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{{Short description|3rd century scholar, priest, theologian and antipope}}
{{distinguish|novation}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = [[Antipope]]
| honorific_prefix = Antipope
| name = Novatian
| began = {{circa|251}}
| ended = {{circa|258|lk=off}}
| consecration = 251
| church = [[Novatianism]]
| opposed = [[Pope Cornelius]]
| predecessor = [[Pope Cornelius|Cornelius]]
| successor = ''[[Roman Catholic Church|Roman]] claimant:'' <br> [[Pope Cornelius|Cornelius]] <br> [[Pope Lucius I|Lucius I]] <br> [[Pope Stephen I|Stephen I]] <br> [[Pope Sixtus II|Sixtus II]] <br> ''[[Antipope#History|Antipapal]] claimant:'' <br /> [[Antipope Heraclius|Heraclius]]
| birth_date = {{circa|200|lk=off}}
| birth_place = [[Rome]]
| death_date = {{circa|258|lk=off}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
*Theologian
*writer
}}
}}

'''Novatian''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: {{Lang|grc|Νοβατιανός}}, {{Langx|la|Novatianus}}, {{circa|200|258}}) was a [[scholar]], [[priest]], and [[Theology|theologian]]. He is considered by the [[Catholic Church]] to have been an [[antipope]] between 251 and 258.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia  |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Novatian |year=2008 |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9056376/Novatian |access-date=9 March 2008}}</ref> Some Greek authors give his name as '''Novatus''',<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Roberts |editor-first=Alexander |editor2-last=Donaldson |editor2-first=Sir James |display-editors=etal |year=1886 |title=The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Hippolytus, Cyprian, Caius, Novatian, Appendix |publisher=C. Scribner's Sons |isbn=9780802880871 |url=https://archive.org/details/antenicenefathe10menzgoog|quote=ante-nicene fathers novatian. }}</ref> who was an African [[presbyter]].

He was a noted [[theology|theologian]] and writer, the first Roman theologian who used the [[Latin|Latin language]], at a time when there was much debate about how to deal with [[Christians]] who had [[Lapsi (Christianity)|lapsed]] and wished to return, and the issue of [[penance]]. Consecrated as pope by three bishops in 251, he adopted a more rigorous position than the established [[Pope Cornelius]]. Novatian was shortly afterwards [[excommunicate]]d: the [[Schism (religion)|schismatic]] church which he established persisted for several centuries (see [[Novatianism]]).

==Life==
Few details are known as to his life. He was a man of learning and had been trained in literary composition.<ref name="Chapman 1911">{{CE1913 |inline=y  |last=Chapman  |first=Henry Palmer |wstitle=Novatian and Novatianism |volume=11}}</ref>

[[Pope Cornelius]], in a letter to Fabius of [[Antioch]], states that a [[catechumen]] called Novatian was possessed by Satan for a whole season. "A deep and settled melancholy had fastened on his mind; and the Christians who knew him said that an evil spirit had got possession of him, and that if he would profess Christ the evil spirit would go out of him; so, from a hope of recovering his health, he professed Christianity."<ref name=Strong/> Exorcists attended him, but he fell into a sickness from which imminent death was expected; he was, therefore, given baptism by [[affusion]] as he lay on his bed. The rest of the rites were not supplied on his recovery, nor was he confirmed by the bishop. "How then can he have received the Holy Ghost?" asked Cornelius.<ref name="Chapman 1911"/>

For his profound learning, Cornelius sarcastically defined him as "that creator of dogmas, that champion of ecclesiastical culture", but his eloquence impressed [[Cyprian|Saint Cyprian of Carthage]] and [[Pope Fabian]] made him a priest despite the protests of the clergy that one who had been baptised only and had not been confirmed could not become a priest.<ref>Euseb. ''H.E.'', VI 43; Eusebius erroneously refers to Novatian as Novatus: http://www.presbytersproject.ihuw.pl/index.php?id=6&SourceID=1388</ref>

The story told by Eulogius, bishop of [[Alexandria]], that Novatian was an [[archdeacon]] of Rome consecrated a priest by the pope in order to prevent his succeeding to the papacy, is contradicted by Cornelius and is based on a later state of affairs in which Roman deacons were statesmen rather than religious ministers.<ref name="Chapman 1911"/>

Novatian became a leading presbyter of the Roman Church, and one of the most noted personages in the Church of the 3rd century.<ref name=Strong>{{Source-attribution|sentence=yes|{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Strong |first1=James |last2=McClintock |first2=John |title=Novatian |encyclopedia=The Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature |url=http://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/N/novatian.html |publisher=Harper and Brothers| location=New York |year=1880}} }}</ref> [[Saint Cyprian of Carthage]] later accused Novatian of striking his pregnant wife in the stomach and causing an abortion.<ref name="Fisher 2011 p. 155">{{cite book | last=Fisher | first=A. | title=Catholic Bioethics for a New Millennium | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2011 | isbn=978-1-139-50488-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UyEEX73hytsC&pg=PA155 | access-date=2023-06-24 | page=155}}</ref>

==Decian persecution==
On 20 January 250, during the [[Decian persecution]], Pope Fabian was martyred and the persecution was so fierce that it proved impossible to elect a successor, with the papal seat remaining vacant for a year. During this period the church was governed by several priests, including Novatian. In a letter the following year, Cornelius speaks of his rival whose cowardice and love of his own life made him deny to the persecutors that he was a priest and refuse to comfort his brothers in danger. The deacons urged him to come out of hiding, but he told them that he was in love with another philosophy and thus did not want to be a priest any longer. The anonymous work ''Ad Novatianum'' (XIII) states that Novatian, "so long as he was in the one house, that is in Christ's Church, bewailed the sins of his neighbours as if they were his own, bore the burdens of the brethren, as the Apostle exhorts, and strengthened with consolation the backsliding in heavenly faith".<ref name="Chapman 1911"/>

Novatian wrote two letters during the persecution in the name of the Roman clergy to Saint [[Cyprian]]. These letters look at the question of those who had [[Lapsi (Christianity)|lapsed from the faith]] and the Carthaginians' demands for them all to be allowed back into the church without penance. The Roman clergy agreed with Cyprian that the question had to be treated with moderation and balance by a council at the earliest possible opportunity, after the election of a new bishop. In any case, they held that they had to maintain the just church discipline that had marked the Roman church since the time of [[Saint Paul]], without being cruel to those who were penitent. These letters use strong expressions but show that the Roman clergy did not think the readmission of lapsed Christians to communion was entirely impossible.

Novatian disagreed with this viewpoint and believed that reconciling those who had lapsed would compromise the integrity of the Church.<ref name=Papandrea>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QjJMAwAAQBAJ&dq=Novatian&pg=PA74 Papandrea, James L., ''Novatian of Rome and the Culmination of Pre-Nicene Orthodoxy'', Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2011] {{ISBN|9781606087800}}</ref> Arguing that idolatry was an unforgivable sin and that the church had no right to readmit lapsed members to communion, Novatian argued that the church could admit the penitent to penitence-for-life, but only God could grant forgiveness. Such a position was not completely new, as [[Tertullian]] had criticised [[Pope Callixtus I]]'s introduction of pardons for adultery. Even [[Hippolytus of Rome|Saint Hippolytus]] was inclined towards severity, and laws were promulgated in many places and at various times to punish determined sinners with excommunication ending at the hour of death or even refusing them communion in the hour of death.

According to Cyprian, the gravity of this position was not in its cruelty or injustice but in the negation of the church's power in such cases to give absolution. Cyprian (Letter LXXV) conceded that Novatian affirmed the baptismal question: "Do you believe in the remission of sins and in the life eternal, through the Holy Church?" However, because Novatian refused to recognize Cornelius as the rightful successor to Peter's throne, Cyprian argued that Novatian was a schismatic; and to Cyprian, who had to contend with a comparably lenient faction in Carthage, schismatics who compromised the unity of the Church were worse than apostates.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wNyAAgAAQBAJ&q=Novatian Burns Jr., J. Patout, ''Cyprian the Bishop'', Routledge, 2002], {{ISBN|9781134556328}}, p. 5</ref>

==Papal candidacy and excommunication==
In March 251, with the emperor [[Decius]]'s death, the persecution began to subside and the Roman community seized the opportunity to nominate a successor to Fabian. Although Novatian was the pre-eminent theologian in Rome, and had a hand in running the Church after the death of Fabian, the moderate Roman aristocrat Cornelius was elected. Those who supported a more rigorist position had Novatian consecrated bishop and refused to recognize Cornelius as Bishop of Rome.<ref name=Papandrea/>

Cornelius and Novatian each sent messengers out to the churches to announce their elections and seek support. Saint Cyprian's correspondence tells of an accurate investigation carried out at the end of the [[Council of Carthage (251)]], which resulted in the whole African episcopate backing Cornelius. Even [[Pope Dionysius of Alexandria|Saint Dionysius of Alexandria]] sided with Cornelius and with this influential support, he soon consolidated his position. However, for some time the church was divided between the two competing popes. Saint Cyprian writes that Novatian "took over" (Letter LXIX, 8) and sent new epistles to many cities to get them to accept his election. Although all the provinces and all the cities held bishops of venerable age, pure faith and proven virtue, who had been proscribed during the persecution, Cyprian writes (Letter LV, 24) that Novatian dared to replace them with new bishops he had created himself.

Meanwhile, in October 251, Cornelius had called a council of 60 bishops (probably all those from Italy and the neighbouring territories) in which Novatian was [[Excommunication (Catholic Church)|excommunicated]]. The bishops unable to attend added their signatures to the council's closing document, which was sent to Antioch and all the other main churches. However, Novatian still found supporters among Christians still in prison, such as Maximus, Urbanus and Nicostratus. Dionysius and Cyprian, however, wrote to them and convinced them to support Cornelius. At the beginning of the dispute between Novatian and Cornelius, it took the form of a simple question of a schism, the argument of Cyprian's first letters about Novatian (XLIV-XLVIII, 1) focusing on who was the legitimate occupant of [[St. Peter]]'s throne. After a couple of months, this changed, with Cyprian (Letter LIV) finding it necessary to send his book ''De lapsis'' and letter LV to Rome, with the latter being the first document to speak of the "heresy of Novatian". Several theologians have subsequently viewed Novatian as a proto protestant.<ref name="Papandrea Aquilina 2019 p. 88">{{cite book | last=Papandrea | first=J.L. | last2=Aquilina | first2=M. | title=The Early Church (33–313): St. Peter, the Apostles, and Martyrs | publisher=Ave Maria Press | series=Reclaiming Catholic History | year=2019 | isbn=978-1-59471-772-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfWaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 | access-date=2023-06-13 | page=88}}</ref><ref name="John R. Bigelow 1851 p. 254">{{cite book | title=The Baptist Memorial and Monthly Record | publisher=John R. Bigelow | issue=v. 10 | year=1851 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9QARAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA254 | access-date=2023-06-13 | page=254}}</ref>

Novatian died in 258,<ref name=Papandrea/> probably during [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]]'s persecutions, in the same year as his opponent Cyprian.

==Works==
* ''The Trinity, The Spectacle, Jewish Foods, In Praise of Purity, Letters'', (translated by Russell J. DeSimone) Catholic University of America Press (1974).
**The treatise on actors warns Christians not to go to the theatre or the circus. 
**The treatise on Jewish foods tells Christians they are not bound by Jewish dietary laws but cautions them against eating meat from animals slaughtered during religious rituals and later sold in butcher shops.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0ocOf_mcnm0C&dq=Novatian&pg=PA389 Dihle, Albrecht. ''Greek and Latin Literature of the Roman Empire'', Routledge, 2013], {{ISBN|9781134678372}}, p. 389</ref>

==See also==
* [[Acesius]]
* [[Novatianism]]
* [[Papal selection before 1059]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* "Novatian" in ''Encyclopedia of Ancient History'' (Wiley-Blackwell, 2012) article written by [[James L. Papandrea]].
* Papandrea, James L. (2012). ''Rome: A Pilgrim's Guide to the Eternal City''. Cascade Books. {{ISBN|978-1-61097-268-0}}.
* Papandrea, James L. (2015). ''Novatian of Rome: On the Trinity, Letters to Cyprian of Carthage, Ethical Treatises''. Brepols Publishers. {{ISBN|978-2503544915}}. (English Translations with Introduction)
* Papandrea, James L., "Between Two Thieves: Novatian of Rome and Kenosis Christology", ''If These Stones Could Speak… Studies on Patristic Texts and Archaeology: Essays in Honor of Dennis E. Groh'' (New York: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2009).
* Papandrea, James L.,''Novatian of Rome and the Culmination of Pre-Nicene Orthodoxy'' (Eugene, Oregon: Pickwick Publications / Princeton Monograph Series, 2011)
* Novatian of Rome, ''On the Trinity, Letters to Cyprian of Carthage, Ethical Treatises'', English Translations with Introduction, by [[James L. Papandrea]], Tunhout: Brepols, 2015

==External links==
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Novatianus |volume=19 |page=832 |short=x}}
*[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/novatian.html Novatian, ''de Trinitate''] in Latin
*[https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0511.htm On the Trinity] in English
*[https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0512.htm On Jewish meats] in English
*[https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_10_0251-0258-_Novatianus.html Multilanguage Opera Omnia]
* {{Librivox author |id=15871}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Novatian, Antipope}}
[[Category:200 births]]
[[Category:258 deaths]]
[[Category:3rd-century antipopes]]
[[Category:3rd-century Italian bishops]]
[[Category:3rd-century executions]]
[[Category:3rd-century Romans]]
[[Category:Antipopes]]
[[Category:Ancient Christians involved in controversies]]
[[Category:Post–Silver Age Latin writers]]
[[Category:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church]]
[[Category:People executed by the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Place of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Place of death unknown]]
[[Category:3rd-century writers in Latin]]
[[Category:Decian persecution]]