View source for Northern Indo-Aryan languages

{{short description|Group of Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Pahari languages|Pahari language (disambiguation){{!}}Pahari language}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2011}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Northern Indo-Aryan
|altname= Pahari
|region= [[Nepal]] and north-western [[India]]
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| ancestor = [[Prakrit]]
| ancestor2 = [[Khasa Prakrit]]
|glotto=indo1310
|glottorefname= Indo-Aryan Northern zone
|children={{Plainlist |
* Central
* [[Western Pahari languages|Western]]
* Eastern
}}
}}
[[File:Indo-Aryan language map.svg|right|thumb|Major [[Indo-Aryan languages]] of [[South Asia]]; Northern Aryan languages are in shades of brown]]

The '''Northern Indo-Aryan languages''', also known as '''Pahāṛi languages''', are a proposed group of [[Indo-Aryan languages]] spoken in the lower ranges of the [[Himalayas]], from [[Nepal]] in the east, through the [[India]]n states of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Punjab]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kaur |first1=Kamaldeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D3ZutgEACAAJ |title=Dogri and Its Dialects: A Comparative Study of Kandi and Pahari Dogri |last2=Dwivedi |first2=Amitabh Vikram |date=2018 |publisher=LINCOM GmbH |isbn=978-3-86288-867-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Commissioner |first=India Census |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qYJAAAAIAAJ&dq=kangri+language+in+Hoshiarpur&pg=PA286 |title=Census of India, 1901: Punjab and North West Frontier Province (2 v.) |date=1902 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |language=en}}</ref> (not to be confused with the various [[Pahari language (disambiguation)|other languages with that name]]) was coined by [[G. A. Grierson]].<ref name="Masica1991">{{Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.|author-link = Colin Masica| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7| page = 439}}</ref>

==Classification==
The Pahari languages fall into three groups.

===Eastern Pahari===
*[[Nepali language|Nepali]] is spoken by an estimated 29,100,000 people in Nepal, 265,000 people in Bhutan, and 2,500,000 people in India. It is an official language in Nepal and India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nepali|url=http://www.ethnologue.org.uk/show_language.asp?code=nep|work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|publisher=SIL International|access-date=23 December 2012}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*[[Jumli language|Jumli]] is spoken by an estimated 40,000 people in the [[Karnali Zone|Karnali]] zone of [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jumli|url=http://www.ethnologue.org.uk/show_language.asp?code=jml|work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|publisher=SIL International|access-date=23 December 2012}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*[[Doteli]] is spoken by an estimated 1 million people in [[Sudurpashchim Province|far west Nepal]].

===Central Pahari===
*[[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]] is spoken by an estimated 2,360,000 people in the [[Kumaon division|Kumaon region]] of Uttarakhand.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kumaoni|url=http://www.ethnologue.org.uk/show_language.asp?code=kfy|work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|publisher=SIL International|access-date=23 December 2012}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{Dead link|date=November 2023}}
*[[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] is spoken by an estimated 2,500,000 people in Uttarakhand. Most of these are Garhwali people from the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal region]] of Uttarakhand.

===Western Pahari===
{{main|Western Pahari}}
*[[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]]
*Nuclear Himachali:
**[[Hinduri language|Hinduri]]
**[[Pahari Kinnauri language|Pahari Kinnauri]]
**[[Kullu Pahari language|Kullu Pahari]]
**[[Mahasu Pahari language|Mahasu Pahari]]
**[[Sirmauri language|Sirmauri]]
*[[Mandeali language|Mandeali]]
*Kangric-Chamealic-Bhattiyali:
**Chamealic:
***[[Bhadarwahi language|Bhadarwahi]]
***[[Churahi language|Churahi]]
***[[Bhattiyali language|Bhattiyali]]
***[[Bilaspuri language|Bilaspuri]]
***[[Chambeali language|Chambeali]]
***[[Gaddi language|Gaddi]]
***[[Pangwali language|Pangwali]]
**Kangri-Dogri:
***[[Dogri language|Dogri]]
***[[Kangri language|Kangri]]

==Comparison==
[[File:Nepali Language.gif|thumb|Nepali alphabets, transliteration and pronunciation]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
|+'''Language Comparison'''
|-
! style="background:#000000;" | &nbsp;
! colspan="2" style="background:#ffdeae;" | Khas-kura (Nepali)
! colspan="2" style="background:#ffdeae;" | Kumauni
! colspan="2" style="background:#ffdeae;" | Kashmiri
|-
| style="background:#000000;" | &nbsp;
| Masc
| Fem
| Masc
| Fem
| Masc
| Fem
|-
| I am
| chhu
| chhu
| chik
| chu
| chus
| ches
|-men zes
| You are
| chhas
| chhes
| chai
| chi
| chukh
| chekh
|-tu zin
| He is
| chha
| chhe
| ch
| chi
| chuh
| cheh
|}

In Eastern and Central Pahari the verb substantive is formed from the root ''ach'', as in both Rajasthani and Kashmiri. In Rajasthani its present tense, being derived from the Sanskrit present ''rcchami'', I go, does not change for gender. But in Pahari and Kashmiri it must be derived from the rare Sanskrit particle ''*rcchitas'', gone, for in these languages it is a participial tense and does change according to the gender of the subject. Thus, in the singular we have: – Here we have a relic of the old Khasa language, which, as has been said, seems to have been related to Kashmiri. Other relics of Khasa, again agreeing with north-western India, are the tendency to shorten long vowels, the practice of ''epenthesis'', or the modification of a vowel by the one which follows in the next syllable, and the frequent occurrence of [[disaspiration]]. Thus, Khas ''siknu'', Kumauni ''sikno'', but Hindi ''sikhna'', to learn; Kumauni ''yeso'', plural ''yasa'', of this kind.

Materials regarding Western Pahari are not so complete. The speakers are not brought into contact with Tibeto-Burman languages, and hence we find no trace of these. But the signs of the influence of north-western languages are, as might be expected, still more apparent than farther east. In some dialects epenthesis is in full swing, as in (Churahi) ''khata'', eating, fern, ''khaiti''. Very interesting is the mixed origin of the [[postposition]]s defining the various cases. Thus, while that of the genitive is generally the Rajasthani ro, that of the dative continually points to the west. Sometimes it is the [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] ''khë''. At other times it is ''jo'', where is here a locative of the base of the Sindhi genitive postposition ''jo''. In all Indo-Aryan languages, the [[dative]] postposition is by origin the [[locative]] of some [[genitive]] one. In vocabulary, Western Pahari often employs, for the more common ideas, words which can most readily be connected with the north-western and [[Pisaca languages|Pisaca]] groups.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

==About==
The Himalayas run along Nepal, India and Pakistan. The word 'Pahad' means a 'mountain' in most local languages such as Nepalese, Hindi (Parbat being a synonym) as well as Urdu (Koh being a synonym). Due to its mass prevalence and usage in the Himalayan Region, the language is also known as Himalayan. Like all other languages of the region, the Pahari languages are also from the Indo-European, and in particular Indo-Iranian branch of languages. As mountains have the tendency of isolating communities from change, dialects in the mountains tend to have their own characteristics with some similarity to others mountain dialects while remaining isolated from one another – there does seem to be a [[dialect continuum]]. All of these dialects are commonly referred to as the 'Pahari' languages, and most people from the Himalayan range are known as Paharis.

==References==
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Pahari}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20171016225900/http://www.himachaltouristplaces.com/local-pahari-language-spoken-in-himachal/ Himachali Pahari Language]}}

{{Northern Indo-Aryan languages}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]