Unlike its near neighbor [[Merv]], Nishapur managed to recover from these cataclysmic events, and survive until the present day as an active modern city and county in [[Tourism in Iran|tourism]], [[Agriculture in Iran|agriculture]], [[Healthcare in Iran|healthcare]], [[Industry of Iran|industrial production]] and [[commerce]]<ref>Razavi Khorasan Bureau of [[Ministry of Roads and Urban Development|Ministry of Roads & Urban Development of Iran]]. «[https://www.shahrsazionline.com/53448/طرح-جامع-شهر-نیشابور/ The Comprehensive Scheme/Plan of Neyshabur in 1394 Solar Hijri]» (in Persian). ''shahrsazionline''.</ref> in [[Razavi Khorasan Province]] of [[Iran]]; however, many of its older and historical archeological remains are left to be uncovered.

The modern city of Nishapur is composed of three main administrative areas/districts ([[Persian language|Persian]]: منطقه های شهر نیشابور) and is surrounded by many villages which are joining in to the urban area and structure of the city. The Area/district 1 of the city comprises the newer urban developments (initiated mostly in the 1980s and the 1990s) made to the north of the [[Road 44 (Iran)|Road 44]] and is home to most of the main higher educational institutions of Nishapur such as the [[University of Neyshabur]] and the [[Islamic Azad University Neyshabur Branch|IAUN]]. The Area/district 2 of the city comprises the downtown of the city and the older and more historic urban structures situated on the south of the Road 44. It is home to some of the main tourist attractions of the city, such as the [[National Garden of Nishapur]] and the [[Khanate Mansion of Amin Islami]]. The Area/district 3 of the city is home to the ruins and the remains of the ancient city of Nishapur, destroyed by the Mongols in the Middle Ages, and is located in the south and the southeast of the city. The third district of the city is a national and registered protected archeological area by law<ref>{{Cite web |title=شهر قدیم نیشابور |url=https://iranarchpedia.ir/entry/18118 |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=[[Encyclopaedia of Iranian Architectural History]]}}</ref> and any unauthorized archeological excavation is considered illegal. This district is also home to the burial and historical monuments (some are shown on the city infobox) of most of the renowned persons of the city throughout history such as the [[Mausoleum of Omar Khayyám]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Omar Khayyam: The life of the astronomer-poet of Persia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2019/5/18/omar-khayyam-a-persian-astronomer-poet-and-scientist |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Mausoleum of Attar of Nishapur]]. The third district is also used as one of the main tourist hotspots of the city.

Many of this city's [[Archaeology|archeological]] discoveries are held and shown to the public in [[Metropolitan Museum of Art|the Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in [[New York City]], the [[British Museum]] in [[London]], the [[National Museum of Iran]] in [[Tehran]], other [[Museum|international museums]] and the museums of the city of Nishapur.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nishapur |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/x21362 |website=[[The British Museum]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2015 |title=Coppa con decorazione calligrafica |url=https://www.maotorino.it/en/node/35745 |website=Museum of Eastern Art in Italy |language=it}}</ref> The city of Nishapur is also a member of international organizations such as the [[League of Historical Cities|LHC]] and the [[Inter-City Intangible Cultural Cooperation Network|ICCN UNESCO]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICCN Full Members {{!}} ICCN UNESCO |url=http://www.iccnunesco.org/iccn-full-members/ |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=[[Inter-City Intangible Cultural Cooperation Network|ICCN UNESCO]] |language=es |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827114139/http://www.iccnunesco.org/iccn-full-members/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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== History ==

=== Abarshahr of Sassanid Empire ===
[[File:Sasanian_seal_with_inscription_Pahlavi_"Perozhormizd,_son_of_the_Kanarang",_3rd_century_CE_British_Museum_134847.jpg|thumb|413x413px|[[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian seal]] with inscription in Pahlavi ''"Perozhormizd, son of the Kanarang"'', "[[Kanarang]]" being the Sasanian military commander of [[Abarshahr]] (Nishapur). The cap is decorated with a border of pearls. The title is attested from the 5th century CE. British Museum 134847.<ref>{{cite web |title=stamp-seal; bezel British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1966-0723-1 |website=The British Museum |language=en}}</ref>]]'''[[Abarshahr]]''' was a satrapy (province) of the [[Sassanid Empire]]. Cities in the region were Candac, Artacauan, Apameia, and [[Pushang]] (founded by Shapur I). Nishapur was the capital. Abarshar was the name used for Nishapur during the [[Sassanid Empire]] and [[Rashidun Caliphate]]. The capital was a vital center of administration and of communications between Bactria, India, and Sagistan. The region was involved in the Indian and Chinese trade. Its governor bore the title of [[kanarang]].<ref name="Iran 1983">The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3(2): The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, ed. Ehsan Yarshater (NY: Cambridge UP, 1983), 769.</ref>

=== Names of Nishapur throughout history ===
*'''[[Abarshahr]]''' or '''Aparshahr''' was a [[satrap]]y (province) of the [[Sassanid Empire]] now located in Nishapur. Cities in the region were Candac, Artacauan, Apameia, and Pushang (founded by Shapur I), and the capital was Nishapur. Abarshar was the name of Nishapur during the [[Sassanid Empire]] and the [[Rashidun Caliphate]]. The capital was a vital point of administration and of communications between Bactria, India, and Sagistan. The region was involved in the Indian and Chinese trade. Its governor bore the unique title of [[kanarang]].<ref name="Iran 1983"/>
*'''Neysabur''' or '''Naysabur''' was named Abarshahr during the [[Muslim conquest of Khorasan|Muslim occupation of Khorasan]] and Nishapur, and was the city's official name during the [[Rashidun Caliphate]], [[Umayyad Caliphate]], and [[Abbasid Caliphate]].

=== Middle Ages ===

==== Muslim Conquest ====
Nishapur was conquered by the [[Rashidun Caliphate]], without struggle, during the caliphate of [[Umar]].{{when|date=October 2025}} The [[Caliph]] appointed [[Ahnaf ibn Qais]] as the chief commander of the [[Rashidun army]] out of [[Esfahan]]. From Esfahan, two routes led to [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]: the main route via [[Rey, Iran|Rey]] and the other via Nishapur. The people of Nishapur chose not to fight and surrendered on the condition of paying a tribute.

Having conquered the region around Nishapur, the Muslim force advanced to Nishapur itself. The city was divided into four sectors, with each sector under a Persian chief. These chiefs shut themselves in the city and closed the gates. The Muslims laid siege to the city for some days. In the meantime, the Persian chiefs quarreled among themselves. One of the chiefs entered into negotiations with the Muslims. He offered to open one of the gates for the Muslim army to enter, provided he was granted immunity. The Muslims accepted the offer. The Persians were taken by surprise, and the Muslims became the new rulers of Nishapur.{{when|date=October 2025}} After consolidating their position at Nishapur, the Muslims conquered other cities around Nishapur, including Pusht, Ashband, Rukh, Zar, Khaf, Osparain, and Arghian.<ref>''The city in the Islamic world'', Volume 1, ed. [[Salma Khadra Jayyusi]], Renata Holod, Attilio Petruccioli, André Raymond</ref>

==== Nishapur capital of Abu Muslim ====
[[Abu Muslim Khorasani|Abu Muslim]] became the governor of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]],{{when|date=October 2025}} and chose Nishapur as his capital. He seems to have initiated a huge building program in which he stimulated the growth of the city. Nishapur increased in importance, and two of the ‘Abbasids were governors of this city before becoming caliphs. It was the governor of [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]] (‘[[Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan]]) who presented the large gift of [[Chinese imperial porcelain]]s to [[Harun al-Rashid]] (see Abbasid Ceramics Section), demonstrating the strategic importance of the province on trade routes.<ref>Goldschmidt, Arthur (2002), A concise history of the Middle East, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, pp. 76–77, {{ISBN|0-8133-3885-9}}</ref>

==== Tahirid dynasty in Nishapur ====
The [[Tahirid dynasty]] was a dynasty of [[Persians|Persian]] [[dehqan]] origin that ruled from 820 to 872 in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], northeastern [[Greater Iran]], a region now split between [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], and [[Uzbekistan]]. The Tahirid capital was originally [[Merv]], but Nishapur became their capital from 828 to 845.{{sfn|Kröger|1995|p=8}} Although nominally subject to the [[Abbasid]] [[caliphate]] in [[Baghdad]], the Tahirid rulers were effectively independent. The dynasty was founded by [[Tahir ibn Husayn]], a leading general in the service of the Abbasid caliph [[Al-Ma'mun]]. Tahir's military victories were rewarded with the gift of lands in the east of Persia, which were subsequently extended by his successors as far as the borders of [[India]]. Tahirid influence extended to [[Baghdad]] when the Abbasids granted them the military affairs in [[Mesopotamia]].{{sfn|Kennedy|2001|pages=135-139}}

==== Saffarids/Samanids/Seljuks ====
In 873, the Tahirids were replaced by the [[Saffarids]].{{sfn|Kröger|1995|p=8}} Saffarids expanded their sphere of influence through the north of [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]] and also in south towards [[Sistan]]. In late 875, the Saffarid amir [[Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar|Ya'qub]] returned to Sistan, a former Tahirid soldier, Ahmad ibn Abdallah al-Khujistani removed the Saffarid governor and had the khutba recited, recognizing Tahirid authority.{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=116}} According to the ''Tarikh-i Bayhaq'', written by Ibn Funduq, many of Nishapur's [[ulama]] were killed by al-Khujistani.{{sfn|Pourshariati|2000|p=155}} The Saffarids also made Nishapur their capital and rebuilt the Tahirid palace.{{sfn|Esposito|1999|p=38}} In 900, Ismail Samani defeated the Saffarids and was made governor of Nishapur.{{sfn|Kröger|1995|p=8}} The Samanids had been placed in power in [[Transoxiana]] by Caliph [[Al-Ma'mun]], and ruled first from [[Samarqand]] and then moved to [[Bukhara]]. After defeating the [[Saffarids]], their "empire", with nominal sanction from the [[Abbasids]], extended from [[India]] to [[Iraq]], making Nishapur a provincial capital.{{sfn|Honigmann|Bosworth|1995|p=63}} Khurasan was thus an international entrepôt, with merchants coming not only from Iraq, India and Egypt, but also from Russia; additionally, [[Vikings]] came from [[Scandinavia]] to trade with the [[Bulgars|Bulghars]] and [[Khazars]] on the [[Caspian Sea]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}[[File:Old Nishapur.jpg|thumb|215x215px|A modern reconstruction of Nishapur in the Middle Ages shown in the edited version of the book ''[[History of Nishapur (book)|History of Nishapur]]'' held in the [[National Library of Iran]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=بازشناسی ربع نیشابور خراسان و تقسیمات جغرافیایی آن (از نگاه متون جغرافیایی و تاریخی کهن) |url=https://anthropologyandculture.com/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA/ |website=Anthropology and Culture}}</ref>]]
Nishapur occupies an important strategic position astride the old [[Silk Road]] that linked [[Anatolia]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] with China. On the Silk Road, Nishapur has often defined the flexible frontier between the Iranian plateau and Central Asia. The town derived its name from its reputed founder, the [[Sassanian]] king [[Shapur I of Persia|Shapur I]], who is said to have established it in the third century CE. Nearby are the [[turquoise]] mines that supplied the world with turquoise for at least two millennia.

It became an important town in the [[Greater Khorasan]] region but subsequently declined in significance until a revival in its fortunes in the 9th century under the [[Tahirid dynasty]], when the glazed [[ceramics (art)|ceramics]] of Nishapur formed an important item of trade to the west. For a time Nishapur rivaled [[Baghdad]] or [[Cairo]]: [[Toghrül]], the first ruler of the [[Seljuk Turks|Seljuk]] dynasty, made Nishapur his residence in 1038 and proclaimed himself sultan there,{{sfn|Peacock|2015|p=126}} but it declined thereafter, as Seljuk fortunes were concentrated in the west. Nishapur was sacked by the [[Oghuz Turks]] in 1154,{{sfn|Ibn Al-Athir|2007|p=59-60}} killing 30,000 people.{{sfn|Tor|2015|p=5}} Nishapur suffered several earthquakes in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

====[[Siege of Nishapur (1221)|Siege of Nishapur]]====
In 1221, after the death of [[Taghachar (d. 1221)|Taghachar]], the husband of [[Genghis Khan|Genghis Khan's]] daughter, the entire city of Nishapur was destroyed by the Mongols over the course of 10 days. Genghis Khan's daughter requested the death of every resident of the city as vengeance for her husband's death. In order to be sure that no wounded would survive the massacre, the Khan's troops killed and beheaded most of the population of the city, and their skulls were reputedly piled in pyramids by the [[Mongols]]. Women, Infants, children, and even cats and dogs were among the beheaded. It is estimated that potentially up to 1,747,000 people were slaughtered.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rummel |first=Rudolph J. |title=PRE-20TH CENTURY GENOCIDE AND MASS MURDER |url=https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/DBG.CHAP3.HTM |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=www.hawaii.edu}}</ref>

After the massacre, a much smaller settlement was established just north of the ancient town, and the once bustling metropolis lay underground—until a team of excavators from the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] arrived in the mid-20th century. They worked at Nishapur between 1935 and 1940, returning for a final season in the winter of 1947–48.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sardar |first=Marika |title=The Metropolitan Museum's Excavations at Nishapur {{!}} Essay {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nish/hd_nish.htm |access-date=2018-02-10 |website=[[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |date=October 2001 |language=en}}</ref> What remains of old Nishapur is a 3500-hectare "Kohandejh ([[Persian language|Persian]]: کهن دژ)" area, south of the current city of Nishapur.

==== Ilkhanate and Timurid reign ====
[[File:آرامگاه شیخ فرید الدین عطار نیشابوری.jpg|thumb|Tomb of [[Attar of Nishapur]] was built during the [[Timurid Empire|Timurid era]] (Built by the order of [[Ali-Shir Nava'i]]). [[Mausoleum of Attar of Nishapur|Mausoleum]] of [[Attar of Nishapur|Attar]] of Nishapur is in the southern part of the city of Nishapur. [[Attar of Nishapur|Attar]] has had a profound influence on [[Sufism]] and [[Persian literature]].]]

After the fall of Nishapur in 1221 by the Mongols, the structures of the city were weakened and the agricultural output of the city was reduced. [[Ghazan|Mahmud Ghazan]] and [[Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan]] tried to make the city flourish again and the city's population grew once more and some of the villages around the city were improved and rebuilt. [[Hamdallah Mustawfi]] had visited the city of Nishapur in the Year 1339 or 1340. During this era, the ambassador of [[Henry III of Castile]], [[Ruy González de Clavijo]] reached Nishapur and according to him,<ref>''Narrative of the Embassy of [[Ruy González de Clavijo|Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo]] to the Court of Timour at Samarcand AD 1403-6''</ref> Nishapur had become a highly productive agricultural center with 40 non-stop working mills along the <nowiki>''</nowiki>Abe Bostan<nowiki>''</nowiki> (Mir Ab River of Nishapur). The current position of the city was formed during this era and on the North West of the older position of the city which is now home to the [[Mausoleum of Attar of Nishapur]] and [[Shadiyakh|Shadiyakh Archeological Site]] and other remains of the old position of the city (the old position of the city is also now a protected [[Archaeological site|archeological site]] by law though it is endangered). [[Mausoleum of Attar of Nishapur]] and the [[Jameh Mosque of Nishapur|Jame mosque of Nishapur]] ([[congregational mosque]] of the city) are among the examples of the buildings built during this era in Nishapur. Many poets, scholars, and renowned historical figures of the city and the wider region of [[Abarshahr]] (one of the main four regions of [[Greater Khorasan]] with the city capitals of Nishapur, [[Merv]], [[Herat]], and [[Balkh]]) were also born in this period.

=== Early modern era ===

==== Safavid Era (16th to early 18th century) ====
[[File:Abbasid Caravanseray of Nishapur (Ribati-i-Abbasi of Nishapur) - Morning 021.JPG|thumb|A decorated door with [[arabesque]] dating back to the [[Safavid Iran|Safvid Persia]] in [[Shah Abbasi Caravansarai, Nishapur|Shah Abassi Caravanseray of Nishapur]]|left]]
Due to a conflict between the supporters of the [[Mohammad Khodabanda]], the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid Shah of Persia]], and his son [[Abbas the Great]]. In 1581, the castle of Nishapur went under siege. This siege became one of the events that helped the [[Abbas the Great]] to become the Ruler of [[Greater Khorasan]] and later the [[Shah|Shah of Persia]] in the [[Safavid Iran|Safavid Empire]]. In 1592, [[Abbas the Great]] took back the control of Nishapur from the [[Shaybanids]]. [[Shah Abbasi Caravansarai, Nishapur|Shah Abbasi Caravanseri of Nishapur]] was also built during his reign, and later on, he left his two [[Epigraphy|epigraphs]] on [[Jameh Mosque of Nishapur|Jame Mosque of Nishapur]] on the [[Ramadan]] of October 1612.

[[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Ali Khan I Nishapuri]], [[Nawab of Awadh]] (the ruler who governed the state of [[Awadh]] of India), was also born in this period in an influential family in Nishapur.

==== Independence and Qajar Era (18th & 19th century) ====
[[File:Mapofkhorasan1775.png|thumb|A map of [[Greater Khorasan]] and [[Qara Bayat Amirdom|Khanate of Nishapur]] in 1775 after the death of [[Nader Shah]]]]
After the death of [[Nader Shah|Nader Shah Afshar]] in 1747, the area became an [[Khanate of Nishapur|independent khanate]] under the reign of the [[Bayat (tribe)|Bayat]] chieftains. In 1754 [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] [[Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754-55)|captured Nishapur]] with the support of heavy artillery and imposed [[Shahrokh Shah]] as the ruler ([[Shah]]) of the western part of [[Greater Khorasan]] as a protectorate of the [[Durrani Empire]].

The city was conquered in 1800 by the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajars]]. In 1828, the city came under the influence of the [[Kurds of Khorasan|Zafaranlu Confederacy]] but was given back to the Qajars in 1829.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Noelle-Karimi |first=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kdl9oAEACAAJ |title=The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries) |date=2014 |publisher=[[Austrian Academy of Sciences]] Press |isbn=978-3-7001-7202-4 |language=en}}</ref> During the [[Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar]], the city was an isolated outpost of Qajar rule led by Imamverdi Khan Bayat when most of Khorasan was under the wrath of Hasan Khan Salar. On March 21, 1849, Qajar forces entered Nishapur.<ref name=":0" />

=== Contemporary history ===

==== Pahlavi dynasty ====
[[File:Construction of The Mausoleum of Omar Khayyam.png|alt=A picture of the construction of the Mausoleum of Omar Khayyam, on top of the Headstone of Omar Khayyam. This mausoleum was designed by Hooshang Seyhoun in the 20th century.|left|thumb|A picture of the construction of [[Mausoleum of Omar Khayyám|Mausoleum of Omar Khayyam]], on top of the Headstone of [[Omar Khayyam]]. This mausoleum was designed by [[Hooshang Seyhoun]] in the 20th century.]]
The reconstruction of the [[Mausoleum of Omar Khayyám|Mausoleum of Omar Khayyam]] in Nishapur was commissioned by [[Reza Shah]]. Omar's previous tomb was separated from his tomb, and a white marble monument ([[Mausoleum of Omar Khayyám|Current Mausoleum]]), designed by the Iranian architect [[Hooshang Seyhoun]], was erected over it. This mausoleum became one of the main symbols of the city and one of the known works of the [[Iranian architecture|modern Persian architecture]]. The influence of the architectural design of this mausoleum is visible on the coat of arms of the [[University of Neyshabur]], [[Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences|Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences (NUMS)]], and other public, civil, and private organizations of the city. The construction of the new mausoleum was completed in the year 1963. The [[Tomb of Kamal-ol-molk|Tomb of Kamal-ol Molk]] was also built in Nishapur and designed by [[Hooshang Seyhoun|Seyhoun]]. The [[Wooden Mosque|Wooden Mosque of Neyshabur]] was also built in the year 2000.

The Second [[Asia-Pacific Scout Region (World Organization of the Scout Movement)|Asia-Pacific Jamboree]] was held at [[Baghrud Scots Park]] of Nishapur in preparation for The [[15th World Scout Jamboree (cancelled)|15th World Scout Jamboree]] which was scheduled to be held 15–23 July 1979 in Nishapur but due to the political uncertainty of the [[Iranian Revolution]] in the [[Pahlavi Iran|country]], the event was cancelled.

==== Post Iranian revolution ====
On February 18, 2004, in the [[Nishapur train disaster]], a train carrying flammable goods derailed and caught fire near the town. Five hours later, during firefighting and rescue work, a massive explosion destroyed the train and many nearby buildings. Around 300 people were said to have been killed, mainly fire and rescue workers, but also the local governor, mayor, and the heads of the fire and rail services.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3498851.stm|title=Iran train blast kills hundreds|date=2004-02-18|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en-GB}}</ref> This disaster has become known as one of the worst railway industry disasters of the world.

==== Archaeological discoveries ====
Little [[archaeology]] has been done on this vast and complicated site. [[George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|George Curzon]] remarked that Nishapur had been destroyed and rebuilt more times than any other city in history,<ref>George N. Curzon, ''Persia and the Persian Question'', Vol. I, (Routledge, 2005), 262.</ref> an evocative statement, whether or not it is statistically true. The [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] undertook excavations from 1935 that were interrupted in 1940. Searching largely for museum-worthy trophies that they shared with the government of the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]], the Metropolitan's publications were limited to its own Nishapur ceramics. The site of Nishapur has been ransacked for half a century since [[World War II]], to feed the international market demand for early Islamic works of art.

[[Shadiyakh]] ("Palace of Happiness") was one of the main palaces of old Nishapur up to the 9th century AD, which became more important and populated after that. Some notable people like [[Farid al-Din Attar|Attar]] lived there. Attar's tomb is nowadays in that area. This palace was perhaps completely ruined in the 13th century.

==Demographics==
=== Language ===
Most people speak [[Persian language|Persian]] and are [[Monolingualism|monolingual]]; however, there are several private foreign language-teaching institutions in the city that teach English and other languages.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

===Population===
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 205,972 in 56,652 households.<ref name="2006 Razavi Khorasan Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Razavi Khorasan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920095433/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls|format=Excel|archive-date=20 September 2011}}</ref> The following census in 2011 counted 239,185 people in 71,263 households.<ref name="2011 Razavi Khorasan Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Razavi Khorasan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=irandataportal.syr.edu|via=Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University|url=https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Razavi-Khorasan.xls|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012029/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Razavi-Khorasan.xls|archive-date=20 January 2023|access-date=19 December 2022|format=Excel}}</ref> The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 264,375 people in 83,143 households.<ref name="2016 Razavi Khorasan Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Razavi Khorasan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_09.xlsx|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402213121/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_09.xlsx|format=Excel|archive-date=2 April 2022}}</ref> It is the third most-populous city in the [[Eastern Iran|eastern provinces of Iran]] after [[Mashhad]] and [[Zahedan]].

== Geography ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2014}}
Nishapur is located at an elevation of 1250 meters on a wide fertile [[plain]] at the southwestern foot of the [[Binalud Mountains|Binalud Mountain range]] in northcentral [[Razavi Khorasan]] Province. The city is connected by both railways and highways to the cities of [[Mashhad]] and [[Tehran]]. The city also has local routes and highways to the cities of [[Kashmar]] and [[Quchan]].

=== Sources of the Middle Ages ===
Throughout the Middle Ages, Nishapur had been praised by many due to its many gardens and its healthy climate in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]. [[Ibn Hawqal]] has commented the following about the weather and the climate of this city at that time:<blockquote>Throughout all of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], no such companion as enriched with the health of the air, quantity, and the vastness of its [[mansion]]s can be found.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Akabari |first=Amir |url=https://www.gisoom.com/book/1595879/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA-%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85/ |title=History of the Tahirid rule, from the start to the end (تاریخ حکومت طاهریان از آغاز تا انجام ) |publisher=Islamic Research Foundation of Astane Quds Razavi, [[SAMT (organization)|SAMT]] |year=2009 |isbn=9789644448270 |language=fa}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=June 2022}}</blockquote>In the same cited work<ref name=":2" />{{Verify source|date=June 2022}}, [[Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri|Hakim Nishapuri]] praises Nishapur with many favourable nicknames such as "{{Langx|fa|نیشابورست، هوای او صافی به صحت آبدان وافی، خالی از خطایا و عاری از وبا و اکثر بلایا… عروس بلدان، خزانه خراسان، دار امارت، لطیف عمارت، موطن ادیبان…}}" and compares and claims that the weather and climate (or air Persian: هوا) of Nishapur was better and more healthier (according to him, [[cholera]] and other such diseases and disasters could not be found in Nishapur) than many neighboring regions such as [[Sistan]] (due to its winds), [[Indus valley]] (or سند in Persian) and [[Hindustan]] (due to their severe hotness), [[Khwarazm]] and [[Turkestan]] (due to their coldness) and [[Merv]] (due to presence of many insects).

=== Modern ===
[[File:بوژآباد، شهرستان نیشابور.jpg|thumb|A view of [[Buzhan, Nishapur|Buzhan]], a village and a tourist hot-spot near the east-north of the city of Nishapur, April 2019.]]Nishapur generally has a warm and semi-dry climate called <nowiki>''</nowiki>[[Iranian plateau|central Iranian plateau]] climate<nowiki>''</nowiki>. Precipitation mostly happens in spring and winter. Nishapur is situated on a relatively higher elevation (1250 meters) than its neighboring cities, such as [[Sabzevar]] and [[Mashhad]], hence the weather is milder and better than these cities.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

=== Climate ===
Nishapur has a [[cold semi-arid climate]] (BSk).

{{Weather box
|metric first = yes
|width = auto
|single line = yes
|location = Neyshaboor (1991–2010)
|Jan record high C = 18.0
|Feb record high C = 24.2
|Mar record high C = 29.4
|Apr record high C = 33.2
|May record high C = 38.0
|Jun record high C = 41.4
|Jul record high C = 41.6
|Aug record high C = 42.8
|Sep record high C = 38.6
|Oct record high C = 33.6
|Nov record high C = 28.0
|Dec record high C = 24.2
|year record high C = 
|Jan high C = 7.2
|Feb high C = 10.1
|Mar high C = 15.4
|Apr high C = 22.1
|May high C = 27.4
|Jun high C = 32.8
|Jul high C = 34.8
|Aug high C = 33.8
|Sep high C = 29.9
|Oct high C = 24.0
|Nov high C = 16.2
|Dec high C = 10.1
|year high C = 
|Jan mean C = 1.8
|Feb mean C = 4.4
|Mar mean C = 8.9
|Apr mean C = 14.8
|May mean C = 19.3
|Jun mean C = 24.1
|Jul mean C = 26.1
|Aug mean C = 24.5
|Sep mean C = 20.3
|Oct mean C = 15.1
|Nov mean C = 9.0
|Dec mean C = 4.3
|year mean C = 
|Jan low C = -3.5
|Feb low C = -1.4
|Mar low C = 2.4
|Apr low C = 7.5
|May low C = 11.3
|Jun low C = 15.3
|Jul low C = 17.4
|Aug low C = 15.3
|Sep low C = 10.7
|Oct low C = 6.1
|Nov low C = 1.7
|Dec low C = -1.4
|year low C = 
|Jan record low C = -25.0
|Feb record low C = -22.0
|Mar record low C = -15.8
|Apr record low C = -3.8
|May record low C = -0.6
|Jun record low C = 6.8
|Jul record low C = 10.6
|Aug record low C = 3.6
|Sep record low C = 0.8
|Oct record low C = -7.6
|Nov record low C = -8.6
|Dec record low C = -13.0
|year record low C = 
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 34.8
|Feb precipitation mm = 35.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 57.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 31.9
|May precipitation mm = 19.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 5.5
|Jul precipitation mm = 1.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 0.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 1.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 3.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 18.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 29.7
|year precipitation mm = 
|Jan humidity = 72
|Feb humidity = 67
|Mar humidity = 61
|Apr humidity = 55
|May humidity = 45
|Jun humidity = 32
|Jul humidity = 29
|Aug humidity = 28
|Sep humidity = 33
|Oct humidity = 43
|Nov humidity = 58
|Dec humidity = 71
|year humidity = 
| Jan sun  =153.5
| Feb sun  =174.0
| Mar sun  =190.8
| Apr sun  =232.3
| May sun  =301.5
| Jun sun  =340.6
| Jul sun  =368.9
| Aug sun  =358.7
| Sep sun  =313.7
| Oct sun  =278.1
| Nov sun  =211.3
| Dec sun  =164.1
| year sun =

|source 1 = Iran Meteorological Organization [https://irimo.ir]}}

=== Geology ===
[[File:Nature of Nishapur 07.jpg|thumb|Nature of Nishapur, near [[Binalud Mountains|Binalud Mountain Range]]]]
The city of Nishapur lies on a [[Holocene]] alluvial plain on top of the [[Pleistocene]] sediments in the southwestern part of the [[Binalud Mountains]]. The Binalud Range, running northwest–southeast, is made predominantly of [[Triassic]] and [[Jurassic]] rocks. On the southern side of the northwestern part of the range, there is a section of [[Eocene]] rocks that are [[volcanic]] in origin. The well-known Nishabur [[turquoise]] comes from the weathered and broken [[trachyte]]s and [[andesite]]s of the Eocene volcanic rocks of this part of the mountain range. The main turquoise mines are situated about 50 kilometers northwest of the city of Nishapur in the foothills of the Binalud Range.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=[[Trusted Media Brands]] |year=1980 |isbn=0-89577-087-3 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=271 |language=en |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref>

=== Seismicity ===
Nishapur is located in a region with a rather high risk of [[earthquake]]s. Many earthquakes have seriously harmed the city; among the important ones are the historical earthquakes that ruined the city in the 12th and 13th centuries.

== Economy ==
[[File:Tile - Portal of an old store - Bazaar of Nishapur (Edit).jpg|thumb|Portal of an old store in 2013, [[Roofed Bazaar of Nishapur]]]]
The economy of Nishapur is diverse and it is based on several industries like Agriculture, Industrial parks, mining, tourism, health care, retailing, banking, etc.

=== Food & Agriculture ===
Many agricultural products such as [[saffron]], [[cereal]]s, [[cotton]], [[herb]]s, [[plum]]s, [[walnut]], [[wheat]], [[Maize|corn]], [[apple]]s, [[Cherry|cherries]] and [[pistachio]] are exported from the [[Nishapur County|county of Nishapur]]. The city is also a [[dairy]] and sugar exporter.

==== Water supply ====
Most of the water supply of the city is provided from the [[Binalud Mountains|Binalud Mountain Range]]'s mostly [[Intermittent river|seasonal rivers]], [[qanat]]s, [[dam]]s, and modern [[well]]s.

=== Mining ===
Natural recourses such as [[turquoise]] and [[salt]] are mined from around the city.{{Expand section|date=February 2022}}

=== Energy ===
The electrical power supply of the city is provided from Neyshabur [[Combined cycle power plant|Combined Cycle Power Plant]] and [[Binalood wind farm|Binalood Wind Farm]]. The excessive electrical energy of the city is mostly exported from the city's public [[Electrical grid|power grid]].

=== Industry ===
[[Khorasan steel|Khorasan Steel Complex]] and two main industrial parks called the [[Omar Khayyam|Khayyam]] Industrial Park and the [[Attar of Nishapur|Attar]] Industrial Park are near the city of Nishapur. Many industrial products such as sugar, cooking oils, and gas heaters are exported from the city and its county.

=== Tourism ===
[[File:Mir Abad - Nishapur 1.jpg|thumb|A rock climber in Nishapur]]
Several hotels, [[Ecotourism|ecolodges]], resorts, parks, tourist hot-spots, restaurants, museums, a [[planetarium]], cultural centers, mausoleums, religious pilgrimage sites, and historic mosques are in and near the city. The tourism industry of the city has a lot of potential, but it needs further development.

=== Health care ===
There are two active hospitals (Hakim Hospital and 22 Bahman Hospital) in the city of Nishapur, and a third one is currently{{when|date=January 2025}} under construction.

=== Banks ===
Nearly all reputable{{clarify|date=January 2025}} public and private Iranian banks have branches in the city.

=== Companies ===
Major Iranian companies such as [[Refah Chain Stores Co.]], [[Iran Hyper Star]], Ofoqh Kourosh, and other companies have active branches in Nishapur.

== Transportation ==
=== Road 44 ===
[[File:Road 44 (Iran).jpg|thumb|[[Road 44 (Iran)|Road 44]]|left]][[Road 44 (Iran)|Road 44]], a major national expressway that connects the two major cities of [[Tehran]] and [[Mashhad]], is connected to the city of Nishapur and it passes through it.

=== Rail transport ===
[[File:A passenger train in Neyshabur Train Station.jpg|alt=A passenger train in Nishapur train station, 2020.|thumb|A passenger train in [[Nishapur train station]]]]
Nishapur is connected to the [[Trans-Iranian Railway|Trans-Iranian Railway System]], which is a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site|world heritage]]. The Nishapur train station became operational during the reign of [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], and it is located in the southern part of the city.

==== Nishapur train disaster ====
{{main|Nishapur train disaster}}

On 18 February 2004, runaway train wagons crashed into the village of Khayyam near Nishapur. This accident caused several major explosions and killed over 300. The entire village of Khayyam was destroyed due to the explosions.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

=== Public transport ===
The intercity bus terminal of the city is located in the eastern part of the city, close to the [[road 44]]. Several public bus lines and stations are also active within the city.

=== Airport ===
Currently there is only one airport near the north of the city that is only authorized to be used for [[Glider (sailplane)|gliders]] and small aircraft however, there are plans for building a proper airport near the south of the city of Nishapur.<ref>{{Cite web|title=مصوبه احداث فرودگاه نیشابور در حال نهایی شدن است|url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1400/03/09/2512165/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AB-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA|website=[[Tasnim News Agency]]|language=fa}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{multiple image
<!-- Essential parameters -->| perrow            = 3
| total_width       = 350
<!-- Image 1 -->| image1            = Buzjani, the Persian.jpg
| width1            = 300
| height1           = 432
| caption1          = [[Abū al-Wafā' Būzjānī|Abul al-Wafa Buzjani]]
<!-- Image 2 -->| image2            = Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr Statue at nishapur (5).jpg
| width2            = 1536
| height2           = 2048
| caption2          = [[Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr|Abū-Sa'id Abul-Khayr]]
<!-- Image 3 -->| image3            =
| width3            = 990
| height3           = 1464
| caption3          = [[Omar Khayyam]]
<!-- Image 4 -->| image4            = 
| width4            = 253
| height4           = 350
| caption4          = [[Attar of Nishapur]]
<!-- Image 5 -->| image5            = Turkey-1683 (2215851579).jpg
| width5            = 2448
| height5           = 3264
| caption5          = [[Haji Bektash Veli]]
<!-- Image 6 -->| image6            = پرویز مشکاتیان - Parviz Meshkatian.jpg
| width6            = 226
| height6           = 319
| caption6          = [[Parviz Meshkatian]]
<!-- Image 7 -->| image7            = 
| width7            = 369
| height7           = 454
| caption7          = [[Hossein Vahid Khorasani]]
<!-- Image 9 -->| image8            = Mohammad Reza Shafei Kadkani.png
| width8            = 830
| height8           = 624
| caption8          = [[Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani]]
<!-- Image 9 -->| image9            = Ghotb2.jpg
| width9            = 589
| height9           = 773
| caption9          = [[Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri]]
}}

''Sorted by date''
*[[Mazdak]] – (died c. 524 or 528) was a [[Zoroastrian]] prophet, [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] reformer and religious activist
*[[Kanarang]] – was a unique title in the [[Sassanid army]], given to the commander of the [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanid Empire's]] northeastern most frontier province, [[Abarshahr]] (encompassing the cities of [[Tus, Iran|Tus]], Nishapur and [[Abiward]]).
*[[Behafarid]] – was an 8th-century [[Persian people|Persian]] [[Zoroastrian]] [[heresiarch]]
*[[Sunpadh]] – (died 755) [[cleric]]
*[[Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh]] – [[muhaddith]], [[faqih]]
*[[Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri]] – 9th-century [[philosopher]], [[mathematician]], [[natural scientist]], [[historian of religion]], [[astronomer]] and [[author]]
*[[Ibn Khuzaymah]] – [[Islamic scholar|Muslim scholar]]
*[[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj]] – [[Islamic scholar|Muslim scholar]] and one of the most prominent ''[[muhaddith]]'' in history
*[[Abu Hafs Amr Haddad]] – (died 879) was a [[sufi]] and [[blacksmith]]
*[[Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri]] – (died 992) was a Muslim theologian and philosopher
*[[Abū al-Wafā' Būzjānī]] – (10 June 940 – 15 July 998) was a [[mathematician]] and [[astronomer]]
*[[Hakim al-Nishaburi]] – (933–1012), was a Sunni scholar and historian
*[[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi]] – Isma'ili theologian and historian
*[[Tha'ālibī]] - (961–1038), Muslim philologist, writer and poet
*[[Ahmad ibn 'Imad al-Din]] – was a Persian physician and alchemist. He was probably from Nishapur in the 11th century.
*[[Ibn Abi Sadiq]] – was an 11th-century Persian physician
*[[Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr]] – (December 7, 967 – January 12, 1049) was a famous Persian Sufi and poet
*[[Al-Juwayni]] (1028–1085 CE) was a Sunni Shafi'i Faqih and Mutakallim.
*[[Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tha'labi]] – was an 11th-century Islamic scholar.
*[[Abd al-Karīm ibn Hawāzin Qushayri]] – was born in 986 CE (376 AH), Philosopher and Sufi
* [[Omar Khayyám]] – (18 May 1048 – 4 December 1131) was a Persian polymath, philosopher, mathematician, astronomer and poet.
* [[Abd al-Ghafir al-Farsi]] – (1059-1135), Persian scholar of Arabic, history and hadith
* [[Mu'izzi]] – was an 11th and 12th-centuries poet
* [[Haji Bektash Veli]] – was a Muslim mystic
* [[Attar of Nishapur]] – (c. 1145 – c. 1221), was a Muslim poet, theoretician of Sufism, and hagiographer.
* [[Abu al-Qasim al-Habib Neishapuri]] – physician mid-15th century.
* [[Saadat Ali Khan I]] – (b. c. 1680 – d. 19 March 1739) was the Subahdar Nawab of [[Oudh]]. All the rulers of [[Oudh State]] in India belonged to a Shia Muslim dynasty of Persian origin from Nishapur. They were known for their [[secularism]] and broad outlook. After they rebelled against the British their state was annexed to form the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://oudh.tripod.com/misc/noosec.htm|title=Nawabs of Oudh & Their Secularism|last=bam|website=oudh.tripod.com|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref>
* [[Hamid Hussain Musavi]] – (born 1830 – died 1880) was a leading Shia scholar
* [[Heydar Yaghma]] – poet and literary editor
* [[Badi']] –
* [[Abolghasem Sakhdari]] – wrestler
* [[Saeed Khani]] – footballer
* [[Yaghoub Ali Shourvarzi]] – wrestler
* [[Nur-Ali Shushtari]] – (c. 1948 – d. 18 October 2009) was a brigadier general
* [[Esmail Shooshtari]] –
* [[Parviz Meshkatian]] –
* [[Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani]] – (born 1939) is a Persian writer, poet, literary critic, editor, and translator.
* [[Hossein Vahid Khorasani]]{{nsmdns}}(born January 1, 1921) is an Iranian Twelver Shia Marja
* [[Abdolreza Kahani]]{{nsmdns}} Director
* [[Hamed Behdad]]{{nsmdns}}(1973{{ndash}}) Actor

== Culture ==
=== Mythology and religion ===
{{Expand Persian|section=Mythology and religion|topic=cult|date=June 2022}}[[File:مرتضی امین الرعایایی (2).jpg|thumb|[[Qadamgah]], a city and a [[Shia Islam|Shia]] pilgrimage. It is historically part of the Greater Region of the city of Nishapur. It is now legally a separate [[county]] (Shahrestan), though its people have close ties and relatives with the main bigger city of Nishapur, which is geographically close to it. [[Qadamgah]] used to be a part of the administrative [[Nishapur County|county of Nishapur]].|left]]{{Expand section|date=June 2022}}
Nishapur has been of importance in [[Persian mythology|Iranian mythology]]. Before the [[Islamization of Iran]], [[Zoroastrianism]] had been the major religion of Nishapur.<ref name="The Wine of Wisdom">Mehdi Aminrazavi, ''The Wine of Wisdom: The Life, Poetry and Philosophy of Omar Khayyam'', [[Oneworld Publications]] (2007)</ref>{{rp|68}} [[Avestan geography|Rivand]] (one of the ancient names of Nishapur) has been mentioned in [[Avesta]]<ref>محمد یوسف کیانی، پایتخت های ایران، ص327</ref><ref>اعتضادی، لادن (<bdi>۱۳۷۴</bdi>). «نیشابور (ابرشهر)؛ سیر تحول و اصول ساخت و سازمان شهری». ''مجموعه مقالات کنگره تاریخ معماری و شهرسازی ایران''. '''اول'''. تهران: سازمان میراث فرهنگی کشور</ref><ref>زنگنه، «شهرستان نیشابور و مهمترین وقایع تاریخی آن»، مشکوة، ۱۴۷.</ref><ref>فرنبغ دادگی (<bdi>۱۳۹۰</bdi>). ''بندهش''. ترجمهٔ مهرداد بهار. تهران: انتشارات توس. شابک <bdi>۹۷۸-۹۶۴-۳۱۵-۲۹۲-۵</bdi>.</ref><ref>قلی‌زاده، ''فرهنگ اساطیر ایرانی بر پایه متون پهلوی''، <bdi>۲۸۰</bdi>.</ref> and subsequently in [[Shahnameh]]. [[Adur Burzen-Mihr]] a Zoroastrian [[fire temple]] of the highest grade was situated in Rivand Mountains ([[Binalud Mountains|Binalud mountains]]) of Nishapur and the lake Rivand of Nishapur was built due to a fight between [[Ahriman]] and [[water]] (probably by water it was meant [[Anahita]] in the Persian text of the Persian wiki). Also, according to [[Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri|Hakim Nishapuri]], [[:fa:دژ سنگی|Dež-e Sɑngi]] was built by [[Seth]] on a giant round soft (flat) stone<ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri]] |title=[[History of Nishapur (book)|History of Nishapur (تاریخ نیشابور)]] |editor-last=[[Shafiei Kadkani]] |editor-first=Mohammad-Reza |location=[[Tehran]] |language=fa}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=June 2022}} There are also signs of the influence of [[:fa:مسیحیت در نیشابور|Christianity in Nishapur]] (a street in Nishapur has been called and is still called [[Masih]] and also a village on the south of the city was called Masih Abad). After the [[Spread of Islam|rise of Islam]] however, the people living in and near the city of Neyshabur became [[Muslims]]. Nishapur and its people have also had an influence on [[Sufism]] (an Islamic [[Mysticism|mystic]] practice). Poets and Sufis such as [[Attar of Nishapur]] who had been born in this city had had a profound influence on [[Sufism|Islamic mysticism]]. In the 10th century, Nishapur had been one of the centers of [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]] missionary spread in Iran and Greater Khorasan.<ref>ویلیام بوردهی (۱۳۶۴)، تحقیقی در آیین اسماعیلیه، ترجمهٔ زهرا سعیدی، مشهد: تابناک</ref> Most of the Ismailis of Nishapur now live in [[Dizbad-e Olya|Dizbad]] and some in the main city itself.<ref>محمد بن زین العابدین (<bdi>۱۳۶۲</bdi>)، ''تاریخ جماعت اسمعیلیه:هدایت المومنین الطالبین.''، ترجمهٔ هما خاقان زاده، تهران: اساطیر</ref> [[Jama'at Khana]] [[Dizbad-e Olya|Dizbad]] is the most important Ismaili center in Nishapur today. From the third to the sixth of Hejri Ghamari, Nishapur was one of the centers of [[Sufism]]. Most Sufis and Sufi elders in Nishapur were [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]] and followers of the [[Shafi'i school]].<ref>[[Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob|عبدالحسین زرین‌کوب]]، «فصل کتاب»، ''جستجو در تصوف ایران''، امیرکبیر</ref>

During the 10th century, Nishapur was a thriving economic center home to many religious scholars and artists. Nishapur was located along the [[Silk Road]]. An influential trade route connecting China to the Mediterranean Sea. It was a center for cotton, silk, textile and ceramic production. In efforts to uncover the history of life in this city, the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] put together an excavation team composed of researchers Joseph Upton, Walter Hauser and Charles Wilkinson. From 1935 to 1940, the team worked to rediscover the ancient city. They were authorized to work under the conditions that half of the material found must be shared with the Iran Bastan Museum in Tehran.<ref name="The Metropolitan Museum's Excavations at Nishapur" /> Along with pottery, excavators uncovered glass, metalwork, coins. and decorated wall fragments. Over the years of excavations, thousands of items were uncovered, which provided information on local artistic traditions.<ref name="Nishapur: Pottery of the Early Islamic Period" />

=== Tepe Madraseh ===
The most elaborate architectural excavation took place at the site called Tepe Madraseh. This massive complex had been thoughtfully planned and embellished with many decorative elements. Plaster panels had been carved and painted, along with walls, brickwork, and glazed ceramic tiles. A madraseh is a place for religious learning. Such sites have piqued the interest of scholars for centuries for their function and architectural designs. Like most Islamic architecture, the entire complex of Tepe Madaseh was oriented to face [[Mecca]]. The bricks used to construct most of the structures had been dried in the kilns located on the outskirts of the complex.<ref name="Nishapur: Some Early Islamic Buildings and Their Decoration">{{cite book |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Charles |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Nishapur_Some_Early_Islamic_Buildings_and_Their_Decoration |title=Nishapur: Some Early Islamic Buildings and Their Decoration |date=1987 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |location=New York |ref=3 |access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref>

=== Pottery ===
Nishapur during the [[Islamic Golden Age]], especially the 9th and 10th centuries, was one of the great centers of [[pottery]] and related arts.<ref>Nishapur: Pottery of the Early Islamic Period, Wilkinson, Charles K. (1973)</ref> Most of the Ceramic artifacts discovered in Nishapur are preserved in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] and Museums in Nishapur, [[Tehran]] and [[Mashhad]]. Ceramics produced at Nishapur showed links with [[Sassanid art]] and [[Central Asian]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/415980/Nishapur-pottery|title=Nishapur pottery|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en}}</ref> Nowadays there are 4 Pottery workshops in Nishapur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://incc.ir/fa/Lists/News/DispForm.aspx?ID=2589 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-11-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223236/http://incc.ir/fa/Lists/News/DispForm.aspx?ID=2589 |archive-date=2013-12-02 }}</ref>

Bowls including bold black inscriptions in the so-called [[Kufic|Kufic angular calligraphy]] were apparently produced in the important ceramic centers of Nishapur in [[eastern Iran]], and Afrasiyab, or Old Samarqand, in present-day [[Uzbekistan]]. The text often contains a proverb in Arabic or, as in this case, a series of wishes: "Blessing, happiness, prosperity, good health, and success."

=== Form and function of Nishapur pottery ===
"Although the decoration of pottery may only tell us a little about the people who used it, the form of a vessel is directly related to its function".<ref name="Nishapur: Pottery of the Early Islamic Period">{{cite book |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Charles |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Nishapur_Pottery_of_the_Early_Islamic_Period |title=Nishapur: Pottery of the Early Islamic Period |date=1973 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |isbn=9780870990762 |location=New York |language=en |ref=2 |access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref> The Pottery of Nishapur incorporated strong colored [[Ceramic slip|slips]] and bold patterns. Common decorations included geometric and vegetal patterns, calligraphy, figures, and animals.<ref name="The Metropolitan Museum's Excavations at Nishapur">{{cite web |last1=Sardar |first1=Marika |title=The Metropolitan Museum's Excavations at Nishapur |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nish/hd_nish.htm |access-date=6 November 2020 |website=[[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |date=October 2001 |publisher=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |page=1 |ref=1}}</ref> The ceramic pieces uncovered at Nishapur consisted mainly of vessels and utilitarian wares. Objects such as plates, bowls, bottles, jars, pitchers, coin banks, and even a toy hen were found. One decorative technique specifically utilized by Nishapur potters was the refined use of chattering, a rippled texture achieved when trimming a vessel on the wheel.<ref name="Nishapur: Pottery of the Early Islamic Period" /> The [[polychrome]] ware of Nishapur indicates the significant advances in [[Ceramic glaze|glaze]] technology that were being discovered during the 10th century. It also indicates how an object's [[Aesthetics|aesthetic]] became an important part of the piece as a whole.<ref name="Feasts of Nishapur: Cultural Resonances of Tenth-Century Ceramic Production in Khurasan">{{cite book |last1=Pancaroglu |first1=Oya |title=Feasts of Nishapur: Cultural Resonances of Tenth-Century Ceramic Production in Khurasan |date=2013 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |ref=4}}</ref>

A selection of these discoveries is shown in the gallery below:<gallery mode="packed">
File:Thr muze art islam 7.jpg|Bowl painted on slip under transparent glaze ([[polychrome]]), Nishabur, 9th or 10th century. [[National Museum of Iran]], [[Tehran]].
File:Cup votive inscriptions MET 40-170-15.jpg|Bowl with [[Kufic|Kufic Inscriptions]] found in the archeological excavations of Nishapur. The [[Middle East Institute]]'s logo has been inspired by this bowl. This bowl is currently held in [[Metropolitan Museum of Art|the Met]].
File:Bowl LACMA M.68.22.11 (2 of 2).jpg|Pottery of Nishapur in the [[Islamic Golden Age]] (10th - 11th century)
File:Bowl LACMA M.68.22.10 (1 of 2).jpg|Pottery of Nishapur in the [[Islamic Golden Age]] (10th - 11th century)
File:Iran, nishapur, coppa, x sec 04.JPG|Pottery of Nishapur in the [[Islamic Golden Age]] (10th - 11th century)
File:Bowl LACMA M.73.5.203.jpg|Pottery of Nishapur in the [[Islamic Golden Age]] (10th - 11th century)
File:Cup votive inscription MET 37-40-22.Jpg|Cup with votive inscriptions in [[Kufic|Kufic script]]. Terracotta, slipped decoration on slip, underglaze painted. 10th-11th century, Nishapur. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
</gallery>

=== Anthem of Nishapur ===
The special Anthem of Nishapur was unveiled for the first time on April 14, 2011;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.magiran.com/npview.asp?ID=2270609|title=روزنامه كيهان90/2/1: سرود ويژه نيشابور ساخته شد|website=www.magiran.com|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref> it has an introduction and three parts, noted on three invasive and destructive events in the history of Nishapur, delineated by frightening sounds of bells, along with sounds of percussion and wailing women represent the miseries caused by these attacks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rovzane.com/blog/show/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF-%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1.html|title=پایتخت اول ایرانی من؛ سرود نیشابور – روزنه|last=روزنه|first=شرکت مهندسی|website=www.rovzane.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://551.ir/en/about-neyshabur/song-of-neyshabur |title=The Song of Neyshabur |access-date=2013-11-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022185930/http://551.ir/en/about-neyshabur/song-of-neyshabur |archive-date=2013-10-22 }}</ref>
{| cellpadding="6"
!Persian original
!Romanization
!English translation
|- style="vertical-align:top"
| style="direction:rtl" |{{lang|fa|
:ای پایتخت اول ایرانی من
:ای آسمانت فرصتِ بارانی من
:«فیروزه» ات نقش نگین مهربانی
:اندیشه های مردمانت آسمانی
:روییده در هر گوشه ات گل‌های احساس
:خرداد «بینالود» تو سرشار «ریواس»
: شرمنده از کردار خود «تاتار» و «چنگیز»
: پاینده باشی ای «ابرشهر» هنرخیز
:در کوچه باغت مانده رد پایی از ماه
:گل کرده در چشمان تو نام «قدمگاه»
}}
| 
:Ey pâyetaxt-e aval-e irâni-ye man
:Ey asemânat forsat-e bârâni-ye man
:Firuzeh at naqš-e negin-e mehrabâni
:Andiše-hâ-ye mardomânat asemâni
:Ruyiyedeh dar har guše at gol-hâ-ye ehsâs
:Xordâd-e binâlud-e to saršâr-e rivâs
:Šarmande az kerdâr-e xod tâtâr o Čangiz
:Pâyandeh bâshi ey baršahr-e honar xiz
:Dar kuče bâqat mânde rad-e pâyi az mâh
:Gol kardeh dar češmân-e to nâmeh Qadamgâh
|
:O my [[Tahirid|Iranian first capital]]
:O your sky my rainy time
:your Turquoise, pattern of kindness ring
:Your People's thoughts Heavenly
:Sprouting in your every corner flowers of love
:[[Khordad]] of your Binalud full of rhubarb,
:[[Mongolians|Tartar]] and [[Genghis]] ashamed of their actions
:May you stand proud, you [[#Arts|Art fertile]] land
:The moon left footsteps in your gardens
:[[Qadamgah]]'s name has bloomed in your eyes
|}

=== Literature ===
[[File:نیشابور.jpg|thumb|A poem in [[Persian language|Persian]] written in [[Nastaliq|Nasaliq]] script. This poem is written for/about the tomb of [[Omar Khayyam]] in Nishapur.]]
Throughout history, Nishapur has been mentioned and praised in [[Persian literature]] several times, mostly due to its prosperity and [[Persian gardens|gardens]]. This city has been the birthplace and home of many famous Persian poets such as [[Omar Khayyam]], [[Attar of Nishapur]], [[Heydar Yaghma]], [[Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani|Shafiei Kadkani]], and more. Foreign writers such as [[André Gide]] (in ''[[The Fruits of the Earth]]'') and [[Jorge Luis Borges]] have also mentioned this city in their work(s).

=== Music ===
Throughout history, music in Nishapur has been influenced by [[Sasanian music|Sassanid]], [[Arabic maqam|Maqami]] and [[Persian traditional music|traditional styles]] and is a part of the Khorasani Folk Music that has been popular in Nishapur.<ref>«تاریخ موسیقی ایران» جلد۱/ نوشته: حسن مشحون / انتشارات: نشر سیمرغ / سال ۱۳۷۳</ref><ref>کلانتر، علی‌اصغر، «بررسی موسیقی در نقوش سفالینه‌های نیشابور»، ماهنامه خبرنامه فرهنگستان هنر، سال۶، شمارهٔ ۵۴، خرداد ۱۳۸۶، صص ۵۶-</ref> Following the UNESCO World Register of Maqami Music in Northern Khorasan, research on music in Nishapur has been considered. Maghami music festivals have been also active in Nishapur. One of the oldest study sources related to Iranian music is Resal-e Neyshaburi (in Persian:رساله نیشابور) written by [[:fa:محمد بن محمود بن محمد نیشابوری|Mohammad bin Mahmoud of Nishapur]], which highlights the importance of music in old Nishapur.<ref>پورجوادی، امیر حسین، «رساله موسیقی محمد بن محمود بن محمد نیشابوری»، مجلهٔ معارف، دورهٔ دوازدهم، فروردین-آبان ۱۳۷۴، ص ۳۲–۷۰.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-24 |title=موسیقی نیشابور با بیش از دوازده قرن قدمت |url=https://www.pana.ir:443/news.aspx?id=872671 |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=PANA.IR |language=fa}}</ref> Among the influential people of Nishapur in music [[:fa:راتبه نیشابوری|Ratebe Neyshaburi]] (during the reign of [[Tahirid dynasty|Tahirids]]), and the contemporary [[Parviz Meshkatian]] can be named.

==== Other influences ====
* [[Yo-Yo Ma]] released an instrumental track entitled "Blue as the Turquoise Night of Neyshabur" as part of the [[Silk Road Project]].
* US band [[Santana (band)|Santana]] released an instrumental track entitled "[[Incident at Neshabur]]" on their 1970 LP release, ''[[Abraxas (album)|Abraxas]]''. Carlos Santana says this was a reference to a place in Haiti.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

=== Sports ===
[[File:Chess Set MET DP170393.jpg|thumb|Chess set ([[Shatranj|Shatrang]]); Gaming pieces. 12th century, Nishapur glazed [[fritware]]]]
The [[15th World Scout Jamboree (cancelled)|15th World Scout Jamboree]] was scheduled to be held 15–23 July 1979 and was to be hosted by [[Pahlavi Iran]] at Nishapur, but was cancelled due to the [[Iranian Revolution]] in 1979.

=== Video games ===
* Nishapur is included as a playable setting in a historical video game series called <nowiki>''</nowiki>[[Crusader Kings III|Crusader Kings]]<nowiki>''</nowiki>.
*Nishapur is included as a playable setting in a historical video game called <nowiki>''Historinica''</nowiki>.

=== Paintings ===
{{multiple image
| header            = 
| align             = center
| image1            = WILLIAM SIMPSON, FRGS RI (1823-1899).jpg
| width1            = 160
| alt1              = 
| caption1          = [[William Simpson (Scottish artist)|William Simpson]]'s painting of the Khayyam Tomb & Imamzadeh Mahrugh in the 19th century (Nishapur).
| image2            = At the Tomb of Omar Khayyam - by Jay Hambidge.jpg
| width2            = 150
| alt2              = 
| caption2          = [[Jay Hambidge]]'s Painting of Khayyam Tomb & Imamzadeh Mahrugh (Nishapur).
| direction         = horizontal
}}

=== Local and cultural days ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:88%"
|- 
!Name
!Day
!Calendar
|- bgcolor="#F3F2EF"
| [[Farvardin| Farvardin 1]] || [[Nowruz]] ||[[Solar Hijri Calendar|Solar Hijri]]
|- bgcolor="#F8F1E3"
|[[Sizdah Be-dar|Farvardin 13]]|| [[Sizdah Be-dar]], Day of Nature|| [[Solar Hijri Calendar|Solar Hijri]]
|- bgcolor="#F3F2EF"
|[[Farvardin|Farvardin 25]] ||Respect day for [[Attar of Nishapur]] || [[Solar Hijri Calendar|Solar Hijri]]
|-
|[[Ordibehesht|Ordibehesht 28]] ||Respect day for [[Omar Khayyam]] || [[Solar Hijri Calendar|Solar Hijri]]
|-
|[[Tir (month)|Tir 10]] ||Remembrance day for [[Ali al-Ridha|Imam Ali al-Ridha]] || [[Solar Hijri Calendar|Solar Hijri]]
|-
|[[Mordad|Mordad 2]] || Sympathy day for the victims of [[Buzhan, Razavi Khorasan|Boozhan]] flood || [[Solar Hijri Calendar|Solar Hijri]]
|-
| [[Azar|Azar 30]] || [[Yaldā|Night of Yalda]] || [[Solar Hijri Calendar|Solar Hijri]]
|-
| [[Bahman|Bahman 29]] || Sympathy day the victims of [[Nishapur train disaster]] || [[Solar Hijri Calendar|Solar Hijri]]
|-
|[[Esfand|Last Wednesday of Esfand]] || [[Chaharshanbe Suri]] Festival || [[Solar Hijri Calendar|Solar Hijri]]
|-
| [[Esfand|Esfand 29]] || Celebrate the end of winter || [[Solar Hijri Calendar|Solar Hijri]]
|-
| [[Muharram|Muharram 10]] || [[Mourning of Muharram|Remembrance of Muharram]] || [[Islamic calendar|Lunar Hijri]]
|-
| [[Safar|Safar 20]] || [[Arba'een]] || [[Islamic calendar|Lunar Hijri]]
|-
| [[Rabi' al-awwal|Rabi' al-awwal 17]] || [[Mawlid]] || [[Islamic calendar|Lunar Hijri]]
|-
| [[Rajab|Rajab 25]] || Respect day for [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj]], death of [[Musa al-Kadhim]] || [[Islamic calendar|Lunar Hijri]]
|-
| [[Sha'aban|Sha'aban 14]] || [[Mid-Sha'ban|Borat Nights (3 nights)]] || [[Islamic calendar|Lunar Hijri]]
|-
|
|-
| [[Shawwal|Shawwal 1]] || [[Eid al-Fitr]] || [[Islamic calendar|Lunar Hijri]]
|-
| [[Dhu al-Hijjah|Dhu al-Hijjah 18]] || [[Ghadir Al-Khumm|Eid of Ghadir]], Day of Visiting [[Sayyid|Sadaat]] || [[Islamic calendar|Lunar Hijri]]
|}

=== Gastronomy and food culture ===
[[File:Tea and Tray - Bazaar of Omar Khayyam - Night - Nishapur 2.JPG|thumb|A [[Tea culture#Tea culture of Iran|tea tray]] served near the Garden of [[Mausoleum of Omar Khayyám|Mausoleum of Omar Khayyam]]]]
The most important foods and drinks in Nishapur are [[rhubarb]] and [[Sharbat (beverage)|sharbat]]. Rhubarb ([[Persian language|Persian]] {{transliteration|fa|rivaas}} or {{transliteration|fa|rivand}}'), a sour vegetable, grows at the foot of the eponymous [[Rivand Mountains]] ([[Mount Binalud]]). Soft drinks made from the stems of the plant, such as {{transliteration|fa|sharbate rivaas}} ({{lang|fa|شربت ریواس}}) and {{transliteration|fa|khoshaabe rivaas}} ({{lang|fa|خوشاب ریواس}}), are sold at some Nishapur resorts. <nowiki>''Aush Komay''</nowiki> is also a local [[Aush]] made from a vegetable called <nowiki>''کمای''</nowiki>. [[Haleem]] of Neyshabur is also popular in the region along with other common [[List of Iranian foods|Iranian foods]] and drinks.

=== Carpet-weaving ===
Weaving carpets and rugs common in the more than 470 villages in [[Nishapur County]], the most important carpet Workshop located in the villages of: [[Shafiabad, Nishapur|Shafi' Abad]], [[Garineh]], [[Darrud]], [[Baghshan]], [[Kharv]], [[Bozghan]], [[Seyyedabad, Nishapur|Sayyed Abad]], [[Sar Chah, Razavi Khorasan|Sar Chah]], [[Soleymani, Nishapur|Suleymani]], [[Soltanabad, Nishapur|Sultan Abad]] and [[Eshaqabad, Nishapur|Eshgh Abad]]. Nishapur Carpet workshops weaved the biggest Carpets in the world, like carpets of: [[Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/World/20070728/726654.html|title=Iran weaves world's largest carpet|website=news.webindia123.com|access-date=2018-02-10|archive-date=11 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211071841/https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/World/20070728/726654.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.omanet.om/english/Relegious/grandmosq.asp |title=The sultan qaboos grand mosque |access-date=2013-11-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105082128/http://www.omanet.om/english/Relegious/grandmosq.asp |archive-date=2013-11-05 }}</ref> [[Presidential Palace, Yerevan|Armenian Presidential Palace]], Embassy of Finland in Tehran, Mohammed Al-Ameen Mosque in [[Oman]].<ref>Muscat</ref>

Modern art of carpet in Nishapur began in 1946 after [[inauguration]] of a carpet-weaving workshop in a [[caravansary]].

=== Turquoise masonry ===
[[File:Turquoise of Nishapur - village of Ma'dan 14.JPG|alt=Turquoise of Nishapur in Madan-e Olya of Nishapur|thumb|[[Turquoise]] of Nishapur ([[Madan-e Olya]] of Nishapur)]]
For at least 2,000 years, Iran, known before as [[Persia]], has remained an important source of turquoise, which was named by Iranians initially "pirouzeh" meaning "victory" and later after Arab invasion "firouzeh".{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} As an important source of turquoise, Nishapur has been sometimes referred to as the "city of turquoise" throughout history.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} In Iranian architecture, the blue turquoise was used to cover the domes of the Iranian palaces because its intense blue color was also a symbol of heaven on earth.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}

This deposit, which is blue naturally, and turns green when heated due to dehydration, is restricted to a mine-riddled region in Nishapur, the {{convert|2012|m|adj=on}} mountain peak of [[Ali-mersai]], which is tens of kilometers from [[Mashhad]], the capital of [[Khorasan province]], [[Iran]]. Nishapur's turquoise has been sold as souvenirs and jewelry in Nishapur and Mashhad. A weathered and broken [[trachyte]] is host to the turquoise, which is found both ''in situ'' between layers of limonite and sandstone, and amongst the [[scree]] at the mountain's base. These workings, together with those of the [[Sinai Peninsula]], are the oldest known.

=== Architecture and monuments ===
A selection of historical buildings and monuments of the city is shown in the city info box on the top of this article, and on the gallery below:

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
File:Old Picture of Qadamgah Mosque of Nishapur.jpg|[[Qadamgah]] Shia pilgrimage of Nishapur, Probably in 1960s or 50s
File:Attar2.jpg|[[Mausoleum of Attar of Nishapur|Tomb of Attar]] & [[Tomb of Kamal-ol-molk|Kamal ol Molk]]. Part of the [[Iran National Heritage List|national heritage list of Iran]].
File:فضل ابن شاذان 4.jpg|[[Al-Fadl ibn Shadhan|Fadhl Ibn Shazan]] tomb & mosque interior. Part of the [[Iran National Heritage List|national heritage list of Iran]].
File:Mohammad Al-Mahruq Mosque before 1900.jpg|[[Imamzadeh Mahruq]] before 1900.
File:Heydar Yaghma tomb.jpg|Tomb of [[Heydar Yaghma]]. Part of the [[Iran National Heritage List|national heritage list of Iran]].
File:Abbasi caravanserai of Nishapur 6.jpg|Exterior view of [[Shah Abbasi Caravansarai, Nishapur|Shah Abbasi Caravansarai of Nishapur]]. Part of the [[Iran National Heritage List|national heritage list of Iran]].
File:Entrance of Baghmeli in Nishapur.jpg|Entrance of the [[National Garden of Nishapur]]. Part of the [[Iran National Heritage List|national heritage list of Iran]].
File:Planetarium of Omar Khayyam - Nishapur 28.JPG|alt=|Dome of the [[Complex of Khayyam Planetarium]], near [[Mausoleum of Omar Khayyám|Mausoleum of Omar Khayyam]]
File:Wooden Village, Nishapur 1395-09-02 2281911.jpg|The interior of the [[Wooden Mosque|Wooden Mosque of Neyshabur]]
File:The monuments of the city gates of Nishapur.jpg|Monuments of the [[city gates of Nishapur]] which were built in the 1980s. Nishapur (2022). Part of the [[Iran National Heritage List|national heritage list of Iran]].
File:قلعه لک لک آشیان .نیشابور.jpg|[[Lak Lak Ashian]] Castle ([[Qajar Iran|Qajar Iran 19th century]]). Part of the [[Iran National Heritage List|national heritage list of Iran]].
File:295A6372.jpg|alt=|[[Khanate Mansion and Garden of Amin Islami|Khanate Mansion & Garden of Amin Islami]]. Part of the [[Iran National Heritage List|national heritage list of Iran]].
</gallery>

=== Popular culture ===
*[[Nasir Khusraw]] saw Nishapur and wrote about it in [[Safarnama]].
*[[Abraham Valentine Williams Jackson]] in "From Constantinople to the home of Omar Khayyam" explain ending of his Travel in Nishapur.

== Education ==

=== Schools, universities, and colleges ===

==== High schools ====
[[File:Omar Khayyam High School (Dabirestan) - morning - Nishapur 02.JPG|thumb|Gate of Omar Khayyam High School. Part of the [[Iran National Heritage List|national heritage of Iran]].]]
There are several high schools in the city and the county. The most famous and the oldest of which is Omar Khayyam High School.

==== Higher education ====
[[University of Neyshabur|The University of Neyshabur]], Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), [[Islamic Azad University of Nishapur|the Islamic Azad University of Neyshabur (IAUN)]], [[Payame Noor University|the Payame Noor University of Neyshabur]], and [[Technical and Vocational University|the Technical and Vocational University of Neyshabur]] are the main universities of the city, along with several other public and private technical, vocational, and part-time colleges and schools.

=== Sport centers ===
Enghelab Sports Complex is an indoor arena in Nishapur. The arena houses Nishapur's basketball, volleyball, and [[futsal]] teams. Nishapur has one professional football team, Jahan Electric Nishapur, that competes in the [[Razavi Khorasan|Razavi Khorasan's]] Provincial Leagues.

== Mass media ==

=== Newspaper publishing ===
General publications in Nishapur include the weekly and local newspapers. The first local newspaper of [[Khorasan province]] is ''Morning of Nishapur'', published since 1989. Others include ''Shadiakh'', published since 2000, ''Khayyam Nameh'', since 2004, ''Nasim'', since 2006, and ''Far reh Simorgh'', since 2010.<ref>http://551.ir/images/stories/news/newspaper/farresimorq/farresimorq-46-2.jpg {{Dead link|date=February 2018}}</ref>

=== Public Broadcasting ===
[[Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting|IRIB center of Mashhad]] covers the news of Nishapur.

===Printing===
Two book [[publishers]] working in the city are ''Klidar'' & ''Abar Shahr''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.klidar.ir/|title=کلبه کتاب کلیدر|website=www.klidar.ir|language=en|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref><ref>http://www.abarshar.ir {{Dead link|date=February 2018}}</ref>

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran}}
Nishapur is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Tomb of Kamal-ol-Molk|url=https://iranparadise.com/tomb-of-kamal-ol-molk/|website=iranparadise.com|publisher=Iran Paradise|date=2020-05-05|access-date=2020-11-15}}</ref>

{{Update section|date=April 2022}}<!-- Can be updated from the Persian Wiki article if anyone has the time and the skills. -->

{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
*{{flagicon|IRQ}} [[Baghdad]], Iraq
*{{flagicon|AFG}} [[Balkh]], Afghanistan
*{{flagicon|IRQ}} [[Basra]], Iraq
*{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Bukhara]], Uzbekistan
*{{flagicon|AFG}} [[Ghazni]], Afghanistan
*{{flagicon|AFG}} [[Herat]], Afghanistan
*{{flagicon|TUN}} [[Kairouan]], Tunisia
*{{flagicon|IRQ}} [[Karbala]], Iraq
*{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Khiva]], Uzbekistan
*{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Khoy]], Iran
*{{flagicon|TJK}} [[Khujand]], Tajikistan
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Konya]], Turkey
*{{flagicon|TJK}} [[Kulab, Tajikistan|Kulob]], Tajikistan
*{{flagicon|TKM}} [[Merv]], Turkmenistan
*{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Samarkand]], Uzbekistan
*{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Shahin Shahr]], Iran<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5932699/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF |title=Shahin Shahr and Nishabur became sister cities |date=7 November 2023 |access-date=7 April 2024 |publisher=Mehr news agency |language=Persian |script-title=fa: شاهین شهر و نیشابور خواهر خوانده شدند |id=5932699 |agency=Mehr}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==See also==
*[[Greater Khorasan]]
*[[Adur Burzen-Mihr]]
*[[Merv]]
*[[Herat]]
*[[Balkh]]
*[[Samarkand]]
*[[Bukhara]]
*[[Nishapur County|Neyshabur county]]
*[[Omar Khayyam|Omar Khayyam Neyshaburi]]
*[[Attar of Nishapur]]
*[[Seljuk Empire|The Great Seljuik Empire]]
*[[University of Neyshabur]]
*[[Islamic Azad University Neyshabur Branch|IAUN]]
*[[Saeedi Garden]]

{{Commons category-inline|Nishapur}}

{{Wikiquote-inline}}

{{Wikivoyage inline}}

{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |chapter=The Tahirids and the Saffarids |first=C.E. |last=Bosworth |pages=90–135 |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |volume=4: The Period from the Arab invasion to the Saljuqs |editor-first=R.N. |editor-last=Frye |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1975 |isbn=0-521-20093-8 }}
*{{cite book |title=The Oxford History of Islam |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999  }}
*{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Islam |editor-first1=C.E. |editor-last1=Bosworth |editor-first2=E. |editor-last2=Van Donzel |editor-first3=W.P. |editor-last3=Heinrichs |editor-first4=G. |editor-last4=Lecomte |title=Nishapur |first1=E. |last1=Honigmann |first2=C.E. |last2=Bosworth |volume=VIII: Ned-Sam |publisher=Brill |year=1995 |pages=62–64 |isbn=90-04-09834-8 }}
*{{cite book |last=Ibn Al-Athir |title=The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athir for the Crusading Period from Al-Kamil Fi'l-Tarikh |translator-first=D.S. |translator-last=Richards |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2007 }}
*{{Kennedy-The Armies of the Caliphs}}
*{{cite book |title=Nishapur: Glass of the Early Islamic Period |first=Jens |last=Kröger |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art  |year=1995 }}
*{{cite book |title=The Great Seljuk Empire |first=A.C.S. |last=Peacock |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2015}}
*{{cite book |chapter=The Importance of Khurasan and Transoxiana in the Persianate Dynastic Period (850-1220) |first=D.G. |last=Tor |pages=1{{endash}}12 |title=Medieval Central Asia and the Persianate World: Iranian Tradition and Islamic Civilisation |editor-first1=A. C. S. |editor-last1=Peacock |editor-first2=D. G. |editor-last2=Tor |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2015 }}
*{{cite journal |title=Local Historiography in Early Medieval Iran and the Tārīkh-i Bayhaq |first=Parvaneh |last=Pourshariati |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=33 |number=1/2 (Winter - Spring) |year=2000 |pages=133–164 |doi=10.1080/00210860008701979 |jstor=4311337 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4311337 }}
* Tarkhi Al Naisaburiin Bye [[Hakim al-Nishaburi]]
* EARTHQUAKES IN THE HISTORY OF NISHAPUR By Charles Melville [https://www.jstor.org/pss/4299694]
* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nishapur- Encyclopedia Iranica]
* [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nish/hd_nish.htm metmuseum]
* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abarsahr iranica]
* The Patricians of Nishapur: A Study in Medieval Islamic Social History by [[Richard Bulliet]]
* [http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france-priorities_1/archaeology_2200/archaeology-notebooks_2202/ancient-east_2224/iran-nishapur_6544/index.html France-Diplomatie]

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Durand-Guédy |first = David |title=Cities of Medieval Iran |publisher=Brill|year=2020 |isbn=978-90-04-43433-2|url=https://brill.com/view/title/56495}}
* [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Nishapur_Glass_of_the_Early_Islamic_Period?Tag=&title=nishapur&author=&pt=0&tc=0&dept=0&fmt=0 Nishapur: Glass of the Early Islamic Period by Jens Kroger, Jens Kröger (1995) (free download & online version)]
* [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Nishapur_Some_Early_Islamic_Buildings_and_Their_Decoration?Tag=&title=nishapur&author=&pt=0&tc=0&dept=0&fmt=0 Nishapur: Some Early Islamic Buildings and Their Decoration by Charles Kyrle Wilkinson (1987) (free download & online version)]
* [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Nishapur_Metalwork_of_the_Early_Islamic_Period?Tag=&title=nishapur&author=&pt=0&tc=0&dept=0&fmt=0 Nishapur: Metalwork of the Early Islamic Period by James W. Allan (1982) (free download & online version)]
* [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Nishapur_Pottery_of_the_Early_Islamic_Period?Tag=&title=nishapur&author=&pt=0&tc=0&dept=0&fmt=0 Nishapur: Pottery of the Early Islamic Period by Charles Kyrle Wilkinson (1973) (free download & online version)]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070220075658/http://www.neyshaburcity.ir/ Nishapur Mayors] {{in lang|fa}}
*[http://www.neyshabur.ir/ Nishapur governors] {{in lang|fa}}
*[http://www.unesco.org/culture/asia/html_eng/chapitre4216/chapitre2.htm Ceramics of Nishapur and other centers]
*{{webarchive |date=2012-12-17 |url=https://archive.today/20121217235426/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1118448420&men=gpro&lng=en&gln=xx&dat=32&geo=-106&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=x&geo=454415882 |title=World Gazetteer on Nishapur}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060820003038/http://nai.ir/ Nishapur Mathhouse]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050706031110/http://www.bonyad-neyshaboor.com/ Neyshabur bonyad]}} {{in lang|fa}}
*[https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nish/hd_nish.htm The Metropolitan Museum Excavations at Nishapur]
* Elias Pirasteh, ''Neyshabur'', Photo Set, [https://www.flickr.com/photos/pirasteh/sets/72157603877006403/ flickr]
* Ardavan Ruzbeh, ''When National Heritage is not an equal to the Emām-Jom'eh'', a reportage on the demolition of a national monument, ''Madreseh-ye Golshan'' (مدرسه گلشن), in Nishabur, in [[Persian language|Persian]], Radio Zamāneh, May 29, 2008: [http://radiozamaaneh.com/ardavan/2008/05/post_102.html Text], [https://web.archive.org/web/20081002214221/http://www.zamahang.com/podcast/2008/20080517_Ardavan_Rooyi_Khat.mp3 Audio].
* Hossein Davoudi, ''[http://www.jadidonline.com/story/15082008/frnk/dizbad Dizbād: A Staircase to History]'', in Persian, Jadid Online, 2008.<br />''[http://www.jadidonline.com/images/stories/flash_multimedia/Dizbad_test/dizbad_high.html A Slide Show of Dizbād]'', by Hossein Davoudi, Jadid Online, 2008, (5 min 39 sec). ('''Note:''' Dizbād is a small village between [[Mashhad]] and Neyshābūr, located at some 40&nbsp;km distance from Mashhad.)

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=Capital of [[Seljuq Empire]] (Persia)|before=-|after=[[Rey, Iran|Rey]]|years=1037–1043}}
{{S-end}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Razavi Khorasan Province|state=collapsed}}
{{Nishapur County|state=collapsed}}
{{Iranian Architecture}}
{{Histories of cities in Iran}}

[[Category:Nishapur| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Razavi Khorasan province]]
[[Category:Populated places in Nishapur County]]
[[Category:Populated places along the Silk Road]]
[[Category:Sasanian cities]]
[[Category:Ancient Iranian cities]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Iran]]
[[Category:Ismaili centres]]
[[Category:Amṣar]]
[[Category:Capitals of caliphates]]
[[Category:Former capitals of Iran]]
[[Category:History of the Seljuk Empire]]
[[Category:Shapur I]]
[[Category:National works of Iran]]