View source for Norwich

{{Short description|City and non-metropolitan district in Norfolk, England}}
{{about|the city in England}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Norwich
| official_name      = City of Norwich
| settlement_type    = [[City status in the United Kingdom|City]] and [[non-metropolitan district]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple images|border=infobox|perrow=1 2|total_width=270px|align=center
| image1 = Norwich Cathedral - panoramio (5).jpg
|caption1= [[Norwich Cathedral|Cathedral]]
| image2 = Norwich Castle 2017.jpg
| caption2 = [[Norwich Castle|Castle]]
| image3 = Catedral de San Juan Bautista, Norwich, Inglaterra, 2022-11-20, DD 33.jpg
| caption3 = [[St John the Baptist Cathedral, Norwich|St John the Baptist Cathedral]]
| image4 = Princes Street, Norwich - geograph.org.uk - 6195738.jpg
| caption4 = Princes Street
| image5= City Hall and St Peters Street during the Coronavirus pandemic - geograph.org.uk - 6447869.jpg
| caption5 = City Hall
|image6 =View across the Plantation Garden - geograph.org.uk - 5807884.jpg 
| caption6 = Plantation Garden
|image7 = 38 Elm Hill - Truman's Gentlemen's Groomers - geograph.org.uk - 6245104.jpg
| caption7 = Elm Hill}} 
| image_seal         = 
| image_shield       = {{PH wikidata|image_shield}}
| shield_size        = 84px
| motto              = 
| nickname           = 
| image_map          = Norwich UK locator map.svg
| map_caption        = Location within [[Norfolk]]
| pushpin_map        = England#UK#Europe
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within England##Location within the United Kingdom
| pushpin_relief     = 1
| coordinates        = {{coord|52|37|43|N|01|17|34|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = [[Sovereign state]]
| subdivision_name   = [[United Kingdom]]
| subdivision_type1  = {{nowrap|[[Countries of the United Kingdom|Country]]}}
| subdivision_type2  = [[Regions of England|Region]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[Ceremonial County|County]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[England]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[East of England]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Norfolk]]
| government_footnotes = 
| government_type    = [[Non-metropolitan district]] council
| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = {{circa|43 [[Anno Domini|AD]]}} as Northwic
| established_title2 = City status
| established_date2  = [[List of cities in the United Kingdom|1094]]
| seat_type          = Admin HQ
| seat               = [[City Hall, Norwich|City Hall]]
| leader_title       = Local Authority
| leader_name        = [[Norwich City Council]]
| leader_title1      = [[List of MPs elected in the 2015 United Kingdom general election|MPs]]
| leader_name1       = {{plainlist|
*[[Clive Lewis (politician)|Clive Lewis]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|L]])
*[[Alice Macdonald]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|L]])}}
| total_type         = City
| unit_pref          = 
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_urban_km2     = {{PH wikidata|area}}
| area_water_km2     = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 
| elevation_min_m    = 
| elevation_max_m    = 
| population_total   = {{English district population|GSS = E07000148}} ([[List of English districts by population|ranked {{English district rank|GSS = E07000148}}]])
| population_as_of   = {{English statistics year}}
| population_footnotes = 
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban   = 213,166
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_metro   = {{nowrap|376,500 ([[travel to work area|TTWA]])<ref name=norwich>{{Cite web |url=http://www.norwich.gov.uk |title=Home |publisher=Norwich City Council |date=7 October 2010 |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901231943/http://www.norwich.gov.uk/ |archive-date=1 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
<!-- demographics (section 1) -->| demographics_type1 = Ethnicity <span style="font-weight:normal;">([[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]])</span>
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="2021 Nomis">{{NOMIS2021|id=E07000148|title=Norwich Local Authority|access-date=2 June 2024}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|Ethnic groups]]
| demographics1_info1 = {{Collapsible list
 | 87.1% [[White people in the United Kingdom|White]]
 | 5.5% [[British Asians|Asian]]
 | 3.1% [[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|Mixed]]
 | 2.5% [[Black British people|Black]]
 | 1.8% [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|other]]
 }}
<!-- demographics (section 2) -->| demographics_type2 = Religion <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2021)</span>
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="2021 Nomis"/>
| demographics2_title1 = [[Religion in England|Religion]]
| demographics2_info1 = {{Collapsible list
 | 53.5% [[Irreligion in the United Kingdom|no religion]]
 | 33.6% [[Religion in England#Christianity|Christianity]]
 | 3.0% [[Islam in England|Islam]]
 | 1.2% [[Hinduism in England|Hinduism]]
 | 0.7% [[Buddhism in England|Buddhism]]
 | 0.2% [[History of the Jews in England|Judaism]]
 | 0.1% [[Sikhism in England|Sikhism]]
 | 0.9% [[Religion in England|other]]
 | 6.8% not stated
 }}
| population_demonym = Norvician
| population_note    = 
| postal_code_type   = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom|Postcode]]
| postal_code        = [[NR postcode area|NR]]
| area_code_type     = {{nowrap|[[Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom|Area&nbsp;code]] ([[International direct dialing|IDD]])}}
| area_code          = 01603
| blank_info         = AO, AP, AR, AS, AT, AU
| blank_name         = [[Vehicle registration plates of the United Kingdom|Vehicle registration area code]]
| footnotes          = 
| timezone           = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]
| utc_offset         = +0
| timezone_DST       = [[British Summer Time|BST]]
| utc_offset_DST     = +1
| blank1_name        = [[ONS coding system|ONS code]]
| blank1_info        = 33UK
| blank2_name_sec1   = [[UK railway stations|Major railway stations]]
| blank2_info_sec1   = [[Norwich railway station|Norwich Station]]
| blank3_name        = Primary airport
| blank3_info        = [[Norwich Airport]]
| blank4_name_sec2   = [[List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories|Police]]
| blank4_info_sec2   = [[Norfolk Constabulary]]
| blank5_name_sec2   = [[Fire services in the United Kingdom|Fire and Rescue]]
| blank5_info_sec2   = [[Norfolk Fire and Rescue Service]]
| blank6_name_sec2   = [[Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom|Ambulance]]
| blank6_info_sec2   = [[East of England Ambulance Service|East of England]]
| website            = {{URL|https://norwich.gov.uk}}
| image_flag         = Flag of Norwich.svg
| flag_size          = 130px
| parts_type         = Areas of the city
| p1                 = [[Bowthorpe]]
| p2                 = [[Crown Point, Norwich|Crown Point]]
| p3                 = [[Eaton, Norfolk|Eaton]]
| p4                 = [[Friars Quay]]
| p5                 = [[Golden Triangle (Norwich)|Golden Triangle]]
| p6                 = [[Heartsease Estate, Norwich|Heartsease Estate]]
| p7                 = [[Mile Cross Estate, Norwich|Mile Cross Estate]]
| p8                 = [[New Costessey]] (Part)
| p9                 = [[Norwich Lanes]]
| p10                = [[Norwich Over the Water]]
| p11                = [[Old Catton]]
| p12                = [[Riverside (Norwich)|Riverside]]
| p13                = [[Thorpe Hamlet]]
}}

'''Norwich''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-uk-Norwich.ogg|ˈ|n|ɒr|ᵻ|dʒ|,_|-|ᵻ|tʃ}}, "Norritch";<ref>"Dialect Matters - Respecting Vernacular Language" by Peter Tudgill, published in 2016 by Cambridge University Press</ref><ref>Grapes, Sidney: "The Boy John Letters": Letters dated December 6th, 1949, May 1st, 1953, etc.  Published in book form in 2003 by Mousehold Press</ref>) is a [[cathedral city]] and district of the county of [[Norfolk]], England, of which it is the [[county town]]. It lies by the [[River Wensum]], about {{cvt|100|mi|km}} north-east of London, {{cvt|40|mi|km}} north of [[Ipswich]] and {{cvt|65|mi|km}} east of [[Peterborough]]. The population of the [[Norwich City Council]] local authority area was estimated to be 144,000 in 2021, which was an increase from 143,135 in 2019.<ref name="census2021-population">{{Cite web |title=How the population changed in Norwich, Census 2021 - ONS |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/censuspopulationchange/E07000148/ |access-date=23 September 2022 |website=www.ons.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> The wider Norwich [[List of urban areas in the United Kingdom|built-up area]] had a population of 213,166 at the 2011 census.

As the seat of the [[Episcopal see|See]] of Norwich, the city has one of the country's largest [[medieval]] cathedrals. For much of the second millennium, from medieval to just before [[Industrial Revolution|industrial]] times, Norwich was one of the most prosperous and largest towns of England; at one point, it was [[List of towns and cities in England by historical population|second]] only to London.<ref name="brit01">{{Cite web |date=8 August 2024 |title=Norwich {{!}} England, Map, Population, & History {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Norwich-England |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Today, it is the largest settlement in [[East Anglia]].<ref name="brit01"/>

==Heritage and status==
Norwich claims to be the most complete medieval city in the United Kingdom.<ref name="Visit Norwich">{{Cite web |url=https://www.visitnorfolk.co.uk/explore/Norwich.aspx |title=Visit Norwich |website=www.visitnorfolk.co.uk |language=en |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829175341/https://www.visitnorfolk.co.uk/explore/Norwich.aspx |archive-date=29 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> It includes cobbled streets such as [[Elm Hill, Norwich|Elm Hill]], Timber Hill and Tombland; ancient buildings such as [[St Andrew's and Blackfriars' Hall, Norwich|St Andrew's Hall]]; half-timbered houses such as [[Dragon Hall, Norwich|Dragon Hall]], [[Norwich Guildhall|The Guildhall]] and [[Strangers' Hall]]; the [[Art Nouveau]] of the 1899 [[Royal Arcade, Norwich|Royal Arcade]]; many medieval lanes; and the winding River Wensum that flows through the city centre towards [[Norwich Castle]].<ref name="Visit Norwich"/>

In May 2012, Norwich was designated England's first [[UNESCO]] [[City of Literature]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-18016481 |title=Norwich named as UNESCO City of Literature |publisher=BBC |date=10 May 2012 |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629203510/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-18016481 |archive-date=29 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> One of the UK's popular tourist destinations, it was voted by ''[[The Guardian]]'' in 2016 as the "happiest city to work in the UK"<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/careers/gallery/2016/feb/02/the-10-happiest-cities-to-work-in-the-uk-in-pictures |title=The 10 happiest cities to work in the UK – in pictures |last=Seager |first=Charlotte |date=2 February 2016 |work=The Guardian |access-date=3 September 2018 |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528155756/https://www.theguardian.com/careers/gallery/2016/feb/02/the-10-happiest-cities-to-work-in-the-uk-in-pictures |archive-date=28 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> and in 2013 as one of the best small cities in the world by ''[[The Times]] Good University Guide''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.intostudy.com/en-gb/universities/newton-a-level-programme/living/living-in-norwich |title=What's it like to live in Norwich? {{!}} INTO |website=INTO Study |access-date=3 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903151006/https://www.intostudy.com/en-gb/universities/newton-a-level-programme/living/living-in-norwich |archive-date=3 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, 2019 and 2020, Norwich was voted one of the "Best Places To Live" in the UK by ''[[The Sunday Times]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/norwich-norfolk-best-places-to-live-8z880tdmb |title=Best Places to Live 2018 |last=Times |first=The Sunday |newspaper=[[The Times]] |access-date=17 September 2018 |language=en |issn=0140-0460 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917181755/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/norwich-norfolk-best-places-to-live-8z880tdmb |archive-date=17 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/best-places-to-live/scotland-uk/article/norwich-norfolk-best-places-to-live-in-the-uk-2020-0023s8q7c |title=Best Places to Live 2020 |last=Times |first=The Sunday |access-date=2 April 2020 |archive-date=1 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401125952/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/norwich-norfolk-best-places-to-live-in-the-uk-2020-0023s8q7c |url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Norwich}}

===Origin===
The capital of the [[Iceni]] tribe was a settlement located near to the village of [[Caistor St Edmund]] on the [[River Tas]] about {{cvt|5|mi|km|0}} to the south of modern Norwich.{{sfn |Morley |2006}} After an uprising led by [[Boudica]] in about 60 AD, the Caistor area became the [[Roman Britain|Roman]] capital of [[East Anglia]] named ''[[Venta Icenorum]]'', literally "marketplace of the Iceni".{{sfn |Morley |2006}} This fell into disuse about 450 AD.

The [[Anglo-Saxons]] settled the site of the modern city some time between the 5th and 7th centuries,{{sfn |Adams |2005 |p=11}} founding the towns of ''Northwic'' ("North Harbour"), from which Norwich takes its name,{{sfn |Stenton |1970}} and ''Westwic'' (at [[Norwich Over the Water|Norwich-over-the-Water]]) and a lesser settlement at Thorpe.

Norwich became settled as a town in the 10th century and then became a prominent centre of East Anglian trade and commerce attested by the presence of a mint.The name Norvic is attested on pennies minted during the reign of Æthelstan.

===Early English period and Norman conquest===
[[File:Norwich Cathedral, spire and south transept.jpg|thumb|[[Norwich Cathedral]] is one of the great Norman buildings of England.]]

It is possible that three separate early Anglo-Saxon settlements, one north of the river and two either side on the south, joined as they grew; or that a single Anglo-Saxon settlement, north of the river Wensum-Yare, emerged in the mid-7th century after the abandonment of the previous three. [[Mercia]]n coins and shards of pottery from the [[Rhineland]] dating from the 8th century suggest that long-distance trade was happening during this time. The Vikings were a strong cultural influence in Norwich for 40 to 50 years at the end of the 9th century, setting up an [[Anglo-Scandinavian]] district near the north end of present-day King Street. Between 924 and 939, during the reign of [[Æthelstan|King Æthelstan]], Norwich became fully established as a town, with its own mint. The word ''Norvic'' appears on coins across Europe minted during this period. The ancient city was a thriving centre for trade and commerce in East Anglia in 1004 when it was raided and burnt by [[Sweyn I of Denmark|Sweyn Forkbeard]], the [[Viking]] king of Denmark.

At the time of the [[Norman Conquest]], in 1067, the city was one of the largest in England. The [[Domesday Book]], compiled in 1086, states that the city had approximately 25 churches and a population of between 5,000 and 10,000. It also records the site of an Anglo-Saxon church in Tombland, the site of the Saxon market place and the later [[Norwich Cathedral|Norman cathedral]]. Norwich continued to be a major centre for trade, described officially as the [[Port of Norwich]]. [[Quern stone]]s and other artefacts from [[Scandinavia]] and the Rhineland have been found during excavations in Norwich city centre. These date from the 11th century onwards.

[[File:Norwich Castle.jpg|thumb|[[Norwich Castle]]'s 12th-century keep]]

[[Norwich Castle]] was founded soon after the Norman Conquest.<ref>{{PastScape |mnumber=132268 |mname=Norwich Castle |access-date=29 December 2010}}</ref> The [[Domesday Book]] records that 98 Saxon homes were demolished to make way for the castle.{{sfn |Harfield |1991 |pp=373, 384}} The [[Normans]] established a new focus of settlement around the Castle and the area to the west of it: this became known as the "New" or "French" borough, centred on the Normans' own market place, which survives today as Norwich Market, the largest permanent undercover market in Europe.<ref name="Visit Norwich"/>

In 1096, [[Herbert de Losinga]], [[Bishop of Thetford]], began construction of [[Norwich Cathedral]]. The chief building material for the Cathedral was limestone, imported from Caen in Normandy. To transport the building stone to the site, a canal was cut from the river (from the site of present-day Pulls Ferry) up to the east wall. Herbert de Losinga then moved his [[Episcopal see|See]] there, to what became the cathedral church for the [[Anglican Diocese of Norwich|Diocese of Norwich]]. The Bishop of Norwich still signs himself ''Norvic''.

Norwich received a [[royal charter]] from [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] in 1158, and another from [[Richard I of England|Richard the Lionheart]] in 1194. After a riot in the city in 1274, Norwich has the distinction of being the only complete English city to be excommunicated by the Pope.{{sfn |Blomefield |1806}}

===William of Norwich===
The first recorded presence of [[Jews]] in Norwich is 1134.<ref name="heritagecity1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.heritagecity.org/research-centre/churches-and-creeds/jews-in-norwich.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130806235625/http://www.heritagecity.org/research-centre/churches-and-creeds/jews-in-norwich.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 August 2013 |title=Jews in Norwich |publisher=Heritagecity.org |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref> In 1144, the Jews of Norwich were falsely accused of [[blood libel|ritual murder]] after a boy ([[William of Norwich]]) was found dead with stab wounds.<ref name="heritagecity1"/> William acquired the status of martyr and was subsequently [[canonization|canonised]]. Pilgrims made offerings to a shrine at the Cathedral (largely finished by 1140) up to the 16th century, but the records suggest there were few of them.{{sfn |Nilson |2001 |p=157}} In 1174, Norwich was sacked by the [[Flemish people|Flemings]]. In February 1190, all the Jews of Norwich were massacred except for a few who found refuge in the castle.

At the site of a medieval well, the bones of 17 individuals, including 11 children, were found in 2004 by workers preparing the ground for construction of a Norwich shopping centre. The remains were determined by [[forensic science|forensic scientists]] to be most probably the remains of such murdered Jews, and a [[Genetic genealogy|DNA]] expert determined that the victims were all related so that they probably came from one [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi Jewish]] family.{{sfn |Jewish Telegraphic Agency |2011}} The study of the remains featured in an episode of the [[BBC Television|BBC television]] documentary series ''[[History Cold Case]]''.<ref>{{Cite episode |title=The Bodies in the Well |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0125kbf |series=History Cold Case |network=[[BBC HD]] |airdate=28 June 2011 |series-no=2 |number=3 |access-date=25 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816170740/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0125kbf |archive-date=16 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> A research paper from 30 August 2022 confirmed the remains were most likely Ashkenazi Jews. The paper found that many of the victims had certain [[Jewish genetic diseases|medical disorders]] most often seen in Ashkenazi communities, suggesting that a [[population bottleneck]] had occurred among Ashkenazim before the 12th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brace |first1=Selina |last2=Diekmann |first2=Yoan |last3=Booth |first3=Thomas |last4=Macleod |first4=Ruairidh |last5=Timpson |first5=Adrian |last6=Stephen |first6=Will |last7=Emery |first7=Giles |last8=Cabot |first8=Sophie |last9=Thomas |first9=Mark G. |last10=Barnes |first10=Ian |date=30 August 2022 |title=Genomes from a medieval mass burial show Ashkenazi-associated hereditary diseases pre-date the 12th century |journal=Current Biology |volume=32 |issue=20 |pages=4350–4359.e6 |language=English |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.036 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=36044903 |pmc=10499757 |bibcode=2022CBio...32E4350B |s2cid=251935757}}</ref> This challenged traditional views among historians that the bottleneck had happened between the 14th and 16th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DNA from human remains found in medieval well shines new light on Jewish history |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/press-office/press-releases/DNA-shines-new-light-on-Jewish-history.html |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=National History Museum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Medieval mass burial shows centuries-earlier origin of Ashkenazi genetic bottleneck |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/08/220830131610.htm |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref>

===Middle Ages===
[[File:Ethelbert Gate from Tombland, Norwich, UK.jpg|thumb|St Ethelbert's Gate at Tombland was built as penance for riots which occurred in the 1270s.]]

In 1216, the castle fell to Louis, Dauphin of France, and Hildebrand's Hospital was founded, followed ten years later by the [[Franciscan]] Friary and [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] Friary. The Great Hospital dates from 1249 and the College of St Mary in the Field from 1250. In 1256, Whitefriars was founded. In 1266 the city was sacked by the "Disinherited". It has the distinction of being the only English city ever to be excommunicated, following a riot between citizens and monks in 1274.{{sfn |Blomefield |1806}}

From 1280 to 1340 the [[defensive wall|city walls]] were built. At around {{cvt|2 + 1/2|mi|km}}, these walls, along with the river, enclosed a larger area than that of the [[City of London]]. However, when the city walls were constructed it was made illegal to build outside them, inhibiting the expansion of the city. Part of these walls remains standing today. Around this time, the city was made a [[county corporate]] and became the seat of one of the most densely populated and prosperous [[ancient counties of England|counties]] of England. The engine of trade was [[wool]] from Norfolk's [[sheepwalk]]s. Wool made England rich, and the [[staple right|staple port]] of Norwich "in her state doth stand With towns of high'st regard the fourth of all the land", as [[Michael Drayton]] noted in ''[[Poly-Olbion]]'' (1612). The wealth generated by the [[wool#History|wool trade]] throughout the [[Middle Ages]] financed the construction of many fine churches, so that Norwich still has more medieval churches than any other city in Western Europe north of the [[Alps]]. Throughout this period Norwich established wide-ranging trading links with other parts of Europe, its markets stretching from Scandinavia to Spain and the city housing a [[Hanseatic League|Hanseatic]] warehouse. To organise and control its exports to the [[Low Countries]], Great Yarmouth, as the port for Norwich, was designated one of the staple ports under the terms of the 1353 [[Statute of the Staple]].

===Early modern period (1485–1640)===
Hand-in-hand with the wool industry, this key religious centre experienced a Reformation significantly different from that in other parts of England. The magistracy in Tudor Norwich unusually found ways of managing religious discord whilst maintaining civic harmony.{{sfn |McClendon |1999}}

[[File:John Crome 002.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|''Mousehold Heath, Norwich'' by Norfolk-based artist [[John Crome]]]]

The summer of 1549 saw an unprecedented rebellion in Norfolk. Unlike popular challenges elsewhere in the Tudor period, it appears to have been [[Protestant]] in nature. For several weeks, rebels led by [[Robert Kett]] camped outside Norwich on [[Mousehold Heath]] and took control of the city on 29 July 1549 with the support of many of its poorer inhabitants. [[Kett's Rebellion]] was particularly in response to the enclosure of land by landlords, leaving peasants with nowhere to graze their animals, and the general abuses of power by the nobility. The uprising ended on 27 August when the rebels were defeated by an army. Kett was convicted of treason and hanged from the walls of Norwich Castle.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britainexpress.com/History/tudor/ketts-rebellion.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708183620/https://www.britainexpress.com/History/tudor/ketts-rebellion.htm |archive-date=8 July 2019 |url-status=live |title=Kett's Rebellion, 1549 |website=Passionate about British Heritage |publisher=Britain Express |first=David |last=Ross}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Documents/robert_ket_and_the_norfolk_risin.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913132214/http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Documents/robert_ket_and_the_norfolk_risin.htm |archive-date=13 September 2018 |url-status=live |title=Robert Ket and the Norfolk Rising}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Jon |last=McGregor |date=20 May 2019 |department=Travel |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2019/may/20/radicalism-rebellion-and-robert-kett-a-walk-through-norwichs-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708183615/https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2019/may/20/radicalism-rebellion-and-robert-kett-a-walk-through-norwichs-history |archive-date=8 July 2019 |url-status=live |title=Radicalism, rebellion and Robert Kett: a walk through Norwich's history}}</ref>

Unusually in England, the rebellion divided the city and appears to have linked Protestantism with the plight of the urban poor. In the case of Norwich, this process was underscored later by the arrival of [[Dutch people|Dutch]] and [[Flemish people|Flemish]] "[[Elizabethan Strangers|Strangers]]" fleeing persecution from the Catholics and eventually numbering as many as one-third of the city's population.{{sfn |Houlbroke |McClendon |2004 |p=257}} Large numbers of such exiles came to the city, especially Flemish Protestants from the Westkwartier ("Western Quarter"), a region in the [[Southern Netherlands]] where the first [[Calvinist]] fires of the [[Dutch Revolt]] had spread. Inhabitants of [[Ypres]], in particular, chose Norwich above other destinations.{{sfn |Fagel |2003 |p=52}} Perhaps in response to Kett, Norwich became the first provincial city to initiate compulsory payments for a civic scheme of poor relief, which it has been claimed led to its wider introduction, forming the basis of the later Elizabethan Poor Law of 1597–1598.{{sfn |Pound |2004 |pp=50–56}}

Norwich has traditionally been the home of various minorities, notably [[Flanders|Flemish]] and Belgian [[Walloons|Walloon]] communities in the 16th and 17th centuries. The great "stranger" immigration of 1567 brought a substantial Flemish and Walloon community of Protestant [[weaver (occupation)|weaver]]s to Norwich, where they are said to have been made welcome.{{sfn |Ketton-Cremer |1957}} The merchant's house which was their earliest base in the city — now a museum — is still known as [[Strangers' Hall]]. It seems that the strangers integrated into the local community without much animosity, at least among the business fraternity, who had the most to gain from their skills. Their arrival in Norwich boosted trade with mainland Europe and fostered a movement towards religious reform and radical politics in the city. By contrast, after being persecuted by the Anglican church for his [[Puritan]] beliefs, [[Michael Metcalf (puritan)|Michael Metcalf]], a 17th-century Norwich weaver, fled the city and settled in [[Dedham, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A New England Town |last=Lockridge |first=Kenneth |year=1985 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |location=New York |isbn=978-0-393-95459-3 |ref=arv |pages=[https://archive.org/details/newenglandtown00lock/page/57 57–58] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/newenglandtown00lock/page/57}}</ref>

The [[Domestic Canary|Norwich Canary]] was first introduced into England by Flemings fleeing from Spanish persecution in the 16th century. Along with their advanced techniques in textile working, they brought pet canaries, which they began to breed locally, eventually becoming in the 20th century a mascot of the city and the emblem of its football club, [[Norwich City F.C.]]: "The Canaries". Printing was introduced to the city in 1567 by Anthony de Solempne, one of the strangers, but it did not take root and had died out by about 1572.{{sfn |Stoker |1981}} Norwich's [[coat of arms]] was first recorded in 1562. It is described as: ''Gules a Castle triple-towered and domed Argent in base a Lion passant guardant [or Leopard] Or.'' The castle is supposed to represent Norwich Castle and the lion, taken from the [[Royal Arms of England]], may have been granted by King [[Edward III of England|Edward III]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civicheraldry.co.uk/east_of_england.html |title=East of England |publisher=Civic Heraldry of England and Wales |access-date=7 September 2022}}</ref>

===Civil War to Victorian era===
In the [[English Civil War]], across the Eastern Counties, [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s powerful [[Eastern Association]] was eventually dominant. However, to begin with, there had been a large element of Royalist sympathy within Norwich, which seems to have experienced a continuity of its two-sided political tradition throughout the period. Bishop [[Matthew Wren]] was a forceful supporter of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]]. Nonetheless, [[Roundhead|Parliamentary]] recruitment took hold. The strong Royalist party was stifled by a lack of commitment from the aldermen and isolation from Royalist-held regions.{{sfn |Hopper |2004}} Serious inter-factional disturbances culminated in "The [[Great Blow]]" of 1648 when Parliamentary forces tried to quell a Royalist riot. The latter's gunpowder was set off by accident in the city centre, causing mayhem. According to Hopper, the explosion "ranks among the largest of the century".<ref>{{harvnb |Hopper |2004}}</ref> Stoutly defended though East Anglia was by the Parliamentary army, there were said to have been pubs in Norwich where the king's health was still drunk and the name of the Protector sung to ribald verse.

At the cost of some discomfort to the Mayor, the moderate [[Joseph Hall (bishop)|Joseph Hall]] was targeted because of his position as Bishop of Norwich. Norwich was marked in the period after the [[Restoration (England)|Restoration]] of 1660 and the ensuing century by a golden age of its cloth industry, comparable only to those in the [[West Country]] and Yorkshire,{{sfn |Rawcliffe|Wilson|Clark|2004}} but unlike other cloth-manufacturing regions, Norwich weaving brought greater urbanisation, mainly concentrated in the surrounds of the city itself, creating an urban society, with features such as leisure time, alehouses and other public forums of debate and argument.{{sfn |Wilson |2004b}}

[[File:Original Norfolk and Norwich Hospital - geograph.org.uk - 84361.jpg|thumb|Founded in 1771, the [[Norfolk and Norwich Hospital]] cared for the city's poor and sick. It closed in 2003 after services were moved to the [[Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital]].]]

Norwich in the late 17th century was riven politically. Churchman [[Humphrey Prideaux]] described "two factions, [[Whig (British political party)|Whig]] and [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]], and both contend for their way with the utmost violence."{{sfn |Knights |2004}} Nor did the city accept the outcome of the 1688 [[Glorious Revolution]] with a unified voice. The pre-eminent citizen, Bishop William Lloyd, would not take the oaths of allegiance to the new monarchs. One report has it that in 1704 the landlord of Fowler's alehouse "with a glass of beer in hand, went down on his knees and drank a health to James the third, wishing the Crowne [sic] well and settled on his head."{{sfn |Knights |2004 |pp=168–174}}

Writing of the early 18th century, Pound describes the city's rich cultural life, the winter theatre season, the festivities accompanying the summer assizes, and other popular entertainments. Norwich was the wealthiest town in England, with a sophisticated system of [[poor relief]], and a large influx of foreign refugees.{{sfn |Pound |2004 |p=61}} Despite severe outbreaks of plague, the city had a population of almost 30,000. This made Norwich unique in England, although there were some 50 cities of similar size in Europe. In some, like Lyon and [[Dresden]], this was, as in the case of Norwich, linked to an important proto-industry, such as textiles or china pottery, in some, such as [[Vienna]], [[Madrid]] and [[Dublin]], to the city's status as an administrative capital, and in some such as [[Antwerp]], [[Marseille]] and [[Cologne]] to a position on an important maritime or river trade route.{{efn|1=For table of city sizes see {{harvtxt |Corfield |2004 |p=143}}}}

In 1716, at a play at the ''New Inn'', the Pretender was cheered and the audience booed and hissed every time [[George I of Great Britain|King George]]'s name was mentioned. In 1722 supporters of the king were said to be "hiss'd at and curst as they go in the streets," and in 1731 "a Tory mobb, in a great body, went through several parts of this city, in a riotous manner, cursing and abusing such as they knew to be friends of the government."{{efn |1=Reports quoted by {{harvnb |Knights |2004 |pp=168–174}}}} However the Whigs gradually gained control and by the 1720s they had successfully petitioned Parliament to allow all adult males working in the textile industry to take up the freedom, on the correct assumption that they would vote Whig. But it had the effect of boosting the city's popular [[Jacobitism]], says Knights, and contests of the kind described continued in Norwich well into a period in which political stability had been discerned at a national level. The city's Jacobitism perhaps only ended with 1745, well after it had ceased to be a significant movement outside Scotland.{{sfn |Knights |2004 |pp=168–174}} Despite the Highlanders reaching [[Derby]] and Norwich citizens mustering themselves into an association to protect the city, some Tories refused to join in, and the vestry of [[St Peter Mancroft]] resolved that it would not ring its bells to summon the defence. Still, it was the end of the road for Norwich Jacobites, and the Whigs organised a notable celebration after the [[Battle of Culloden]].{{sfn |Knights |2004 |pp=168–174}}

The events of this period illustrate how Norwich had a strong tradition of popular protest favouring Church and Stuarts and attached to the street and alehouse. Knights tells how in 1716 the mayoral election had ended in a riot, with both sides throwing "brick-ends and great paving stones" at each other.{{sfn |Knights |2004 |pp=168–174}} A renowned Jacobite watering-hole, the ''Blue Bell Inn'' (nowadays ''The Bell Hotel''), owned in the early 18th century by the high-church Helwys family, became the central rendezvous of the Norwich Revolution Society in the 1790s.{{sfn |Jewson |1975 |p=38}}

Britain's first provincial newspaper, the ''[[Norwich Post]]'', appeared in 1701. By 1726 there were rival Whig and Tory presses, and as early as mid-century, three-quarters of the males in some parishes were literate.{{efn |1=Quoted by {{harvnb |Knights |2004 |pp=181–182}}}} The Norwich municipal library claims an excellent collection of these newspapers, also a folio collection of scrapbooks on 18th-century Norwich politics, which Knights says are "valuable and important". Norwich alehouses had 281 clubs and societies meeting in them in 1701, and at least 138 more were formed before 1758. The [[Theatre Royal, Norwich|Theatre Royal]] opened in 1758, alongside the city's stage productions in inns and puppet shows in rowdy alehouses.{{sfn |Chandler |1998}}{{sfn |Blackwell |Blackwell |2007 |loc=Chap 2}} In 1750 Norwich could boast nine booksellers and after 1780 a "growing number of circulating and subscription libraries".{{sfn |Dain |2004}} {{harvnb |Knights |2004}} says: "[All this] made for a lively political culture, in which independence from governmental lines was particularly strong, evident in campaigns against the [[American Revolutionary War|war with America]] and for reform... in which trade and the impact of war with [[Revolutionary France]] were key ingredients. The open and contestable structure of local government, the press, the clubs and societies, and dissent all ensured that politics overlapped with communities bound by economics, religion, ideology and print in a world in which public opinion could not be ignored."{{sfn |Knights |2004 |pp=168–174}}

[[File:OctagonChapel.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|left|The [[Octagon Chapel, Norwich]]]]

Amid this metropolitan culture, the city burghers had built a sophisticated political structure. Freemen, who had the right to trade and to vote at elections, numbered about 2,000 in 1690, rising to over 3,300 by the mid-1730s. With growth partly the result of political manipulation, their numbers did at one point reach one-third of the adult male population.{{sfn |Knights |2004 |pp=168–174}} This was notoriously the age of [[rotten borough|"rotten"]] and [[pocket borough|"pocket"]] boroughs and Norwich was unusual in having such a high proportion of its citizens able to vote. "Of the political centres where the Jacobin propaganda had penetrated most deeply only Norwich and Nottingham had a franchise deep enough to allow radicals to make use of the electoral process."{{sfn |Thompson |1968 |p=513}} "Apart from London, Norwich was probably still the largest of those boroughs which were democratically governed," says {{harvnb |Jewson |1975}}, describing other towns under the control of a single [[fief]]dom. In Norwich, he says, a powerful Anglican establishment, symbolised by the Cathedral and the great church of St Peter Mancroft was matched by scarcely less powerful [[wikt:congeries|congeries]] of Dissenters headed by the wealthy literate body [of Unitarians] worshipping at the [[Octagon Chapel, Norwich|Octagon Chapel]].{{sfn |Jewson |1975}}

[[File:Map of Norwich 1781.jpg|thumb|Map of Norwich, 1781]]

In the middle of political disorders of the late 18th century, Norwich intellectual life flourished. [[Harriet Martineau]] wrote of the city's ''literati'' of the period, including such people as [[William Taylor (scholar)|William Taylor]], one of England's first scholars of German. The city "boasted of her intellectual supper-parties, where, amidst a pedantry which would now make laughter hold both his sides, there was much that was pleasant and salutary: and finally she called herself ''The Athens of England''."{{sfn|Martineau |1870}}

[[File:St Peter Mancroft.jpg|thumb|[[St Peter Mancroft]]]]

Despite Norwich's longstanding industrial prosperity, by the 1790s its wool trade had begun facing intense competition, at first from Yorkshire woollens and then, increasingly, from [[Lancashire]] cotton. The effects were aggravated by the loss of continental markets after Britain went to war with France in 1793.{{efn |1={{harvnb |Hayes |1958}} Quote: "a major city manufacturer, and government supporter, Robert Harvey Jr as writing on 12 March 1793: 'The consequences of this just and inevitable war visit this poor city severely and suspend the operations of the Dutch, German and Italian trade and the only lingering employment in the manufactory is the completion of a few Russian orders, and the last China [[camlet|cambletts]] which I hope will find encouragement in the new East India Charter. This languid trade has doubled our poor-rate and a voluntary subscription of above £2,000 is found inadequate to the exigencies of the poor."}} The early 19th century saw de-industrialisation accompanied by bitter squabbles. The 1820s were marked by wage cuts and personal recrimination against owners. So amid the rich commercial and cultural heritage of its recent past, Norwich suffered in the 1790s from incipient decline exacerbated by a serious trade recession.

As early in the war as 1793, a major city manufacturer and government supporter, Robert Harvey, complained of low order books, languid trade and doubling of the poor rate.{{efn |1=Quotations and facts from {{harvtxt |Wilson |2004b}}}} Like many of their Norwich forebears, the hungry poor took their complaints onto the streets. Hayes describes a meeting of 200 people in a Norwich public house, where "Citizen Stanhope" spoke.{{efn|1=Lord Stanhope was a radical peer, seen by many at the time as a dangerous menace. He is said to have given his rabble-rousing speech in a Norwich public house in 1794.}} The gathering "[roared its] applause at Stanhope's declaration that the Ministers unless they changed their policy, deserved to have their heads brought to the block; – and if there was a people still in England, the event might turn out to be so." Hayes says that "the outbreak of war, in bringing the worsted manufacture almost to a standstill and so plunging the mass of the Norwich weavers into sudden distress made it almost inevitable that a crude appeal to working-class resentment should take the place of a temperate process of education which the earliest reformers had intended."{{sfn |Hayes |1958 |pp=242–243}}

At this period opposition to [[William Pitt the Younger|Pitt's]] government and their war came – in their case almost unanimously – from a circle of radical Dissenting intellectuals of interest in their own right. They included the Rigby, Taylor, Aitkin, Barbold, and Alderson families – all Unitarians - and some of the Quaker Gurneys (one of whose girls, [[Elizabeth Fry|Elizabeth]], was later, under her married name of Fry, to become a noted campaigner for prison reform). Their activities included visits to revolutionary France (before the [[execution of Louis XVI]]), the earliest British research into German literature, studies on medical science, petitioning for parliamentary reform, and publishing a highbrow literary magazine called "The Cabinet", in 1795. Their blend of politics, religion and social campaigning was seen by Pitt and Windham as suspicious, prompting Pitt to denounce Norwich as "the Jacobin city". [[Edmund Burke]] attacked John Gurney in print for sponsoring anti-war protests. In the 1790s, Norwich was second only to London as an active intellectual centre in England, and that it did not regain that level of prominence until the [[University of East Anglia]] was established in the late 20th century.<ref>Sources: C. B. Jewson: ''Jacobin City''; I. Scott: ''Reactions to Radicalism in Norwich 1989–1802''; J. P. Foynes: ''East Anglia against the Tricolor 1789–1815''; Cambridge Modern History.</ref>

By 1795, it was not just the Norwich rabble who were causing the government concern. In April of that year, the Norwich Patriotic Society was founded, its manifesto declaring "that the great end of civil society was general happiness; that every individual had a right to share in the government."{{sfn |Jewson |1975 |p=66}} In December the price of bread reached a new peak, and in May 1796, when William Windham was forced to seek re-election after his appointment as war secretary, he only just held his seat.{{efn |1=Before the 20th century it was the practice for a sitting member to seek re-election if appointed to ministerial office.}} Amid the disorder and violence that was such a common feature of Norwich election campaigns, it was only by the narrowest margin that the radical Bartlett Gurney ("Peace and Gurney – No More War – No more Barley Bread") failed to unseat him.{{sfn |Thompson |1994}}

Though informed by issues of recent national importance, the bipartisan political culture of Norwich in the 1790s cannot be divorced from local tradition. Two features stand out from a political continuum of three centuries. The first is a dichotomous power balance. From at least the time of the Reformation, Norwich was recorded as a "two-party city". In the mid-16th century, the weaving parishes fell under the control of opposition forces, as Kett's rebels held the north of the river, in support of poor clothworkers. Indeed there seems to be a case for saying that with this tradition of two-sided disputation, the city had steadily developed an infrastructure, evident in its many cultural and institutional networks of politics, religion, society, news media and the arts, whereby argument could be managed short of outright confrontation. Indeed, at a time of hunger and tension on the Norwich streets, with alehouse crowds ready to have "a Minister's head brought to the block", the Anglican and Dissenting clergy exerted themselves to conduct a collegial dialogue, seeking common ground and reinforcing the well-mannered civic tradition of earlier periods.

[[File:Surrey House on Surrey Street - geograph.org.uk - 22919.jpg|thumb|left|[[Surrey House]], historic headquarters of the Norwich Union insurance company]]

In 1797 [[Thomas Bignold]], a 36-year-old wine merchant and banker founded the first [[Norwich Union|Norwich Union Society]]. Some years earlier, when he moved from Kent to Norwich, Bignold had been unable to find anyone willing to insure him against the threat from highwaymen. With the entrepreneurial thought that nothing was impossible, and aware that in a city built largely of wood the threat of fire was uppermost in people's minds, Bignold formed the "Norwich Union Society for the Insurance of Houses, Stock and Merchandise from Fire". The new business, which became known as the Norwich Union Fire Insurance Office, was a "mutual" enterprise. [[Aviva|Norwich Union]] would later become the country's largest insurance giant.

From earliest times, Norwich was a textile centre. In the 1780s the manufacture of Norwich [[shawl]]s became an important industry<ref>[http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/Research/Academic_Articles/Social_History/Norwich_Shawls/index.htm Norfolk Museums & Archaeology Service website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324192534/http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/Research/Academic_Articles/Social_History/Norwich_Shawls/index.htm |date=24 March 2012}} — "Norwich Shawls".</ref> and remained so for nearly a hundred years. The shawls were a high-quality fashion product and rivalled those of other towns such as [[Paisley, Renfrewshire|Paisley]], which had entered shawl manufacturing in about 1805, some 20 or more years after Norwich. With changes in women's fashion in the later [[Victorian period]], the popularity of shawls declined and eventually manufacture ceased. Examples of Norwich shawls are now sought after by collectors of textiles.

Norwich's geographical isolation was such that until 1845, when a railway link was established, it was often quicker to travel to [[Amsterdam]] by boat than to London. The railway was introduced to Norwich by [[Samuel Morton Peto|Morton Peto]], who also built a line to [[Great Yarmouth]]. From 1808 to 1814, Norwich had a station in the [[Semaphore line|shutter telegraph chain]] that connected the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] in London to its naval ships in the port of [[Great Yarmouth]]. A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of [[Britannia Barracks]] in 1897.<ref name=museum>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rnrm.org.uk/web_trail/web_bar_02.html |title=Britannia Barracks |publisher=Royal Norfolk Regiment Museum |access-date=9 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109225923/http://www.rnrm.org.uk/web_trail/web_bar_02.html |archive-date=9 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Bethel Street drill hall|Bethel Street]] and [[Cattle Market Street drill hall|Cattle Market Street]] [[drill hall]]s were built around the same time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.drillhalls.org/Counties/Norfolk/TownNorwich.htm |title=Norwich |publisher=Drill halls project |access-date=16 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813144606/http://www.drillhalls.org/Counties/Norfolk/TownNorwich.htm |archive-date=13 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===20th century===
[[File:Waterloo Park Norwich Herbaceous Border.JPG|thumb|Waterloo Park, one of six parks built during the 1930s to help alleviate unemployment in the city]]

In the early 20th century, Norwich still had several major manufacturing industries. Among them were the large-scale and bespoke manufacture of shoes (for example the [[Start-rite]] and Van Dal brands, Bowhill & Elliott and Cheney & Sons Ltd respectively), clothing, joinery (including the cabinet makers and furniture retailer [[Arthur Brett and Sons]], which continues in business in the 21st century), structural engineering, and aircraft design and manufacture. Notable employers included [[Boulton & Paul]], Barnards (iron founders and inventors of machine-produced [[wire netting]]), and the electrical engineers Laurence Scott and Electromotors.

Norwich also has a long association with chocolate making, mainly through the local firm of Caley's, which began as a manufacturer and bottler of mineral water and later diversified into chocolate and [[Christmas crackers]]. The Caley's cracker-manufacturing business was taken over by Tom Smith in 1953,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tomsmithcrackers.co.uk/ |title=Tom Smith Crackers |publisher=Tom Smith Crackers |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827125125/http://www.tomsmithcrackers.co.uk/ |archive-date=27 August 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the Norwich factory in Salhouse Road closed in 1998. Caley's was acquired by Mackintosh in the 1930s and merged with [[Rowntree's]] in 1969 to become Rowntree-Mackintosh. Finally, it was bought by [[Nestlé]] and closed in 1996, with all operations moving to [[York]] after a Norwich association of 120 years. The demolished factory stood where the Chapelfield development is now. Caley's chocolate has since reappeared as a brand in the city, though it is no longer made there.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.edp24.co.uk/content/edp24/news/story.aspx?brand=EDPOnline&category=News&tBrand=EDPOnline&tCategory=xDefault&itemid=NOED17%20Jul%202010%2008%3A08%3A21%3A243 |newspaper=Eastern Daily Press |title=Caley's New Cocoa Cafe |access-date=17 July 2010}}</ref>

[[HMSO]], once the official publishing and stationery arm of the British government and one of the largest print buyers, printers and suppliers of office equipment in the UK, moved most of its operations from London to Norwich in the 1970s. It occupied the purpose-built 1968 Sovereign House building, near Anglia Square, which in 2017 stood empty and due for demolition if a long-postponed redevelopment of Anglia Square went ahead.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://c20society.org.uk/building-of-the-month/sovereign-house-norwich|title=Sovereign House, Norwich – The Twentieth Century Society|website=c20society.org.uk}}</ref>

[[File:Jarrolds.JPG|thumb|[[Jarrolds]] department store has been based in Norwich since 1823.]]

[[Jarrolds]], established in 1810, was a nationally well-known printer and publisher. In 2004, after nearly 200 years, the printing and publishing businesses were sold. Today, the company remains privately owned and the Jarrold name is best recognised as being that of Norwich's only independent [[department store]]. The company is also active in property development in Norwich and has a business training division.<ref>[http://www.jarrold.co.uk/index.html Jarrold's store] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101022117/http://www.jarrold.co.uk/index.html |date=1 November 2009}} Retrieved 16 November 2009.</ref>

====Pubs and brewing====
The city had a long tradition of brewing.<ref>[http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/default.asp?Document=400.740.51x2 Norfolk Museums & Archaeology Service website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727215221/http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/default.asp?Document=400.740.51x2 |date=27 July 2011}} — "Brewing in Norwich".</ref> Several large [[brewery|breweries]] continued into the second half of the 20th century, notably Morgans, [[Steward & Patteson]], Youngs Crawshay and Youngs, Bullard and Son, and the Norwich Brewery. Despite takeovers and consolidation in the 1950s and 1960s, only the Norwich Brewery (owned by [[Watney Combe & Reid|Watney Mann]] and on the site of Morgans) remained by the 1970s. That too closed in 1985 and was then demolished. Only [[Microbrewery|microbreweries]] remain today.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=Frances and Michael |title=Norwich Pubs and Breweries Past and Present |publisher=Norwich Heritage Projects |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-9566272-2-3}}</ref>

It was stated by Walter Wicks in his book that Norwich once had "a pub for every day of the year and a church for every Sunday". This was in fact significantly under the actual amount: the highest number of pubs in the city was in the year 1870, with over 780 beer-houses. A "Drink Map" produced in 1892 by the Norwich and Norfolk Gospel Temperance Union showed 631 pubs in and around the city centre. By 1900, the number had dropped to 441 pubs within the City Walls. The title of a pub for every day of the year survived until 1966, when the Chief Constable informed the Licensing Justices that only 355 licences were still operative, with the number still shrinking: over 25 had closed in the last decade.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/the-city-of-pubs-but-more-than-25-have-closed-in-the-past-decade-1-5176681 |title=The city of pubs – but more than 25 have closed in the past decade |last=Betts |first=Marc |work=Eastern Daily Press |access-date=29 August 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830041430/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/the-city-of-pubs-but-more-than-25-have-closed-in-the-past-decade-1-5176681 |archive-date=30 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, about 100 pubs remained open around the city centre.

====Second World War====
{{main|Norwich Blitz}}
Norwich suffered extensive bomb damage during [[World War II]], affecting large parts of the old city centre and Victorian terrace housing around the centre. Industry and the rail infrastructure also suffered. The heaviest raids occurred on the nights of 27/28 and 29/30 April 1942; as part of the [[Baedeker raids]] (so-called because Baedeker's series of tourist guides to the [[British Isles]] were used to select propaganda-rich targets of cultural and historic significance rather than strategic importance). [[Lord Haw-Haw]] made reference to the imminent destruction of Norwich's new [[City Hall, Norwich|City Hall]] (completed in 1938), although in the event it survived unscathed. Significant targets hit included the Morgan's Brewery building, [[Colman's]] [[Wincarnis]] works, [[Norwich City railway station|City Station]], the Mackintosh chocolate factory, and shopping areas including St Stephen's St and St Benedict's St, the site of Bond's [[department store]] (now [[John Lewis (department store)|John Lewis]]) and Curl's (later Debenhams) department store.

229 citizens were killed in the two Baedeker raids with 1,000 others injured, and 340 by bombing throughout the war — giving Norwich the highest air raid casualties in Eastern England. Out of the 35,000 domestic dwellings in Norwich, 2,000 were destroyed, and another 27,000 suffered some damage.<ref name="oldcity.org.uk">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oldcity.org.uk/norwich/history/history09.php |title=A History of Norwich – 20th Century Norwich |website=www.oldcity.org.uk |access-date=5 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205074817/http://www.oldcity.org.uk/norwich/history/history09.php |archive-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1945 the city was also the intended target of a brief [[V-2 rocket]] campaign, though all these missed the city itself.<ref>4 Civil Defence Region bombing reports at National Archive</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Air Raid!: The Enemy Air Offensive against East Anglia, 1939–45 |last=Bowyer |first=Michael |publisher=Patrick Stephens |location=Wellingborough |date=1986 |isbn=9780850596854}} {{page needed|date=May 2020}}</ref>

====Post-war redevelopment====
[[File:Norfolk Terrace.JPG|thumb|The [[University of East Anglia]], which opened in 1963]]

As the war ended, the city council revealed what it had been working on before the war. It was published as a book – ''The City of Norwich Plan 1945'' or commonly known as "The '45 Plan"<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.invisibleworks.co.uk/the-1945-plan/ |title=Imagined futures past: '45 Plan – Invisible Works |date=13 May 2014 |work=Invisible Works |access-date=5 August 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805231040/https://www.invisibleworks.co.uk/the-1945-plan/ |archive-date=5 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> – a grandiose scheme of massive redevelopment which never properly materialised. However, throughout the 1960s to early 1970, the city was completely altered and large areas of Norwich were cleared to make way for modern redevelopment.

In 1960, the inner-city district of Richmond, between Ber Street and King Street, locally known as "the Village on the Hill", was condemned as slums and many residents were forced to leave by [[compulsory purchase order]]s on the old terraces and lanes. The whole borough demolished consisted of some 56 acres of existing streets, including 833 dwellings (612 classed as unfit for human habitation), 42 shops, four offices, 22 public houses and two schools.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/views/derek-james/returning-to-the-lost-village-on-the-hill-in-old-norwich-1-1697965 |title=Returning to the lost "village on the hill" in old Norwich |last=James |first=Derek |work=Norwich Evening News |access-date=30 August 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830110811/http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/views/derek-james/returning-to-the-lost-village-on-the-hill-in-old-norwich-1-1697965 |archive-date=30 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Communities were moved to high-rise buildings such as Normandie Tower and new housing estates such as Tuckswood, which were being built at the time. A new road, Rouen Road, was developed instead, consisting mainly of light industrial units and council flats. [[Ber Street, Norwich|Ber Street]], a once historic main road into the city, had its whole eastern side demolished. About this time, the final part of St Peters Street, opposite [[St Peter Mancroft]] Church, were demolished along with large Georgian townhouses at the top of Bethel Street, to make way for the new City Library in 1961.<ref name="oldcity.org.uk"/> This burnt down on 1 August 1994 and was replaced in 2001 by [[The Forum, Norwich|The Forum]].

A controversial plan was implemented for Norwich's inner ring-road in the late 1960s. In 1931, the city architect Robert Atkinson, referring to the City Wall, remarked that "in almost every position are slum dwellings put up during the last 50 years. It would be a great adventure to clear them all out and open up the road following the wall which has always been a natural highway. Do this, and you will have a wonderful circulating boulevard all around the city and its cost would be comparatively nothing."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gas Hill to Harvey Lane |url=http://www.georgeplunkett.co.uk/Norwich/gas.htm |website=www.georgeplunkett.co.uk |access-date=7 May 2020 |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926174935/http://www.georgeplunkett.co.uk/Norwich/gas.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> To accommodate the road, many more buildings were demolished, including an ancient road junction – Stump Cross. Magdalen Street, Botolph Street, St George's Street, Calvert Street and notably Pitt Street, all lined with Tudor and Georgian buildings, were cleared to make way for a fly-over and a [[Brutalist architecture|Brutalist]] concrete shopping centre – [[Anglia Square Shopping Centre, Norwich|Anglia Square]] – as well as office blocks such as an [[Office of Public Sector Information|HMSO]] building, Sovereign House. Other areas affected were Grapes Hill, a once narrow lane lined with 19th-century Georgian cottages, which was cleared and widened into a dual carriageway leading to a roundabout. Shortly before construction of the roundabout, the city's old [[Chapel Field Road drill hall|Drill Hall]] was demolished, along with sections of the original city wall and other large townhouses along the start of Unthank Road (named after the Unthank family, local landowners).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=James |first1=Derek |title=The real story behind Unthank Road |url=https://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/views/norwich-golden-triangle-unthank-derek-james-1-5352280 |website=Evening News |date=12 January 2018 |access-date=25 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125184433/https://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/views/norwich-golden-triangle-unthank-derek-james-1-5352280 |archive-date=25 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The roundabout also required the north-west corner of [[Chapelfield Gardens]] to be demolished. About a mile of Georgian and Victorian terrace houses along Chapelfield Road and Queens Road, including many houses built into the city walls, was bulldozed in 1964. This included the surrounding district off Vauxhall Street, consisting of swathes of terrace housing that were condemned as slums. This also included the whole West Pottergate district, which contained a mix of 18th and 19th-century cottages and terraced housing, pubs and shops. Post-war housing and maisonettes flats now stand where the [[Rookery (slum)|Rookery slums]] once did. Some aspects of The '45 Plan were put into action, which saw large three-story Edwardian houses in Grove Avenue and Grove Road, and other large properties on Southwell Road, demolished in 1962 to make way for flat-roofed single-story style maisonettes that still stand today.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://norfolk.spydus.co.uk/cgi-bin/spydus.exe/FULL/PICNOR/BIBENQ/155332801/2219614,5?FMT=IMG |title=Spydus – Image Display – Record 5 of 8 |website=Civica |publisher=Norfolk County Council |language=en |access-date=9 September 2018 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528133028/https://norfolk.spydus.co.uk/cgi-bin/spydus.exe/FULL/PICNOR/BIBENQ/155332801/2219614,5?FMT=IMG |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Heigham (Norwich)|Heigham]] Hall, (Heigham is correctly pronounced "Hayum"<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://friendsofnorfolkdialect.com/portfolio-items/norfolk-placenames/|title=Norfolk Placenames}}</ref>) a large Victorian manor house off Old Palace Road was also demolished in 1963, to build Dolphin Grove flats, which housed many Norwich families displaced by [[Slum clearance in the United Kingdom|slum clearance]].

Other housing developments in the private and public sector took place after the Second World War, partly to accommodate the growing population of the city and to replace condemned and bomb-damaged areas, such as the [[Heigham (Norwich)|Heigham Grove]] (Heigham is correctly pronounced "Hayum"<ref name="auto1"/>) district between Barn Road and Old Palace Road, where some 200 terraced houses, shops and pubs were all flattened. Only St Barnabas church and one public house, The West End Retreat, now remain. Another central street bulldozed during the 1960s was St Stephens Street. It was widened, clearing away many historically significant buildings in the process, firstly for Norwich Union's new office blocks and shortly after with new buildings, after it suffered damage during the Baedeker raids. In Surrey Street, several grand six-storey Georgian townhouses were demolished to make way for Norwich Union's office. Other notable buildings that were lost were three theatres (the Norwich Hippodrome on St Giles Street, which is now a multi-storey car park, the Grosvenor Rooms and Electric Theatre in Prince of Wales Road) The Norwich Corn Exchange in Exchange Street (built 1861, demolished 1964), the Free Library in Duke Street (built 1857, demolished 1963) and the Great Eastern Hotel, which faced Norwich Station. Two large churches, the Chapel Field East Congregational church<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/news/memories-of-a-lost-norwich-church-1720824 |title=Memories of a lost Norwich church |first=Derek |last=James |date=23 February 2011 |website=Norwich Evening News}}</ref> (built 1858, demolished 1972) was pulled down, as well as the {{convert|100|foot|adj=on}} tall Presbyterian church in Theatre Street, built in 1874 and designed by local architect [[Edward Boardman]]. It has been said that more of Norwich's architecture was destroyed by the council in post-war redevelopment schemes than during the Second World War.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

====Other events====
In 1976 the city's pioneering spirit was on show when Motum Road in Norwich, allegedly the scene of "a number of accidents over the years", became the third road in Britain to be equipped with [[sleeping policemen]], intended to encourage adherence to the road's {{cvt|30|mph|km/h}} speed limit.<ref name=Autocar197605>{{Cite journal |journal=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] |volume=144 |issue=4147 |title=News: Humps – another road |page=2 |date=1 May 1976}}</ref> The bumps, installed at intervals of {{convert|50|and|150|yards}}, stretched {{convert|12|feet}} across the width of the road and their curved profile was, at its highest point, {{cvt|4|inch|cm}} high.<ref name=Autocar197605/> The responsible [[Transport Research Laboratory|quango]] gave an assurance that the experimental devices would be removed not more than one year after installation.<ref name=Autocar197605/>

From 1980 to 1985 the city became a frequent focus of national media due to squatting in [[Argyle Street, Norwich|Argyle Street]], a Victorian street that was demolished in 1986, despite being the last street to survive the Richmond Hill redevelopment. On 23 November 1981, a minor [[1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak|F0/T1 tornado]] struck Norwich as part of a record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak, causing minor damage in Norwich city centre and surrounding suburbs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eswd.eu/cgi-bin/eswd.cgi |title=European Severe Weather Database |access-date=22 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222045014/http://www.eswd.eu/cgi-bin/eswd.cgi |archive-date=22 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Governance==
{{main|Norwich City Council}}
[[File:Norwich City Hall - geograph.org.uk - 24665.jpg|thumb|[[Norwich City Hall]]]]

There are two tiers of local government covering Norwich, at [[non-metropolitan district|district]] and [[non-metropolitan county|county]] level: [[Norwich City Council]] and [[Norfolk County Council]]. The city council manages services such as housing, planning, leisure and tourism, and is based at [[City Hall, Norwich|City Hall]] overlooking [[Norwich Market]] in the city centre. The county council manages services such as schools, transport, social services and libraries across [[Norfolk]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Local government in England and Wales: A Guide to the New System |year=1974 |publisher=[[HMSO]] |location=London |isbn=0-11-750847-0 |page=72}}</ref> There are no [[civil parish]]es in Norwich, with the whole city being an [[unparished area]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Election Maps |url=https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/election-maps/gb/ |publisher=Ordnance Survey |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref>

===Lord mayoralty and shrievalty===
{{see also|List of Lord Mayors of Norwich}}
[[File:Norwich Guildhall from south.jpg|thumb|[[Norwich Guildhall]], the seat of local government from the early 15th century until 1938]]

The ceremonial head of the city is the [[List of Lord Mayors of Norwich|Lord Mayor]]; though now simply a ceremonial position, in the past the office carried considerable authority, with executive powers over the finances and affairs of the city council. The office of Mayor of Norwich dates from 1403 and was raised to the dignity of [[List of lord mayoralties and lord provostships in the United Kingdom|lord mayor]] in 1910 by [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]] "in view of the position occupied by that city as the chief city of East Anglia and of its close association with His Majesty".<ref name=mayor>{{Cite web |url=http://www.norwich.gov.uk/webapps/atoz/service_page.asp?id=1407&pid=1014 |title=Lord Mayor of Norwich |publisher=Norwich City Council |access-date=13 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716110301/http://www.norwich.gov.uk/webapps/atoz/service_page.asp?id=1407&pid=1014 |archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The King and Norwich |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=7 February 1910}}</ref> The title was regranted on local government reorganisation in 1974.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=46255|page=4400|date=4 April 1974}}</ref> From 1404 the citizens of Norwich, as a [[county corporate]], had the privilege of electing two sheriffs. Under the [[Municipal Corporations Act 1835]] this was reduced to one and became a ceremonial post. Both Lord Mayor and Sheriff are elected for a year's term of office at the council's annual meeting, but the term of office was temporarily extended to two years for the periods 2019-2021 and 2021-2023, the normal annual elections having been disrupted by the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19 pandemic]] in the years 2020-2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 May 2021 |title=Who is the new Lord Mayor of Norwich? |work=[[Eastern Daily Press]] |url=https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/20652300.new-lord-mayor-norwich/ |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref><ref name=mayor/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.norwich.gov.uk/webapps/atoz/service_page.asp?id=1408&pid=1014 |title=Sheriff of Norwich |publisher=Norwich County Council |access-date=13 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716110317/http://www.norwich.gov.uk/webapps/atoz/service_page.asp?id=1408&pid=1014 |archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref>

===Westminster===
{{see also|Norwich North (UK Parliament constituency)|Norwich South (UK Parliament constituency)}}
Since 1298 Norwich has returned two members of Parliament to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]. Until [[Representation of the People Act 1948|1950]] the city was an [[Norwich (UK Parliament constituency)|undivided constituency]], returning two MPs. Since that date, the area has been two single-member constituencies: [[Norwich North (UK Parliament constituency)|Norwich North]] and [[Norwich South (UK Parliament constituency)|Norwich South]].{{sfn |Youngs |1979 |p=751}} Both proved to be marginal seats in recent elections until 2010, switching between the Labour and Conservative parties.

Norwich North, which includes some rural wards of [[Broadland]] District, was held by Labour from 1950 to 1983 when it was gained by the Conservatives. Labour regained the seat in 1997, holding it until a [[2009 Norwich North by-election|by-election in 2009]]. The current MP is the Conservative, [[Chloe Smith]], who held the seat in the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 General Election]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/constituency/1195/norwich-north |title=Norwich North |series=Politics |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=13 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219062728/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/constituency/1195/norwich-north |archive-date=19 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Norwich South, which includes part of [[South Norfolk]] District, was held by Labour from February 1974 to 1983, when it was gained by the Conservatives. John Garrett regained the seat for Labour in 1987. [[Charles Clarke]] became Labour MP for Norwich South in 1997.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/constituency/1196/norwich-south |title=Norwich South |series=Politics |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=13 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219062725/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/constituency/1196/norwich-south |archive-date=19 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2010 General Election, Labour lost the seat to the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]], with [[Simon Wright (politician)|Simon Wright]] becoming MP.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.edp24.co.uk/content/edp24/news/story.aspx?brand=EDPOnline&category=News&tBrand=EDPOnline&tCategory=xDefault&itemid=NOED07%20May%202010%2004%3A52%3A55%3A767 |title=Clarke Out as Lib Dems win Norwich South |access-date=7 May 2010 |newspaper=Eastern Daily Press}}</ref> At the 2015 General Election, [[Clive Lewis (politician)|Clive Lewis]] regained the seat for Labour.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/labour_win_norwich_south_on_night_of_misery_for_lib_dems_1_4065583 |title=Labour win Norwich South on night of misery for Lib Dems |date=8 May 2015 |access-date=9 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511005649/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/labour_win_norwich_south_on_night_of_misery_for_lib_dems_1_4065583 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In both the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 General Election]] and [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 General Election]], the two incumbent 2015 MPs held their seats.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/politics/general-election-2017-winners-and-losers-after-results-declared-in-norfolk-and-waveney-1-5054661 |title=General Election 2017; What happened in Norfolk and Waveney? |date=9 June 2017 |publisher=Eastern Daily Press |access-date=14 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814141756/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/politics/general-election-2017-winners-and-losers-after-results-declared-in-norfolk-and-waveney-1-5054661 |archive-date=14 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Demography==
{{Historical populations
|title = Population change
|type = UK
|cols = 3
|shadings = off
|footnote = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10168697/cube/TOT_POP |title=Norwich District: Total Population |access-date=26 February 2014 |work=A Vision of Britain Through Time |publisher=Great Britain Historical GIS Project |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302043140/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10168697/cube/TOT_POP |archive-date=2 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Norwich 2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=6275192&c=Norwich&d=13&e=62&g=6449900&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1393418909625&enc=1 |title=Norwich (Local Authority) |author=United Kingdom Census 2011 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302223413/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=6275192&c=Norwich&d=13&e=62&g=6449900&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1393418909625&enc=1 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |url-status=live}} N. B. Only used for 2011 data.</ref>
|1801 |35633
|1821 |48792
|1841 |60418
|1861 |70958
|1881 |79977
|1901 |100815
|1921 |112533
|1941 |112669
|1951 |110633
|1961 |116231
|1971 |122118
|1981 |119764
|1991 |127074
|2001 |121553
|2011 |132512
|2021 |144000
}}
[[File:Norwich pop pyramid.svg|thumb|Population pyramid of Norwich in 2021]]
[[File:Norwich.svg|thumb|right|Population of Norwich]]

The [[2021 United Kingdom census]] reported a resident population for the City of Norwich of approximately 144,000, an 8.7 per cent increase over the 2011 census.<ref name="census2021-population"/> The urban, built-up area of Norwich had a population of 213,166 according to the 2011 census.<ref name="2011 Census - Built-up areas">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx |title=2011 Census – Built-up areas |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] |access-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921045319/http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> This area extends beyond the city boundary, with extensive suburban areas on the western, northern and eastern sides, including [[Costessey]], [[Taverham]], [[Hellesdon]], [[Bowthorpe]], [[Old Catton]], [[Sprowston]] and [[Thorpe St Andrew]]. The parliamentary seats cross over into adjacent local-government districts. The population of the Norwich [[travel to work area]] (i. e. the self-contained labour-market area in and around Norwich in which most people live and commute to work) was estimated at 282,000 in 2009.<ref name="ons2013">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/subnational-labour/regional-labour-market-statistics/january-2013/rft-lm-table-li03-january-2013.xls |title=LI03 Local labour market indicators by Travel-to-Work Area<!-- as in spreadsheet--> |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=10 September 2013 |format=XLS |year=2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004223852/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/subnational-labour/regional-labour-market-statistics/january-2013/rft-lm-table-li03-january-2013.xls |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Norwich is one of the most densely populated local-government districts in the [[East of England]], with {{convert|3,690|/km2|/mi2|disp=preunit|people&nbsp;|people|}}.<ref name="census2021-population-dataset">{{cite web |title=Population and household estimates, England and Wales: Census 2021 - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationandhouseholdestimatesenglandandwalescensus2021 |website=www.ons.gov.uk |access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref>

In 2022 the ethnic composition of Norwich's population was 87.1% [[White people|White]], 5.5% [[British Asian|Asian]], 3.2% of [[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|mixed race]], 2.6% [[Black British|Black]], 0.6% [[British Arab|Arab]] and 1.1% of other ethnic heritage.<ref name="census2021-ethnicity"/> In religion, 33.6% of the population are Christian, 3% Muslim, 1.2% Hindu, 0.7% Buddhist, 0.2% Jewish, 0.1% Sikh, 0.9% of another religion, 53.5% with no religion and 6.8% unwilling to state their religion.<ref name="2021census-religion"/> In the 2001 and 2011 censuses, Norwich was found to be the least religious city in England, with the highest proportion of respondents with no reported religion, compared to 25.1% across England and Wales.<ref name=bbcreligion>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-20679514 |title=Census shows Norwich 'least religious city' in England and Wales |website=BBC News |author=John Welch |date=12 December 2012 |access-date=8 February 2014 |archive-date=26 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026043116/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-20679514 |url-status=live}}</ref> The largest [[quinary]] group consists of the 20 to 24-year-olds (14.6%) because of the high university student population.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.empho.org.uk/download.aspx?urlid=10305&urlt=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625085521/http://www.empho.org.uk/download.aspx?urlid=10305&urlt=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 June 2021 |title=Mid-2005 Population Estimates: Quinary age groups and sex for local authorities in the United Kingdom |access-date=26 February 2014 |work=National Statistics |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref>

=== Ethnicity ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! rowspan="2" |Ethnic group
! colspan="2" |1991<ref name=":412">Data is taken from United Kingdom [http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm Casweb Data services] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215152146/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm |date=15 December 2021 }} of the United Kingdom [http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405213012/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm |date=5 April 2022 }} (Table 6)</ref>
! colspan="2" |2001<ref>{{cite web |title=Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011<ref name=":36">{{Cite web |title=2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |access-date=15 December 2021 |website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2021<ref name="census2021-ethnicity">{{cite web |title=Ethnic group, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/bulletins/ethnicgroupenglandandwales/census2021 |website=www.ons.gov.uk |access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
![[White people in the United Kingdom|White]]: Total
!118,843
!98.3%
!117,701
!96.8%
!120,375
!90.9%
!125,421
!87.1%
|-
|White: [[White British|British]]
|–
|–
|113,600
|93.5%
|112,237
|84.7%
|111,623
|77.6%
|-
|White: [[White Irish|Irish]]
|–
|–
|843
|
|874
|0.7%
|885
|0.6%
|-
|White: [[White Gypsy or Irish Traveller|Gypsy or Irish Traveller]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|127
|0.1%
|214
|0.1%
|-
|White: [[Romani people in the United Kingdom|Roma]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|214
|0.1%
|-
|White: [[Other White|Other]]
|–
|–
|3,258
|
|7,137
|5.4%
|12,485 
|8.7%
|-
![[British Asian|Asian or Asian British]]: Total
!1,010
!0.8%
!1,506
!1.2%
!5,844
!4.5%
!7,867
!5.5%
|-
|Asian or Asian British: [[British Indians|Indian]]
|314
|
|525
|
|1,684
|1.3%
|2,570
|1.8%
|-
|Asian or Asian British: [[British Pakistanis|Pakistani]]
|78
|
|93
|
|255
|0.2%
|528
|0.4%
|-
|Asian or Asian British: [[British Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]]
|123
|
|216
|
|540
|0.4%
|839
|0.6%
|-
|Asian or Asian British: [[British Chinese|Chinese]]
|286
|
|468
|
|1,679
|1.3%
|1,627
|1.1%
|-
|Asian or Asian British: Other Asian
|209
|
|204
|
|1,686
|1.3%
|2,303
|1.6%
|-
![[Black British people|Black or Black British]]: Total
!506
!0.4%
!433
!0.4%
!2,147
!1.6%
!3,578
!2.6%
|-
|Black or Black British: [[British African-Caribbean people|Caribbean]]
|98
|
|123
|
|272
|0.2%
|395
|0.3%
|-
|Black or Black British: [[British African-Caribbean people|African]]
|168
|
|267
|
|1,727
|1.3%
|2,807
|2.0%
|-
|Black or Black British: [[Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom|Other Black]]
|240
|
|43
|
|148
|0.1%
|376
|0.3%
|-
![[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|Mixed or British Mixed]]: Total
!–
!–
!1,321
!1.1%
!3,039
!2.3%
!4,519
!3.2%
|-
|Mixed: White and Black Caribbean
|–
|–
|311
|
|684
|0.5%
|939
|0.7%
|-
|Mixed: White and Black African
|–
|–
|187
|
|660
|0.5%
|966
|0.7%
|-
|Mixed: White and Asian
|–
|–
|391
|
|876
|0.7%
|1,287
|0.9%
|-
|Mixed: Other Mixed
|–
|–
|432
|
|819
|0.6%
|1,327
|0.9%
|-
!Other: Total
!536
!0.4%
!589
!0.5%
!1,107
!0.9%
!2,539
!1.7%
|-
|Other: Arab
|–
|–
|–
|–
|643
|0.5%
|900
|0.6%
|-
|Other: Any other ethnic group
|536
|0.4%
|589
|0.5%
|464
|0.4%
|1,639
|1.1%
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Total
!120,895
!100%
!121,550
!100%
!132,512
!100%
!143,924
!100%
|}

=== Religion ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! rowspan="2" |Religion
! colspan="2" |2001<ref>{{Cite web |title=KS007 - Religion - Nomis - 2001 |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/ks007 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=KS209EW (Religion) - Nomis - 2011 |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/ks209ew |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2021<ref name="2021census-religion">{{cite web |title=Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021 |website=www.ons.gov.uk |access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Holds religious beliefs
!76,108
!62.6
!65,417
!49.4
!57,189
!39.7
|-
|[[File:Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg|26x26px]] [[Christians|Christian]]
| align="right" |73,428
| align="right" |60.4
| align="right" |59,515
| align="right" |44.9
| align="right" |48,399
| align="right" |33.6
|-
|[[File:Dharma_Wheel.svg|20x20px]] [[Buddhism|Buddhist]]
| align="right" |485
| align="right" |0.4
| align="right" |978
| align="right" |0.7
| align="right" |983
| align="right" |0.7
|-
|[[File:Om.svg|21x21px]] [[Hinduism|Hindu]]
| align="right" |348
| align="right" |0.3
| align="right" |1,017
| align="right" |0.8
| align="right" |1,719
| align="right" |1.2
|-
|[[File:Star_of_David.svg|23x23px]] Jewish
| align="right" |239
| align="right" |0.2
| align="right" |241
| align="right" |0.2
| align="right" |331
| align="right" |0.2
|-
|[[File:Star_and_Crescent.svg|20x20px]] [[Muslim]]
| align="right" |887
| align="right" |0.7
| align="right" |2,612
| align="right" |2.0
| align="right" |4,289
| align="right" |3.0
|-
|[[File:Khanda.svg|24x24px]] [[Sikhism|Sikh]]
| align="right" |102
| align="right" |0.1
| align="right" |168
| align="right" |0.1
| align="right" |185
| align="right" |0.1
|-
|Other religion
| align="right" |619
| align="right" |0.5
| align="right" |886
| align="right" |0.7
| align="right" |1283
| align="right" |0.9
|-
!''(No religion and Religion not stated)''
! align="right" |45,442
! align="right" |37.4
! align="right" |67,095
! align="right" |50.7
! align="right" |86,733
! align="right" |60.3
|-
|[[Irreligion|No religion]]
| align="right" |33,766
| align="right" |27.8
| align="right" |56,268
| align="right" |42.5
| align="right" |76,973
| align="right" |53.5
|-
|Religion not stated
| align="right" |11,676
| align="right" |9.6
| align="right" |10,827
| align="right" |8.2
| align="right" |9,760 
| align="right" |6.8
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Total population
! align="right" |121,550
! align="right" |100.0
! align="right" |132,512
! align="right" |100.0
! align="right" |143,922
! align="right" |100.0
|}

==Education==
===Primary and secondary===
The city has 56 primary schools (including 16 academies and free schools) and 13 secondary schools, 11 of which are academies.<ref name="Gov.uk.norwich">{{Cite web |url=https://www.compare-school-performance.service.gov.uk/?keywords=Norwich&LocationCoordinates=&searchtype=search-by-location |title=Search Results – Compare School Performance |publisher=Gov.uk |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226050738/https://www.compare-school-performance.service.gov.uk/?keywords=Norwich&LocationCoordinates=&searchtype=search-by-location |archive-date=26 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city's eight independent schools include [[Norwich School]] and [[Norwich High School for Girls]].<ref name="Gov.uk.norwich"/> There are five schools for children with learning disabilities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.esinet.norfolk.gov.uk/schoolfinder/placeresults.asp?id=462&range= |title=SchoolFinder |website=Norfolk County Council |access-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904102134/http://www.esinet.norfolk.gov.uk/schoolfinder/placeresults.asp?id=462&range= |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The former Norwich High School for Boys in Upper St Giles Street has a [[blue plaque]] commemorating Sir [[John Mills]], who was a pupil there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Mills blue plaque in Norwich |url=http://www.blueplaqueplaces.co.uk/john-mills-blue-plaque-in-norwich-4208#.XDfLslz7TIU |website=Blue Plaque Places |access-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111121446/http://www.blueplaqueplaces.co.uk/john-mills-blue-plaque-in-norwich-4208#.XDfLslz7TIU |archive-date=11 January 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Universities and colleges===
[[File:University College of the Arts, Duke St - geograph.org.uk - 1398450.jpg|thumb|[[Norwich University of the Arts]]]]

Norwich has two universities: the [[University of East Anglia]] and [[Norwich University of the Arts]]. The student population is around 15,000, many of them from overseas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/cities/norwich/ |title=Norwich |website=Complete University Guide |access-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203050336/http://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/cities/norwich/ |archive-date=3 February 2014}}</ref> The University of East Anglia, founded in 1963, is located on the outskirts of the city. It has a creative writing programme, established by [[Malcolm Bradbury]] and [[Angus Wilson]], whose graduates include [[Kazuo Ishiguro]] and [[Ian McEwan]]. It has done work on climate research and climate change. Its campus is home to the [[Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts]], which houses several important art collections. The Norwich University of the Arts dates back to 1845 as the Norwich School of Design. Founded by artists and followers of the [[Norwich School (art movement)|Norwich School]] art movement, it was founded to provide designers for local industries. Previously a specialist art school (the Norwich School of Art and Design), it achieved university status in 2013.

Norwich has three [[further education]] colleges. [[City College Norwich]], situated on Ipswich Road, was founded in 1891 and is one of the largest such colleges in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/universities-and-colleges/8533258/City-College-Norwich-guide.html |title=City College Norwich Guide |newspaper=The Telegraph |access-date=1 February 2014 |location=London |first=Andrew |last=Marszal |date=17 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531223249/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/universities-and-colleges/8533258/City-College-Norwich-guide.html |archive-date=31 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Access to Music]] is located on Magdalen Street at Epic Studios, and [[Easton & Otley College]]'s Easton Campus is located {{cvt|7|mi|km}} west of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eastonotley.ac.uk/ |title=Easton & Otley College |access-date=29 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229212121/https://www.eastonotley.ac.uk/ |archive-date=29 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Culture and attractions==
Historically Norwich has been associated with art, literature and publishing. This continues. It was the site of England's first provincial library, which opened in 1608, and the first city to implement the [[Public Libraries Act 1850]].<ref name=unesco10>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org.uk/uploads/Norwich%20UNESCO%20City%20of%20Literature%2010%20things.pdf |title=10 things to know about Norwich |publisher=UNESCO |date=November 2012 |access-date=26 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302125621/http://www.unesco.org.uk/uploads/Norwich%20UNESCO%20City%20of%20Literature%2010%20things.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The ''[[Norwich Post]]'' was the first provincial newspaper outside London, founded in 1701.<ref name=unesco10/> The [[Norwich School (art movement)|Norwich School]] of artists was the first provincial art movement, with nationally acclaimed artists such as [[John Crome]] associated with the movement.{{sfn |Cundall |1920}} Other literary firsts include [[Julian of Norwich]]'s ''[[Revelations of Divine Love]]'', published in 1395, which was the first book written in the English language by a woman, and the first poem written in [[blank verse]], composed by [[Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey]], in the 16th century.<ref name=unesco10/>

Today the city is a regional centre for publishing, with 5 per cent of the UK's independent publishing sector based in the city in 2012.<ref name=unesco10/> In 2006 Norwich became the UK's first City of Refuge, part of the [[International Cities of Refuge Network]] (ICORN) which promotes free speech.<ref name=unesco10/> Norwich made the shortlist for the first city to be designated [[UK City of Culture]], but in July 2010 it was announced that [[Derry]] had been selected.<ref name="Derry wins City of Culture">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-10653989 |title=Londonderry named the UK City of Culture |work=BBC News |access-date=15 July 2010 |date=15 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910160818/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-10653989 |archive-date=10 September 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2012 Norwich was designated as England's first [[UNESCO]] [[City of Literature]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-18016481 |title=Norwich named as UNESCO City of Literature |publisher=BBC |date=10 May 2012 |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801131150/http://m.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-18016481 |archive-date=1 August 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Attractions===
[[File:Pulls Ferry, Norwich.jpg|thumb|left|[[Pulls Ferry, Norwich|Pulls Ferry]], once a 15th-century [[Watergate (architecture)|watergate]]]]

Norwich is a popular destination for a city break. Attractions include [[Norwich Cathedral]], the cobbled streets and museums of old Norwich, [[Norwich Castle]], [[Cow Tower, Norwich|Cow Tower]], [[Dragon Hall, Norwich|Dragon Hall]] and [[The Forum, Norwich|The Forum]]. Norwich is one of the UK's top ten shopping destinations, with a mix of chain retailers and independent stores, and [[Norwich Market]] as one of the largest outdoor markets in England.

The Forum, designed by [[Michael Hopkins (architect)|Michael Hopkins]] and Partners and opened in 2002 is a building designed to house the Norfolk and Norwich Millennium Library, a replacement for the Norwich Central Library building which burnt down in 1994, and the regional headquarters and television centre for [[BBC East]]. In 2006–2013 it was the most visited library in the UK, with 1.3 million visits in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/dec/11/norfolk-norwich-library-most-popular-top-20 |title=Norfolk & Norwich Millennium tops list of most popular UK libraries |first=Liz |last=Bury |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 December 2013 |access-date=25 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303030909/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/dec/11/norfolk-norwich-library-most-popular-top-20 |archive-date=3 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The collections contains the [[2nd Air Division]] Memorial Library, a collection of material about American culture and the American relationship with East Anglia, especially the role of the [[United States Air Force]] on UK airbases throughout the Second World War and [[Cold War]]. Much of the collection was lost in the 1994 fire, but the collection has been restored by contributions from many veterans of the war, European and American. The building also provides a venue for art exhibitions, concerts and events, although the city still lacks a dedicated concert venue.

Recent attempts to shed the backwater image of Norwich and market it as a popular tourist destination, as well as a centre for science, commerce, culture and the arts, have included refurbishment of the Norwich Castle Museum and the opening of the Forum. The proposed new slogan for Norwich as ''England's Other City'' has been the subject of much discussion and controversy. It remains to be seen whether it will be adopted. Several signs at the city's approaches still display the traditional phrase: "Norwich — a fine city".

[[File:The Forum Norwich 2015.JPG|thumb|[[The Forum, Norwich|The Forum]], housing, among other things, the Norfolk and Norwich Millennium Library and the [[BBC]]'s East of England headquarters and studios]]

The city promotes its architectural heritage through a collection of notable buildings in Norwich called the "[[Norwich 12]]". The group consists of: Norwich Castle, Norwich Cathedral, the [[Great Hospital]], [[St Andrew's and Blackfriars' Hall, Norwich|St Andrew's Hall and Blackfriars' Hall]], [[Norwich Guildhall|The Guildhall]], [[Dragon Hall, Norwich|Dragon Hall]], [[The Assembly House]], [[St James Mill]], [[St John the Baptist Cathedral, Norwich|St John the Baptist RC Cathedral]], [[Surrey House]], [[City Hall, Norwich|City Hall]] and The Forum.

===Art and music===
Each year the [[Norfolk and Norwich Festival]] celebrates the arts, drawing many visitors into the city from all over eastern England. The [[Norwich Twenty Group]], founded in 1944, presents exhibitions of its members to promote awareness of modern art. Norwich was home to the first arts festival in Britain in 1772.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nnfestival.org.uk/about_us/history |title=Norfolk & Norwich Festival – About us – History |first=Silk Pearce |last=www.silkpearce.com |access-date=28 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202093237/http://www.nnfestival.org.uk/about_us/history |archive-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Norwich Arts Centre]] is a notable live music venue, concert hall and theatre located in St Benedict's Street. The King of Hearts in Fye Bridge Street is another centre for art and music. Norwich has a thriving music scene based around local venues such as the University of East Anglia LCR, Norwich Arts Centre, [[The Waterfront, Norwich|The Waterfront]] and Epic Studios. Live music, mostly contemporary musical genres, is also to be heard at a number of other [[public house]] and club venues around the city. The city is host to many artists that have achieved national and international recognition such as [[Cord (band)|Cord]], [[The Kabeedies]], [[Serious Drinking]], [[Tim Bowness]], [[Sennen (band)|Sennen]], [[Magoo (band)|Magoo]], [[Let's Eat Grandma]] and [[KaitO]].

Norwich hosted [[BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend]] in 2015. The event was held on 23–24 May in Earlham Park.<ref>BBC Big Weekend Norwich [https://www.bbc.co.uk/events/ewh8q9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406012750/http://www.bbc.co.uk/events/ewh8q9|date=6 April 2016}} Retrieved 5 April 2016.</ref>

Established record labels in Norwich include All Sorted Records,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://allsortedrecords.com |title=All Sorted !?! Records |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723215728/http://www.allsortedrecords.com/ |archive-date=23 July 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 April 2011 |publisher=East Anglian Music Archive |others=Label owner Dudley Garner}}</ref> NR ONE,<ref>[http://www.nrone.co.uk/nrone record label]{{dead link |date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} Retrieved 2 March 2010.</ref> [[Hungry Audio]] and Burning Shed.

The British artist [[Stella Vine]] lived in Norwich from the age of seven,<ref name="Vine Times">{{Cite news |author=Lynn Barber |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2007/jul/08/art |title=Vine Times |work=The Guardian |access-date=13 September 2013 |location=London |date=9 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031060704/http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2007/jul/08/art |archive-date=31 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> including for a short while in [[Argyle Street, Norwich]] and again later in life with her son Jamie. Vine depicted the city in a large painting, ''Welcome to Norwich a fine city'' (2006).<ref name="Stella Vine at Modern Art Oxford">{{Cite web |url=https://www.modernartoxford.org.uk/Press/80 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124053418/http://www.modernartoxford.org.uk/Press/80 |url-status=dead |title=Modern Art Oxford |archive-date=24 January 2009 |website=www.modernartoxford.org.uk}}</ref>

===Theatres===
[[File:St Swithin's church in St Benedicts Street, Norwich.jpg|thumb|[[Norwich Arts Centre]], opened in 1977, on St Benedict's Street]]
[[File:Norwich Theatre Royal.JPG|thumb|The [[Theatre Royal, Norwich|Theatre Royal]], Norwich's largest theatre]]
[[File:NorwichPlayhouse (cropped).JPG|thumb|[[Norwich Playhouse]] on St George's Street]]

Norwich has theatres ranging in capacity from 100 to 1,300 seats and offering a wide variety of programmes. The [[Theatre Royal, Norwich|Theatre Royal]] is the largest and has been on its present site for nearly 250 years, through several rebuildings and many alterations. It has 1,300 seats and hosts a mix of national touring productions including musicals, dance, drama, family shows, stand-up comedians, opera and pop.

The [[Maddermarket Theatre]] opened in 1921 as the first permanent recreation of an [[Elizabethan theatre]]. The founder was [[Nugent Monck]] who had worked with [[William Poel]]. The theatre is a [[Shakespearean]]-style playhouse and has a [[seating capacity]] of 310. [[Norwich Puppet Theatre]] was founded in 1979 by Ray and Joan DaSilva as a permanent base for their touring company and was first opened as a public venue in 1980, following the conversion of the medieval church of St James in the heart of Norwich. Under subsequent artistic directors — Barry Smith and Luis Z. Boy — the theatre established its current pattern of operation. It is a nationally unique venue dedicated to puppetry, and currently houses a 185-seat raked auditorium, the 50-seat Octagon Studio, workshops, an exhibition gallery, shop and licensed bar. It is the only theatre in the Eastern region with a year-round programme of family-centred entertainment. [[Norwich Arts Centre]] theatre opened in 1977 in St Benedict's Street and has a capacity of 290. The [[Norwich Playhouse]], which opened in 1995 and has a seating capacity of 300, is a venue in the heart of the city and one of the most modern performance spaces of its size in East Anglia.

The Garage studio theatre seats up to 110 in a range of layouts, or can be used for standing events for up to 180. Platform Theatre is in the grounds of the City College Norwich. Productions are staged mainly in the autumn and summer months. The theatre is raked and seats about 250. On 20 April 2012, it held a large relaunch event with an evening performance, showcasing it with previews of coming performances and scenes from past ones.<ref>[http://www.ccn.ac.uk/news/new-building-boost-creative-arts-city-college-norwich City College Norwich] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406070519/http://www.ccn.ac.uk/news/new-building-boost-creative-arts-city-college-norwich |date=6 April 2012}} Retrieved 23 March 2012.</ref>

The Whiffler Theatre, built in 1981, was given to the people of Norwich by the local newspaper group Eastern Daily Press. It is an open-air facility in Norwich Castle Gardens, with fixed-raked seating for up to 80 and standing for another 30 on the balcony. The stage is brick-built and has its dressing rooms set in a small building to stage left. The Whiffler mainly plays small Shakespeare productions. [[Sewell Barn Theatre]] is the smallest theatre in Norwich and has a seating capacity of just 100. The auditorium features raked seating on three sides of an open acting space. This staging helps to draw the audience closer into the performance.

Public performance spaces include the Forum in the city centre, with a large open-air [[amphitheatre]] for performances of many types throughout the year. Additionally, the [[cloister]]s of Norwich Cathedral are used for open-air performances as part of an annual Shakespeare festival.<ref>[http://www.cathedral.org.uk/whats-on/shakespeare-in-the-cloisters-2013-tour.aspx Shakespeare in the cloisters] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121155413/http://www.cathedral.org.uk/whats-on/shakespeare-in-the-cloisters-2013-tour.aspx |date=21 January 2013}} Retrieved 13 December 2012.</ref>

===Museums===
Norwich has several museums to reflect the history of the city and of Norfolk, and wider interests. The largest, Norwich Castle Museum, has extensive collections of archaeological finds from Norfolk, art (including a fine collection of paintings by the [[Norwich School (art movement)|Norwich School of painters]]), ceramics (including the largest collection of British teapots), silver, and natural history. Of particular interest are dioramas of Norfolk scenery showing wildlife and landscape. It has been much remodelled to enhance the display of the collections and hosts frequent temporary exhibitions of art and other subjects.<ref>[http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/Visit_Us/Norwich_Castle/index.htm Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service website] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505054034/http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/Visit_Us/Norwich_Castle/index.htm |date=5 May 2011}} – Norwich Castle Museum and Art Gallery.</ref>

The [[Museum of Norwich at the Bridewell]] (until 2014 the Bridewell Museum) closed in 2010 for refurbishment of the building and overhaul of the displays,<ref>[http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/eveningnews24/norwich-news/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=ENOnline&tCategory=xNews&itemid=NOED06%20May%202010%2015%3A34%3A05%3A700 Eastern Evening News]—"Work begins on Norwich Bridewell Museum"</ref> and re-opened in July 2012.<ref>[http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/education/re_opening_of_norwich_s_bridewell_museum_delayed_until_next_year_1_815654 Eastern Daily Press 1 March 2011] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303031035/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/education/re_opening_of_norwich_s_bridewell_museum_delayed_until_next_year_1_815654 |date=3 March 2011}}– "Re-opening of Norwich's Bridewell Museum delayed."</ref><ref>[http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/click_clack_sound_to_return_to_norwich_after_loom_restored_during_1_5m_bridewell_revamp_1_1424120 Eastern Daily Press 28 June 2012] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705060836/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/click_clack_sound_to_return_to_norwich_after_loom_restored_during_1_5m_bridewell_revamp_1_1424120 |date=5 July 2012}}–"Click-clack sound to return to Norwich …"</ref> The several galleries and groups of displays include "Life in Norwich: Our City 1900–1945"; "Life in Norwich: Our City 1945 Onwards"; and "England's Second City" depicting Norwich in the 18th century. "Made in Norwich", "Industrious City" and "Shoemakers" have exhibits connected with historic industries of Norwich, including weaving, shoe and bootmaking, iron foundries, and manufacture of metal goods, engineering, milling, brewing, chocolate-making and other food manufacturing. "Shopping and Trading" extends from the early 19th century to the 1960s.<ref>[http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/Visit_Us/Museum_of_Norwich_at_the_Bridewell/index.htm Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service website] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519200351/http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/Visit_Us/Museum_of_Norwich_at_the_Bridewell/index.htm |date=19 May 2015}} – The Museum of Norwich at the Bridewell.</ref>

[[Strangers' Hall]], at Charing Cross, is one of the oldest buildings in Norwich: a merchant's house from the early 14th century. The many rooms are furnished and equipped in the styles of different eras, from the [[Tudor period|Early Tudor]] to the [[Victorian era|Late Victorian]]. Exhibits include costumes and textiles, domestic objects, children's toys and games and children's books. The last two collections are seen to be of national importance.<ref>[http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/Visit_Us/Strangers_Hall/index.htm Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service website] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405163020/http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/Visit_Us/Strangers_Hall/index.htm |date=5 April 2011}} – Strangers' Hall.</ref>

The [[Royal Norfolk Regiment|Royal Norfolk Regimental Museum]] was, until 2011, housed in part of the former [[Shirehall, Norwich|Shirehall]], close to the castle. Although archives and the reserve collections are still held in the Shirehall, the principal museum display there closed in September 2011 and was relocated to the main Norwich Castle Museum, reopening fully in 2013.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-14292962 BBC Norfolk News 26 July 2011] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628073914/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-14292962 |date=28 June 2018}} "-Royal Norfolk Museum Moves to Norwich Castle"</ref> It illustrates the history of the regiment from its 17th-century origins to its incorporation into the [[Royal Anglian Regiment]] in 1964, along with many aspects of its military life. There is an extensive, representative display of medals awarded to soldiers of the regiment, including two of the six [[Victoria Cross]]es won.<ref>[http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/Visit_Us/Royal_Norfolk_Regimental_Museum/index.htm Norfolk Museums – Royal Norfolk Regiment museum] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209051700/http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/Visit_Us/Royal_Norfolk_Regimental_Museum/index.htm |date=9 December 2013}}"- Royal Norfolk Regiment Museum at Norwich Castle.</ref><ref>[http://www.rnrm.org.uk/index.html Royal Norfolk Regimental Museum website] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223024302/http://www.rnrm.org.uk/index.html |date=23 December 2008}} – Royal Norfolk Regimental Museum.</ref>

The [[City of Norwich Aviation Museum]] is at [[Horsham St Faith]], on the northern edge of the city, close to [[Norwich International Airport|Norwich Airport]]. It has static displays of military and civil aircraft, with various collective exhibits, including one for the [[Eighth Air Force|United States 8th Army Air Force]].<ref>[http://www.cnam.org.uk City of Norwich Aviation Museum website] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623184850/http://www.cnam.org.uk/ |date=23 June 2019}} – Aviation Museum.</ref>

[[File:Norwich - House - 1180.jpg|thumb|A house in the Cathedral close in Norwich]]

Formerly known as the John Jarrold [[Printing]] Museum, The Norwich Printing Museum covers the history of printing, with examples of printing machinery, presses, books and related equipment considered of national and international importance.<ref>[http://printinghistoricalsociety.org.uk/JarroldPressRelease.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321133036/http://printinghistoricalsociety.org.uk/JarroldPressRelease.pdf|date=21 March 2019}} "Printing Historical Society Jarrold Press Release 19 November 2018"</ref> Exhibits date from the early 19th century to the present day. Some machinery and equipment are shown in use. Many items were donated by Jarrold Printing.<ref>[http://www.johnjarroldprintingmuseum.org.uk/home.html John Jarrold Printing Museum website] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530090547/http://www.johnjarroldprintingmuseum.org.uk/home.html |date=30 May 2009 }} – John Jarrold Printing Museum</ref> In November 2018, redevelopment plans for the museum site at Whitefriars caused uncertainty about its future.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-45764356 BBC Norfolk news 5 October 2018] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125204656/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-45764356 |date=25 November 2018}} "Norwich printing museum: Owners seek new location"</ref><ref>[https://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/news/john-jarrold-printing-museum-in-norwich-to-relocate-1-5794094 Norwich Evening News 24 November 2018] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125182742/https://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/news/john-jarrold-printing-museum-in-norwich-to-relocate-1-5794094 |date=25 November 2018}}"Norwich printing museum to relocate amid demolition plans"</ref> The museum closed its Whitefriars premises on 23 October 2019, with a plan to relocate to the vacant medieval church of St Peter Parmentergate in King Street in 2020, but this site was later found to be unsuitable.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.printweek.com/print-week/news/1169061/jarrold-museum-finds-new-home-in-norwich-church |title=Printweek 28 October 2019 "Jarrold Museum finds new home in Norwich church" |access-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030093341/https://www.printweek.com/print-week/news/1169061/jarrold-museum-finds-new-home-in-norwich-church |archive-date=30 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/john-jarrold-printing-museum-to-move-st-peter-parmentergate-church-king-street-1-6338545 |title=Eastern Daily Press 24 October 2019 New home revealed for John Jarrold Printing Museum |date=24 October 2019 |access-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030102030/https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/john-jarrold-printing-museum-to-move-st-peter-parmentergate-church-king-street-1-6338545 |archive-date=30 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, the museum trustees were offered space at [[Blickling Hall]], near [[Aylsham]], and, as "The Norwich Printing Museum", it reopened there as a fully-working museum in July 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2021 |title=Historic {{!}} Norwich Printing Museum {{!}} Blickling |url=https://www.norwichprintingmuseum.co.uk/|website=Norwich Printing Museum}}</ref> Whilst the museum continues in its temporary home at Blickling, as at March 2023 the trustees were seeking permanent quarters in Norwich.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baldwin |first=Louisa |date=4 March 2023 |title=Norwich Printing Museum searching for permanent home |work=Eastern Daily Press |url=https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/23361582.norwich-printing-museum-searching-permanent-home/ |access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref> At October 2024, the search for a permanent home has continued, and the museum will be leaving its temporary home at Blickling in October 2025; by which time the trustees hope to have found a new home, preferably in Norwich.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Eastern Daily Press |date=10 October 2024 |title=Norwich Printing Museum leaving Blickling Estate in 2025 |url=https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/24643171.norwich-printing-museum-leaving-blickling-estate-2025/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Eastern Daily Press |date=21 May 2025 |title=Norwich Printing Museum to leave National Trust's Blickling Hall |url=https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/25179461.norwich-printing-museum-leave-national-trusts-blickling-hall/ |work=Eastern Daily Press}}</ref>

[[File:Dragon Hall, Norwich.jpg|thumb|Dragon Hall, Norwich, a medieval merchant's house.]]

[[Dragon Hall, Norwich|Dragon Hall]] in King Street exemplifies a medieval merchants' trading hall. Mostly dating from about 1430, it is unique in Western Europe. In 2006 the building underwent restoration. Its architecture is complemented by displays on the history of the building and its role in Norwich through the ages. The Norwich Castle Study Centre at the Shirehall in Market Avenue has some important collections, including one of more than 20,000 costume and textile items built up over some 130 years and previously kept in other Norwich museums. Although not a publicly open museum in the usual sense, items are accessible to the public, students and researchers by prior appointment.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/norwich-castle/whats-here/norwich-castle-study-centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720135458/https://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/norwich-castle/whats-here/norwich-castle-study-centre |url-status=dead |title=Norwich Castle Study Centre - Norfolk Museums |archive-date=20 July 2019 |website=www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk}}</ref>

===Entertainment===
Norwich has three cinema complexes. [[Odeon Cinemas|Odeon]] Norwich is located in the Riverside Leisure Centre, [[Vue Cinemas|Vue]] inside the Castle Mall and previously the Hollywood Cinema (closed 2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hollywood Cinemas close after 30 years |url=https://www.itv.com/news/anglia/2019-02-07/hollywood-cinemas-close-after-30-years/ |website=ITV news |access-date=7 June 2020 |date=7 February 2019 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607135713/https://www.itv.com/news/anglia/2019-02-07/hollywood-cinemas-close-after-30-years/ |url-status=live}}</ref> at [[Anglia Square Shopping Centre, Norwich|Anglia Square]], north of the city centre. [[Norwich Cinema City|Cinema City]] is an art-house cinema showing non-mainstream productions, operated by [[Picturehouse Cinemas|Picturehouse]] in St Andrews Street opposite [[St Andrew's and Blackfriars' Hall, Norwich|St Andrew's Hall]], whose patron was actor [[John Hurt]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/john_hurt_announced_as_new_patron_of_norwich_s_cinema_city_1_1996857 |title=John Hurt announced as new patron of Norwich's Cinema City |date=29 March 2013 |first=Sabbah |last=Meddings |newspaper=Eastern Daily Press |access-date=26 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302005732/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/john_hurt_announced_as_new_patron_of_norwich_s_cinema_city_1_1996857 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Norwich has a large number of pubs throughout the city. Prince of Wales Road in the city centre, running from the Riverside district near Norwich railway station to Norwich Castle, is home to many of them, along with bars and clubs.

===Media and film===
[[File:A Saturday in Norwich (14998715671) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Anglia House, the headquarters of Anglia Television, today [[ITV Anglia]]]]

Norwich is the headquarters of BBC East, its presence in the East of England, and [[BBC Radio Norfolk]], ''[[BBC Look East]]'', ''Inside Out'' and ''[[The Politics Show]]'' are broadcast from studios in The Forum. [[Independent radio]] stations based in Norwich include [[Heart East]], [[Smooth East Anglia]], [[Greatest Hits Radio Norfolk and North Suffolk]], and the University of East Anglia's Livewire 1350, an online station. A community station, [[Future Radio]], was launched on 6 August 2007.

[[ITV Anglia]], formerly [[Anglia Television]], is based in Norwich. Although one of the smaller ITV companies, it supplied the network with some of its most popular shows such as ''[[Tales of the Unexpected (TV series)|Tales of the Unexpected]]'', ''[[Survival (TV series)|Survival]]'' and ''[[Sale of the Century (UK game show)|Sale of the Century]]'' (1971–1983), which began each edition with John Benson's enthusiastic announcement: "And now from Norwich, it's the quiz of the week!" The company also had a subsidiary called Anglia Multimedia, which produced educational content on CD and DVD mainly for schools, and was one of the three companies, along with [[Granada TV]] and the [[BBC]] vying for the right to produce a digital television station for English schools and colleges.

Launched in 1959, Anglia Television lost its independence in 1994 with a takeover by [[Meridian Broadcasting]]. Subsequent mergers have seen it reduced from a significant producer of programmes to a regional news centre. The company is still based in Anglia House, the former Norfolk and Norwich Agricultural Hall, on Agricultural Hall Plain near Prince of Wales Road.

Despite the contraction of Anglia, television production in Norwich has by no means ended. Anglia's former network production centre at Magdalen Street has been taken over by Norfolk County Council and revamped. After a total investment of £4 million from the East of England Development Agency (EEDA) it has re-opened as Epic Studios (East of England Production Innovation Centre). Degree courses in film and video are run at the centre by Norwich University of the Arts. Epic has commercial, broadcast-quality post-production facilities, a real-time virtual studio and a smaller HD discussion studio. The main studio opened as an HD facility in November 2008, when it began concentrating on the development of new TV formats and has worked on pilot shows.

[[Archant]] publishes two dailies in Norwich, the ''[[Norwich Evening News]]'' and the regional ''[[Eastern Daily Press]]'' (EDP). It had its own television operation, [[Mustard TV]], which closed after being bought out by the [[That's TV]] group. Mustard TV is now [[That's Norfolk]].

The character of [[Alan Partridge]] in the sitcom ''[[I'm Alan Partridge]]'' (1997–2002) and the comedy film ''[[Alan Partridge: Alpha Papa]]'' (2013) is a Norwich broadcaster played by [[Steve Coogan]].

===Esoteric associations===
Because Norwich was England's second city in the medieval and Renaissance periods, it has some little acknowledged, but significant associations with [[esoteric]] spirituality. It was the home of [[William Cuningham]], a physician who published ''An Invective Epistle in Defense of Astrologers'' in 1560.<ref>Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers by Michael Bryan, edited by Robert Edmund Graves and Sir Walter Armstrong, an 1886–1889 publication now in the public domain.</ref> The [[Elizabethan era|Elizabethan]] dramatist [[Robert Greene (dramatist)|Robert Greene]], author of [[Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay]], was born in Norwich in 1558. The city was the retirement residence of [[Arthur Dee]] (died Norwich, 1651), eldest son of the alchemist [[John Dee]].{{sfn |Fleay |1891 |pp=251–252}}<ref>Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 14</ref>

[[File:St John the Baptist Church - The Layer Monument.jpg|thumb|The Layer Monument, marble polychrome {{Circa|1600}}]]

Norwich was the residence of the physician and [[hermeticism|hermetic]] philosopher Sir [[Thomas Browne]], author of ''[[The Garden of Cyrus]]'' (1658). Many influential esoteric titles are listed as once in Browne's [[Library of Sir Thomas Browne#Esoteric|library]].<ref>Catalogue of the libraries of Sir Thomas Browne and his son Edward Browne, edited with an introduction by J. S. Finch E. J. Brill Publications 1986.</ref> His coffin-plate, on display at the church of [[St Peter Mancroft]], alludes to [[Paracelsian]] medicine and alchemy. Translated from Latin it reads, "Great Virtues, ...sleeping here the dust of his [[spagyric]] body converts the lead to gold." Browne was also a significant figure in the history of [[physiognomy]].

The [[Church of St John Maddermarket]]'s graveyard includes the Crabtree headstone, which has the pre-Christian symbol of the [[Ouroboros]] along with [[Masonic]] [[Square and Compasses]] carved upon it. Within the church is [[the Layer Monument]], a rare example of an alchemical [[mandala]] in European funerary art.{{sfn|Faulkner|2013}}

From 1787 the congregation of the [[New Jerusalem Church]] of [[Swedenborgians]], followers of the mystic [[Emanuel Swedenborg]], worshipped at the [[St Mary the Less, Norwich|Church of St Mary the Less]]; in 1852 they moved to Park Lane, Norwich to establish the Swedenborgian Chapel.<ref>[http://www.norwich-churches.org/St%20Mary%20the%20Less/home.shtm Norwich historic churches – St Mary the Less] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016080407/http://www.norwich-churches.org/St%20Mary%20the%20Less/home.shtm |date=16 October 2013}} Retrieved 9 October 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.norfolkchurches.co.uk/norwichsweden/norwichsweden.htm Norfolk Churches – Swedenborgian Chapel] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029002119/http://www.norfolkchurches.co.uk/norwichsweden/norwichsweden.htm |date=29 October 2012}} Retrieved 8 October 2013.</ref>

==Architecture==
{{See also|Grade I listed buildings in Norwich|Grade II* listed buildings in Norwich}}
Norwich's medieval period is represented by the 11th-century [[Norwich Cathedral]], 12th-century [[castle]] (now a museum) and several [[parish church]]es, including the 15th-century [[Saint James the Less, Pockthorpe]], which survived the bombing in [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Knott |first1=Simon |title=St James the Less, Norwich |url=http://www.norfolkchurches.co.uk/norwichjamesless/norwichjamesless.htm |website=norfolkchurches.co.u |publisher=Churches of Norfolk |access-date=8 January 2024 |date=2005}}</ref> In the [[Middle Ages]], 57 churches stood within the city wall; 31 still exist and seven are still used for worship.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.norwich-churches.org/map/map.shtm |title=Norwich Churches – Map |work=Norwich Churches |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624152503/http://www.norwich-churches.org/map/map.shtm |archive-date=24 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There was a common regional saying that it had a church for every week of the year and a pub for every day. Norwich is said to have more standing medieval churches than any city north of the [[Alps]].<ref name="bbcreligion"/> The [[Adam and Eve (public house)|''Adam and Eve'']] is believed to be the oldest pub in the city,<ref name=telegraph>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/pubs/9139020/Pint-to-pint-Adam-and-Eve-Norwich.html |title=Pint to pint: Adam and Eve, Norwich |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=London |author=Adrian Tierney-Jones |access-date=8 February 2014 |date=12 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323001652/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/pubs/9139020/Pint-to-pint-Adam-and-Eve-Norwich.html |archive-date=23 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> with the earliest known reference made in 1249.<ref name=edp>{{Cite web |url=http://www.edp24.co.uk/norfolk-life/norfolk-history/1_adam_and_eve_1_213829 |title=1. Adam and Eve |newspaper=Eastern Daily Press |date=14 April 2010 |access-date=8 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222003821/http://www.edp24.co.uk/norfolk-life/norfolk-history/1_adam_and_eve_1_213829 |archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> Most medieval buildings are in the city centre. Notable secular examples are [[Dragon Hall, Norwich|Dragon Hall]], built about 1430, and [[Norwich Guildhall|The Guildhall]], built in 1407–1413 with later additions. [[Gybson's Conduit]] was completed in 1577. From the 18th century, the pre-eminent local name is [[Thomas Ivory]], who built the Assembly Rooms (1776), the Octagon Chapel (1756), St Helen's House (1752) in the grounds of the [[Great Hospital]], and innovative speculative housing in Surrey Street ({{Circa|1761}}). Ivory should not be confused with the Irish architect of the same name and a similar period.

The 19th century saw an explosion in Norwich's size and much of its housing stock, as well as commercial building in the city centre. The local architect of the [[Victorian era|Victorian]] and [[Edwardian era|Edwardian]] periods who continues to command most respect was [[George Skipper]] (1856–1948). Examples of his work include the [[Norwich Union]] headquarters in Surrey Street the [[Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)]] Royal Arcade, and the Hotel de Paris in the nearby seaside town of [[Cromer]]. The [[neo-Gothic]] Roman Catholic [[St John the Baptist Cathedral, Norwich|St John the Baptist Cathedral]] in [[Earlham Road]] was begun in 1882 by [[George Gilbert Scott Junior]] and his brother, [[John Oldrid Scott]]. George Skipper had great influence on the appearance of the city. [[John Betjeman]] compared it to Gaudi's influence on Barcelona.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/new-book-tells-of-architect-george-skipper-who-shaped-cromer-and-was-norwich-s-gaudi-1-4329234 |title=New book tells of architect George Skipper who shaped Cromer – and was 'Norwich's Gaudi' |first=Alex |last=Hurrell |website=Eastern Daily Press |date=30 November 2015 |access-date=1 March 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227085004/https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/new-book-tells-of-architect-george-skipper-who-shaped-cromer-and-was-norwich-s-gaudi-1-4329234 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The city continued to grow through the 20th century. Much housing, particularly in areas further from the city centre, dates from that century. The first notable building since Skipper was the [[City Hall, Norwich|City Hall]] by C. H. James and S. R. Pierce, opened in 1938. At the same time they moved the [[Norwich War Memorial|City War Memorial]], designed by [[Sir Edwin Lutyens]], to a memorial garden between the city hall and the market place. Bombing during the Second World War, resulting in relatively little loss of life, caused marked damage to the housing stock in the city centre. Much of the post-war replacement stock was designed by the local-authority architect, [[David Eyre Percival|David Percival]]. However, the major post-war architectural development in Norwich was the opening of the [[University of East Anglia]] in 1964. Originally designed by [[Denys Lasdun]] (his design was never completely executed), it has been added to over subsequent decades by major names such as [[Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank|Norman Foster]] and [[Rick Mather]].
<gallery heights="132" mode="packed">
Norwichcathedral2.jpg|Norwich Cathedral lies close to Tombland in the city centre.
ElmHill.jpg|[[Elm Hill, Norwich|Elm Hill]] is an intact medieval street.
Cowtower.jpg|[[Cow Tower, Norwich|Cow Tower]] stands on the banks of the River Wensum.
Gentlemanswalk.JPG|The varying styles of architecture along Gentleman's Walk
</gallery>

===Parks, gardens and open spaces===
[[File:Riverside Flats Norwich - geograph.org.uk - 73621.jpg|thumb|Riverside flats, Norwich]]
''See also [[List of parks, gardens and open spaces in Norwich]]''

[[Chapelfield Gardens]] in central Norwich became the city's first [[public park]] in November 1880. From the start of the 20th century, Norwich Corporation began buying and leasing land to develop parks when funds became available. [[Sewell Park, Norwich|Sewell Park]] and James Stuart Gardens are examples of land donated by benefactors.

After the [[World War I|First World War]] the Corporation applied government grants to lay out a series of formal parks as a means to alleviate unemployment. Under Parks Superintendent Captain Sandys-Winsch,<ref>[http://www.friendsofeatonpark.co.uk/Sandys-Winsch.html Captain Sandys-Winsch] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015145/http://www.friendsofeatonpark.co.uk/Sandys-Winsch.html |date=26 March 2012}} Retrieved 24 June 2011.</ref> Heigham Park was completed in 1924, Wensum Park in 1925, [[Eaton Park]] in 1928 and Waterloo Park in 1933. These retain many features from Sandys-Winsch's plans and have joined the [[English Heritage Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest]].<ref>[http://www.norwich.gov.uk/webapps/atoz/service_page.asp?id=1204 Historic parks of Norwich] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004231854/http://www.norwich.gov.uk/webapps/atoz/service_page.asp?id=1204 |date=4 October 2007}} Retrieved 24 June 2011.</ref>

As of 2015, the city has 23 parks, 95 open spaces and 59 natural areas managed by the local authority.<ref>[http://www.norwich.gov.uk/webapps/atoz/service_page.asp?id=1233 Norwich parks] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404131852/http://www.norwich.gov.uk/webapps/atoz/service_page.asp?id=1233 |date=4 April 2009}} Retrieved 1 July 2011.</ref> In addition there are several private gardens occasionally opened to the public in aid of charity.<ref>[http://www.ngs.org.uk/news-features/local-news/norwich-a-ngs-garden-trail.aspx National Garden Scheme] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927042346/http://www.ngs.org.uk/news-features/local-news/norwich-a-ngs-garden-trail.aspx |date=27 September 2011}} Retrieved 1 July 2011.</ref> The [[Plantation Garden, Norwich|Plantation Garden]], also private, opens daily.<ref>[http://www.plantationgarden.co.uk/ Plantation Garden] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724004541/http://www.plantationgarden.co.uk/ |date=24 July 2011}} Retrieved 1 July 2011.</ref>

==Sport==
[[File:Norwich City Football Ground "Carrow Road" - geograph.org.uk - 43449.jpg|thumb|[[Carrow Road]] – the home of [[Norwich City FC]]]]

The principal local [[association football|football]] club is [[Norwich City FC|Norwich City]], known as the ''Canaries''. In 2020–21 it finished first in the second tier of English football, the Championship, earning promotion to the Premier League for 2021–22. Majority-owned by American businessman [[Mark Attanasio]], and partially owned by celebrity chef [[Delia Smith]] and her husband Michael Wynn-Jones, its ground is [[Carrow Road|Carrow Road Stadium]]. It has strong [[East Anglian Derby|East Anglian rivalry]] with [[Ipswich Town F.C.|Ipswich Town]]. The club has enjoyed much success in the past, having played in the top division regularly since 1972, its longest spell being a nine-year run from 1986 to 1995. It has won two [[Football League Cup]]s, and finished third in the inaugural [[Premier League]] in 1993. The club was relegated two years later and did not reclaim its place for nine years, going down again after just one season, only to return in 2011 after two successive promotions.

In 1993, the club eliminated [[Germany|German]] giants [[Bayern Munich]] from the [[UEFA Cup]], in what is to date Norwich City's only season in European competitions; it had qualified for the UEFA Cup three times between 1985 and 1989 but been unable to compete as there was a ban on English clubs in European competitions at the time. Before emerging as a top division club, it famously eliminated [[Manchester United FC|Manchester United]] from the FA Cup in 1959 and went on to reach the semi-finals of the domestic cup competition, a run it achieved again in 1989 and most recently in 1992. In the 1980s and early 1990s, the club produced some highly-rated talent of that era, including striker [[Chris Sutton]], winger [[Ruel Fox]], defender [[Andy Linighan]], midfielder [[Mike Phelan]], midfielder [[Tim Sherwood]] and striker [[Justin Fashanu]]. The club's successful managers have included [[Kenneth Brown (footballer born 1934)|Ken Brown]], [[Ron Saunders]], [[Dave Stringer]], [[Mike Walker (Welsh footballer)|Mike Walker]], [[Nigel Worthington]], [[Paul Lambert]] and [[Daniel Farke]].{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

[[Norwich City Women F.C.|Norwich City Women]] play in the [[FA Women's National League|Women's National League Division One South East]], the fourth tier of women's football.<ref>{{cite web |title=Norwich City Women |url=https://www.canaries.co.uk/womens-team |website=canaries.co.uk}}</ref> They play their home games at The Nest and were formally integrated into Norwich City F.C. in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Norwich City women integrated into day-to-day operations |url=https://www.edp24.co.uk/sport/norwich-city/20632493.norwich-city-women-integrated-day-to-day-operations/ |website=Eastern Daily Press}}</ref> The original Norwich City Ladies won the [[Women's FA Cup]] in 1986, beating [[Doncaster Rovers Belles L.F.C.|Doncaster Belles]] [[1986 WFA Cup final|4-3]] in the final with [[Linda Curl]], Miranda Colk, [[Sallie Jackson]] and Marianne Lawrence scoring the goals.<ref>{{cite web |title=The day Norwich City raised the FA Cup |url=https://www.edp24.co.uk/lifestyle/20636796.day-norwich-city-raised-fa-cup/ |website=Eastern Daily Press}}</ref>

The city's second men's club, [[Norwich United FC|Norwich United]], is based in [[Blofield]] some {{cvt|5|mi|km}} east of the city. Along with [[Norwich CBS F.C.|Norwich CBS]], it plays in the [[Eastern Counties Football League|Eastern Counties League]]. The now-defunct [[Gothic F.C.|Gothic]] was also based in Norwich. Local football clubs are served by the Norwich and District Saturday Football League.

Norwich has an [[athletics (sport)|athletics]] club, City of Norwich AC (CoNAC), a [[rugby football|rugby]] club, the [[Norwich Lions]], a [[Team handball|handball]] Club, [[Norwich HC]], and five [[field hockey]] clubs. In the 2012–2013 season, the club playing at the highest level on the men's side was Norwich City Hockey Club<ref>[http://www.norwichcityhc.co.uk/ Norwich City Hockey Club] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904162601/http://www.norwichcityhc.co.uk/ |date=4 September 2012}} Retrieved 18 September 2012.</ref> in the East Hockey Premier B, which is two levels below the National League. The second highest is Norwich Dragons in Division Two North, then the students only University of East Anglia Men's Hockey Club in Division Three North East, then Norfolk Nomads Men's Hockey Club in Division Six North East. On the Ladies' side of the game, both Norwich City Hockey Club and Norwich Dragons Hockey club play in East Hockey's Division One North, two levels below National League. Following them, the students from the [[University of East Anglia]] Women's Hockey Club play in the Norfolk Premier Division. Also in Norwich, there is a veterans-only side, Norwich Exiles.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

Since 2015, Norwich has hosted an annual 10k athletics road race, [[Run Norwich]].

Outside the city boundary, the dry ski and snowboarding slopes of Norfolk Ski Club are located at Whitlingham Lane in [[Trowse]]. Close by in the parish of [[Whitlingham]] is Whitlingham Country Park,<ref>[http://www.south-norfolk.gov.uk/leisure/1226.asp Whitlingham Country Park] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716202235/http://www.south-norfolk.gov.uk/leisure/1226.asp |date=16 July 2010}} Retrieved 23 November 2009.</ref> home to the Outdoor Education Centre.<ref>[http://www.whitlinghamoec.co.uk/ Whitlingham Outdoor Centre] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701142702/http://www.whitlinghamoec.co.uk/ |date=1 July 2010}} Retrieved 23 November 2009.</ref> The centre is based on the south bank of the Great Broad which is also used by [[Scuba diving|scuba]] divers from one of the city's three diving schools, and by other water and land sports.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.divenorwich.com |title=DiveNorwich – scuba diving |publisher=Divenorwich.com |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529144229/http://divenorwich.com/ |archive-date=29 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Of Norwich's two main [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]] clubs, the Yare Boat Club is the older but smaller of the two. It is based on an island on the [[River Yare]] accessed from beside the ''Rivergarden'' pub in Thorpe Road. The larger [[Norwich Rowing Club]], in partnership with [[Norwich Canoe Club]], UEA Boat Club, Norwich School Boat Club and Norwich High School Rowing Club, has built a boathouse alongside Whitlingham Little Broad and the River Yare. Norwich Canoe Club<ref>[http://www.norwichcanoeclub.co.uk/ Norwich Canoe Club] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614025737/http://www.norwichcanoeclub.co.uk/ |date=14 June 2013}} Retrieved 9 June 2013.</ref> specialises in sprint and marathon racing. It holds the highest British Canoe Union Top Club Gold accreditation,<ref>[http://www.bcu.org.uk/ British Canoe Union] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012053129/http://www.bcu.org.uk/ |date=12 October 2012}} Retrieved 9 June 2013.</ref> and is one of the more successful clubs in the UK. [[Ian Wynne]], 2004 Olympics K1 500m bronze medallist, is an honorary member.

[[Motorcycle speedway|Speedway]] racing was staged in Norwich before and after [[World War II]] at The Firs Stadium in Holt Road, [[Hellesdon]]. The [[Norwich Stars]] raced in the Northern League of 1946 and the [[Speedway National League Division Two|National League Division Two]] between 1947 and 1951, winning it in 1951. They were later elevated to the [[National League (1932–1964)|National League]] and raced at the top flight until the stadium was closed at the end of the 1964 season.<ref>[http://www.speedwayresearcher.org.uk/norwich.html Norwich Speedway] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904102134/http://www.speedwayresearcher.org.uk/norwich.html |date=4 September 2015}} Retrieved 17 January 2008.</ref> One meet was staged at a venue at [[Hevingham]], but without an official permit, and it did not lead to a revival of the sport in the Norwich area.

In [[boxing]], Norwich can boast former [[European Boxing Union|European]] and British lightweight champion [[Jon Thaxton]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/boxingandmma/3141844/Determined-Jon-Thaxton-rolls-back-years-Boxing.html |title=Thaxton rolls back the years |publisher=The Telegraph |access-date=13 September 2013 |location=London |first=Gareth A |last=Davies |date=6 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212174136/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/boxingandmma/3141844/Determined-Jon-Thaxton-rolls-back-years-Boxing.html |archive-date=12 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> reigning English light heavyweight champion [[Danny McIntosh]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.boxingnewsonline.net/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629140122/http://www.boxingnewsonline.net/BN08/detail.asp?id=984 |url-status=dead |title=Home - Boxing News |archive-date=29 June 2012 |website=www.boxingnewsonline.net}}</ref> and heavyweight [[Sam Sexton]], a former winner of the [[Prizefighter series|Prizefighter]] tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/norfolk/content/articles/2007/06/09/sport_sexton_warrendeal_20070609_feature.shtml |title=BBC Sport &#124; Sexton joins the big guns |publisher=BBC |date=14 July 2007 |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016160630/http://www.bbc.co.uk/norfolk/content/articles/2007/06/09/sport_sexton_warrendeal_20070609_feature.shtml |archive-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Based in Norwich, [[Herbie Hide]] has been [[WBO]] [[Heavyweight]] World Champion twice, winning the championship in 1994–95 and for a second time in 1997.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130419113209/http://news.uk.msn.com/photos/photos.aspx?cp-documentid=152856649&page=5 Herbie Hide] Retrieved 1 March 2013.</ref>

Norwich has a UK [[baseball]] team, the [[Norwich Iceni]], which competes at the Single-A level of the [[British Baseball Federation|BBF]].<ref>[http://www.norwichbaseball.co.uk Norwich Baseball Club] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901142940/http://www.norwichbaseball.co.uk/ |date=1 September 2018 }} Retrieved 15 October 2017.</ref> It was founded in 2015 with players from the UEA Blue Sox, who wished to carry on playing after university. The team officially joined the league in 2017 and was crowned BBF Single-A champions in its first season, going undefeated with 17 wins.<ref>[http://www.britishbaseball.org British Baseball Federation] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509142317/http://www.britishbaseball.org/ |date=9 May 2008}} Retrieved 15 October 2017.</ref>

==Statistics==
[[File:Pablo Fanque House Norwich.jpg|thumb|The Pablo Fanque House student accommodation building in Norwich City Centre, as seen from the lookout point at Kett's Heights in Norwich]]

Norwich was the second city of England after London for several centuries before [[industrialisation]], which came late to Norwich due to its isolation and lack of raw materials.{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}}

In November 2006 the city was voted the [[Sustainability|greenest]] in the UK.<ref>{{Cite press release |work=Norwich Evening News |url=http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/News/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=enonline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED13%20Nov%202006%2009%3A19%3A16%3A667 |title=Norwich voted greenest place in UK |author=Powles, David |date=13 November 2006 |access-date=14 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510231303/http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/News/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=enonline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED13%20Nov%202006%2009%3A19%3A16%3A667 |archive-date=10 May 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> There is currently an initiative to make it a [[transition town]]. Norwich has been the scene of open discussions in public spaces, known as "meet in the street", to cover social and political issues.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.freewebs.com/meetinthestreetenglish/latestnews.htm |title=Meet in The Street – Positive Change through Public Discussion |publisher=Freewebs.com |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022200243/http://www.freewebs.com/meetinthestreetenglish/latestnews.htm |archive-date=22 October 2012}}</ref>

Articles in the past suggested that compared with other UK cities, Norwich was top of the league by percentage of population among who use the popular Internet auction site [[eBay]].<ref>{{Cite press release |publisher=eBay.co.uk |title=Norwich is eBay capital of UK |url=http://pages.ebay.co.uk/community/aboutebay/news/pressreleases/consumer/2_2_2005.html |date=2 February 2005 |access-date=23 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926122846/http://pages.ebay.co.uk/community/aboutebay/news/pressreleases/consumer/2_2_2005.html |archive-date=26 September 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city also unveiled the then-biggest free [[Wi-Fi]] network in the UK in July 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |publisher=theregister.co.uk |title=Norwich turns on UK's largest Wi-Fi network |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/08/02/norwich_gets_free_wifi/ |author=Oates, John |date=2 August 2006 |access-date=5 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819164554/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/08/02/norwich_gets_free_wifi/ |archive-date=19 August 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2007 Norwich was listed among nine finalists in its population group for the International Awards for Liveable Communities.<ref name="livcomawards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.livcomawards.com/media-2007/finalists.htm |title=Livcom Awards – The International Awards for Liveable Communities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929161429/http://www.livcomawards.com/media-2007/finalists.htm |access-date=18 January 2021 |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref> The city eventually won a silver award in the small-city category.

==Economy and infrastructure==
[[File:2004 norwich 06.JPG|thumb|The Royal Arcade, designed by [[George Skipper]], opened in 1899.]]

Norwich's economy was historically manufacturing-based, including a large shoemaking industry, but it transitioned in the 1980s and 1990s into a service-based economy.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Montague |first1=Ros |title=Norwich Shoemaking: From Howlett and White to Norvic |url=https://norfolkrecordofficeblog.org/2016/11/10/norwich-shoemaking-from-howlett-and-white-to-norvic/ |website=Norfolk Record Office Blog |date=10 November 2016 |publisher=Norfolk Record Office |access-date=3 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304153917/https://norfolkrecordofficeblog.org/2016/11/10/norwich-shoemaking-from-howlett-and-white-to-norvic/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The greater-Norwich economy (including Norwich, [[Broadland]] and [[South Norfolk]] government districts) as measured by [[Gross value added|GVA]] was estimated at £7.4 billion in 2011 (2011 GVA at 2006 prices).<ref name=gndp>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gndp.org.uk/content/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/05/2012_05_17_-Economic-assessment-2012.pdf |title=An Economic Assessment of Greater Norwich – 2012 |author=Greater Norwich Development Partnership |page=10 |access-date=28 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307153452/http://www.gndp.org.uk/content/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/05/2012_05_17_-Economic-assessment-2012.pdf |archive-date=7 March 2014}}</ref> The city's largest employment sectors are business and financial services (31%), public services (26%), retail (12%), manufacturing (8%) and tourism (7%).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.norwich.gov.uk/Business/WhyNorwich/pages/PopulationAndEmploymentFigures.aspx |title=Population and Employment Figures |website=Norwich City Council |access-date=3 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218061718/http://www.norwich.gov.uk/Business/WhyNorwich/pages/PopulationAndEmploymentFigures.aspx |archive-date=18 February 2014}}</ref>

The proportion of working-age adults in Norwich claiming [[unemployment benefits]] is 3.3%<ref>{{Cite web |last=House of Commons library |title=Constituency data: people claiming unemployment benefits |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/constituency-data-people-claiming-unemployment-benefits/}}</ref> compared with 3.6% across the UK.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unemployment rate (aged 16 and over, seasonally adjusted): % - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peoplenotinwork/unemployment/timeseries/mgsx/lms |access-date=5 December 2022 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref>

New developments on the former [[Boulton and Paul]] site include a [[Riverside (Norwich)|Riverside]] entertainment complex with nightclubs and other venues featuring the usual national leisure brands. Nearby, the football stadium is being upgraded with more residential property development alongside the River Wensum.

[[Archant]], formerly Eastern Counties Newspapers (ECN), is a national publishing group that has grown out of the city's local newspapers and is headquartered in Norwich.

Norwich has long been associated with the making of [[Mustard (condiment)|mustard]]. The world-famous [[Colman's]] brand, with its yellow packaging, was founded in 1814 and operated from a factory at Carrow, latterly owned by [[Unilever]]. This site closed in 2019, with mustard now being made by Condimentum at [[Honingham]], in a supply deal with Unilever.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Eastern Daily Press |title=Colman's mustard factory in Norwich to close doors for final time |url=https://www.edp24.co.uk/business/colmans-factory-carrow-works-open-for-the-last-time-1-6664942 |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=Archant |date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814051525/https://www.edp24.co.uk/business/colmans-factory-carrow-works-open-for-the-last-time-1-6664942 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jan/04/unilever-to-close-160-year-old-colmans-mustard-factory-in-norwich |title=Unilever to close 160-year-old Colman's Mustard factory in Norwich |last=Kollewe |first=Julia |date=4 January 2018 |website=The Guardian |language=en |access-date=9 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180312/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jan/04/unilever-to-close-160-year-old-colmans-mustard-factory-in-norwich |archive-date=10 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Colman's is exported worldwide, putting Norwich on the map of British heritage brands. The Colman's Mustard Shop, which sold Colman's products and related gifts, was until 2017 located in the [[Royal Arcade, Norwich|Royal Arcade]] in the centre of Norwich but closed in that year.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/http-www-edp24-co-uk-news-coleman-s-artefacts-put-into-storage-as-plans-for-a-reborn-mustard-shop-are-scrapped-1-5225045-1-5225045 |title=Norwich mustard shop won't reopen |newspaper=Eastern Daily Press |access-date=6 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006022527/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/http-www-edp24-co-uk-news-coleman-s-artefacts-put-into-storage-as-plans-for-a-reborn-mustard-shop-are-scrapped-1-5225045-1-5225045 |archive-date=6 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Situated to the south-west of the city is the [[Norwich Research Park]], a community of research organisations, including the [[Institute of Food Research]] and the [[John Innes Centre]], and over 30 science and technology-based businesses, the [[University of East Anglia]] and the [[Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital]].

Norwich's night-time economy of bars and night clubs is mainly located in Tombland, Prince of Wales Road and the Riverside area adjacent to Norwich railway station.

Norwich's location in a mainly-agricultural county provided opportunities for the supply of services to that industry. Prior to 1960, a large area below the Castle Mound was given over to Norwich Livestock Market. In that year, the Livestock Market moved from the centre of the city to a new site at Harford and, although now diminished in size, it continues to hold regular auctions of poultry, cattle, sheep and farm machinery.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2022 |title=Norwich Livestock Market |url=https://norwichlivestockmarket.com/ |website=Norwich Livestock Market}}</ref>

===Retail===
[[File:Norwich Market - geograph.org.uk - 827962.jpg|thumb|[[Norwich Market]] with [[St Peter Mancroft]] church and the Sir Garnet public house in the background]]

Norwich has fared well in various retail research projects. Norwich was the eighth most prosperous shopping destination in the UK in 2006,<ref>[http://www.caci.co.uk/index.asp?url=press-060515.htm CACI web site] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225034237/http://www.caci.co.uk/index.asp?url=press-060515.htm |date=25 February 2012}} – CACI Retail Footprint, 2006.</ref> it was reported to be one of the top five retail destinations in the UK in August of that year,<ref>{{Cite news |author=Jenkinson, Caroline |date=19 August 2006 |title=New centre sees city climb shops league |url=http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=ENOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED19%20Aug%202006%2013%3A37%3A04%3A253 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510231230/http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=ENOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED19%20Aug%202006%2013%3A37%3A04%3A253 |archive-date=10 May 2007 |access-date=21 August 2006 |publisher=Norwich Evening News}}</ref> and in October 2006 the city centre was voted best in the UK in a shopping satisfaction survey run by Goldfish Credit Card.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Chessum, Dominic |date=13 October 2006 |title=Norwich is top of the shops |url=http://new.en24.co.uk/search/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&itemid=NOED13%20Oct%202006%2010:00:29:760&tBrand=ENOnline&tCategory=search |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929201206/http://new.en24.co.uk/search/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&itemid=NOED13%20Oct%202006%2010%3A00%3A29%3A760&tBrand=ENOnline&tCategory=search |archive-date=29 September 2007 |access-date=29 October 2006 |publisher=Norwich Evening News}}</ref>

Norwich has an [[Norwich Market|ancient marketplace]] established by the [[Normans]] in 1071–1074, which is today the largest six-day-a-week open-air market in England. In 2006, the market was downsized and redeveloped; the new market stalls have proved controversial with stallholders and customers; floor space was reduced, charges were increased, and rainwater handling was not adequate. In 2007, ''[[Norwich Evening News]]'' called [[Norwich Market]] an ongoing conflict between market traders and its operator, Norwich [[City Council]].<ref>[http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=ENOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED04%20Jan%202007%2012%3A46%3A06%3A363 Norwich Evening News web site] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000659/http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=ENOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED04%20Jan%202007%2012%3A46%3A06%3A363 |date=28 September 2007}} – Market is hit by new cash blow.</ref>

Norwich has two main shopping centres. [[Castle Quarter, Norwich|Castle Quarter]], a shopping centre designed by the local practice Lambert, Scott & Innes, and opened in 1993, presents an ingenious solution to the problem of accommodating retail space in a historic city-centre environment; the building is largely concealed underground and built into the side of a hill, with a public park created on its roof in the area south of the castle. [[Chantry Place]] was opened in 2005 as Chapelfield. It was built on the site of a closed Caley's (later [[Rowntree Mackintosh]] and [[Nestlé]]) chocolate factory, featuring as its flagship department store [[House of Fraser]]. In the months after opening, the centre was criticised as unnecessary and damaging to local businesses, prompting smaller retailers to band together to promote their virtues.

To the north is [[Anglia Square Shopping Centre, Norwich|Anglia Square]] shopping centre. There have been multiple attempts to redevelop the centre. Demolition work was due to start in 2010 after an archaeological dig conducted in 2009; necessary due to the centre being located around the site of a Saxon fortified settlement. [[The Twentieth Century Society]] objected to demolish the centre on the grounds of the architectural merits of it being one of the few [[Brutalists]] shopping centres left in the UK, and the 35,900 tonnes of [[embodied carbon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PRESS RELEASE: Anglia Square - the battle which must be won |url=https://www.savebritainsheritage.org/campaigns/article/634/PRESS-RELEASE-Anglia-Square-the-battle-which-must-be-won |website=www.savebritainsheritage.org}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> The development is planned to be a mix of shops and housing, unlike the original offices, shops and cinema.<ref>[http://www.calvertsquare.co.uk/about.asp Calvert Square] Retrieved 1 December 2008 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012023148/http://www.calvertsquare.co.uk/about.asp|date=12 October 2009}}</ref> In February 2009, an initial delay to the plans was blamed on the economic climate, and developers were unable to say when work would begin. Further delays occurred in the years following.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Development plannings |url=http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=ENOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED02%20Feb%202009%2012%3A23%3A27%3A320 |access-date=4 September 2016 |publisher=www.eveningnews24.co.uk}}</ref> In 2014, it was bought by investment manager Threadneedle Investments for £7.5&nbsp;million.<ref>[http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/news/norwich_shopping_centre_s_price_tag_is_revealed_following_sale_of_anglia_square_1_3634579 Evening News report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528133028/https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/local-council/norwich-shopping-centre-s-price-tag-is-revealed-following-sale-674548|date=28 May 2021}} Retrieved 9 June 2014.</ref> The owners and their partner Weston Homes announced in November 2016 they had been holding talks with chief officers at [[Norwich City Hall]]. Plans submitted included demolishing Anglia Square, the former stationery office and Gildengate House. Over a thousand homes were planned above shop units and a public square.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Dan Grimmer |date=2 November 2016 |title=Norwich's Anglia Square could be demolished as revamp plans, including 1000 homes, are revealed |url=http://www.edp24.co.uk/home/norwich_s_anglia_square_could_be_demolished_as_revamp_plans_including_more_than_1_000_new_homes_are_revealed_1_4758973 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111000023/http://www.edp24.co.uk/home/norwich_s_anglia_square_could_be_demolished_as_revamp_plans_including_more_than_1_000_new_homes_are_revealed_1_4758973 |archive-date=11 January 2017 |access-date=10 January 2017 |website=Eastern Daily Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anglia Square and the surrounding area |url=https://www.norwich.gov.uk/info/20238/current_consultations/1875/anglia_square_and_surrounding_area |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111002147/https://www.norwich.gov.uk/info/20238/current_consultations/1875/anglia_square_and_surrounding_area |archive-date=11 January 2017 |access-date=10 January 2017 |website=Norwich City Council}}</ref> In early 2018, Weston Homes and landowner [[Columbia Threadneedle Investments|Columbia Threadneedle]] submitted regeneration plans to include 1,200 homes, a 20-storey [[High-rise building|tower block]], a supermarket, a hotel, green squares and central courtyards.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=David Hannant |date=15 March 2018 |title='My hope is for a common sense approach'- Reaction to plans for Anglia Square |url=http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/politics/anglia-square-plans-submitted-1-5436987 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424202728/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/politics/anglia-square-plans-submitted-1-5436987 |archive-date=24 April 2018 |access-date=24 April 2018 |website=Eastern Daily Press}}</ref> The controversial 2018 plans were rejected by the [[Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government]] in 2020, and in 2021 the developer resubmitted revised plans.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 2021 |title=Norwich Society's 'relief' over changes to Anglia Square plans |url=https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/housing/anglia-square-norwich-society-weston-homes-redevelopment-plans-8525398 |access-date=6 December 2021 |work=Eastern Daily Press}}</ref>

A section of central Norwich roughly bounded by Bethel Street/Upper St Giles Street, Grapes Hill, St Benedict's and St Andrew's Hill/London Street/Castle Meadow is now known and promoted as [[Norwich Lanes]]. As a series of mostly pedestrianised lanes, alleyways and streets, it is noted for independent retailers and eating and drinking establishments. It also contains several of the city's cultural attractions, including museums, theatres and other venues. Norwich Lanes, as part of a nationwide drive to recognise the importance and maintain the character and individuality of Britain's high streets, was the Great British High Street Awards 2014 national winner in the "City" category.<ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=Eastern Daily Press |title=Norwich Lanes wins national high street award |url=http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/norwich_lanes_wins_national_high_street_award_1_3839215 |date=8 November 2014 |access-date=18 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025426/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/norwich_lanes_wins_national_high_street_award_1_3839215 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Electricity supply===
Temporary electric street lighting in Norwich started in 1882. The first permanent supply came in 1893 from a generating station in Duke Street. This supplied local industry and domestic users and from 1900 the [[Norwich Electric Tramways]]. In the late 1920s, a new 40 [[Watt|MW]] power station was built at Thorpe, to which was added in 1937 30 MW "high pressure" generating plant. These operated until 1975. A gas turbine plant was installed in 1964 to provide power at times of peak demand. This closed in 1986 and the entire Thorpe power station site was demolished and cleared in 1981–1982. Two tall [[Transmission tower|electricity pylons]] stood near the site until they were dismantled in 2017. Further details appear in [[Norwich power stations]].

==Transport==
===Railway===
[[File:Norwich Railway Station - geograph.org.uk - 6160550.jpg|thumb|Norwich railway station]]

[[Norwich railway station]] is sited in the east of the city centre and is managed by [[Greater Anglia]], which also operates most passenger services.

It is the northern terminus of the [[Great Eastern Main Line]]. There are half-hourly [[Inter-city rail|inter-city]] services to [[Liverpool Street railway station|London Liverpool Street]], via [[Ipswich railway station|Ipswich]], [[Colchester railway station|Colchester]] and [[Chelmsford railway station|Chelmsford]].<ref name="Timetables">{{Cite web |work=Greater Anglia |title=Timetables |date=21 May 2023 |access-date=8 June 2023 |url= https://www.greateranglia.co.uk/timetables }}</ref>

Hourly regional services to [[Cambridge railway station|Cambridge]], and out of Norwich as far as [[Ely railway station|Ely]], are run along the [[Breckland Line]]. There are also hourly local services to [[Great Yarmouth railway station|Great Yarmouth]] and [[Lowestoft railway station|Lowestoft]] (using the [[Wherry Lines]]) and to [[Sheringham railway station|Sheringham]] (using the [[Bittern Line]]).<ref name="Timetables"/>

[[East Midlands Railway]] operate a direct route to the [[English Midlands|Midlands]] and [[North West England]], with hourly services to [[Liverpool Lime Street railway station|Liverpool Lime Street]] calling at [[Peterborough railway station|Peterborough]], [[Nottingham railway station|Nottingham]], [[Sheffield railway station|Sheffield]] and [[Manchester Piccadilly railway station|Manchester Piccadilly]].<ref>{{Cite web |work=East Midlands Railway |title=Timetables |date=21 May 2023 |access-date=8 June 2023 |url= https://www.eastmidlandsrailway.co.uk/timetables }}</ref>

Norwich is the site of [[Crown Point TMD]], a depot that maintains the trains used in the area.<ref>[http://www.railtechnologymagazine.com/Rail-News/greater-anglias-40m-refurb-of-crown-point-depot-begins Greater Anglia's £40m refurb of Crown Point Depot begins] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501032652/http://www.railtechnologymagazine.com/Rail-News/greater-anglias-40m-refurb-of-crown-point-depot-begins |date=1 May 2019}} ''Rail Technology Magazine'' 24 April 2018</ref>

===Road===
Norwich lies north of the [[A47 road|A47]] (bypassed to the south of the city), which connects it with [[Great Yarmouth]] to the east, and [[King's Lynn]] and [[Peterborough]] to the west. There are plans to upgrade the A47, especially sections that are still [[Single carriageway|single-carriageway]], prompted partly by ongoing construction of Great Yarmouth Outer Harbour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huge A47 improvement programme revealed |work=Highways England |date=15 August 2017 |access-date=8 June 2023 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/huge-a47-improvement-programme-revealed }}</ref>

Norwich is linked to [[Cambridge]], via the [[A11 road (England)|A11]], which leads to the [[M11 motorway]] for London and the [[M25 motorway|M25]]. It is linked to [[Ipswich]] to the south by the [[A140 road|A140]] and to [[Lowestoft]] to the south-east by the [[A146 road|A146]].

The city also features two ring roads, one inner ring and one outer, which are incomplete due to the river.
Norwich has the UK's largest independent car club.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.norfolkcarclub.com/ |title=Norfolk car club |publisher=Norfolk car club |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002173825/http://www.norfolkcarclub.com/ |archive-date=2 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Buses and coaches===
[[File:Norwich Bus Station - geograph.org.uk - 6309204.jpg|thumb|Norwich bus station]]
[[File:First 36531 BK73 AEV.jpg|thumb|[[First Bus East of England|First Eastern Counties]] [[Wright StreetDeck Electroliner]] on Thorpe Road in October 2023]]

The main bus companies operating routes in and around Norwich are [[First Bus East of England|First Eastern Counties]], [[Konectbus]] and [[Sanders Coaches]]; destinations throughout the city and the rest of Norfolk are served, as are Peterborough and Lowestoft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stops in Norwich City Centre |work=Bus Times |date=2023 |access-date=8 June 2023 |url= https://bustimes.org/localities/norwich-city-centre }}</ref>

[[National Express Coaches|National Express]] runs ten coaches a day to three main London airports: [[Stansted Airport|Stansted]], [[Heathrow Airport|Heathrow]] and [[Gatwick Airport|Gatwick]]; there are also five services each day to [[Victoria Coach Station|London]] and one a day to [[Birmingham Coach Station|Birmingham]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coach travel to Norwich |work=National Express |date=2023 |access-date=8 June 2023 |url= https://www.nationalexpress.com/en/destinations/norwich }}</ref> [[Megabus (Europe)|Megabus]] also operates a daily service to London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Timetables |work=Megabus |date=2023 |access-date=8 June 2023 |url= https://uk.megabus.com/timetables }}</ref>

Most bus and coach services run from [[Norwich bus station]] or Castle Meadow.

The [[Norwich park and ride]] network has six sites run by Konectbus; in 2004, it was reported to have one of the UK's largest [[park & ride]] operations.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/norfolk/3820385.stm |title=Work starts on new park and ride |publisher=BBC News |access-date=29 September 2010 |date=19 June 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040728122238/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/norfolk/3820385.stm |archive-date=28 July 2004 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.norwichparkandride.co.uk |title=Norwich Park & Ride |access-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815232903/https://www.norwichparkandride.co.uk/ |archive-date=15 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Almost 5,000 parking spaces are provided; between April and December 2023, the number of passengers using the service increased by 2.6&nbsp;million compared to the same time period in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.konectbus.co.uk/norfolk-bus-passengers-16-after-investment |title= Norfolk bus passengers up by 16% after investment |date= 29 January 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024 |website=Konectbus.co.uk}}</ref>

First Eastern Counties' operations in Norwich was one of five [[FirstGroup]] operations to begin taking delivery of [[battery electric bus]]es in 2023, funded through the Zero Emission Bus Regional Areas (ZEBRA) grant from the UK government. The first seven buses from an order for 60 [[Wright StreetDeck Electroliner]] [[double-decker bus]]es began entering service in Norwich from October 2023,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Halford |first=Paul |date=31 October 2023|title=Norwich sees first electric buses on the road |url=https://www.route-one.net/news/norwich-sees-first-electric-buses-on-the-road/ |access-date=2 October 2024|work=routeone}}</ref> with eleven [[Wright GB Kite Electroliner]] [[single-deck bus]]es later delivered during 2024, replacing pre-existing diesel buses at First's Roundtree Way depot.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hampel |first=Carrie |url=https://www.electrive.com/2023/07/24/first-bus-begins-transformation-of-norwich-depot/ |title=First Bus begins transformation of Norwich depot |date=24 June 2023 |website=electrive |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Deakin |first=Tim |date=2 March 2023 |title=First Bus orders 117 more Wrightbus battery-electrics |url=https://www.route-one.net/news/first-bus-orders-117-more-wrightbus-battery-electrics/ |access-date=2 October 2024|work=routeone}}</ref>

===Air===
[[Norwich Airport]] ([[ICAO airport code|ICAO]] code EGSH) is a feeder to the Dutch airline [[KLM]]'s [[Schiphol Airport|Schiphol]] hub. [[Loganair]], [[Ryanair]] and [[TUI Airways]] all serve Norwich, with flights to [[Aberdeen airport|Aberdeen]] and European holiday destinations respectively.<ref name="official">{{Cite web|url=https://www.norwichairport.co.uk/flights-holidays/|title=Norwich Airport - flights & holidays|website=NorwichAirport.co.uk|publisher=Norwich Airport|access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref>

Through [[Bristow Helicopters]], Norwich Airport caters for the offshore oil and gas industry. The airport was originally the airfield of [[RAF Horsham St Faith]]. A former [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] hangar became the home of [[Air UK]], which grew out of [[Air Anglia]] and was then absorbed by KLM.

===Cycling===
[[File:Norwich Whitlingham.png|thumb|Cycling routes around the station]]

[[National Cycle Route]] [[National Cycle Route#Main routes|1]] between [[Dover]] and [[Tain]] (in the [[Scottish Highlands]]) is the only route in the National Cycle Network to pass through Norwich.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the National Cycle Network|url=http://www.sustrans.org.uk/ncn/map/national-cycle-network/about|publisher=[[Sustrans]]|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref> [[Norwich City Council]] maintain seven colour-coded cycling routes in the city known as ''Pedalways''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.norwich.gov.uk/TransportAndStreets/Transport/Cycling/Documents/CyclingMapFront.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202172939/http://www.norwich.gov.uk/TransportAndStreets/Transport/Cycling/Documents/CyclingMapFront.pdf |url-status=dead |title=Norwich Cycle Map |archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> An attempt was made in 2015 to improve [[Cycling infrastructure|''Pedalways'']], which attracted scrutiny from local residents and cycling campaigners alike.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/news/local-council/22488720.multi-million-pound-norwich-cycle-path-scheme-dogged-criticism-come-scrutiny/ | title=Multi-million pound Norwich cycle path scheme dogged by criticism to come in for scrutiny | date=18 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/traffic/20875348.push-pedalways-scheme-pushed-off-norwichs-streets-cyclist-says/ | title=Push the Pedalways scheme has pushed me off Norwich's streets, cyclist says | date=22 March 2016 }}</ref>

===Waterways===
[[File:River Wensum 1.jpg|alt=River Wensum|thumb|The River Wensum, near Norwich Cathedral and the Maid's Head hotel]]

The [[River Yare]] is navigable from the sea at [[Great Yarmouth]] up to Trowse, south of the city. From there, the [[River Wensum]] is navigable into Norwich and up to New Mills; it is crossed by the [[Novi Sad Friendship Bridge]]. Scheduled trips through the city and out to the nearby ''[[The Broads|Broads]]'' are run by ''City Boats'' from outside of Norwich station and Elm Hill. In June 2012, Norwich City Council gave permission for [[punt (boat)|punting]] on the River Wensum.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-18532389 BBC news report] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013051628/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-18532389 |date=13 October 2018}} Retrieved 24 November 2012.</ref>

===Proposed developments===
In 2017, the first part of the new {{cvt|12|mi|km|adj=on}} [[Norwich Northern Distributor Road]], linking the A1067 in the north-west of the city to the A47 road in the east, was opened. The remainder of the road opened in 2018. There is also some discussion in building the [[Norwich Western Link]] section from the A1067 to the A47 southern bypass to the west, as originally proposed.<ref name=EN24-1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=ENOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED17%20Dec%202009%2008%3A38%3A40%3A063 |title=How NDR will help transport in Norwich |work=Evening News 24 |access-date=6 January 2010}}</ref>

Other proposals in the ''Norwich Transport Strategy'' include limiting traffic on some roads, introducing five rapid bus links into the city and creating a train/tram link to the [[Rackheath eco-town]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=NewsSplash&tBrand=ENOnline&tCategory=NewsSplash&itemid=NOED17%20Dec%202009%2008%3A39%3A58%3A127 |title=NDR is key to transport plans |work=Evening News 24 |access-date=6 January 2010}}</ref>

==Geography==
Norwich is {{convert|100|mi|km}} north-east of [[London]], {{convert|40|mi|km}} north of [[Ipswich]] and {{convert|65|mi|km}} east of [[Peterborough]].{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} The city lies at almost the same latitude as [[Leicester]] and [[Shrewsbury]].

===Climate===
[[File:SeaFogEastAnglia.JPG|thumb|[[Marine layer|Sea fog]] clinging to the East Anglian coast, February 2008; Norwich is denoted by the yellow dot.]]

Norwich, like the rest of the [[British Isles]], has a temperate maritime climate. It does not suffer extreme temperatures, and benefits from rainfall fairly evenly spread throughout the year. [[Coltishall]], about {{cvt|11|mi|km}} to the north-east, was the nearest official met-office weather station for which records are available, although it ceased reporting in early 2006 – [[Norwich Airport|Norwich airport]] now provides readings. Norwich's position in [[East Anglia]], jutting out into the [[North Sea]] can produce weather conditions that have less effect on other parts of the country, such as snow or [[Rain and snow mixed|sleet]] showers during the winter months on a northerly or easterly wind, or sea fog/[[Haar (fog)|haar]] during the summer half of the year. An example of Norwich being afflicted by sea fog is shown in the adjacent image.

The highest temperature recorded at Coltishall was {{cvt|33.1|C}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=12&year=1976&indexid=TXx&stationid=2282 |title=1976 Maximum |access-date=1 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105223943/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=12&year=1976&indexid=TXx&stationid=2282 |archive-date=5 November 2011 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> during June 1976. However, going back further to 1932, and Norwich's absolute record high reached {{cvt|35.6|C}},<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.greenpeace.org/climate/database/records/zgpz0697.html |title=Temperature records by county |access-date=1 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604014041/http://archive.greenpeace.org/climate/database/records/zgpz0697.html |archive-date=4 June 2011}}</ref> while 37.0&nbsp;°C was reached in July 2022 at Norwich Weather Centre. Typically the warmest day of the year should reach {{cvt|28.8|C}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=TXx&stationid=2282 |title=1971-00 Annual average max temp |access-date=1 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105223959/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=TXx&stationid=2282 |archive-date=5 November 2011 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> and 9.9 days<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=SU&stationid=2282 |title=Max >25c days |access-date=1 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105223938/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=SU&stationid=2282 |archive-date=5 November 2011 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> should register a temperature of {{cvt|25.1|C}} or higher.

The lowest temperature recorded at Coltishall was {{cvt|−15.3|C}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1979&indexid=TNn&stationid=2282stationid=1860 |title=January 1979 minimum |access-date=1 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105223934/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1979&indexid=TNn&stationid=2282stationid=1860 |archive-date=5 November 2011 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> during January 1979. In a typical year however, the coldest night should only fall to {{cvt|−7.5|C}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=TNn&stationid=2282 |title=1971-00 Annual average min temp |access-date=1 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105223951/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=TNn&stationid=2282 |archive-date=5 November 2011 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> On average 39.4 air frosts will be recorded during the course of the year<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=FD&stationid=2282 |title=1971-00 Annual average air frost |access-date=1 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105223956/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=FD&stationid=2282 |archive-date=5 November 2011 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> More recently, the temperature at Norwich Airport fell to {{cvt|−14.4|C}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://metofficenews.wordpress.com/2010/12/18/minimum-temperatures-and-snow-across-the-uk-last-night-4/ |title=December 2010 |date=18 December 2010 |access-date=1 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718102509/http://metofficenews.wordpress.com/2010/12/18/minimum-temperatures-and-snow-across-the-uk-last-night-4/ |archive-date=18 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> on 18 December 2010 with unofficial weather stations reporting localised readings of {{cvt|−17|and |−18|C}}.

The nearest [[Weather station|sunshine monitoring weather station]] for which records are available is [[Morley, Norfolk|Morley]] agricultural research centre, about {{cvt|11|mi}} south-west of Norwich city centre. For the 1961–1990 period, it averaged 1558 hours of sunshine a year,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/hulme/uk/morley.htm |title=1961–90 average sunshine |access-date=1 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809110643/http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/hulme/uk/morley.htm |archive-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> a relatively high total for an inland part of the British Isles outside of southern England.

Rainfall, at around {{convert|650|mm|in|abbr=on}}, is low, although as much as {{convert|100|mm|in|abbr=on}} higher than other, more sheltered parts of East Anglia, as Norwich is more prone to showers originating from the North Sea.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/u12gmt1fz |title=Climate Normals 1981–2010 |publisher=Met Office |access-date=4 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905195342/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/u12gmt1fz |archive-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Weather box|width=auto
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|single line=y 
|collapsed = Y
|location =  [[Coltishall]],{{efn|Weather station is located {{convert|9.0|mi|1|abbr=out}} from the Norwich city centre.}} (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1962–2006)
|Jan record high C = 14.8
|Feb record high C = 17.6
|Mar record high C = 24.0
|Apr record high C = 24.5
|May record high C = 26.6
|Jun record high C = 33.1
|Jul record high C = 32.0
|Aug record high C = 32.6
|Sep record high C = 28.5
|Oct record high C = 27.4
|Nov record high C = 17.8
|Dec record high C = 15.8
|Jan record low C = -15.3
|Feb record low C = -17.8
|Mar record low C = -10.7
|Apr record low C = -5.2
|May record low C = -2.7
|Jun record low C = 1.8
|Jul record low C = 1.2
|Aug record low C = 3.7
|Sep record low C = -0.2
|Oct record low C = -5.0
|Nov record low C = -6.5
|Dec record low C = -13.6
|Jan high C = 7.5
|Feb high C = 8.1
|Mar high C = 10.4
|Apr high C = 13.2
|May high C = 16.3
|Jun high C = 19.2
|Jul high C = 21.7
|Aug high C = 21.7
|Sep high C = 18.9
|Oct high C = 14.9
|Nov high C = 10.8
|Dec high C = 8.0
| year high C = 
|Jan mean C = 4.7
|Feb mean C = 4.9
|Mar mean C = 6.7
|Apr mean C = 9.0
|May mean C = 12.1
|Jun mean C = 14.9
|Jul mean C = 17.2
|Aug mean C = 17.1
|Sep mean C = 14.7
|Oct mean C = 11.4
|Nov mean C = 7.6
|Dec mean C = 5.2
| year mean C = 
|Jan low C = 1.8
|Feb low C = 1.7
|Mar low C = 3.0
|Apr low C = 4.8
|May low C = 7.8
|Jun low C = 10.5
|Jul low C = 12.7
|Aug low C = 12.5
|Sep low C = 10.5
|Oct low C = 7.8
|Nov low C = 4.3
|Dec low C = 2.3
| year low C = 6.7
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 55.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 45.2
|Mar precipitation mm = 46.2
|Apr precipitation mm = 38.6
|May precipitation mm = 46.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 63.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 57.5
|Aug precipitation mm = 66.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 59.6
|Oct precipitation mm = 70.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 71.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 64.0
|year precipitation mm = 683.9
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 11.5
| Feb precipitation days = 11.0
| Mar precipitation days = 9.2
| Apr precipitation days = 8.8
| May precipitation days = 7.9
| Jun precipitation days = 9.5
| Jul precipitation days = 9.4
| Aug precipitation days = 9.2
| Sep precipitation days = 9.4
| Oct precipitation days = 11.4
| Nov precipitation days = 12.8
| Dec precipitation days = 12.9
| year precipitation days =123.0
|Jan sun = 58.9
|Feb sun = 80.4
|Mar sun = 129.6
|Apr sun = 174.5
|May sun = 207.0
|Jun sun = 181.3
|Jul sun = 205.6
|Aug sun = 184.8
|Sep sun = 154.4
|Oct sun = 113.1
|Nov sun = 66.5
|Dec sun = 55.2
|year sun = 1611.4
| source 1 = [[Met Office]]<ref name="MetOffice">{{cite web
|url = https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/location-specific-long-term-averages/u12unggmv
|title = Station: Coltishall, Climate period: 1991–2020
|publisher = Met Office
|access-date = 15 December 2024}}</ref>
| source 2 = Starlings Roost Weather<ref>{{cite web |url=http://starlingsroost.ddns.net/weather/ukobs/temp_month_record_tmax_map.php 
|title= Monthly Extreme Maximum Temperature, Monthly Extreme Minimum Temperature
|publisher=Starlings Roost Weather
|access-date= 16 December 2024
}}</ref>
}}

==Travellers' comments==

In 1507 the poet [[John Skelton (poet)|John Skelton]] (1460–1529) wrote of two destructive fires in his ''Lament for the City of Norwich''.
: "All life is brief, and frail all man's estate. City, farewell: I mourn thy cruel fate."

[[Thomas Fuller]] in his ''The Worthies of England'' described the City in 1662 as:
: "Either a city in an orchard or an orchard in a city, so equally are houses and trees blended in it, so that the pleasure of the country and the populousness of the city meet here together. Yet in this mixture, the inhabitants participate nothing of the rusticalness of the one, but altogether the urbanity and civility of the other."

[[Celia Fiennes]] (1662–1741) visited Norwich in 1698 and described it as
: "a city walled full round of towers, except on the riverside which serves as a wall; they seem the best in repair of any walled city I know." She also records that three times a year the city held:
: "great fairs – to which resort a vast concourse of people and wares a full trade", Norwich being "a rich, thriving industrious place full of weaving, knitting and dyeing".

[[Daniel Defoe]] in ''Tour thro' the whole Island of Great Britain'' (1724) wrote:
: "The inhabitants being all busy at their manufactures, dwell in their garrets at their looms, in their combing-shops, so they call them, twisting-mills, and other work-houses; almost all the works they are employed in being done within doors."

[[John Evelyn]] (1620–1706), royalist, traveller and diarist, wrote to [[Sir Thomas Browne]]:
: "I hear Norwich is a place very much addicted to the flowery part." He visited the City as a courtier to [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] in 1671 and described it thus:
: "The suburbs are large, the prospect sweet, and other amenities, not omitting the flower-garden, which all the Inhabitants excel in of this City, the fabric of stuffs, which affords the Merchants, and brings a vast trade to this populous Town."
[[James Woodforde]] (1740–1803), clergyman, on his first visit to Norwich, wrote in his diary on 14 April 1775:
: "We took a walk over the City in the morning, and we both agreed that it was the finest City in England by far, in the center of it is a high Hill and on that a prodigious large old Castle almost perfect and forms a compleat square, round it is a fine Terrass Walk which commands the whole City. There are in the City 36 noble Churches mostly built with flint, besides many meeting Houses of divers sorts. A noble River runs almost thro the Center of the City. The City walls are also very perfect and all round the City but where the River is. On the Hills round the City stand many Wind Mills about a dozen, to be seen from Castle Mount."<ref>R.L. Winstanley (ed.), ''The Oxford & Somerset Diary of James Woodforde (1774–1775).''</ref>
[[George Borrow]] in his semi-autobiographical novel [[Lavengro]] (1851) wrote of Norwich as:
: "A fine old city, perhaps the most curious specimen at present extant of the genuine old English Town ….There it spreads from north to south, with its venerable houses, its numerous gardens, its thrice twelve churches, its mighty mound...There is an old grey castle on top of that mighty mound: and yonder rising three hundred feet above the soil, from amongst those noble forest trees, behold that old Norman master-work, that cloud-enriched cathedral spire... Now who can wonder that the children of that fine old city are proud, and offer up prayers for her prosperity?"

Borrow wrote far less favourably of the City in his translation of [[Faust]]:
: "They found the people of the place modelled after so unsightly a pattern, with such ugly figures and flat features that the devil owned he had never seen them equalled, except by the inhabitants of an English town, called Norwich, when dressed in their Sunday's best."

In 1812, Andrew Robertson wrote to the painter [[Constable]]:
: "I arrived here a week ago and find it a place where the arts are very much cultivated … some branches of knowledge, chemistry, botany, etc. are carried to a great length. General literature seems to be pursued with an ardour which is astonishing when we consider that it does not contain a university, as is merely a manufacturing town."

In 1962, Sir [[Nikolaus Pevsner]] stated in his North-West Norfolk and Norwich volume of ''[[The Buildings of England]]'':
: "Norwich is distinguished by a prouder sense of civic responsibility than any other town of about the same size in Britain."

==Notable people==
{{Further|List of people from Norwich}}

==Twin cities==
Norwich has [[Twin towns and sister cities|town twinning]] agreements with four cities:
:[[Rouen]], [[Normandy (administrative region)|Normandy]], France,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |title=British towns twinned with French towns |access-date=11 July 2013 |work=Archant Community Media Ltd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705094933/http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |archive-date=5 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> since 1951
:[[Koblenz]], [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], Germany,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twinning Leaflet |website=Norwich City Council |access-date=1 February 2014 |url=http://www.norwich.gov.uk/Twinning/documents/Twinningleaflet.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203004921/http://www.norwich.gov.uk/Twinning/documents/Twinningleaflet.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2014}}</ref> since 1978
:[[Novi Sad]], [[Vojvodina]], Serbia,<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.novisad.rs/eng/links |title=Links: Sister Cities |publisher=Official Website of City of Novi Sad |date=22 September 2011 |access-date=5 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825040047/http://www.novisad.rs/eng/links |archive-date=25 August 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> since 1989
:[[El Viejo]], [[Chinandega Department]], Nicaragua,<ref>[http://www.norwich.gov.uk/Twinning/pages/Twinning.aspx Norwich-twinning] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024221422/http://www.norwich.gov.uk/Twinning/pages/Twinning.aspx |date=24 October 2012}} Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref> since 1996

==Freedom of the City==
The following people, military units and organisation have received the [[Freedom of the City]] of Norwich.

{{Incomplete list|date=February 2020}}

===Individuals===
*[[Ove Fundin]]<ref name="Honorary Freedom">{{cite web |url=https://www.norwich.gov.uk/info/20251/lord_mayor_and_sheriff/1703/honorary_freedom_of_the_city |title=Honorary Freedom of the City |work=[[Norwich City Council]] |access-date=2025-04-21 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805095041/https://www.norwich.gov.uk/info/20251/lord_mayor_and_sheriff/1703/honorary_freedom_of_the_city |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Colin Self]]<ref name="Honorary Freedom" />
*[[Arthur Miller]]<ref name="Honorary Freedom" />
*[[Robert Sainsbury|Sir Robert and Lady Sainsbury]]<ref name="Honorary Freedom" />

===Military units===
*[[1st East Anglian Regiment]]: 1964
*1st Battalion The [[Royal Anglian Regiment]]: 1984<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/norfolk/content/image_galleries/gallery_royal_anglian_regiment_nov07_gallery.shtml?8 |title=Gallery: Royal Anglians parade |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=11 February 2020 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528133036/https://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/2843332958e858bbee113ba55d5d94b7efdb56fa.css |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[RAF Marham]]: 2008
*[[2nd Air Division]], [[United States Army Air Forces|USAAF]] Association

===Organisations and groups===
*[[ITV Anglia|Anglia TV]]<ref name="Honorary Freedom" />
*[[Norwich City F.C.|Norwich City Football Club]]: 2002<ref name="Honorary Freedom" />
*[[Norfolk Constabulary]]<ref name="Honorary Freedom" />
*[[Norwich Union]]<ref name="Honorary Freedom" />
*[[The Jarrold Group]]: June 2020<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-norfolk-51296242 |title=Jarrold of Norwich bucks High Street decline and gets freedom of city |work=BBC News |date=2 February 2020 |access-date=18 January 2021 |archive-date=25 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825021956/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-norfolk-51296242 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Wikivoyage|Norwich}}
{{Commons category||Norwich}}
{{Collier's poster|Norwich (England)|Norwich}}

{{refbegin}}
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{{refend}}

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[[Category:Boroughs in England]]
[[Category:Cities in the East of England]]
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[[Category:Towns in Norfolk]]
[[Category:Unparished areas in Norfolk]]