View source for Nomenclature

{{Short description|System of names or terms in a particular field of arts or sciences}}
{{Redirect|Nomenclatura|the Soviet elites|Nomenklatura}}
'''Nomenclature''' ({{IPA-cen|UK|n|oʊ|ˈ|m|ɛ|ŋ|k|l|ə|tʃ|ə|,_|n|ə|-}}, {{IPA-cen|US|ˈ|n|oʊ|m|ə|n|k|l|eɪ|tʃ|ər}})<ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref><ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> is a [[system]] of [[names]] or terms, or the rules for forming these terms in a particular field of arts or sciences.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/nomenclature |title= ''Nomenclature – definitions from Dictionary.com'' |access-date=2007-10-06}}</ref> The theoretical field studying nomenclature is sometimes referred to as ''onymology'' or ''taxonymy''.<ref>Pavlinov, Igor Ya (2022). ''Taxonomic Nomenclature. What’s in a Name – Theory and History''. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 9781032015071 </ref> The principles of naming vary from the relatively informal [[naming conventions|conventions]] of everyday speech to the internationally agreed principles, rules, and recommendations that govern the formation and use of the specialist [[terminology]] used in scientific and any other disciplines.<ref>
[http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch2/names.html Nomenclature]
</ref>

Naming "things" is a part of general human [[communication]] using [[word]]s and [[language]]: it is an aspect of everyday [[Taxonomy (general)|taxonomy]] as people distinguish the objects of their experience, together with their similarities and differences, which observers [[Identification (information)|identify]], name and [[wikt:classification|classify]]. The use of names, as the many different kinds of [[noun]]s embedded in different languages, connects nomenclature to [[theoretical linguistics]], while the way humans mentally structure the world in relation to [[semantics|word meanings]] and [[Experience (disambiguation)|experience]] relates to the [[philosophy of language]].

[[Onomastics]], the study of [[proper names]] and their origins, includes: [[anthroponymy]] (concerned with human names, including [[personal names]], [[surnames]] and [[nicknames]]); [[toponymy]] (the study of place names); and [[etymology]] (the derivation, history and use of names) as revealed through [[comparative linguistics|comparative]] and [[descriptive linguistics]].

The scientific need for simple, stable and internationally accepted systems for naming objects of the natural world has generated many formal nomenclatural systems.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} Probably the best known of these nomenclatural systems are the five codes of [[biological nomenclature]] that govern the [[Latin]]ized [[scientific name]]s of [[organism]]s.

==Etymology==
The word ''nomenclature'' is derived from the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|nomen}} ('[[name]]'), and {{lang|la|calare}} ('to call'). The Latin term {{lang|la|[[wikt:nomenclatura|nomenclatura]]}} refers to a list of names, as does the word ''[[Nomenclator (nomenclature)|nomenclator]]'', which can also indicate a provider or announcer of names.

==Onomastics and nomenclature==
{{Main article|Onomastics}}
The study of proper [[name]]s is known as ''[[onomastics]]'', which has a wide-ranging scope that encompasses all names, languages, and geographical regions, as well as [[cultural area]]s.<ref>Scheetz, George H. 1988. ''Names' Names: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon.'' ("What's In a Name?" ''Chapbook Series'' 2.) Sioux City: Schütz Verlag.</ref>

The distinction between onomastics and nomenclature is not readily clear: onomastics is an unfamiliar discipline to most people, and the use of nomenclature in an academic sense is also not commonly known. Although the two fields integrate, nomenclature concerns itself more with the rules and conventions that are used for the formation of names.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

== Influence of social, political, religious factors ==
Due to social, political, religious, and cultural motivations, things that are the same may be given different names, while different things may be given the same name; closely related similar things may be considered separate, while on the other hand significantly different things might be considered the same.

For example, [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] are both closely related, mutually intelligible [[Hindustani language]]s (one being [[Sanskritisation|sanskritised]] and the other [[Arabization|arabised]]). However, they are favored as separate languages by [[Hindu]]s and [[Muslims]] respectively, as seen in the context of [[Hindu–Islamic relations|Hindu-Muslim conflict]] resulting in the violence of the 1947 [[Partition of India]]. In contrast, mutually unintelligible dialects that differ considerably in structure, such as [[Moroccan Darija|Moroccan Arabic]], [[Judeo-Yemeni Arabic|Yemeni Arabic]], and [[Lebanese Arabic]], are considered to be the same language due to the [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamism religious identity]].<ref name="SameSameDiff1">[[Yaron Matras|Matras, Yaron]]. 2010. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Lh6rBgAAQBAJ&dq=urdu+and+arabic+are+mutually+inintelligible&pg=PA5 ''Romani in Britain: The Afterlife of a Language: The Afterlife of a Language'']. Edinburgh: [[Edinburgh University Press]]. p. 5.</ref><ref name="SameSameDiff2">[[Julie Tetel Andresen|Andresen, Julie Tetel]], and Phillip M. Carter. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uolxBgAAQBAJ&dq=urdu+and+arabic+are+mutually+inintelligible&pg=PA7 ''Languages in the world: how history culture and politics shape language'']. pp. 7-8.</ref><ref name="SameSameDiff3">Benesty, Jacob, M. Mohan Sondhi, and Yiteng Huang. 2008. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Slg10ekZBkAC&dq=urdu+and+arabic+are+mutually+inintelligible&pg=PA798 ''Separate Language Versus Dialect'']; and [https://books.google.com/books?id=Slg10ekZBkAC&dq=urdu+and+arabic+are+mutually+inintelligible&pg=PA798 ''Springer handbook of speech processing'']. [[Springer Science+Business Media]], p. 798-.</ref>

==Cultural nomenclature==
{{Main article|Philosophy of language}}
Names provide us with a way of structuring and [[map]]ping the world in our [[mind]]s so, in some way, they mirror or represent the objects of our experience.

===Names, words, language, meaning===
{{Main article|Proper name (philosophy)|Semantics}}
Elucidating the connections between language (especially names and nouns), meaning, and the way we perceive the world has provided a rich field of study for [[philosopher]]s and [[linguist]]s. Relevant areas of study include: the distinction between proper names and [[Proper noun and common noun|proper nouns]];<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/names Names]." ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''. Retrieved: 2009-09-23.</ref> as well as the relationship between names,<ref>[[Kent Bach|Bach, Kent]]. 1981. "What's in a name?" ''[[Australasian Journal of Philosophy]]'' 59:371–86.</ref> their [[referent]]s,<ref>"[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reference/ Reference]." ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''. Retrieved 2009-09-23.</ref> meanings ([[semantics]]), and the [[Language structure|structure of language]].

===Folk taxonomy===
{{Main article|Folk taxonomy|Binomial nomenclature}}
Modern scientific taxonomy has been described as "basically a Renaissance codification of folk taxonomic principles''.''"<ref name="rbd">[[Peter H. Raven|Raven, Peter H.]], [[Brent Berlin|Berlin, Brent]], and Dennis E. Breedlove. 1971. "The Origins of Taxonomy." ''[[Science New Series]]'' 174(4015):1210–13. p. 1210.</ref>
Formal systems of scientific nomenclature and [[wikt:classification|classification]] are exemplified by [[biological classification]]. All [[classification system]]s are established for a purpose. The scientific classification system anchors each organism within the [[nested hierarchy]] of internationally accepted classification categories. Maintenance of this system involves formal rules of nomenclature and periodic international meetings of review. This modern system evolved from the folk taxonomy of prehistory.<ref>[[Harold C. Conklin|Conklin, Harold C.]] 1980. ''Folk Classification: A Topically Arranged Bibliography of Contemporary and Background References through 1971.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Department of Anthropology. {{ISBN|0-913516-02-3}}.</ref>

'''Folk taxonomy''' can be illustrated through the Western tradition of [[horticulture]] and [[gardening]]. Unlike scientific taxonomy, folk taxonomies serve many purposes. Examples in horticulture would be the grouping of plants, and naming of these groups, according to their properties and uses:

* [[annual plant|annual]]s, [[biennial plant|biennial]]s and [[perennial plant|perennial]]s (nature of life cycle);
* [[vegetable]]s, [[fruit]]s, [[culinary herb]]s and [[spice]]s (culinary use);
* [[herb]]s, [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s (growth habit); 
* wild and cultivated plants (whether they are managed or not); and
* [[weed]]s (whether they are considered to be a nuisance or not), etc.

Folk Taxonomy is generally associated with the way rural or indigenous peoples use language to make sense of and organise the objects around them. [[Ethnobiology]] frames this interpretation through either "[[Utilitarianism|utilitarianists]]" like [[Bronislaw Malinowski]] who maintain that names and classifications reflect mainly material concerns, and "intellectualists" like [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] who hold that they spring from innate mental processes.<ref>Balee, William 1993. ''[[Journal of Ethnobiology]]'' 13(1):144–47.</ref> The literature of ethnobiological classifications was reviewed in 2006.<ref name=":0">Newmaster, Stephen G., et al. 2006. "Mechanisms of Ethnobiological Classifications." ''Ethnobotany'' 18:4–26.</ref> Folk classification is defined by the way in which members of a language community name and categorize plants and animals whereas [[ethnotaxonomy]] refers to the hierarchical structure, organic content, and cultural function of biological classification that ethnobiologists find in every society around the world.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|14}}

[[Ethnographic studies]] of the naming and classification of animals and plants in non-Western societies have revealed some general principles that suggest pre-scientific man's conceptual and linguistic method of organising the biological world in a hierarchical way.<ref>[[Brent Berlin|Berlin, Brent]], Dennis E. Breedlove, and [[Peter H. Raven]]. 1973. "General principles of classification and nomenclature in folk biology." ''[[American Anthropologist]]'' 75:214–42.</ref><ref>[[Émile Durkheim|Durkheim, Emile]]. [1902] 1963. "Primitive Classifications [De quelques formes primitives de classification]." ''[[L'Année Sociologique]]'' 6:1–71 (English ed.), edited by M. Mauss. London: Cohen & West. {{ISBN|978-0-226-17334-4}}.</ref><ref>[[Lucien Lévy-Brühl|Levy-Bruhl, Lucien]]. [1910] 1985. ''How Natives Think'' [''Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inférieures'']. Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-02034-5}}.</ref><ref>Berlin, Brent. 1992. ''Ethnobiological classification – principles of categorization of plants and animals in traditional societies.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-691-09469-4}}.</ref> Such studies indicate that the urge to classify is a basic human instinct.<ref>Hopwood, Tindell A. 1959. "The Development of Pre-Linnaean Taxonomy." [[Linnean Society of London|''Proceedings of the Linnaean Society (London)'']] 170:230–34.</ref><ref>Yoon, Carol K. 2009. ''Naming Nature: The Clash Between Instinct and Science.'' New York: [[W.W. Norton & Co]]. {{ISBN|978-0-393-06197-0}}.</ref>

:*in all languages natural groups of organisms are distinguished (present-day taxa)
:*these groups are arranged into more inclusive groups or ethnobiological categories
:*in all languages there are about five or six ethnobiological categories of graded inclusiveness
:*these groups (ethnobiological categories) are arranged hierarchically, generally into mutually exclusive ranks
:*the ranks at which particular organisms are named and classified is often similar in different cultures

The levels, moving from the most to least inclusive, are:

#"unique beginner" — e.g. ''plant'' or ''animal''. A single all-inclusive name rarely used in folk taxonomies but loosely equivalent to an original living thing, a "common ancestor"
#"life form" — e.g. ''tree'', ''bird'', ''grass'' and ''fish''. These are usually primary lexemes (basic linguistic units) loosely equivalent to a phylum or major biological division.
#"generic name" — e.g. ''oak'', ''pine'', ''robin'', ''catfish''. This is the most numerous and basic building block of all folk taxonomies, the most frequently referred to, the most important psychologically, and among the first learned by children. These names can usually be associated directly with a second level group. Like life-form names these are primary lexemes.
#"specific name" — e.g. ''white fir'', ''post oak''. More or less equivalent to species. A secondary lexeme and generally less frequent than generic names.
#"varietal name" — e.g. ''baby lima bean'', ''butter lima bean''.

In almost all cultures objects are named using one or two words equivalent to 'kind' (''genus'') and 'particular kind' (''species'').<ref name="rbd" /> When made up of two words (a [[Binomial nomenclature|''binomial'']]) the name usually consists of a noun (like ''salt'', ''dog'' or ''star'') and an adjectival second word that helps describe the first, and therefore makes the name, as a whole, more "specific", for example, ''lap dog'', ''sea salt'', or ''film star''. The meaning of the noun used for a common name may have been lost or forgotten (''whelk'', ''elm'', ''lion'', ''shark'', ''pig'') but when the common name is extended to two or more words much more is conveyed about the organism's use, appearance or other special properties (''sting ray'', ''poison apple'', ''giant stinking hogweed'', ''hammerhead shark''). These noun-adjective binomials are just like our own names with a family or surname like ''Simpson'' and another adjectival Christian or forename name that specifies which Simpson, say ''Homer Simpson''. It seems reasonable to assume that the form of scientific names we call [[binomial nomenclature]] is derived from this simple and practical way of constructing common names—but with the use of Latin as a universal language.

In keeping with the utilitarian view other authors maintain that ethnotaxonomies resemble more a "complex web of resemblances" than a neat hierarchy.<ref>Morris, B. 1984. "The Pragmatics of Folk Classification." ''[[Journal of Ethnobiology]]'' 4(1):45–60.</ref> Likewise, a recent study has suggested that some folk taxonomies display more than six ethnobiological categories.<ref name="Guas22">{{cite journal |last1=Guasparri |first1=Andrea |title=The Roman classification and nomenclature of aquatic animals: an annotated checklist (with a focus on ethnobiology) |journal=Anthropozoologica |date=14 February 2022 |volume=57 |issue=2 |doi=10.5252/anthropozoologica2022v57a2 |s2cid=247026295 |url=https://doi.org/10.5252/anthropozoologica2022v57a2 |issn=0761-3032|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Others go further and even doubt the reality of such categories,<ref name="MiWi18">{{cite journal |last1=Mishler |first1=Brent D. |last2=Wilkins |first2=John S. |title=The Hunting of the SNaRC: A Snarky Solution to the Species Problem |journal=Philosophy, Theory, and Practice in Biology |date=March 2018 |volume=10 |issue=20220112 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.3998/ptpbio.16039257.0010.001|doi-access=free |hdl=2027/spo.16039257.0010.001 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> especially those above the generic name level.<ref name="L23CRC">{{cite book |last1=Laurin |first1=Michel |title=The Advent of PhyloCode: The Continuing Evolution of Biological Nomenclature |date=3 August 2023 |publisher=CRC Press |doi=10.1201/9781003092827 |isbn=978-1-003-09282-7 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781003092827/advent-phylocode-michel-laurin}}</ref>

==Names and nouns==
{{Main article|Name|Noun}}
A name is a label for any noun: names can identify a class or [[Category of being|category]] of things; or a single thing, either uniquely or within a given [[Context (language use)|context]]. Names are given, for example, to [[human]]s or any other [[organism]]s, [[Location (geography)|place]]s, [[Product (business)|product]]s—as in [[brand]] names—and even to [[idea]]s or [[concept]]s. It is names as nouns that are the building blocks of nomenclature.

The word ''name'' is possibly derived from the [[Proto-Indo-European language]] hypothesised word {{lang|mis|nomn}}<!-- Proto-Indo-European -->.<ref>{{cite web |title = ''Online Etymology Dictionary'' |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=name&searchmode=none |access-date=2008-09-20}}</ref> The distinction between names and nouns, if made at all, is extremely subtle,<ref>[[John M. Anderson (linguist)|Anderson, John M.]] 2007. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jo5J2XUX9EUC&dq=distinction+names+and+nouns&pg=PA172 ''The Grammar of Names.''] Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-929741-2}}. Retrieved 2009-09-23.</ref> although clearly ''noun'' refers to names as [[lexical category|lexical categories]] and their function within the context of language,<ref>Loos, Eugene E., et al. 2003. [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsANoun.htm ''Glossary of linguistic terms: what is a noun''?] Retrieved 2009-09-23.</ref> rather that as "labels" for objects and properties.

===Personal names===
{{Main article|Anthroponymy|Personal name}}
Human [[personal names]], also referred to as ''prosoponyms'',{{sfn|Keats-Rohan|2007|p=164-165}} are presented, used and categorised in many ways depending on the language and culture. In most cultures (Indonesia is one exception) it is customary for individuals to be given at least two names. In Western culture, the first name is given at birth or shortly thereafter and is referred to as the [[given name]], the [[given name|forename]], the [[baptismal name]] (if given then), or simply the [[first name]]. In England prior to the Norman invasion of 1066, small communities of [[Celt]]s, [[Anglo-Saxon]]s and [[Scandinavia]]ns generally used single names: each person was identified by a single name as either a personal name or [[nickname]]. As the population increased, it gradually became necessary to identify people further—giving rise to names like John the butcher, Henry from Sutton, and Roger son of Richard...which naturally evolved into John Butcher, Henry Sutton, and Roger Richardson. We now know this additional name variously as the [[second name]], [[last name]], [[family name]], [[surname]] or occasionally the [[byname]], and this natural tendency was accelerated by the Norman tradition of using surnames that were fixed and hereditary within individual families. In combination these two names are now known as the personal name or, simply, the name. There are many exceptions to this general rule: Westerners often insert a third or more names between the given and surnames; Chinese and Hungarian names have the family name preceding the given name; females now often retain their maiden names (their family surname) or combine, using a hyphen, their maiden name and the surname of their husband; some East Slavic nations insert the patronym (a name derived from the given name of the father) between the given and the family name; in Iceland the given name is used with the patronym, or matronym (a name derived from the given name of the mother), and surnames are rarely used. [[Nickname]]s (sometimes called [[hypocoristic]] names) are informal names used mostly between friends.

===Common names and proper names===
{{Main article|Common name| Proper name}}
The distinction between [[proper name]]s and [[common name]]s is that proper names denote a unique entity e.g. [[London Bridge]], while common names are used in a more general sense in reference to a class of objects e.g. [[bridge]]. Many proper names are obscure in meaning as they lack any apparent meaning in the way that ordinary words mean, probably for the practical reason that when they consist of [[Collective noun]]s, they refer to groups, even when they are inflected for the [[Grammatical number|singular]] e.g. "committee". [[Concrete noun]]s like "cabbage" refer to physical bodies that can be observed by at least one of the senses while [[abstract noun]]s, like "love" and "hate" refer to abstract objects. In English, many abstract nouns are formed by adding noun-forming suffixes ('-ness', '-ity', '-tion') to adjectives or verbs e.g. "happiness", "serenity", "concentration." [[Pronoun]]s like "he", "it", "which", and "those" stand in place of nouns in [[noun phrase]]s.

The capitalization of nouns varies with language and even the particular context: journals often have their own [[Style guide|house style]]s for common names.

===-onym nouns===
{{Main article|-onym}}
Distinctions may be made between particular kinds of names simply by using the suffix [[-onym]], from the Greek ''ónoma'' (ὄνομα, 'name'). So we have, for example, [[hydronym]]s name bodies of water, [[synonym]]s are names with the same meaning, and so on. The entire field could be described as chrematonymy—the names of things.

===Toponyms===
{{Main article|Toponymy}}
Toponyms are [[proper names]] given to various geographical features (geonyms), and also to cosmic features (cosmonyms). This could include names of mountains, rivers, seas, villages, towns, cities, countries, planets, stars etc. Toponymy can be further divided into specialist branches, like: [[choronym]]y, the study of proper names of regions and countries; [[econymy]], the study of proper names of villages, towns and cities; [[hodonymy]], the study of proper names of streets and roads; [[hydronymy]], the study of proper names of water bodies; [[oronym (toponymy)|oronymy]], the study of proper names of mountains and hills, etc.{{sfn|Room|1996|p=}}<ref>[[Adrian Room|Room, Adrian]]. 1997. ''Place names of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historic sites''. Jefferson, NC: [[McFarland & Company]]. {{ISBN|978-0-7864-0172-7}}</ref><ref>[[Eilert Ekwall|Ekwall, Eilert]]. 1960. ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names'' (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Includes the origin of place-names.)</ref>

Toponymy has popular appeal because of its socio-cultural and historical interest and significance for [[cartography]]. However, work on the etymology of toponyms has found that many place names are descriptive, honorific or commemorative but frequently they have no meaning, or the meaning is obscure or lost. Also, the many categories of names are frequently interrelated. For example, many place-names are derived from personal names (Victoria), many names of planets and stars are derived from the names of [[myth]]ological characters ([[Venus]], [[Neptune]]), and many personal names are derived from place-names, names of nations and the like (Wood, Bridge).<ref>[[Kelsie B. Harder|Harder, Kelsie B.]] [1976] 1985. ''Illustrated Dictionary of Place Names: United States and Canada''. New York: [[Van Nostrand Reinhold|Van Nostrand]].</ref><ref>[[Margaret Powell|Powell, Margaret S.]], and Stephen C. Powell. 1990. "Bibliography of Place-Name Literature, United States and Canada, 1980–1988." ''[[Names (journal)|Names]]'' 38(1/2):49–141.</ref>

==Scientific nomenclature==

===Nomenclature, classification, identification===
{{Main article|Taxonomy (biology)|Identification (biology)}}
In a strictly scientific sense, nomenclature is regarded as a part of ''taxonomy'' (though distinct from it). Moreover, the precision demanded by science in the accurate naming of objects in the natural world has resulted in a variety of [[Nomenclature code|codes of nomenclature]] (worldwide-accepted sets of rules on [[Taxonomy (biology)|biological classification]]).

'''Taxonomy''' can be defined as the study of classification including its principles, procedures and rules,<ref name=":1">[[Peter Hadland Davis|Davis, Peter H.]], and [[Vernon Heywood|Vernon H. Heywood]]. 1965. ''Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy''. Edinburgh: [[Oliver & Boyd]].</ref>{{Rp|8}} while '''classification''' itself is the ordering of taxa (the objects of classification) into groups based on similarities or differences.<ref>[[Charles Talbut Onions|Onions, Charles T.]], ed. 2007. ''Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'' (6th ed.) Oxford: Clarenden Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-923324-3}}.</ref><ref>Simpson, Michael G. 2006. ''Plant Systematics''. London: Elsevier Academic Press. p. 552. {{ISBN|978-0-12-644460-5}}.</ref> Doing taxonomy entails identifying, describing,<ref>Winston, Judith E. 1999. ''Describing Species: Practical Taxonomic Procedure for Biologists''. New YorK: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-06825-3}}.</ref> and naming taxa;<ref>Lawrence, George H. M. 1951. ''Taxonomy of Vascular Plants''. New York: Macmillan. p. 3.</ref> therefore, in the scientific sense, nomenclature is the branch of taxonomy concerned with the application of scientific names to [[taxa]], based on a particular classification scheme, in accordance with agreed international rules and conventions.

'''Identification''' determines whether a particular organism matches a taxon that has already been classified and named – so classification must precede identification.<ref>Stuessy, Tod F. 2008. ''Plant Taxonomy''. New York: Columbia Press. p.10. {{ISBN|0-231-06784-4}}.</ref> This procedure is sometimes referred to as ''determination''.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|5}}

===Biology===
{{Main article| Biological nomenclature}}
Although [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]' system of [[binomial nomenclature]] was rapidly adopted after the publication of his [[Species Plantarum]] and [[Systema Naturae]] in 1753 and 1758 respectively, it was a long time before there was international consensus concerning the more general rules governing [[biological nomenclature]]. The first botanical code was produced in 1905, the zoological code in 1889 and cultivated plant code in 1953. Agreement on the nomenclature and symbols for genes emerged in 1979.

:*[[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants]]
:*[[International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes]]
:*[[International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants]]
:*[[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]]
:* Virus nomenclature – used in [[Virus classification]]
:* [[Enzyme nomenclature]]<ref>NC-ICBMB & Webb, Edwin C.(eds) 1992. ''Enzyme Nomenclature 1992: Recommendations of the NCIUBMB on the Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes.'' London: Academic Press. {{ISBN|978-0-12-227165-6}}.</ref>
:*[[PhyloCode]] (the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature) – a recent code of biological nomenclature that took effect in 2020 (see also [[Phylogenetic nomenclature]]).<ref name="Cantino & de Queiroz 2020">{{cite book |last1=Cantino |first1=Philip D. |last2=de Queiroz |first2=Kevin |title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (PhyloCode) |date=2020 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0429821356 |page=Boca Raton, Florida  |url=https://www.routledge.com/International-Code-of-Phylogenetic-Nomenclature-PhyloCode/Queiroz-Cantino/p/book/9781138332829 |language=en}}</ref>
:* [[Terminologia Anatomica]] – international standard on human [[Anatomical terminology|anatomic terminology]]
:*[[Gene nomenclature]]
:* Red Cell Nomenclature<ref>Rozenberg, Gillian 2004. [http://www.collegenaturalmedicine.com/images/LBA/redcellnomenclature.pdf ''Red Cell Nomenclature''.] Westmead, Sydney: RCPA Haematology QAP. Retrieved 2009-09-23.</ref>
:*[[Global Medical Device Nomenclature]] (GMDN) – used in [[medical device]]s.

===Astronomy===
{{Main article| Astronomical naming conventions}}
Over the last few hundred years, the number of identified astronomical objects has risen from hundreds to over a billion, and more are discovered every year. Astronomers need universal systematic designations to unambiguously identify all of these objects using [[astronomical naming conventions]], while assigning names to the most interesting objects and, where relevant, naming important or interesting features of those objects.

:* [[Planetary nomenclature]]
:* [[Meteorite|Meteorite nomenclature]]
:* [[International Astronomical Union]]

===Chemistry===
{{Main article| IUPAC nomenclature}}
The '''IUPAC nomenclature''' is a system of naming [[chemical compound]]s and for describing the science of [[chemistry]] in general. It is maintained by the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]].

* the ''[[Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry|Blue Book]]''<ref>IUPAC. 1979. ''[[Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry|Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, Sections A, B, C, D, E, F, and H]]''. Oxford: [[Pergamon Press]].</ref><ref>IUPAC. 1993. ''[[A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds]]''. Oxford: [[Blackwell Scientific Publications]].</ref> and the ''[[IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005|Red Book]]'':<ref name="redbook">{{cite book|author=Connelly Neil G., McCleverty Jon A.|title=Nomenclature of inorganic chemistry II: recommendations 2000|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|year=2001|isbn=0-85404-487-6|location=Cambridge}}</ref> the two publications containing the rules for naming [[Organic compound|organic]] and [[inorganic compound]]s.<ref>available [http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/ here.]</ref>
* the ''[[Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry|Green Book]]'', contains recommendations for the use of [[symbol]]s for [[Physical quantity|physical quantities]] (in association with the [[IUPAP]])<ref>IUPAC. 2007. ''[[Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry]]'' (3rd ed.). Oxford: [[Blackwell Scientific Publications]].</ref>
* the ''[[Gold Book]]'', defines a large number of technical terms used in chemistry.<ref>IUPAC 1997. ''Compendium of Chemical Terminology, IUPAC Recommendations.'' 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.</ref>

Similar [[Compendium|compendia]] exist for [[biochemistry]]<ref>IUPAC 1992. ''Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents.'' London: Portland Press.</ref> (in association with the [[IUBMB]]), [[analytical chemistry]]<ref>IUPAC 1998. ''Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature, Definitive Rules 1997.'' 3rd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.</ref> and [[macromolecular chemistry]].<ref>IUPAC 1991. ''Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature''. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.</ref> These books are supplemented by shorter recommendations for specific circumstances which are published from time to time in the [[Scientific journal|journal]] ''[[Pure and Applied Chemistry]]''. These systems can be accessed through the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] (IUPAC).

===Other sciences===

* '''Metallurgy''': the classic English translation of ''[[De re metallica]]'' includes an appendix (Appendix C) detailing problems of nomenclature in [[weights and measures]].
* '''Physics''': [[Unit of measurement|symbols, units and nomenclature]].<ref>The Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System. 1978 [[bibcode:1978|Symbols, units and nomenclature in physics.]] ''[[Physica A]]'' 93(1–2):1–60. Retrieved 2009-09-23.</ref>
* '''Archaeology''': [[Typology (archaeology)|typology]] and [[archaeological record]]

==See also==
* [[International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology]]
* [[British Approved Name]]
* [[Controlled vocabulary]]
* [[Metadata]]
* [[Naming convention]]
* [[Terminology]]
*[[Nomenklatura]]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Keats-Rohan|editor-first=Katharine|editor-link=Katharine Keats-Rohan|title=Prosopography Approaches and Applications: A Handbook|year=2007|location=Oxford|publisher=Unit for Prosopographical Research|isbn=9781900934121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98L4FS-1i1YC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Room|first=Adrian|title=An Alphabetical Guide to the Language of Name Studies|year=1996|location=Lanham and London|publisher=The Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810831698 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEtiAAAAMAAJ}}

==Further reading==
* Scheetz, George H. (1988). ''Names' Names: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon.'' ("What's In a Name?" Chapbook Series; 2.) Sioux City, Ia.: Schütz Verlag.

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|nomenclature|Nomenclatura|Nomenclator}}
* [http://www.icosweb.net/ International Council of Onomastic Sciences] Retrieved 2009-09-23.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140817123022/http://www.wtsn.binghamton.edu/ans/ American Name Society] Promote [[onomastics]], the study of names and naming practices, both in the United States and abroad. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
* [http://www.namingschemes.com/Main_Page Namingschemes.com] A wiki dedicated to the education and sharing of naming schemes. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080820014143/http://obofoundry.org/wiki/index.php/Naming Ontology Naming Conventions] The application of unified labeling or naming conventions in [[ontology engineering]] will help to harmonize the appearance and increase the robustness of ontological representational units such as class and relation names. A full free access paper with the naming conventions is accessible online under http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/10/125 Retrieved 2010-01-11.

{{Philosophy of language}}
{{Names_in_world cultures}}
{{Lexicography}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Naming|+]]
[[Category:Scientific nomenclature| ]]
[[Category:Linguistics terminology]]