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{{short description|Historic time signal in Cape Town, South Africa since 1806}}
{{distinguish|Sundial cannon}}
{{about|the time gun in South Africa|the time gun in Hong Kong|Noonday Gun}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
[[File:Cape Town Noon Gun Firing.jpg|thumb|300x300px|{{center|Seen firing on 4 April 2018}}]]
[[File:Cape Town Noon Gun Firing.webm|thumb|Noon Gun firing in slow motion.]]
[[File:Noon Gun Tours Info Billboard Kira.png|thumb|A short history of the Noon Guns posted at the Lion Battery]]
[[File:Cape Town Noon Gun.ogg|thumb|Video of the Noon Gun being fired in Cape Town.  The gun is fired at precisely 12:00 every day from Signal Hill.]]
The '''Noon Gun''' is a [[time signal]] in [[Cape Town]], South Africa, since 1806. It consists of a pair of black powder Dutch naval guns, fired alternatingly with one serving as a backup. The guns are situated on [[Signal Hill (Cape Town)|Signal Hill]], close to the centre of the city. The sight seeing point is officially permanently closed, and public entrance is unattainable.

A similar tradition exists in different other locations around the world, including in Nice (France),<ref>{{Cite web |title=VIDEO. Nice. Qui se cache derrière le traditionnel coup de canon de midi ? |url=https://actu.fr/provence-alpes-cote-d-azur/nice_06088/video-nice-qui-se-cache-derriere-le-traditionnel-coup-de-canon-de-midi_50764593.html |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=actu.fr |language=fr}}</ref> [[Noonday Gun|Hong Kong]]<ref name="discoverhongkong">{{cite web|url=http://www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/attractions/architecture-noon-day-gun.html|title= Noon Day Gun|publisher=Discover Hong Kong|accessdate=31 March 2011}}</ref> and at both Québec citadel and Halifax citadel (Canada).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traditions |url=https://www.lacitadelle.qc.ca/fr/la-citadelle/traditions.html |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=La Citadelle de Québec – Musée Royal 22e Régiment |language=fr-fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Halifax |first=Discover |date=2019-06-25 |title=Get fired up for the daily Noon Gun at the Halifax Citadel |url=https://discoverhalifaxns.com/handpickedhalifax/halifax-citadel-noon-gun/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Discover Halifax |language=en-CA}}</ref>

== History ==
The settlement at the [[Cape of Good Hope]] was founded by the Dutch in 1652 and the signal guns were originally part of the regular artillery at the Imhoff Battery at the [[Castle of Good Hope|Castle]] in Cape Town.

The guns, which are still in use today, are 18 pounder smooth bore muzzle loading guns, and were designed by captain Thomas Blomfield in 1786. They were cast by Walker & Co. in early 1794, and proof fired at Woolwich in June 1794. After this type of gun was adopted by the Royal Navy as their standard naval gun, the Noon Guns were brought to Cape Town during the 1795 occupation.

In 1795 during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Britain took the [[Cape Colony]] from the [[Dutch East India Company]] (''(De) Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC)'' in [[Dutch language|Dutch]]). The VOC transferred its territories and claims to the [[Batavian Republic]] in 1798 and ceased to exist in 1799. The British handed the Cape Colony back to the Batavian Republic in 1803. However, in 1806 the Cape was occupied again by the British after the [[Battle of Blaauwberg]]. Thereafter the British controlled the Cape continuously until it became a part of the independent [[Union of South Africa]] in 1910. Shortly after the English took over, the two Dutch guns were removed from the Imoff Battery and redeployed in town as signal guns, and the Castle received the latest English 18-pounders. Because the very loud report of the cannons upset residents nearby, the guns were eventually moved to the somewhat more remote Lion Battery on [[Signal Hill (Cape Town)|Signal Hill]] at {{coord|33|54|54.6|S|18|24|41.85|E|type:landmark_region:ZA|name=Lion Battery|display=inline,title}}. The first signal fired from there was on 4 August 1902.

Sailing ships were slow by modern standards and could not store fresh food for long periods, so the provisioning of vessels was one of the major commercial functions at Cape Town in those olden days. The noon Gun in Cape Town can be heard as far as the Parow area if listening closely; Indeed, the city was widely renowned as "The Tavern of the Seas".<ref name="Morgan-301">{{cite book|last=Morgan|first=Morgan, Faith Cope|title=The stout effort : an account of a motor journey in Africa|publisher=Burns, Oates & Washbourne|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/stouteffortaccou00morguoft/page/301 301]|url=https://archive.org/details/stouteffortaccou00morguoft|access-date=2009-09-05}}</ref><ref name="MORTON-348">{{cite book|title=A Woman Surgeon The Life and Work of Rosalie Slaughter Morton |publisher=Frederick A. Stokes COMPANY|year=1937|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womansurgeonthel000367mbp/page/n379 358] (n379)|chapter=2009-09-05|url=https://archive.org/details/womansurgeonthel000367mbp}}</ref> There were no telephones or telegraphs before the latter half of the 19th century and the sound of the guns travelled much faster than a dispatch rider on a horse.  The guns were therefore originally used to announce the arrival of a ship, perhaps requiring provisions for the next leg of its journey, to residents living in the interior.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5AbAAAAIAAJ|title=A Tavern of the Ocean By Percy Ward Laidler|publisher=M. Miller, limited|year=1926|access-date=2008-10-04|author=Percy Ward Laidler|page=71}}</ref>  As more modern means of communications and transportation became available, Cape Town discontinued the use of the guns to announce that a ship was in port.

The original guns – [[18-pounder short gun|18-pounder]], [[smoothbore]] muzzle-loaders – are still in use today. The ritual represents one of Cape Town's oldest living traditions. These are the oldest guns in daily use in the world. They fire every day at 12 [[noon]] sharp, except Sundays and public holidays,<ref name="Argus">{{cite news|url=http://www.capetimes.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=1860&fArticleId=3025538|title=A visit to the Noon Gun is a blast|publisher=The [[Cape Times]] & Independent Online, 7 December 2005|access-date=2005-12-08}}
</ref> and are maintained by the [[South African Navy]].

==Time signalling==
In addition to the aforementioned port hailing duties, the guns have had the task of firing a time signal since 1806.  According to local tradition, the initial purpose of the gun was to allow ships in port to check the accuracy of their [[marine chronometer]]s (a precision instrument used aboard ships to help calculate [[longitude]]). The gun report might be too inaccurate for ships several kilometers away if they did not correctly compensate for the relatively slow [[speed of sound]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonnavi00muirgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonnavi00muirgoog/page/n582 555]|title=A Treatise on Navigation and Nautical Astronomy, Including the Theory of Compass Deviations|publisher=The United States Naval Institute|year=1906|author=William Carpenter Pendleton Muir}}</ref>
For this reason, ships marked their time by the puff of smoke rather than the sound, and this is one reason the guns are sited high above Cape Town Harbour.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

The invention of the more accurate [[time ball]] in 1818 soon made time guns redundant for mariners wishing to set their chronometers.<ref name=AUB>{{Cite book |last=Aubin |first=David |title=The Heavens on Earth: Observatories and Astronomy in Nineteenth-Century Science and Culture |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2010 |location=Durham, N.C. |page=164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EKzLQL3RQEC&pg=PA164 |isbn=978-0-8223-4640-1}}</ref>  The time ball on Signal Hill was used to relay time from the Cape Town Observatory, whose time ball was not visible from all parts of the bay. At precisely 1:30pm Cape Mean Time,<ref name="Pilot-57">{{cite book|last=De Horsey|first=Algernon|title=Africa pilot, Part III|year=1897|edition=6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/africapilot03greaiala/page/57 57]|chapter=II|url=https://archive.org/details/africapilot03greaiala|access-date=2009-09-05}}</ref> the ball would be dropped at the Observatory – an observer on Signal Hill would then drop that more prominent ball too. When setting their chronometers, mariners adjusted their observation of the time ball on Signal Hill by a second to allow for the relay from the observatory.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb__8BBAAAAIAAJ|title=The Seaman's Guide to the Navigation of the Indian Ocean and China Sea|author=William Henry Rosser, James Frederick Imray|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb__8BBAAAAIAAJ/page/n340 275]–276|year=1867|access-date=2008-10-04|publisher=J. Imray & Son}}</ref>

After the advent of the [[Galvanic current|galvanic]] [[telegraph]], it became possible to electrically trigger a gun remotely, and since 1864 the Noon Gun has been fired directly from the master [[clock]] of the oldest timekeeper in the country, the [[South African Astronomical Observatory]].<ref name="Argus"/> A South African Navy duty officer is present to ensure both guns are charged, explain the Noon Gun to any onlookers, and manually fire the backup gun in case of some failure with the active gun.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

== Notable events ==

There have been few remarkable incidents involving the guns over the centuries. Perhaps the most notable one occurred many decades ago, in the days when horse-drawn traffic was commonplace. The [[Cannon operation#Cannon instruments|rammer]] used to tamp the charge into the muzzle was inadvertently left in the bore of the [[cannon]], and when the gun fired the rammer flew down into the city and killed a horse.

One day in June 1895, the gun fired at 10:30 rather than 12:00 when a spider interfered with the relay used to remotely fire the gun.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1895-06-20/ed-1/seq-5/|title=The smallest artillerist|date=1895-06-20|publisher=[[San Francisco Call]]|pages=5|access-date=2009-09-04}}</ref>

On Friday 7 January 2005, both the main gun and backup gun failed to fire owing to a technical difficulty. This was the first time in 200&nbsp;years that the noon gun had not fired as scheduled.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=vn20050109140424356C144094|title= Noonday Gun fails for first time in 200 years|date=9 January 2005|publisher=iol.co.za}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[:Category:Time guns]]
* [[Smoke signal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Noon Gun}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927204850/http://www.saao.ac.za/~wpk/gallery/pics/noongun2.html Picture of Noon Gun being fired]
* [https://twitter.com/Signal_Hill_Gun Signal Hill Gun twitter account]

{{Cape Town|history}}
{{Time Topics}}
{{Time measurement and standards}}

[[Category:Cape Town]]
[[Category:Time guns]]
[[Category:Military history of Cape Town]]
[[Category:Maritime history of South Africa]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Cape Town]]