View source for Norman Fowler, Baron Fowler

{{Short description|British politician (born 1938)}}
{{Redirect|Norman Fowler|the ice hockey player|Hec Fowler}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
|name             = The Lord Fowler
|honorific-suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|PC}}
|image            = Official portrait of Lord Fowler crop 2.jpg
|caption          = Official portrait, 2018
|office           = [[Lord Speaker]]
|monarch          = [[Elizabeth II]]
|term_start       = 1 September 2016
|term_end         = 30 April 2021
|deputy           = [[The Lord McFall of Alcluith]]
|predecessor      = [[Frances D'Souza, Baroness D'Souza|The Baroness D'Souza]]
|successor        = [[The Lord McFall of Alcluith]]
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Shadow cabinet 1997–99}}
|office3          = [[Shadow Home Secretary]]
|leader3          = [[William Hague]]
|term_start3      = 2 June 1998
|term_end3        = 14 June 1999
|predecessor3     = [[Brian Mawhinney]]
|successor3       = [[Ann Widdecombe]]
|office4          = [[Shadow Secretary of State for  Environment]], [[Shadow Secretary of State for Transport|Transport]] [[Shadow Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government|and the Regions]]
|leader4          = [[William Hague]]
|term_start4      = 11 June 1997
|term_end4        = 1 June 1998
|predecessor4     = [[Sir George Young]]
|successor4       = [[Gillian Shephard]]
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
|office5          = [[Chairman of the Conservative Party]]
|leader5          = [[John Major]]
|term_start5      = 11 May 1992
|term_end5        = 15 July 1994
|predecessor5     = [[Chris Patten]]
|successor5       = [[Jeremy Hanley]]
|office6          = [[Secretary of State for Employment]]
|primeminister6   = [[Margaret Thatcher]]
|term_start6      = 13 June 1987
|term_end6        = 3 January 1990
|predecessor6     = [[David Young, Baron Young of Graffham|The Lord Young of Graffham]]
|successor6       = [[Michael Howard]]
|office7          = [[Secretary of State for Social Services]]
|primeminister7   = [[Margaret Thatcher]]
|term_start7      = 14 September 1981
|term_end7        = 13 June 1987
|predecessor7     = [[Patrick Jenkin]]
|successor7       = [[John Moore, Baron Moore of Lower Marsh|John Moore]]
|office8          = [[Secretary of State for Transport]]{{efn|Known as Minister of Transport until January 1981.}}
|primeminister8   = [[Margaret Thatcher]]
|term_start8      = 4 May 1979
|term_end8        = 14 September 1981
|predecessor8     = [[William Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank|Bill Rodgers]]
|successor8       = [[David Howell, Baron Howell of Guildford|David Howell]]
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Shadow Cabinet 1975–79}}
|office9          = [[Department for Transport|Shadow Minister of State for Transport]]
|leader9          = [[Margaret Thatcher]]
|term_start9      = 15 January 1976
|term_end9        = 4 May 1979
|successor9       = [[William Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank|Bill Rodgers]]{{efn|As Shadow Minister of Transport.}}
|office10         = [[Shadow Secretary of State for Social Services]]
|leader10         = [[Margaret Thatcher]]
|term_start10     = 18 February 1975
|term_end10       = 15 January 1976
|predecessor10    = 
|successor10      = [[Patrick Jenkin]]
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Parliamentary Representation {{nowrap|}}|titlestyle=border-top:solid 1pt #eee}}
|office11         = [[Member of the House of Lords]]<br />[[Lord Temporal]]
|term_start11     = 4 July 2001<br />[[Life peer]]age
|office12         = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]<br />for [[Sutton Coldfield (UK Parliament constituency)|Sutton Coldfield]]
|term_start12     = 28 February 1974
|term_end12       = 14 May 2001
|predecessor12    = [[Geoffrey Lloyd, Baron Geoffrey-Lloyd|Geoffrey Lloyd]]
|successor12      = [[Andrew Mitchell]]
|office13         = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]<br />for [[Nottingham South]]
|term_start13     = 18 June 1970
|term_end13       = 8 February 1974
|predecessor13    = [[George Perry (British politician)|George Perry]]
|successor13      = ''Constituency abolished''
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
|birth_name=Peter Norman Fowler
|birth_date       = {{birth date and age|1938|2|2|df=yes}}
|birth_place      = [[Chelmsford]], Essex, England
|spouse           = {{marriage|Fiona Poole|1979}}
|children         = 2
|party            = [[Crossbench]]
|otherparty       = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] (until 2016)<br>[[Lord Speaker|Speaker]] (2016–2021)
|alma_mater       = [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge]]
}}
'''Peter Norman Fowler, Baron Fowler''', {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|PC}} (born 2 February 1938) is a British politician who served as a member of both [[Margaret Thatcher]] and [[John Major]]'s [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|ministries]] during the 1980s and 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mr Norman Fowler |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-norman-fowler/index.html |website=Hansard |access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> He held the office of [[Lord Speaker]] from 1 September 2016 to 30 April 2021.

After serving as Shadow Minister of Transport, Fowler was appointed [[Secretary of State for Transport|Minister of Transport]] in 1979, being responsible for [[seat belt legislation|making seat belts compulsory]]. Later, as [[Secretary of State for Social Services]], he drew public attention to the dangers of [[AIDS]]. He resigned from the cabinet as [[Employment Secretary]], and was [[knight Bachelor|knighted]] in 1990.

Fowler was Chairman of the Conservative Party from 1992 to 1994, Shadow Secretary of State for Environment, Transport and the Regions from 1997 to 1998, and Shadow Home Secretary from 1998 to 1999. In 2001, he left the House of Commons and later that same year was created a Conservative [[life peer]]. As is customary for presiding officers, he renounced his party political allegiance upon taking office as [[Speaker (politics)|Lord Speaker]]. On 25 February 2021, he announced that in April he would step down as Lord Speaker to focus on campaigning work, particularly in relation to AIDS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/business/news/2021/february/lord-speaker-announces-he-is-stepping-down/|title=Lord Speaker announces he is stepping down|date=25 February 2021|publisher=UK Parliament}}</ref> He continues to sit in the House of Lords.  

==Early life==
Fowler was born on 2 February 1938 to Norman Frederick Fowler and Katherine (née Baker). He is an only child. He was educated at [[King Edward VI Grammar School (Chelmsford)|King Edward VI Grammar School]] in [[Chelmsford]], Essex.<ref>''Dod's Parliamentary Companion 2005'', 173rd edition, London, 2004, p.581.</ref> After school, he did [[Conscription in the United Kingdom|National Service]] as a [[second lieutenant]] in the [[Essex Regiment]]. He then studied at [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge]] (BA Economics & Law 1961). He was Chairman of the [[Cambridge University Conservative Association]] in Michaelmas 1960, in which term he entertained both the Prime Minister [[Harold Macmillan]] and Home Secretary [[Rab Butler]]. Following university, he became a journalist, and worked at ''[[The Times]]''.<ref name = Godfrey>{{cite news|url = https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/mar/17/former-health-secretary-norman-fowler-some-said-those-with-hiv-should-be-in-isolation-perpetually|title = Former health secretary Norman Fowler: 'Some said those with HIV should be in isolation. Perpetually'|last = Godfrey|first = Chris|date = 17 March 2021|accessdate = 15 November 2023|newspaper = [[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

==Member of Parliament==
Fowler, who had aspired to become an MP since childhood, was elected for [[Nottingham South]] in [[1970 United Kingdom general election|1970]]; after the seat was abolished, he switched to [[Sutton Coldfield (UK Parliament constituency)|Sutton Coldfield]] at the [[February 1974 United Kingdom general election|February 1974 election]].<ref name = Godfrey/>

===In opposition===
During the mid-1970s, Mr. Fowler was Shadow Minister of Transport. In April 1976, he was photographed outside the [[Palace of Westminster]] having just taken delivery of his third four-cylinder [[MG MGB|MG MGB GT]] — he had reportedly rejected the idea of buying a V8 version on account of its cost.<ref name=Autocar197604>{{cite magazine |title=News: An MG for Shadow Minister |magazine=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] |volume=144 (nbr 4146) |page=27 |date=24 April 1976}}</ref>

===In government===
Upon [[Margaret Thatcher]] becoming prime minister in 1979, she did not immediately appoint Fowler to her Cabinet, explaining: "we were short of one place. As a result, Norman Fowler, as Minister of State at Transport, was not able to be an official member of the Cabinet, although he attended all our meetings."<ref>[[Margaret Thatcher]], ''The Downing Street Years'' (HarperCollins, 1993), p. 29.</ref>

As secretary of state for transport, Fowler drove through [[Richard Nugent, Baron Nugent of Guildford|Lord Nugent]]'s 1981 bill to make [[seat belt]]s compulsory, a law that came into force in 1983.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-politics-13461459 |title=Seat belt law introduction recalled by Lord Fowler |work=BBC News |date=21 May 2011 |access-date=1 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007141029/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-13461459 |archive-date=7 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rospa.com/about/history/seatbelt-history.aspx |title=RoSPA History - How Belting Up Became Law |publisher=Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents |access-date=1 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715205133/http://www.rospa.com/about/history/seatbelt-history.aspx |archive-date=15 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

As secretary of state for social services in 1986, Fowler implemented the first official drive to educate the British public as to the dangers of AIDS and how transmission could be reduced.<ref name = Godfrey/> Under his tenure, awareness about how the disease was spread was transmitted widely — including through public health posters, newspaper advertisements, and television campaigns.<ref name = Godfrey/> The main public health campaign, labeled "[[Don't Die of Ignorance]]", included mailing a leaflet to 23 million homes. By 1987, a Gallup Poll showed that 98% of the public was aware of how HIV was transmitted, and the vast majority supported Fowler's campaign.<ref name = Godfrey/> By 1990, infection rates in the UK were below those of peer nations, including France and the US.<ref>Our World in Data [https://ourworldindata.org/hiv-aids]</ref>

Some Conservatives, including Thatcher herself, objected to the frank content of these messages, which contained material about needle usage and intravenous drugs, as well as discussions about the risks of unprotected sex.<ref name = Godfrey/> During this time, Thatcher told Fowler that she felt he had become known as the "Minister for AIDS", and she disapproved of this.<ref name = Godfrey/> The following year, she moved him to the role of [[Secretary of State for Employment]].<ref name = Stanford>{{cite news|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/lord-speaker-norman-fowler-strong-case-having-complete-review/|title = Lord Speaker Norman Fowler: 'There is a strong case for having a complete review of the House of Lords'|last = Stanford|first = Peter|date = 26 March 2021|accessdate = 15 November 2023|newspaper = [[The Daily Telegraph]]|url-access = subscription}}</ref>

===Backbenches, retirement and Shadow Cabinet===
Fowler resigned from the Cabinet in January 1990. He later claimed that he was the first politician to cite a desire to spend more time with family as the reason for leaving office.<ref name = Family>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/jul/05/familyandrelationships |title=Family first |work=Guardian Unlimited |author=Norman Fowler |date=5 July 2008 |access-date=29 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221011654/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/jul/05/familyandrelationships |archive-date=21 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The phrase has been reused by many others as a reason for a resignation, and is often treated as insincere or euphemistic, though Fowler has said he was being literal, as he worried he was growing distant from his young children.<ref name = Rayner>{{cite news|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2023/11/12/norman-fowler-interview-best-of-enemies-thatcher/|title = Norman Fowler: 'We should not be under any illusion, the Government is looking defeat in the face'|last = Rayner|first = Gordon|date = 12 November 2023|accessdate = 15 November 2023|newspaper = [[The Daily Telegraph]]|url-access = subscription}}</ref>

Following his resignation from the Government frontbench, Fowler was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in 1990.<ref name="london gazette">{{London Gazette |issue=52026 |page=973 |date=23 January 1990}}</ref>

Fowler then returned twice to front-line politics. First as Chairman of the Conservative Party (though he remained a backbencher in the Commons) from 1992 to 1994, during which time he oversaw the parliamentary boundary changes of the early 1990s.<ref name = Rayner/> Following the Conservatives' loss to [[Tony Blair|Tony Blair's]] [[New Labour]], he sat on the Opposition front benches as Shadow Secretary of State for Environment, Transport and the Regions (1997–98) and then as Shadow Home Secretary (1998–99).

In 2001, Fowler stepped down as a [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]].

==House of Lords==
[[File:The Lord Speaker, Lord Fowler (51111276104).jpg|thumb|left|300px|Fowler speaking from the [[Woolsack]] in 2021. His deputy and successor, [[Lord McFall of Alcluith]], sits on the steps of the throne behind him.]]
After standing down from the [[House of Commons]], he entered the [[House of Lords]], sitting on the Conservative benches as '''Baron Fowler''', ''of [[Sutton Coldfield]], in the County of [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]]''.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=56266 |page=1 |date=6 July 2001}}</ref> He had first been offered a peerage in 1989.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jun/15/boris-johnson-debacle-look-afresh-house-of-lords | title=One good can come from the Boris Johnson debacle: The will to look afresh at the House of Lords | newspaper=The Guardian | date=15 June 2023 | last1=Fowler | first1=Norman }}</ref>

In 2003, Lord Fowler proposed that the [[European Union]] should appoint a high-level coordinator with [[ambassador]]ial rank to deal with the AIDS epidemic.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/21/aids.politics |title=Europe should appoint Aids envoy, peer says |work=Guardian Unlimited |author=Michael White |date=21 February 2003 |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204184528/http://politics.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,9174,899971,00.html |archive-date=4 December 2004 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2006, Fowler chaired a [[House of Lords]] [[Select committee (United Kingdom)|select committee]] which criticised the use of the [[television licence fee]], which is used to fund the [[BBC]].

His book ''A Political Suicide'' (Politico's Publishing {{ISBN|978-1-84275-227-2}}) was published in 2008, and was shortlisted for the Channel 4 Political Book of the Year Award.

In May 2013, Fowler gave his support to [[Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013|legislation aiming to extend marriage rights to same-sex couples]], stating: "Parliament should value people equally in the law, and that enabling same-sex couples to marry removes the current inequity."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/05/10/conservative-lord-fowler-if-parliament-values-people-equally-it-must-make-same-sex-marriage-legal/ |title=Conservative Lord Fowler: If Parliament values people equally, it must make same-sex marriage legal |work=PinkNews |date=10 May 2013 |access-date=7 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517193058/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/05/10/conservative-lord-fowler-if-parliament-values-people-equally-it-must-make-same-sex-marriage-legal/ |archive-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

He was [[2016 Lord Speaker election|elected]] as [[Lord Speaker]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/business/news/2016/june/lord-speaker-election-result/ |title=Lord Fowler elected as new Lord Speaker |publisher=UK Parliament |date=13 June 2016 |access-date=13 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002814/https://www.parliament.uk/business/news/2016/june/lord-speaker-election-result/ |archive-date=9 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> He is the third person and first man to hold the office since it was established by the [[Constitutional Reform Act 2005]]. Fowler has stated that he favours reducing the House of Lords to 600 members.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/house-of-lords-size-should-be-cut-by-200-peers-lords-speaker-says-a7228071.html |title=House of Lords size should be cut by 200 peers, Lords Speaker says |date=6 September 2016 |language=en-GB |access-date=7 September 2016 |work=The Independent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917021956/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/house-of-lords-size-should-be-cut-by-200-peers-lords-speaker-says-a7228071.html |archive-date=17 September 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 19 March 2020, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19 pandemic]], the 82 year old announced that he would be taking public health advice and withdrawing from Westminster — he would instead be [[remote work]]ing, with deputy speakers taking over his in-person role in the House of Lords chamber. He returned in July of 2020 to resume his duties in-person.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/article/lord-speaker-announces-withdrawal-from-parliament-amid-coronavirus-outbreak |title=Lord Speaker announces withdrawal from Parliament amid coronavirus outbreak  |work=PoliticsHome |date=19 March 2020}}</ref>

On 25 February 2021, some months before his term was to end in September, Fowler announced that he would be stepping down as Lord Speaker in April 2021, ahead of the introduction of a series of structural and organisational changes in the Lords, saying that it would be best for those changes to be "seen through by the team who will be implementing them".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walker |first1=Peter |title=Normal Fowler to step down early as Lord Speaker |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/feb/25/norman-fowler-to-step-down-early-as-lord-speaker |access-date=25 February 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=25 February 2021}}</ref> He also stated his desire to stand down in order to "speak his mind" as an independent (crossbench) member of the House of Lords on issues he has campaigned for, in particular [[LGBT rights in the United Kingdom]], and [[HIV and AIDS]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-56197037|title=Lord Fowler steps down as Lord Speaker to campaign on Aids|work=BBC News|date=25 February 2021}}</ref> 

In March 2021, Fowler backed calls for the UK's first ever [[UK National AIDS memorial|national AIDS memorial]], supporting its aim of fighting [[Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS|stigma and discrimination against those with HIV and AIDS]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Speaker Lord Fowler backs calls for National Aids memorial |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-politics-56578990 |work=BBC News |date=31 March 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref>

==<span class="anchor" id="Work in industry">Private sector</span>==
Lord Fowler has served on the boards of directors of several companies and is [[Non-executive director|non-executive chairman]] of [[Aggregate Industries|Aggregate Industries plc]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aggregate.com/about-us/the-board/lord-fowler/ |title=The board at Aggregate Industries |website=www.aggregate.com |access-date=7 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205185248/http://www.aggregate.com/about-us/the-board/lord-fowler/ |archive-date=5 December 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is a member of the [[National Union of Journalists]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.londonfreelance.org/fl/0005foi.html?i=flolder&d=2000_05 |title=Freelance May00: Freedom of Information: your task |website=www.londonfreelance.org |access-date=7 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719044150/http://www.londonfreelance.org/fl/0005foi.html?i=flolder&d=2000_05 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
After a previous marriage ended in divorce, Fowler married Fiona Poole, a library clerk at the House of Commons, in 1979.<ref name = Stanford/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://normanfowlercom.wordpress.com/biography/|title = Biography|website = Norman Fowler| date=20 February 2020 |accessdate = 15 November 2023}}</ref> They had two daughters, and Fowler became a stepfather to his wife's son from her prior marriage.<ref name = Stanford/>

{{As of|2023}}, Fowler lives in [[Fulham, London]].<ref name = Rayner/>

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|title = A Political Suicide: The Conservatives' Voyage into the Wilderness|isbn = 978-1-84275-227-2|publisher = [[Politicos Publishing]]|location = London|year = 2008}}
*{{cite book|title = The Best of Enemies: Diaries 1980–1997|isbn = 978-1-78590-815-6|publisher = Biteback Publishing|location = [[Kingston upon Hull]]|year = 2023}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://members.parliament.uk/member/315/career Profile] at [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]
* {{Hansard-contribs|mr-norman-fowler|Norman Fowler}}
* "[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/21/aids.politics Europe should appoint Aids envoy, peer says]" - a ''Guardian'' article by Michael White, dated 21 February 2003

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{{UKParliamentCommitteeChairs}}
{{Lord Speaker}}
{{2016 Lord Speaker election}}
{{Minister of State for Transport}}
{{Secretary of State for Health}}
{{Secretary of State for Work and Pensions}}
{{Shadow Home Secretaries}}
{{Thatcher Ministry}}
{{Major Ministry}}
{{2011–12 News Corporation scandal}}
{{Conservative Party (UK)}}

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