View source for Non-English-based programming languages

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'''Non-English-based programming languages''' are [[programming language]]s that do not use keywords taken from or inspired by [[English language|English]] vocabulary.

== Prevalence of English-based programming languages ==
{{further|English in computing}}

The use of the [[English language]] in the inspiration for the choice of elements, in particular for [[keyword (computer programming)|keyword]]s in computer programming languages and code libraries, represents a significant trend in the history of language design. According to the HOPL online database of languages,<ref>In [http://hopl.info HOPL (History of Programming Languages)], advanced search finds languages by country.</ref> out of the 8,500+ programming languages recorded, roughly 2,400 of them were developed in the [[United States]]<!-- I searched for all US entries, then counted pages, multiplied by entries per page -->, 600 in the [[United Kingdom]], 160 in [[Canada]], and 75 in [[Australia]]. Thus, over a third of all programming languages have been developed in countries where English is the primary language. This does not take into account the usage share of each programming language, situations where a language was developed in a non-English-speaking country but used English to appeal to an international audience (see the case of [[Python (programming language)|Python]] from the [[Netherlands]], [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]] from [[Japan]], and [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]] from [[Brazil]]), and situations where it was based on another programming language which used English.

== International programming languages ==
The concept of international-style programming languages was inspired by the work of British [[computer scientist]]s [[Christopher Strachey]], [[Peter Landin]], and others. It represents a class of languages of which the line of the algorithmic languages [[ALGOL]] was exemplary.

===ALGOL 68===

[[ALGOL 68]]'s standard document was published in numerous [[natural languages]]. The standard allowed the internationalization of the programming language. On December 20, 1968, the "Final Report" (MR 101) was adopted by the Working Group, then subsequently approved by the General Assembly of [[UNESCO]]'s [[IFIP]] for publication. Translations of the standard were made for [[Russian language|Russian]], [[German language|German]], [[French language|French]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], and then later [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. The standard was also available in {{Clarify|date=March 2022|reason=Braille for which language(s)?|text=[[Braille]]}}. ALGOL 68 went on to become the [[GOST|GOST/ГОСТ]]-27974-88 standard in the [[Soviet Union]].
* GOST 27974-88 Programming language ALGOL 68 – Язык программирования АЛГОЛ 68<ref>{{cite web |url= http://vak.ru/lib/exe/fetch.php/book/gost/pdf/gost-27974-88.pdf |title= GOST 27974-88 Programming language ALGOL 68 – Язык программирования АЛГОЛ 68 |language= ru |year= 1988 |publisher= [[GOST]] |access-date= November 15, 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170324231641/http://vak.ru/lib/exe/fetch.php/book/gost/pdf/gost-27974-88.pdf |archive-date= March 24, 2017 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
* GOST 27975-88 Programming language ALGOL 68 extended – Язык программирования АЛГОЛ 68 расширенный<ref>
{{cite web | url=http://vak.ru/lib/exe/fetch.php/book/gost/pdf/gost-27975-88.pdf
 | title=GOST 27975-88 Programming language ALGOL 68 extended – Язык программирования АЛГОЛ 68 расширенный
 | language=ru | year=1988 | publisher=[[GOST]]
 | access-date=November 15, 2008 }}</ref>
In English, Algol68's case statement reads '''case''' ~ '''in''' ~ '''out''' ~ '''esac'''. In [[Russian language|Russian]], this reads '''выб''' ~ '''в''' ~ '''либо''' ~ '''быв'''.

===Citrine===

Localization is the core feature of the [[Citrine (programming language)|Citrine Programming Language]]. Citrine is designed to be translatable to every written human language. For instance the [[West Frisian language]] version is called Citrine/FY. Citrine features localized keywords, localized numbers and localized punctuation. Users can translate code files from one language into another using a string-based approach. At the time of writing, Citrine supports 111 human languages. Support is not limited to well-known languages; all natural human languages up to [[Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS)|EGIDS-6]] are being accepted for inclusion.

===Hedy===

Hedy is an [[open-source software|open-source]] programming language which was developed for programming education. It was designed to be as instructive as possible and as accessible as possible with a few unique features. {{As of|September 2024}} it supports 47 different languages,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hedycode.com/ |title=Hedy |access-date=2024-09-22}}</ref> meaning its keywords can be typed in any of those. It supports languages that do not use the [[Latin alphabet]] for their keywords and variable names and it also supports more numbering systems than [[Arabic numerals]], like [[Eastern Arabic numerals]]. All of these can be used interchangeably. The error messages are quite verbose, explaining what is wrong and what might be a fix.

===Scheme===

While [[internationalization and localization|internationalization]] is not a part of any [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]] standard, the expressiveness and flexibility of the language allows for the addition of internationalization as a [[Library (computing)|library]].  [https://github.com/metaphorm/international-scheme/ International Scheme] is an [[open source]] project to which anyone can contribute a translation.  Since translations of Scheme can be loaded as libraries, Scheme programs can be [[Multilingualism|multilingual]].

===Scratch===

[[Scratch (programming language)|Scratch]] is a block-based educational language. The text of the blocks is translated into many languages, and users can select different translations. Unicode characters are supported in variable and list names. (Scratch lists are not stored inside variables the way arrays or lists are handled in most languages. Variables only store strings, numbers, and, with workarounds, Boolean values, while lists are a separate data type that store sequences of these values.) Projects can be "translated" by simply changing the language of the editor, although this does not translate the variable names.

== Based on non-English languages ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Programming languages based on human languages other than English
!scope="col"|Basis
!scope="col"|Name
!scope="col"|Description
!scope="col"|Link
|-
|scope="row" rowspan="1" |[[Alsatian dialect|Alsatian]]
|Alsatran
|A version of [[Fortran]] with keywords and built-in identifiers all translated to Alsatian.
|<ref>{{Citation|publisher=Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes|title=Conception entre science et art. Regards multiples sur la conception|author=Jacques Perrin}}</ref>
|-
|scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Amharic]]
|AxumLight / Geez#
|Amharic-based programming language on the [[.NET Core|.NET]] platform
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=AxumLight {{!}} Amharic based programming language |url=https://www.ethiocloud.com/axumlight.aspx |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.ethiocloud.com}}</ref>
|-
|BunnaScript
|A multilingual JavaScript and TypeScript programming language that enables writing computer code in the user's native language. Currently supports Amharic language.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=BunnaScript {{!}} EthioCloud |url=https://www.ethiocloud.com/bunnascript.aspx |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.ethiocloud.com}}</ref>
|-
|scope="row" rowspan="10" |[[Arabic]]
|Al-Khawarizm
|Middle-level language for system programming with custom IDE. Intended for professional purpose. Supports Windows and Linux platforms. First design and development in 2008. Development status: active.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=الخوارزم : لغة البرمجة الاحترافية بالعربية |url=https://alkhawarizm.org/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=alkhawarizm.org}}</ref>
|-
| Jeem
| Arabic procedural programming language that uses features from both C and Pascal. Supports simple graphics. Intended for educational purposes. Developed by Mohammad Ammar Alsalka. Released in 2006.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=NameBright - Coming Soon |url=http://www.jeemlang.com/documentation/webframe.html |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.jeemlang.com}}</ref>
|-
|ARLOGO
|An open-source language based on the UCB [[Logo (programming language)|Logo]] interpreter.
|
|-
|Ebda3
|A multi-paradigm high-level programming language.
|
|-
|[[Qalb (programming language)|Qalb]]
|A [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]]-like programming language.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/1/25/3914150/alb-programming-language-based-on-arabic-script|title=Hello world: Meet قلب, a programming language based on Arabic script|date=25 January 2013}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=ramsey nasser / قلب |url=https://nas.sr/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=nas.sr}}</ref>
|-
|Kalimat
|A programming language that aims to help Arab children learn about programming.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabnet.me/english/editorials/business/industry/kalimat-first-arabic-programming-language-for-kids|title = Arabnet &#124; Kalimat: First Arabic Programming Language for Kids}}</ref>
|
|-
|Ammoria
|Object-oriented language
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=عمّوريا (عرب) أول لغة برمجة عربية مفتوحة المصدر |url=https://ammoria.sourceforge.net/ar/ar_index.html |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=ammoria.sourceforge.net}}</ref>
|-
|Loughaty (MyProLang)
|A general-purpose [[Natural language programming|natural]] [[Arabic language|Arabic]] [[programming language]] based on a proprietary syntax.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCECS2008/WCECS2008_pp225-230.pdf|title=IA eng}}.</ref>
|
|-
|Phoenix
|A C-like high-level imperative procedural language.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=عمّوريا (عرب) أول لغة برمجة عربية مفتوحة المصدر |url=https://ammoria.sourceforge.net/ar/ar_index.html |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=ammoria.sourceforge.net}}</ref>
|-
|Seen
|A Bilingual English/Arabic based language that transpiles to Rust.
|<ref>https://github.com/abukhadra/seen</ref>
|-
|[[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]
|Nasimi
|An Azerbaijani implementation of [[Python (programming language)|Python]].
|<ref>https://github.com/arazgholami/nasimi</ref>
|-
|scope="row"|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|ChaScript
|Built using [[ECMAScript]] grammar.<ref>{{Citation|title=ChaScript: Breaking the language barrier using Bengali programming system|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/ICECE.2014.7026875|s2cid=39503002}}.</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=চা Script - Home |url=https://sjishan.github.io/chascript/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=sjishan.github.io}}</ref>
|-
|scope="row" rowspan="4" |[[Chinese language|Chinese]]
|[[Chinese BASIC]]
|[[Chinese language|Chinese]]-localized [[BASIC]] dialects based on [[Applesoft BASIC]]; for [[Taiwan]]ese [[Apple II]] [[List of Apple II clones|clones]] and the Multitech [[Microprofessor II]].
|
|-
|{{Interlanguage link|ChinesePython|zh|周蟒}} (ZhPy)
|A version of [[Python (programming language)|Python]] with keywords and built-in identifiers all translated to Chinese.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=english.ht |url=http://www.chinesepython.org/english/english.html |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.chinesepython.org}}</ref>
|-
|[[Easy Programming Language]]
|A Chinese [[rapid application development]] language.
|
|-
|Wenyan
|An esoteric language that closely follows the grammar and sentence structure of [[Classical Chinese]]; it compiles to [[JavaScript]] and Python (with C, etc. forthcoming).
|{{github|LingDong-/wenyan-lang}} <ref>http://wenyan-lang.lingdong.works</ref>
|-
|scope="row"|[[Czech language|Czech]] and [[Slovak language|Slovak]]
|[[Karel (programming language)#Variants and descendants|Karel]]
|An [[educational programming language]] with Czech and Slovak versions.
|
|-
|scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Dutch language|Dutch]]
|Superlogo
|Created for [[Virtual learning environment|computer-aided instruction]], based on [[Logo (programming language)|Logo]].
|
|-
|Drama
|An assembly language for educational purposes.
|
|-
|scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Finnish language|Finnish]]
|sampo
|An educational [[Forth (programming language)|Forth]]-like programming language used in the 1980s by a high school in the city of [[Oulu]].
|
|-
|Tampio
|Made to look like a natural language. Object-oriented.
|{{github|fergusq/tampio}}
|-
|scope="row" rowspan="7" |[[French language|French]]
|GOTO++
|An esoteric programming language loosely based on French and English.
|<ref>http://www.gotopp.org/index.html.en</ref>
|-
|[[Linotte]]
|
|
|-
|[[LSE (programming language)|LSE]] (Language Symbolique d'Enseignement)
|A pedagogical programming language designed in the 1970s at the École Supérieure d'Électricité. A kind of BASIC, but with procedures, functions, and local variables, like in Pascal.
|
|-
|BASICOIS
|BASIC with French keywords<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/qf/1983-n50-qf1210773/55407ac.pdf|title=Les langages de programmation|first=Marcel|last=Labelle}}.</ref>
|
|-
|[[SPIP]]
|Templating language with French syntax<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.spip.net/@|title=Language glossary|author=Spip documentation team}}.</ref>
|
|-
|{{ill|2=fr|WLangage}}
|{{ill|2=fr|WinDev}} programming language
|
|-
|Rouille
|[[Rust (programming language)|Rust]] translated into French<ref>{{Citation|url=https://github.com/bnjbvr/rouille|title=Rouille language homepage|date=6 June 2022 }}.</ref>
|{{github|bnjbvr/rouille}}
|-
| rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[German language|German]]
|Teuton
|A German implementation of [[Python (programming language)|Python]].
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=teuton |url=http://www.fiber-space.de/EasyExtend/doc/teuton/teuton.htm |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.fiber-space.de}}</ref>
|-
|Schlange
|Another German implementation of [[Python (programming language)|Python]].
|<ref>{{Citation |last=actopozipc |title=actopozipc/German-Python-Interpreter |date=2025-10-16 |url=https://github.com/actopozipc/German-Python-Interpreter |access-date=2025-11-04}}</ref>
|-
|{{ill|2=de|Robot Karol}}
|A 3D implementation and German translation of [[Karel (programming language)|Karel]] used for educational purposes in secondary education.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Greek language|Greek]]
|Glossa
|Based on [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]], used for educational purposes in secondary education.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ο Διερμηνευτής της ΓΛΩΣΣΑΣ για την Ανάπτυξη Εφαρμογών σε Προγραμματιστικό Περιβάλλον (ΑΕΠΠ) |url=https://alkisg.mysch.gr/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=alkisg.mysch.gr}}</ref>
|-
|M2000
|Programming Environment using Greek and or English Keywords. Basic like language (interpreter) with over 500 Keywords, including OOP, Threads, Events, Lambda Functions.
|[[List of BASIC dialects]],
{{github|M2000Interpreter/Environment}}
|-
|[[Hausa language|Hausa]]
|Hapy
|Hausa Programming language that compiles to Python, for educational purposes.
|<ref>https://github.com/hapy-lang/hapy Hapy Github page</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]
|TamliLogo
|A Hebrew implementation of [[Logo (programming language)|Logo]].
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=תמלילוגו |url=http://www.orianit.edu-negev.gov.il/bagrutcm/cp/homepage/tamlilogo.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220705180901/http://www.orianit.edu-negev.gov.il/bagrutcm/cp/homepage/tamlilogo.htm |archive-date=2022-07-05 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.orianit.edu-negev.gov.il}}</ref>
|-
| Genesis
| An esoteric programming language based on "Paleo-Hebrew".
|<ref>{{Citation |last=Litman |first=Elon |title=elonlit/Genesis |date=2025-10-21 |url=https://github.com/elonlit/Genesis |access-date=2025-11-04}}</ref>
|-
|scope="row" rowspan="6" |[[Hindi]]
|OM Lang
|OM Lang is a multilingual, statically typed programming language that supports more than 9+ Indian languages. OM Lang is very similar to GO, C and Rust. It has its own interpreter and compiler. 
|
,<ref>https://omlang.com/ OM Lang</ref><ref>https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.omlang OM Lang Android App {{dead link|date=August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Bharat programming language
|A Hindi programming language with core functionality like loops, function, classes, and structures. Its interpreter is written in Python, and can be installed locally or used online.
|
<ref>https://bharatam.netlify.com</ref>
|-
|Kalaam.io
|Kalaam is a programming language in Hindi and has all the core functionality of a modern programming language, such as for loops, while loops, functions and conditional statements. Kalaam has its own parser, interpreter, virtual memory stack and it executes source code from a parse tree.
|<ref>https://www.kalaam.io/</ref>
|-
|Bhailang
|Bhailang is a dynamically typed toy programming language based on an inside joke, written in TypeScript.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhailang - A toy programming language based on an inside joke |url=https://bhailang.js.org/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Bhailang Documentation}}</ref>
|-
|Hindi Programming Language
|A Hindi programming language for the [[.NET Framework]].
|<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121001163914/http://www.sktnetwork.com/portfolio/hindi-programming-language</ref>
|-
|W language
|A Hindi translated HTML language
|{{github|rvenkatesh29/w_language}}
|-
|scope="row"|[[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|[[Hindawi Programming System]]
|A set of variants of C, [[C++]], [[Lex (software)|lex]], [[yacc]], [[Assembly language|assembly]], [[BASIC]], and [[Logo (programming language)|Logo]]
|
|-
|scope="row"|[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]
|[[Fjölnir (programming language)|Fjölnir]]
|An imperative programming language from the 1980s.
|
|-
|scope="row"|[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
|BAIK
|C with Indonesian keywords.
|{{sourceforge|baik|BAIK}}
|-
|scope="row"|[[Irish language|Irish]]
|Setanta
|High level general purpose language that runs in the browser. Contains a graphics API that can be used to make games and animations
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Setanta {{!}} Teanga Ríomhchlarúcháin / Programming Language |url=https://try-setanta.ie/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=try-setanta.ie}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Italian language|Italian]]
|CadregaLisp
|A [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]] dialect based a comedian sketch of [[Aldo, Giovanni & Giacomo|Aldo Giovanni and Giacomo]]
|<ref>https://github.com/micheleriva/CadregaLisp CadregaLisp</ref> on [[GitHub]]
|-
|GomorraSQL
|A [[SQL]] dialect based upon the Italian series ''[[Gomorrah (TV series)|Gomorrah]]''
|<ref>https://github.com/aurasphere/gomorra-sql GomorraSQL</ref> on [[GitHub]]
|-
|Monicelli
|An esoteric programming language based upon the so-called "Supercazzola" of the movie ''[[My Friends (film)|My Friends]]''
|{{github|esseks/monicelli}}
|-
| rowspan="8" scope="row" |[[Japanese language|Japanese]]
|[[Dolittle (programming language)|Dolittle]]
|Developed for educational purposes. Freeware.
|<ref>http://dolittle.eplang.jp/</ref>
|-
|{{Interlanguage link|Himawari (programming language)|lt=Himawari|ja|ひまわり (プログラミング言語)}} ({{Nihongo2|ひまわり}})
|Succeeded by Nadeshiko. Freeware.
|<ref>http://kujirahand.com/himawari/</ref>
|-
|Kotodama ({{Nihongo2|ことだま}}) on Squeak
|Based on [[Squeak]]. For educational purposes.
|<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160408103217/http://crew-lab.sfc.keio.ac.jp/squeak/</ref>
|-
|{{Interlanguage link|Mind (programming language)|lt=Mind|ja|Mind (プログラミング言語)}}
|A variant of [[Forth (programming language)|FORTH]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scripts-lab.co.jp/mind/ver8/doc/01-Mechanism.html|title=|access-date=2021-07-31|website=Scripts Lab|last=Katagiri<!--片桐-->|first=Akira<!--明-->|language=ja|script-title=ja:1 Mindのしくみと特徴|trans-title=Mind – its mechanism and features|quote=(rough translation): Mind uses FORTH's mechanism. Even though FORTH was born in America, its grammar is similar to Japanese grammar.}}</ref> Commercial.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=日本語プログラミング言語 Mind |url=http://www.scripts-lab.co.jp/mind/whatsmind.html |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.scripts-lab.co.jp}}</ref>
|-
|{{Interlanguage link|Nadeshiko (programming language)|lt=Nadeshiko|ja|なでしこ (プログラミング言語)}} ({{Nihongo2|なでしこ}})
|Successor of Himawari. Open source freeware. Chosen (along with MIT Scratch) in one of the 3 official textbooks of technical arts for junior high schools in Japan, from 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forest.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/serial/yajiuma/1277779.html|date=2020-09-17|access-date=2021-07-31|website=WINDOWS FOREST (IT news site)|last=Tarui<!--樽井-->|first=Hideto<!--秀人-->|publisher=Impress Corporation|language=ja|script-title=ja:日本語で書けちゃうプログラミング言語「なでしこ」が中学の教科書に採用！|trans-title=Japanese programming language "Nadeshiko" adopted in a junior high textbook!}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kyoiku-tosho.co.jp/textbook_list/1394/|access-date=2021-07-31|website=Kyoiku tosho corporate website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625075317/https://www.kyoiku-tosho.co.jp/textbook_list/1394/|archive-date=2021-06-25|url-status=live|language=ja|script-title=ja:令和3年度中学校教科書|trans-title=2021 technical arts textbook for junior high school}}</ref>
|<ref>https://nadesi.com/</ref>
|-
|{{Interlanguage link|Produire (programming language)|lt=Produire|ja|プロデル}}
|An object-oriented Japanese programming language. Successor of TTSneo. Freeware.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=日本語プログラミング言語「プロデル」 |url=https://produ.irelang.jp/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=日本語プログラミング言語「プロデル」公式サイト |language=ja}}</ref>
|-
|{{Interlanguage link|TTSneo|ja|TTSneo}}
|A Japanese programming language. Succeeded by Produire. Freeware.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TTSneo公式サイト |url=https://tts.utopiat.net/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=tts.utopiat.net}}</ref>
|-
|Unchiku ({{Nihongo2|うんちく}})
|A Japanese programming language. Has limited functions/operations. Developed for educational purposes.
|<ref>https://python3lover.github.io/unchiku/</ref>
|-
|scope="row"|[[Javanese language|Javanese]]
|sawa
|A Javanese translated Python language.
|{{github|lantip/sawa}}
|-
|scope="row" rowspan="4" |[[Korean language|Korean]]
|Ssiat ({{lang|ko|씨앗}})
|A language using [[Hangul]] (Korean). The name ''Ssiat'' (씨앗) means "seed" in Korean.
|
|-
|{{ill|Aheui|ko|아희}} ({{lang|ko|아희}})
|An [[esoteric programming language]] similar to [[Befunge]] but using Hangul<ref>{{Citation|url=http://esolangs.org/wiki/Aheui|title=Esolang|type=wiki|contribution=Aheui}}.</ref>
|
|-
|Changjo ({{lang|ko|창조}})
|A language using Hangul. It is used for multimedia and game programming.
|
|-
|hForth
|A [[Forth (programming language)|Forth]] system with an optional Korean keyword set.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=hForth - A Small, Portable ANS Forth |url=https://www.taygeta.com/hforth.html |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.taygeta.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Latin]]
|Lusus
|
|
|-
|Lingua::Romana::Perligata
|Alternative Syntax for [[Perl 5]] that allows programming in Latin.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Client Challenge |url=https://metacpan.org/pod/distribution/Lingua-Romana-Perligata/lib/Lingua/Romana/Perligata.pm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250930152621/https://metacpan.org/pod/distribution/Lingua-Romana-Perligata/lib/Lingua/Romana/Perligata.pm |archive-date=2025-09-30 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=metacpan.org |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Latvian language|Latvian]]
|LVskripts
|Javascript translated into Latvian.
|<ref>https://github.com/dzzintars/LVskripts LVskripts</ref> on [[GitHub]]
|-
|Dzintars
|Ruby translated into Latvian.
|{{github|dzintars-valoda/dzintars}}
|-
|scope="row"|[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]
|Setonas
|Python translated into Lithuanian.
|{{github|Setonas/setonas}}
|-
|scope="row"| [[Malay language|Malay]]
| Malaybasic
| [[BASIC]] with Malay keywords
| <ref>https://www.malaybasic.com/</ref>
|-
|scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| Thengascript
| A dialect of [[JavaScript]] in the Malayalam language.
| <ref>https://makers-of-kerala.com/thengascript/</ref>
|-
| Malluscript
| An esoteric [[scripting language]] made with [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]] based on [[Manglish#Other usage|Manglish]] with an aim to provide inclusivity and diversity in programming.
| <ref>https://github.com/Sreyas-Sreelal/malluscript</ref>
|-
|[[Plains Cree language|Nehiyawewin/Cree]]
|Ancestral Code (Cree#)
|An [[Integrated development environment|IDE]] and language based on the [[Cree|Nehiyaw (Cree)]] language and cultural storytelling practice.
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Corbett |first=Jon |date=2023-07-20 |title=ᐊᒐᐦᑭᐯᐦᐃᑲᓇ ᒫᒥᑐᓀᔨᐦᐃᒋᑲᓂᐦᑳᓂᕽ {{!}} acahkipehikana mâmitoneyihicikanihkânihk {{!}} Programming with Cree# and Ancestral Code: Nehiyawewin Spirit Markings in an Artificial Brain |url=https://digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/17/2/000699/000699.html |journal=Digital Humanities Quarterly |volume=017 |issue=2 |issn=1938-4122}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" scope="row" |[[Persian language|Persian]]
|Farsinet
|An [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] programming language for [[.NET Framework]]. It is similar to C# and Delphi.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Code Archive - Long-term storage for Google Code Project Hosting. |url=https://code.google.com/archive/p/farsinet |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=code.google.com}}</ref>
|-
|Kharazmi
|A Persian programming language and IDE designed to teach programming to middle school students, similar to [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]]
|
|-
|Zangar
| Zangar (Persian for Rust) allows you to write Rust programs in Persian, using Persian keywords and function names. It is adapted from Rouille, the original French implementation of Rust. 
|{{github|ui-ce/zangar}}
|-
|Kati (زبان کاتی)
| An online programming language in Persian language.
|<ref>http://www.scanf.ir/?page=kati</ref>
|-
|Hashemi (آقای هاشمی)
| forked from "SimpleLanguage" that is a simple example language built using the Truffle API.
|{{github|mr-hashemi/mr-hashemi}}
|-
|Simorgh (SPL)
|SPL has been invented with the aim that non-technical people would be able to produce their own portable applications which can be written in their own native language.
|<ref>http://www.simorghonline.com</ref>
|-
|scope="row" rowspan="4" |[[Polish language|Polish]]
|AC-Logo
|Logo with Polish commands IDŹ, OTO, NAPRZÓD etc. created in 1992
|
|-
|[[SAKO (programming language)|SAKO]]
|A language created in the 1950s and nicknamed the "Polish [[Fortran]]"
|
|-
|EOL
|Expression-Oriented Language allowed for the use of both Polish and English keywords.
|
|-
|Zdzich
|Amateur programming language for DOS.
|<ref>https://www.jelcyn.com/dos/zdzich.htm</ref>
|-
|scope="row" rowspan="7" |[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
|Delégua
|A general purpose programming language, for educational and commercial purposes.
|<ref>https://github.com/DesignLiquido/delegua</ref>
|-
|VisuAlg
|A language designed to teach programming, based on [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]].
|<ref>http://visualg3.com.br/</ref>
|-
|potigol
|A functional programming language in Portuguese for beginners.
|<ref>https://potigol.github.io/</ref>
|-
| {{ill|Portugol|pt}}
| A programming language with Portuguese keywords.
|
|-
| {{ill|Portugol Studio|pt}}
| A variation of Portugol that based in C and [[PHP]] for learning purposes.
|<ref>http://lite.acad.univali.br/portugol/</ref>
|-
| [[G-Portugol]]
| A variation of Portugol.
|{{github|thiago-silva/gpt}}
|-
| NPortugol
| A .NET Programming language for embedded scripts. A variation of Portugol.
| <ref>https://ricardoborges.github.io/NPortugol/</ref>
|-
|scope="row" rowspan="11" |[[Russian language|Russian]]
|[[1C:Enterprise]]
|A framework and language for business applications. English keywords can also be used.
|
|-
|[[Rapira|РАПИРА]]
|An interpreted procedural programming language with strong dynamic type system.
|
|-
|[[Аналитик]]
|A language for symbolic manipulations with algebraic expressions used in the Soviet series of [[MIR (computer)|MIR]] computers.<ref>{{Citation|publisher=ACM|title=Analitik|year=1974 |doi=10.1145/1086837.1086841 |last1=Husberg |first1=Nisse |last2=Seppänen |first2=Jouko |journal=ACM SIGSAM Bulletin |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=24–25 |s2cid=510819 |doi-access=free }}.</ref>
|
|-
|[[Эль-76]]
|A language for symbolic manipulations with algebraic expressions used in the Soviet series of [[Elbrus (computer)|Elbrus]] computers.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://io89.pl.tl/%26%231059%3B%26%231089%3B%26%231090%3B%26%231072%3B%26%231074%3B%26%231099%3B-%26%231085%3B%26%231072%3B-%26%231082%3B%26%231110%3B%26%231088%3B%26%231099%3B%26%231083%3B%26%231110%3B%26%231094%3B%26%231099%3B.htm#eli|publisher=Кірыліца ў сеціве|title=Эль-76}}.</ref>
|
|-
|{{ill|ЯМБ|ru|ЯМБ}}
|ЯМБ (язык машин бухгалтерских) (machine language for accounting machines) – A Russian programming language for Iskra-554, Iskra-555, and Neva-501 specialized accounting computers.
|
|-
|{{ill|КуМир|ru|КуМир}}
|Similar to [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]] and IDE, mainly intended for educational usage in schools. The name is an acronym, which means ''Комплект ученический 'Мир''' ('Mir' student's environment).
|
|-
|[[Robic|Робик]]
|A simple language for teaching the basics of programming to children.
|
|-
|ЯАП
|A language used on [[Nairi (computer)|Nairi]]
|
|-
|АЛМИР-65
|A language used on [[MIR (computer)|MIR]]
|
|-
|{{Interlanguage link|UAYa|lt=УАЯ|ru|Учебный алгоритмический язык|WD=}}
|A language to study programming
|
|-
|ХУЯ
|A language to study programming
|<ref>https://github.com/tsoding/good_training_language</ref>
|-
|scope="row"|[[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]
||<ref>https://omlang.com/ OM Lang</ref>
|OM Lang is a [[statically typed]], [[multilingual]] programming language with first-class support for Sanskrit. It claims to be the world's first Sanskrit programming language, offering Sanskrit keywords and syntax. The language aims to experiment with using Sanskrit in programming.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=OM Lang → World's First Sanskrit & Multilingual Programming Language |url=https://omlang.com/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|scope="row"|[[Serbian language|Serbian]]
|Ћ плус плус
|Ћ плус плус (Serbian, "C plus plus") is a [[JavaScript]] like programming language based on [[Cyrillic script]]
|<ref>https://ћпп.срб</ref>
|-
|scope="row"|[[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
|<ref>https://ceylonicus.vercel.app/ Ceylonicus</ref>
|Ceylonicus, the first Sinhala-based programming language:
Ceylonicus is an [[Open-source software|open-source]], [[Interpreter (computing)|interpreted]], and [[Functional programming|functional]] programming language designed to bridge the gap between [[English language|English]] and [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] syntax within a unified codebase. As a Sinhala Programming Language, it empowers developers to express their ideas in both languages seamlessly. Ceylonicus is implemented in [[Python (programming language)|Python]], and features a web-based environment, built using [https://brython.info Brython].
|,<ref>https://ceylonicus.vercel.app/ Run Online (WEB IDE)</ref> {{github|RezSat/Ceylonicus Source Code}}
|-
| rowspan="9" scope="row" |[[Spanish language|Spanish]]
|GarGar
|A procedural programming language based on [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]] for learning purposes.<ref>{{Citation|title=Manual del lenguaje GarGar|url=http://simpleza.org/manual-gargar/|trans-title=GarGar Manual|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105104415/http://simpleza.org/manual-gargar/|language=es|archive-date=November 5, 2016}}.{{Dead link|date=July 2019|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
|
|-
|Vainilla
|A pseudocode interpreter for Spanish that runs in the browser.
|<ref>https://vainilla.app</ref>
|-
|[[PSeInt]]
|A pseudocode interpreter for Spanish, like Pascal, with a completely Spanish-based syntax. PSeInt is an abbreviation for ''Pseudocode Interpreter''.
|
|-
|Qriollo
|An impure strict functional programming language that compiles to C, Python, and JVM Bytecode, with keywords in [[Rioplatense Spanish]], spoken in [[Buenos Aires]].
|<ref>https://qriollo.github.io/</ref>
|-
|{{ill|Latino_(lenguaje_de_programación)|lt=Latino|es}}
|A language with a completely Spanish-based syntax.
|<ref>https://www.lenguajelatino.org</ref>
|-
|Sí
|A direct translation pseudo-language for coding in C and C++ with Spanish keywords.
|<ref>https://akercheval.github.io/si/</ref>
|-
|{{ill|Pauscal|es}}
|A language with a completely Spanish-based syntax; compiler for 32-bit Windows.
|
|-
|{{ill|InformATE|es}}
|A translation of [[Inform]], used for creating text-based games.
|
|-
|EsJS
|An interpreted programming language with Spanish syntax, based on JavaScript.
|,<ref>https://es.js.org/ Website</ref><ref>https://editor.esjs.dev/ Playground</ref><ref>https://aprender.esjs.dev/ Learn</ref> {{github|es-js/esjs}}
|-
| scope="row" |[[Swahili language|Swahili]]
|swap
|Swahili Programming Language; it is an educational programming language built over Nodejs, It was built as way to help Swahili speakers to easily grasp the concept of coding and programming in general.
|<ref>http://swap.edtech.co.tz/</ref><ref>http://edtech.co.tz/</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |[[Swedish language|Swedish]]
|Enkelt
|A language with a completely Swedish-based syntax. Transpiled to Python.
|<ref>https://enkelt.edvard.dev</ref>
|-
|scope="row"|[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]
|Bato
|Ruby translated into Tagalog.
|{{github|jjuliano/bato}}
|-
|scope="row" rowspan="8" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[Ezhil (programming language)|Ezhil]]
|Developed for educational purposes.
|
|-
|eTamil
|The purpose of eTamil is to be an Indian DSL for Accounts & Fintech.
|{{github|Maruff/eTamil}}
|-
|Swaram
|A simple, general-purpose and procedural language.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.infitt.org/ti2003/papers/15_ganesh.pdf|publisher=Infitt|year=2003|title=Ganesh}}.</ref>
|
|-
|Agaram
|A simple, Tamil programming language with interpreter and compiler. 
|{{github|agaram-programming-language}}
|-
|Niral
|A Tamil programming language with Tamil & Latin script.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://ijarcce.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/IJARCCE.2024.134206.pdf|publisher=IJARCCE|year=2024|title=Niral}}.</ref>
|
|-
|Thendral
|Thendral is a transpiler - Translates thendral ( a scripting language in Tamil ) to valid JavaScript 
|{{github|agaram-programming-language/thendral}}
|-
|Maghilchi
|It is an interpreted language with a natural language-like syntax with Tamil words.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://medium.com/@harishhacker3010/maghilchi-a-tamil-based-programming-language-4ca152bf772f|publisher=Medium|year=2022|title=Maghilchi}}.</ref>
|
|-
|W language
|HTML translation in Tamil language
|{{github|rvenkatesh29/w_language}}
|-
|scope="row"|[[Turkish language|Turkish]]
|Yakamoz
|A Turkish implementation similar to that of [[Python (programming language)|Python]].
|<ref>https://yakamoz.netlify.app/</ref>
|-
|scope="row"|[[Urdu]]
|UrduScript
|A dialect of [[JavaScript]].
|<ref>https://asadmemon.com/urduscript/</ref>
|-
|[[Welsh language|Welsh]]
|Draig
|A Welsh implementation of [[Raku (programming language)|Raku]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-15 |title=Creating a new programming language - Draig |url=https://dev.to/finanalyst/creating-a-new-programming-language-draig-503p |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=DEV Community |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]
|Yorlang
|Built on top of [[Node.js]].
|<ref>https://anoniscoding.github.io/yorlang/docs/doc.html</ref>
|-
|scope="row" rowspan="12" {{Varies|''Various''}}
|[[Logo (programming language)|Logo]]
|In one of its [[Apple II]] editions, it was available in [[French language|French]]. A version used in Bulgarian education with [[Pravetz computers|Bulgarian Apple II clones]] was translated in [[Bulgarian (language)|Bulgarian]]. LOGO for the [[Commodore 64]] had an [[Italian language|Italian]] localization.
|
|-
|[[4th Dimension (software)|4th Dimension]]
|On local versions, its internal language uses [[French language|French]] or [[German language|German]] keywords.
|
|-
|[[FOCAL (programming language)|FOCAL]]
|Keywords were originally in English, but [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] produced versions of FOCAL in several European languages.
|
|-
|[[Mama (software)|Mama]]
|An educational programming language and development environment, designed to help young students start programming by building 3D animations and games. It is currently available in English, Hebrew, Yiddish, and Chinese.
|
|-
|[[Microsoft Word|MS Word]] and [[Microsoft Excel|MS Excel]]
|Their [[Macro (computer science)|macro]] languages used to be localized in non-English languages.
|
|-
|ML4
|A language for client/server database programming, with keywords in English or German.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.ml-software.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=10&Itemid=22|publisher=ML-Software|title=C/S Entwicklungsumgebung ML4}}.</ref>
|
|-
|[[RoboMind]]
|An educational programming language available in [[Arabic]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Brazilian Portuguese]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], and [[Turkish language|Turkish]].
|
|-
|[[Scratch (programming language)|Scratch]]
|An introductory [[Visual programming language|visual programming]] language from MIT's Media Lab with support for programming in multiple languages included as standard.
|
|-
|[[Catrobat]]
|A visual programming language targeted at teenagers with support for more than 60 languages like Slovenian, Polish, Hindi, German, Romanian, Turkish, Norwegian, Akan, Twi, Hebrew, Chinese Simplified, Indonesian, Swedish, Chinese Traditional, Portuguese, Brazilian, Croatian, Bosnian, Thai, Japanese, Sindhi, Tamil, Swahili, Arabic, Persian, Korean, Serbian (Cyrillic), Serbian (Latin), Bengali, French, Slovak, Vietnamese, Italian, Macedonian, Russian, Portuguese, English, Canada, Czech, Sinhala, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Dutch, Catalan, Albanian, Pashto, Gujarati, Finnish, Malay, Lithuanian, Malayalam, Danish, Hungarian, Afrikaans, Kannada, Greek, Bulgarian, Galician, Urdu (Pakistan), English, Australia, English, United Kingdom, Telugu, Ukrainian, Hausa and Igbo.
|<ref>https://catrobat.org</ref>
{{github|Catrobat/Catroid}}
{{github|Catrobat/Catty}}
|-
|[[TECO (text editor)|TECO]]
|The programming language used to drive the actions of the [[TECO (text editor)|TECO text editor]]. The MIT dialect of this language was used to program early versions of [[Emacs]] before its 1985 rewrite in [[Emacs Lisp]].
|
|-
|[[TI-BASIC|TI-Calculator BASIC]]
|The 68000 version is localized. Various configuration strings are localized too, preventing direct binary compatibility.
|
|-
|[[Citrine (programming language)|Citrine]]
|Programming language that can be used to code in any native human language, includes a translator module to translate code from one human language to another. At the time of writing it supports English, Dutch, Lithuanian and Romanian.
|
|}
{{anchor|Languages based on symbols instead of keywords}}

== Based on symbols instead of keywords ==
* [[APL (programming language)|APL]] – A language based on mathematical notation and abstractions.
* [[Brainfuck]] – A minimalist esoteric programming language, created for the purpose of having the smallest possible [[compiler]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muppetlabs.com/~breadbox/bf/ |title=The Brainfuck Programming Language |publisher=Muppetlabs.com |access-date=2013-10-30}}</ref>
* Emojicode – An esoteric language based on [[Emoji]]s.
* G – Graphical language used in [[LabVIEW]] (not to be confused with G-code).
* [[Urbit|Hoon]] – A systems programming language for Urbit, compiling to Nock.
* [[J (programming language)|J]] – An [[APL (programming language)|APL]]-like language which uses only [[ASCII]] special characters and adds [[function-level programming]].
* Light Pattern – A language which uses a series of photographs rather than text as source code.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Light Pattern: Writing Code with Photographs|last = Temkin|date = August 2015|journal = Leonardo|volume = 48|issue = 4|pages = 375–381|doi = 10.1162/LEON_a_01091|s2cid = 57571969}}</ref>
* [[Mouse (programming language)|Mouse]] – A minimalist language created by Peter Grogono which uses ASCII characters for keywords.
* [[Piet (programming language)|Piet]] – An art-based esoteric programming language.
* [[Plankalkül]] – The first high-level non-von Neumann programming language, designed by [[Konrad Zuse]] during [[World War II]] in [[Nazi Germany|Germany]].
* [[Whitespace (programming language)|Whitespace]] – An esoteric language based on [[Whitespace (computer science)|whitespace]] characters (spaces, tabs, and line breaks).

== Modifiable parser syntax ==
* [http://www.babylscript.com/ Babylscript] – A multilingual version of JavaScript which uses multiple tokenizers to support localized keywords in different languages and which allows objects and functions to have different names in different languages.
* [[Component Pascal]] – A preprocessor that translates native-language keywords into English in an educational version of the [[BlackBox Component Builder]] available as open source.[http://www.inr.ac.ru/~info21/software.htm] The translation is controlled via a modifiable vocabulary and supported by modifiable compiler error messages. A complete Russian version is used in education, and it should be possible to accommodate other left-to-right languages (e.g., the [[Kabardian language]] has been tried as a proof of concept).
* [[HyperTalk]] – A programming language, which allows translation via custom resources, used in [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[HyperCard]].
* [http://ironperunis.codeplex.com/ IronPerunis] – An IronPython 2.7 localization to Lithuanian and Russian.
* [[AppleScript]] – A language which once allowed for different "dialects"<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221501771 |via=[[ResearchGate]]|doi=10.1145/1238844.1238845 |chapter=Apple ''Script'' |title=Proceedings of the third ACM SIGPLAN conference on History of programming languages |year=2007 |last1=Cook |first1=William R. |isbn=9781595937667 |s2cid=220938191 }}</ref> including French and Japanese; however, these were removed in later versions.
* [[Maude system|Maude]] – Completely user-definable syntax and semantics, within the bounds of the ASCII character set.<ref>[http://www.lshift.net/blog/2006/06/05/language-design-in-maude Language Design in Maude], by Matthias, 2006/06/05, LShift Ltd.</ref>
* [[Perl]] – While Perl's keywords and function names are generally in English, it allows modification of its parser to modify the input language, such as in [[Damian Conway]]'s [http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~damian/papers/HTML/Perligata.html Lingua::Romana::Perligata] module, which allows programs to be written in Latin, or his [https://metacpan.org/module/Lingua::tlhInganHol::yIghun Lingua::tlhInganHol::yIghun] Perl language in Klingon. They do not just change the keywords but also the grammar to match the language.
* [https://ioke.org Ioke] – Ioke is a folding language. It allows writing highly expressive code that writes code. Examples of same program in [https://github.com/olabini/ioke/blob/master/examples/multilang/chinese/account.ik Chinese], [https://github.com/olabini/ioke/blob/master/examples/multilang/danish/account.ik Danish], [https://github.com/olabini/ioke/blob/master/examples/multilang/hindi/account.ik Hindi] and [https://github.com/olabini/ioke/blob/master/examples/multilang/spanish/account.ik Spanish]

== References ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite web|url=http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/|title=HOPL, the History of Programming Languages|last=Pigott|first=Diarmuid|year=2006|access-date=2008-04-14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220044217/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/|archive-date=2011-02-20}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051201183617/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=2178 SAKO information page at HOPL] – By Diarmuid Pigott

{{Programming paradigms navbox}}
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[[Category:Non-English-based programming languages| ]]
[[Category:Lists of programming languages]]
[[Category:Natural language and computing|Programming languages]]