View source for No. 11 Group RAF

{{Short description|Royal Air Force operations group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name                     = No. 11 Group RAF
| native_name                   = 
| image                         = No. 11 Group RAF badge.png
| image_size                    = 150
| alt                           = 
| caption                       = [[Heraldic badges of the Royal Air Force|Group badge]]
| dates                         = {{hlist|1918|1918–1920|1936–1960|1961–1963|1968–1996|2018–present}}
| disbanded                     = 
| country                       = {{flagicon|UK}} United Kingdom
| branch                        = {{air force|United Kingdom}}
| type                          = [[List of Royal Air Force groups|Group headquarters]]
| role                          = Control of air operations
| size                          = 
| command_structure             = [[RAF Air Command]]
| garrison                      = [[RAF High Wycombe]]
| garrison_label                = Headquarters
| nickname                      = 
| patron                        = 
| motto                         = {{Language with name/for|la|Tutela cordis|Guardians of the heart|break=yes}}
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| flying_hours                  = 
| website                       = 
<!-- Commanders -->
| current_commander             = Air Vice-Marshal [[Tom Burke (RAF officer)|Tom Burke]]
| commander1                    = 
| commander1_label              = [[Air Officer Commanding]]
| commander2                    = 
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| commander3                    = 
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| commander4                    = 
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| commander5                    = 
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| notable_commanders            = Air Vice-Marshal [[Keith Park]]
<!-- Insignia -->
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'''No. 11 Group''' is a [[Group (military unit)|group]] in the [[Royal Air Force]] first formed in 1918. It had been formed and disbanded for various periods during the 20th century before disbanding in 1996 and reforming again in 2018. Its most famous service was in 1940 in the [[Battle of Britain]] during the Second World War, when it defended London and the south-east of the United Kingdom from attacks by the German ''[[Luftwaffe]]''. 

It was reformed in late 2018 as a "multi-domain operations group" to ensure the service thinks and acts in a networked way.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Key Battle of Britain Fighter Command group to be reformed|url=http://www.sthelensstar.co.uk/news/national/16347984.key-battle-of-britain-fighter-command-group-to-be-reformed/|access-date=12 July 2018|publisher=Press Association|date=11 July 2018|language=en}}</ref> Today the group [[command and control|commands and controls]] air operations worldwide.<ref>https://www.raf.mod.uk/our-organisation/groups/no-11-group/</ref> It provides Air Defence of the UK through the National Air & Space Operations Centre, the ability to deploy with other services and nations with the Joint Force Air Component and projecting air power in the Middle East through 83 Expeditionary Air Group (EAG)."

==History==

===First World War===
'''No. 11 Group''' was first formed on 1 April 1918 in [[No. 2 Area RAF|No. 2 Area]] as '''No. 11 (Equipment) Group''', and was transferred to [[South-Western Area RAF|South-Western Area]] the next month on 8 May. The Group was disbanded on 17 May 1918.

===Inter-war years===
The next incarnation of the Group occurred on 22 August 1918 when it was formed as part of the [[North-Western Area RAF|North-Western Area]]. On 6 February 1920, [[Group captain]] [[Ian Bonham-Carter]] took command and three months later, in May 1920, 11 Group was reduced in status to [[No. 11 Wing RAF|'''No. 11 Wing''']]. The Group was reformed on 1 May 1936 as '''No. 11 (Fighter) Group''' by renaming '''Fighting Area'''. On 14 July 1936, 11 Group became the first [[RAF Fighter Command]] Group responsible for the air-defence of southern [[England]], including [[London]].{{Sfnp|Skinner|2008|p=66}}

===Second World War, 1939 to 1945===
No.11 Group was organised with the [[Dowding system|Dowding System]] of fighter control. Group Headquarters was at [[Hillingdon House]], located at [[RAF Uxbridge]] in the [[London Borough of Hillingdon]]. The Group operations room was underground in what is now known as the [[Battle of Britain Bunker]]. Commands were passed to the sector airfields, each of which was in charge of several airfields and fighter squadrons.  The sector airfields were:[[File:Plotting Table.jpg|alt=The preserved No.11 Group Operations Room in the "Battle of Britain Bunker" at RAF Uxbridge.|left|thumb|The11 Group Operations Room in the "[[Battle of Britain Bunker]]" at [[RAF Uxbridge]].]]

{{Col-begin|width=65%}}
{{Col-break}}
'''Sector A: '''<ref name="Subterranea Britannica">{{cite web|url=http://www.subbrit.org.uk/rsg/sites/u/uxbridge/ |title=RAF Uxbridge – Battle of Britain Ops. Room |date=31 October 2001 |work=Subterranea Britannica |access-date=10 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514042524/http://www.subbrit.org.uk/rsg/sites/u/uxbridge/ |archive-date=14 May 2011 }}</ref>
* [[RAF Tangmere]] (Sector HQ)
* [[RAF Westhampnett]]
'''Sector B:  '''
* [[RAF Kenley]] (Sector HQ)
* [[Croydon Airport#Battle of Britain|RAF Croydon]]<ref>The Battle of Britain Then and Now|Winston G.Ramsey|London|Battle of Britain Prints International Limited|{{ISBN|0 900913 25 8}}</ref>
* [[Redhill Aerodrome#RAF Redhill|RAF Redhill]]
{{Col-break}}
'''Sector C: '''
* [[RAF Biggin Hill]] (Sector HQ)
* [[RAF Hawkinge]]
* [[RAF Friston]]
'''Sector D:  '''
* [[RAF Hornchurch]] (Sector HQ)
* [[RAF Rochford]]
* [[RAF Manston]]
{{Col-break}}
'''Sector E:  '''
* [[North Weald Airfield#History|RAF North Weald]] (Sector HQ)
* [[Stapleford Aerodrome#Second World War|RAF Stapleford Tawney]]
'''Sector F:  '''
* [[RAF Debden]] (Sector HQ)
{{Col-break}}
'''Sector Y:  '''
* [[AAC Middle Wallop#Early use|RAF Middle Wallop]] (Sector HQ)
* [[RAF Odiham]]
'''Sector Z:  '''
* [[RAF Northolt]] (Sector HQ)
* [[Hendon Aerodrome#London Aerodrome|RAF Hendon]]<ref name="Subterranea Britannica"/>
{{col-end}}

[[File:Memorial to No. 11 Group underground operations room.jpg|alt=A memorial to the No. 11 Group underground operations room alongside the RAF ensign at RAF Uxbridge.|thumb|A memorial to the No. 11 Group underground operations room alongside the RAF [[Ensign (flag)|ensign]] at [[RAF Uxbridge]].]]

==== Battle of Britain 1940 ====
The most famous period of the Group was during the [[Battle of Britain]] when it bore the brunt of the German aerial assault. Pilots posted to squadrons in 11 Group knew that they would be in constant action, while pilots and squadrons transferred from No.11 Group knew that they were going to somewhere comparatively safer. During the Battle of Britain, the Group was commanded by New Zealander [[Air vice-marshal]] [[Keith Park]].<ref name="Bickers">{{cite book |title=Battle of Britain |last=Bickers |first=Richard Townshend |year=1990 |publisher=Salamander Books |location=London |isbn=0-86101-477-4}}</ref> While supported by the commanders ([[Air officer commanding|AOCs]]) of [[No. 10 Group RAF|No. 10 Group]] and [[No. 13 Group RAF|No. 13 Group]], he received insufficient support from the AOC of [[No. 12 Group RAF|12 Group]], Air Vice Marshal [[Trafford Leigh-Mallory]], who used the [[Big Wing]] controversy to criticise Park's tactics. Leigh-Mallory's lack of support compromised Fighter Command at a critical time and the controversy caused problems for Park. When the Battle of Britain was over, Leigh-Mallory, acting with [[Air marshal]] [[Sholto Douglas, 1st Baron Douglas of Kirtleside|Sholto Douglas]], conspired to have Park removed from his position (along with the Commander-in-Chief of Fighter Command, [[Air chief marshal]] [[Hugh Dowding]]). Leigh-Mallory then took over command of 11 Group.

===Post-war===
After the war in December 1951, No.11 Group consisted of the Southern and Metropolitan sectors. The Southern Sector included [[No. 1 Squadron RAF|1 Squadron]] and No. 29/22 Squadrons at [[RAF Tangmere]] and [[No. 54 Squadron RAF|54 Squadron]] and [[No. 247 Squadron RAF|247 (China-British) Squadron]] at [[RAF Odiham]]. The Metropolitan Sector had [[No. 25 Squadron RAF|25 Squadron]] at [[RAF West Malling]], 41/253 Squadron at [[RAF Biggin Hill]], 56/87 Squadron and [[No. 63 Squadron RAF|63 Squadron]] at [[RAF Waterbeach]], [[No. 64 Squadron RAF|64 Squadron]] and [[No. 65 Squadron RAF|65 (East India) Squadron]] at [[Duxford Aerodrome|RAF Duxford]], [[No. 72 Squadron RAF|72 Squadron]] at [[North Weald Airfield|RAF North Weald]], 85/145 at RAF West Malling with [[Gloster Meteor]] NF.11s, and [[No. 257 Squadron RAF|257 (Burma) Squadron]] and [[No. 263 Squadron RAF|263 (Fellowship of the Bellows) Squadron]] at [[RAF Wattisham]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of the Royal Air Force|last=Reynolds|first=John D. R. |display-authors=etal |publisher=Temple Press Aerospace|year=1984|page=204}}</ref> Denoted by a '/', a short-lived RAF postwar scheme saw several squadrons linked, where two squadron numbers' heritage was carried on within one single unit.

From 1951 11 Group also had operational control of the U.S. [[81st Fighter-Interceptor Wing]] for several years. 

[[File:English Electric Lightning F6, UK - Air Force AN1410279.jpg|alt=A No. 11 Squadron English Electric F6 based at RAF Binbrook, part of No. 11 Group.|thumb|A [[No. 11 Squadron RAF|No. 11 Squadron]] English Electric F6 based at [[RAF Binbrook]], part of [[No. 18 Group RAF|No. 11 Group]].|left]]
In 1960 Fighter Command was re-organised and 11 Group was disbanded on 31 December 1960, to reform one day later when [[No. 13 Group RAF|13 Group]] was renamed 11 Group. On 1 April 1963, the Group was replaced by '''No. 11 (Northern) Sector''' at RAF Leconfield which controlled Fighter Command airfields and units within Northern England. On 17 March 1965 the sector absorbed '''No. 13 (Scotland) Sector RAF''' which was formed on 1 April 1963 at Boulmer and 11 Sector moved to Boulmer.{{sfn|Sturtivant|Hamlin|Halley|1997|p=270}} This incarnation lasted until Fighter Command was absorbed into the new [[RAF Strike Command|Strike Command]] on 30 April 1968 and became 11 Group. 11 Sector became '''Sector South''' and [[No. 12 Sector RAF]] was absorbed and became '''Sector North'''. Group Headquarters shifted to [[RAF Bentley Priory]] in north-west London and took responsibility for the UK Air Defence Region (UK ADR). The [[English Electric Lightning]] F.1 entered service in 1960 and the [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II|McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR.2]] in 1969, with [[No. 43 Squadron RAF|43 (China-British) Squadron]] at [[RAF Leuchars]].<ref>{{cite journal |editor-last=Donald |editor-first=David |title=RAF Phantoms |journal=Wings of Fame |volume=15 |location=London |publisher=Aerospace |year=1999 |isbn=1-86184-033-0 |page=6}}</ref>

The group was renamed 11 (Air Defence) Group in January 1986. In the early 1990s, the front-line force consisted of [[No. 56 Squadron RAF|56 Squadron]] and [[No. 74 Squadron RAF|74 (Trinidad) Squadrons]] flying Phantoms from RAF Wattisham, [[No. 5 Squadron RAF|5 Squadron]] and [[No. 29 Squadron RAF|29 Squadron]] flying the [[Panavia Tornado ADV|Panavia Tornado F3]] from [[RAF Coningsby]], [[No. 11 Squadron RAF|11 Squadron]], [[No. 23 Squadron RAF|23 Squadron]], and [[No. 25 Squadron RAF|25 Squadron]] flying the Tornado F3 from [[RAF Leeming]] and  [[No. 41 Squadron RAF|43 Squadron]] and [[No. 111 Squadron RAF|111 Squadron]] at [[RAF Leuchars]]; [[No. 8 Squadron RAF|8 Squadron]] flew [[Boeing E-3 Sentry|Boeing E-3D Sentry AEW1]] from [[RAF Waddington]], 5 Squadron and 11 Squadron had been the last units flying the [[English Electric Lightning]] F.6 from [[RAF Binbrook]] until 1988; 25 Squadron and 85 Squadron had been operating [[Bloodhound (missile)|Bristol Bloodhound]] surface-to-air missiles and re-equipped with the Tornado and disbanded in 1989 and on 10 July 1991 respectively. The Wattisham Phantom Wing was disbanded relatively quickly following the end of the Cold War; 23 Squadron was disbanded in March 1994.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/organisation/23squadron.cfm |title=No. 23 Squadron |work=Royal Air Force |year=2015 |access-date=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114184339/http://www.raf.mod.uk/organisation/23squadron.cfm |archive-date=14 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 9 January 1992, Sector's South and North combined.{{sfn|Sturtivant|Hamlin|Halley|1997|p=270}} On 1 April 1996, 11 Group amalgamated with [[No. 18 Group RAF|18 Group]] to form [[No. 11/18 Group RAF|11/18 Group]]. Air Vice Marshal [[Anthony Bagnall]], who took over on 15 July 1994, was the Group's last commander.<ref name="debrett">{{cite web|url=http://www.debretts.com/people-of-today/profile/1613/Anthony-John-Crowther-BAGNALL|title=Air Chief Marshal Sir Anthony Bagnall|year=2015|work=Debrett's People of Today|access-date=2 May 2015}}</ref>

=== 2018 reformation ===
[[File:11 Group RAF reforms.jpg|thumb|right|Air Marshal [[Stuart Atha]] presenting 11 Group's [[Heraldic badges of the Royal Air Force|badge]] to Air Vice-Marschal [[Ian Duguid]] in 2018]]
On 11 July 2018, [[Air chief marshal|Air Chief Marshal]] Sir [[Stephen Hillier]] announced at the Air Power Conference that 11 Group would reform as a "multi-domain operations group", to ensure the RAF thinks and acts in a networked way and combining [[Aerial warfare|air]], [[Space warfare|space]] and [[Cyberwarfare|cyber-warfare]] elements to create an integrated force. No increase in the number of senior officers or staff at headquarters was proposed as part of the reformation.<ref name=":0" /> The group reformed at a ceremony at [[RAF High Wycombe]] in [[Buckinghamshire]] on 1 November 2018, when [[Air vice-marshal|Air Vice-Marshal]] [[Ian Duguid]] took command.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/news/articles/historic-11-group-reforms-for-multi-domain-challenges/|title=Historic 11 Group reforms for multi-domain challenges|date=5 November 2018|website=Royal Air Force|language=en-gb|access-date=5 May 2018}}</ref>

No. 11 Group included the capabilities of the Chief of Staff Operations and the Air Battle Staff, comprising the deployable [[Joint Force Air Component Headquarters|Joint Force Air Component]] (JFAC), the National Air & Space Operations Centre (NASOC) and the Executive Team. The group also included the RAF Battle Management Force. The group was to ensure that the large amounts of data, intelligence and information contributes to the planning and execution of operations in the domains of air, space and cyber.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=No 11 Group |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/our-organisation/groups/no-11-group/ |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=Royal Air Force |language=en-gb}}</ref>

== Role and operations ==
No. 11 Group, under the leadership of the Global Air Component Commander, provides command and control for air operations on around the globe. It ensures UK air defence via the National Air & Space Operations Centre (NASOC), enables joint deployments with allied services and nations through the [[Joint Force Air Component Headquarters|Joint Force Air Component]], and conducts operations in the Middle East through [[No. 83 Expeditionary Air Group]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=No 11 Group |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/our-organisation/groups/no-11-group/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=Royal Air Force |language=en-gb}}</ref>

No. 11 Group is based at the NASOC, located at [[RAF High Wycombe]] in Buckinghamshire.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lancaster |first=Mark |date=24 July 2018 |title=Written Answers to Questions – Air Force |url=https://qnadailyreport.blob.core.windows.net/qnadailyreportxml/Written-Questions-Answers-Statements-Daily-Report-Commons-2018-07-24.pdf |access-date=31 July 2018 |website=UK Parliament}}</ref> 

== Component units ==
[[File:RAF Air Vice-Marshal Tom Burke visits 83rd EAG (8689971).jpg|thumb|Personnel assigned to the [[No. 83 Expeditionary Air Group]], part of No. 11 Group, stand in formation]]
{{As of|2025|11}}, No. 11 Group comprises the following elements and units. Unless stated otherwise, units are based at RAF High Wycombe.<ref name=":2" />

* No. 11 Group Headquarters 
* [[No. 83 Expeditionary Air Group]] ([[Al Udeid Air Base]], Qatar)
* Joint Air Liaison Organisation
* [[Joint Force Air Component Headquarters|Joint Force Air Component]]
* National Air & Space Operations Centre

== Heritage ==
The [[Heraldic badges of the Royal Air Force|group's badge]] depicts the clock tower of the [[Palace of Westminster]] surrounded by an [[astral crown]]. The tower indicates [[London]], the heart of the [[British Empire|Empire]], with whose safety the group was charged during the [[World War II|Second World War]]. The hands of the clock are at 11 o'clock to represent the time of the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|Armistice]] of the [[World War I|First World War]] and the number of the group. the badge was awarded in 1940.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No.11 Group |url=https://www.rafht.co.uk/index.php/2016/06/20/no-11-group/ |access-date=16 November 2025 |website=RAF Heraldry Trust}}</ref>

The group's motto is {{Language with name/for|la|Tutela cordis|Guardians of the heart|break=}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pine |first1=L G |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmott00tion/page/238 |title=A Dictionary of mottoes |date=1983 |publisher=Routledge & K. Paul |isbn=0-7100-9339-X |edition=1 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmott00tion/page/238 238] |url-access=registration}}</ref>

== List of group commanders ==
{{div col}}
;1936 to 1963
* 14 July 1936 [[Air Vice-Marshal]] [[Philip Joubert de la Ferté]]
* 7 September 1936 Air Vice-Marshal [[Leslie Gossage]]
* January 1940 Air Vice-Marshal [[William Welsh (RAF officer)|William Welsh]]
* 20 April 1940 Air Vice-Marshal [[Keith Park]]
* 18 December 1940 Air Vice-Marshal [[Trafford Leigh-Mallory]]
* 28 November 1942 Air Vice-Marshal [[Hugh Saunders (RAF officer)|Hugh Saunders]]
* 1 November 1944 Air Vice-Marshal [[John Cole-Hamilton]]
* 20 July 1945 Air Vice-Marshal [[Dermot Boyle]]
* 24 April 1946 Air Vice-Marshal S D Macdonald
* 1 June 1948 Air Vice-Marshal [[Stanley Vincent]]
* 9 January 1950 Air Vice-Marshal [[Thomas Pike]]
* 5 July 1951 Air Vice-Marshal [[Percy Bernard, 5th Earl of Bandon|The Earl of Bandon]]
* 1 November 1953 Air Vice-Marshal [[Hubert Patch]]
* 16 January 1956 Air Vice-Marshal V S Bowling
* 12 January 1959 Air Vice-Marshal [[Alick Foord-Kelcey]]
* 1 January 1961 Air Vice-Marshal [[Harold Maguire]]
* 13 January 1962 Air Vice-Marshal [[Gareth Clayton (RAF officer)|Gareth Clayton]]

;1968 to 1996
* 30 April 1968 Air Vice-Marshal R I Jones
* 2 February 1970 Air Vice-Marshal [[Ivor Broom]]
* 6 December 1972 Air Vice-Marshal [[Robert Freer (RAF officer)|Robert Freer]]
* 15 March 1975 Air Vice-Marshal [[William Harbison]]
* 14 March 1977 Air Vice-Marshal [[Donald Hall (RAF officer)|Donald Hall]]
* 3 September 1977 Air Vice-Marshal [[Peter Latham (RAF officer)|Peter Latham]]
* 7 January 1981 Air Vice-Marshal [[Peter Harding (RAF officer, born 1933)|Peter Harding]]
* 11 August 1982 Air Vice-Marshal [[Kenneth Hayr]]
* 1 August 1985 Air Vice-Marshal [[Michael Stear]]
* 15 July 1987 Air Vice-Marshal [[Roger Palin]]<ref>{{London Gazette |date=20 July 1987 |supp=y |issue= 51001 |page=9283 |nolink=yes}}</ref>
* 17 March 1989 Air Vice-Marshal [[Bill Wratten]]
* 16 September 1991 Air Vice-Marshal [[John Allison (RAF officer)|John Allison]]
* 15 July 1994 Air Vice-Marshal [[Anthony Bagnall]]

;2018 to present
* 1 October 2018 Air Vice-Marshal [[Ian Duguid]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/our-organisation/groups/no-11-group/|title=No 11 Group, about this group|access-date=6 November 2018}}</ref>
* 1 December 2021 Air Vice-Marshal [[Philip Robinson (RAF officer)|Philip Robinson]]
* 25 August 2023 Air Vice-Marshal [[Tom Burke (RAF officer)|Tom Burke]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Senior Appointments |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/our-organisation/senior-appointments/ |website=Royal Air Force |access-date=26 August 2023 |date=16 August 2023}}</ref>
* 22 August 2025 Air Vice-Marshal [[Stephen Kilvington (RAF officer)|Steve Kilvington]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Senior Appointments |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/our-organisation/senior-appointments/ |website=Royal Air Force }}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[List of Battle of Britain airfields]]
* [[List of Battle of Britain squadrons]]
* [[List of Royal Air Force groups]]

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{reflist}}

'''Bibliography'''
* {{cite web |url=http://www.rafweb.org/Organsation/Grp02.htm |title=RAF Group No's 10-19 |first=M. B. |last=Barrass |work=Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation}}
* {{cite book |last=Skinner |first=James |year=2008 |title=Growing Up In Wartime Uxbridge |location=Stroud |publisher=Tempus Publishing |isbn=978-0-7524-4543-4 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Sturtivant|first1=R.|last2=Hamlin|first2=J.|last3=Halley|first3=J.|title=Royal Air Force flying training and support units |year=1997 |publisher= Air-Britain (Historians)|location= UK|isbn=0-85130-252-1}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.raf.mod.uk/our-organisation/groups/no-11-group/}}

{{WW2AirDefenceUK}}
{{Royal Air Force}}
{{RAF Groups}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:11 Group}}
[[Category:Royal Air Force groups|011]]
[[Category:Battle of Britain|No. 11]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force groups of the Second World War]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1918]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Uxbridge]]
[[Category:1918 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1920]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1936]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1960]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1961]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1963]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1968]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1996]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 2018]]