View source for Novell

{{Short description|1980–2014 American multinational software and services company}}
{{Distinguish|Novel}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2022|cs1-dates=y}}<!-- a peek at &oldid=553655144 confirmed-->
{{Use list-defined references|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Novell, Inc.
| logo = [[Image:Novell.svg|225px]]
| image = Novell Provo headquarters.jpg
| image_caption = Headquarters tower (Building H) in Provo, Utah in 2008
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NASDAQ was|NOVL}}
| founder = {{ubl||George Canova|Jack Davis}}
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Drew Major]]|[[Ray Noorda]]|Craig Burton|Judith Clarke|[[Kanwal Rekhi]]|[[Robert Frankenberg]]|[[Eric Schmidt]]|Jack Messman|[[Ronald Hovsepian]]}}
| fate = Acquired by [[The Attachmate Group]], then by [[Micro Focus International]] and [[OpenText]]
| defunct = {{end date|2014|11|df=yes}}
| industry = [[Computer software]]
| products = {{unbulleted list|[[Novell NetWare]]|[[Novell GroupWise]]|[[Novell Open Enterprise Server]]|[[Novell Vibe]]|[[Novell ZENworks]]}}
| num_employees = 10,150 (peak, 1994)
| revenue = $2.0 billion (peak, 1994 and 1995)
| foundation = {{start date and age|1980|08|df=yes}}<br/>[[Orem, Utah]], [[United States]]
| location_city = {{ubl|[[Provo, Utah]]|[[Waltham, Massachusetts]]}}
| location_country = <!-- United States -->
| homepage = {{URL|www.novell.com}}
}}

'''Novell, Inc.'''<ref name="NovNetWareNYT89"/> ({{IPAc-en|n|oʊ|ˈ|v|ɛ|l}}) was an American software and services company headquartered in [[Provo, Utah|Provo]], [[Utah]], that existed from 1980 until 2014. Its most significant product was the [[System platform|multi-platform]] [[network operating system]] known as [[NetWare]]. Novell technology contributed to the emergence of [[local area network]]s, which displaced the dominant [[mainframe computer|mainframe computing]] model and changed computing worldwide.

Under the leadership of chief executive [[Ray Noorda]], NetWare became the dominant form of personal computer networking during the second half of the 1980s and first half of the 1990s. At its high point, NetWare had a 63 percent share of the market for network operating systems and by the early 1990s there were over half a million NetWare-based networks installed worldwide encompassing more than 50 million users. Novell was the second-largest maker of software for personal computers, trailing only [[Microsoft Corporation]], and became instrumental in making [[Utah Valley]] a focus for technology and software development.

During the early to mid-1990s, Noorda attempted to compete directly with Microsoft by acquiring [[Digital Research]], [[Unix System Laboratories]], [[WordPerfect]], and the [[Quattro Pro]] division of [[Borland]]. These moves did not work out, due to new technologies not fitting well with Novell's existing user base or being too late to compete with equivalent Microsoft products. NetWare began losing market share once Microsoft bundled network services with the [[Windows NT]] operating system and its successors. Despite new products such as [[Novell Directory Services]] and [[GroupWise]], Novell entered a long period of decline. Eventually Novell acquired [[SUSE Linux]] and attempted to refocus its technology base. Despite building or acquiring several new kinds of products, Novell failed to find consistent success and never regained its past dominance.

The company was an independent corporate entity until it was acquired as a wholly owned subsidiary by [[The Attachmate Group]] in 2011. Attachmate was subsequently acquired in 2014 by [[Micro Focus|Micro Focus International]] which was acquired in turn by [[OpenText]] in 2023. Novell products and technologies are now integrated within various OpenText divisions.

== History ==
=== {{anchor|NDSI}}Origins as a hardware company ===
[[Image:2005 dmajor bw.jpg|thumb|left|Novell's chief scientist was Drew Major, here seen later in his career]]
The company began as '''Novell Data Systems Inc.''' ('''NDSI'''), a [[computer systems]] company located in [[Orem, Utah]] that intended to manufacture and market small business computers, computer terminals, and other peripherals.<ref name="PHI_newcompany_1980"/><ref name="DH_founders_1981"/> It was co-founded by George Canova and Jack Davis,<ref name="DH_saving_1986"/><ref name="NW_ninethings_2007"/> two experienced computer industry executives.<ref name="DH_founders_1981"/> While some later sources place the creation of Novell Data Systems as having happened in 1979,<ref name="Novell_2001_Milestones"/> more contemporaneous sources are in accordance with it happening in August 1980.<ref name="DH_founders_1981"/><ref name="PHI_newcompany_1980"/> Canova became president of the new company and Davis was in charge of sales and marketing.<ref name="DH_Orem_1981"/> The suggestion for the company's name came from Canova's wife, who thought it meant "new" in French (in fact the French word is either the masculine ''nouveau'' or the feminine ''nouvelle'').<ref name="NW_ninethings_2007"/> While future [[Brigham Young University]] professor and Eyring Research Institute (ERI) figure [[Dennis Fairclough]] was not a founder of Novell Data Systems, he did work with the company from its early days.<ref name="DH_BYU_1985"/>

A funding proposal was brought to [[Pete Musser]], chairman of the board of [[Safeguard Scientifics, Inc.]], a Pennsylvania-based, technology-focused venture capital firm that was an offshoot of the older Safeguard Business Systems.<ref name="OH_Musser_2019"/> Safeguard Scientifics believed that a new computer systems company could help the Business Systems company automate their accounting systems.<ref name="OH_Musser_2019"/> Accordingly, Safeguard Scientifics provided over $2 million in seed funding,<ref name="PHI_newcompany_1980"/> and they became the majority owner of Novell Data Systems.<ref name="DH_founders_1981"/> Canova also owned a significant portion of the new company.<ref name="PHI_newcompany_1980"/>

Novell Data Systems set up offices in a former carpet warehouse located in an obscure industrial park down the road from the largely vacant [[Geneva Steel]] works.<ref name="DH_Orem_1995"/><ref name="SLT_success_1986"/> By November 1980, they were placing display ads in the classifieds pages of Utah Valley newspapers, seeking to hire hardware and software engineers and other staff.<ref name="Classifieds_1980"/>

At first the company began to grow rapidly.<ref name="DH_founders_1981"/> By mid-1981 the company was selling two products, the Nexus Series [[microcomputer]] and the Image 800 [[dot matrix printer]].<ref name="DH_founders_1981"/><ref name="DH_Orem_1981"/> Orders began shipping during the second half of 1981.<ref name="DMR_NDSI_1982"/> The computer product was based on the [[Zilog Z80]] microprocessor and the [[CP/M]] operating system.<ref name="NW_ninethings_2007"/>

The company subsequently did not do well.<ref name="DH_saving_1986"/> The microcomputer produced by the company was late to an increasingly crowded market and was noncompetitive in terms of performance when it did arrive.<ref name="DH_saving_1986"/><ref name="SLT_success_1986"/> According to one paraphrase of a [[Value Line]] report on Novell Data Systems as a whole during this period, their "revenue was minimal, but expenses were tremendous."<ref name="DMR_NDSI_1982"/> Davis was fired from Novell Data Systems<ref name="OH_Musser_2019"/> in November 1981.<!-- http://www.whiteworld.com/cyreenikland/books/surfing/surf-02a.htm -->

[[Image:Ne2000.jpg|thumb|right|Novell made some networking hardware products even after NetWare became a success; here, a Novell NE2000 16-bit ISA 10BASE-2 Ethernet card from 1990]]

In order to compete on systems sales, Novell Data Systems planned a program to link more than one microcomputer to operate together.<!-- http://www.whiteworld.com/cyreenikland/books/surfing/surf-01l.htm --> The current or former [[Brigham Young University|BYU]] students [[Drew Major]], Dale Neibaur, and Kyle Powell, known as the [[SuperSet Software]] group, were hired to this task and began consulting for Novell during 1981.<ref name="PCM_nominee_1987"/> They developed a [[multiplayer video game]], ''[[Snipes (video game)|Snipes]]''.<ref name="white20180126">{{Cite web |last=White |first=Bradford Morgan |date=2018-01-26 |title=The History of Novell |url=https://www.abortretry.fail/p/the-history-of-novell |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Abort Retry Fail |language=en}}</ref>

During the first calendar quarter of 1982, heavy costs continued to be incurred at Novell Data Systems, which resulted in management shuffles, organizational consolidations, and a significant [[layoff]].<ref name="DH_Canova_1982"/><ref name="DMR_Safeguard_1982"/> Canova was fired and Jack Messman, representing Safeguard Scientifics, was named president.<ref name="DH_Canova_1982"/> Seeing ''Snipes'' being played on three different types of personal computers persuaded Messman that SuperSet's networking technology was valuable.{{r|white20180126}} The poor performance of Novell Data Systems resulted in losses being announced in April 1982 for the publicly-held Safeguard Scientifics and put pressure on that company's stock price.<ref name="DMR_Safeguard_1982"/> However, by this point the computer-linking work that the SuperSet group had produced was drawing considerable interest and Novell Data Systems was describing themselves as a company that made not just stand-alone microcomputers but also products for [[local area network]]ing (LAN).<ref name="DH_Canova_1982"/><ref name="DH_products_1982"/> The dual emphasis on hardware and software products continued for several months but continued to have troubled results, and in July 1982 another round of layoffs took place which resulted in the employee count being reduced from 50 people to 30.<ref name="DH_layoffs_1982"/>

At that time Safeguard reported that it would be writing down $3.4 million in losses due to Novell Data Systems' switch from being a hardware company to a software company.<ref name="PHI_Safeguard_1982"/> Throughout 1982 there were further management shuffles with other people being named president of the company.<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1992"/> Major, Neibaur, and Powell continued to support Novell through their SuperSet Software group.<ref name="PCM_nominee_1987"/> As Major later said, "It was great that our hardware was so lousy because that gave us the idea that hardware wasn't really where the value was."<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1992"/>

Two other important NDSI employees were strategist Craig Burton and communications specialist Judith Clarke.<ref name="PCM_NetWare386_1989"/> Despite its struggles, Novell Data Systems had a presence at the [[COMDEX]] show in Las Vegas in November 1982; a man named [[Ray Noorda]] saw it and become interested in the company's potential.<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1992"/><ref name="OH_Musser_2019"/>

===Rise to networking dominance===
==== A new company ====
{{plain image with caption|File:Novell teeth logo.svg|Novell's so-called "shark's teeth" logo, used from the late 1980s to 1996<ref name="Politis_1996"/>}}
On January 25, 1983, the company was incorporated under the shortened name of Novell, Inc.<ref name="10K_1993"/> In April 1983, the appointment of Noorda as president and CEO of Novell, Inc. was publicly announced.<ref name="DH_Noorda_1983"/> Noorda was a veteran executive of [[General Electric]] and the past CEO of several other companies and had garnered a reputation as a turn-around expert.<ref name="SLT_success_1986"/> Messman was chairman of the board and continued to represent the interests of Safeguard Scientifics, which was still majority owner in the new Novell.<ref name="DH_Noorda_1983"/>

The new Novell started with around 15 employees.<ref name="IW_expansion_1990"/><ref name="SLT_success_1986"/><ref name="ST_Noorda_obit"/> Noorda emphasized that the file server product acquired from Novell Data Systems would be the heart of what the new Novell would be doing.<ref name="DH_Noorda_1983"/> Later that same year, the company introduced its most significant product, the multi-[[System platform|platform]] [[network operating system]] (NOS), [[Novell NetWare]].

Funding for the new company was still an issue, and Musser contacted two Safeguard investors and brokers, Barry Rubenstein and Fred Dolan, who were with the Cleveland brokerage house Prescott, Ball and Turben, in these efforts.<ref name="OH_Musser_2019"/> Rubenstein and Dolan eventually came up with the idea of a [[rights offering]] to Safeguard shareholders.<ref name="OH_Musser_2019"/> Accordingly, in January 1985, Safeguard Scientifics made an initial offering of shares in Novell, Inc. to its own shareholders, at $2.50 a share.<ref name="PHI_shares_1985"/> The sale brought Safeguard more than $5 million in cash,<ref name="PHI_shares_1985_2"/> and Safeguard's ownership in Novell went from 51 percent down to 24 percent.<ref name="PHI_shares_1985"/> Novell, Inc. began trading as an [[Over-the-counter (finance)|over-the-counter stock]].<ref name="BG_shares_1985"/>

==== NetWare ====
{{main|NetWare}}
[[Image:Novell_NetWare_2.2_floppies.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Floppy disks for NetWare 2.2]]
The first Novell product was a proprietary hardware server based on the [[Motorola 68000]] processor and using a [[star topology]].<ref name="Causey_chapter_1997"/> This, with the [[network operating system]] (NOS) on it, was known as [[Novell S-Net]], or ShareNet,<ref name="Causey_chapter_1997"/> and it achieved some visibility; by April 1983, advertisements were seen in trade publications for third-party software products which stated they were compatible with Novell ShareNet.<ref name="PCM_advert_1983"/>

The company realized that making a proprietary solution in this sense was disadvantageous and looked instead to the [[IBM PC]] as an alternative platform.<ref name="Causey_chapter_1997"/> Now called NetWare, the network operating system was ported to run on an [[IBM PC XT]] with an [[Intel 8086]] processor and supported centralized, multitasking file and print services.<ref name="Causey_chapter_1997"/> By March 1984, Novell was putting out announcements about third-party products that worked with Novell NetWare.<ref name="CW_listing_1984"/>

NetWare came on the computing scene just as the IBM PC was emerging as a market force and applications such as the [[VisiCalc]] spreadsheet for the [[Apple II]] were showing what microcomputers could do for businesses.<ref name="Age_forsale_2000"/> There was an immediate demand for [[local area network]]ing that could make files and printers available across many PCs.<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1992"/><ref name="Age_forsale_2000"/> In addition, the advent of the PC caused organizational changes within companies and enterprises and allowed Novell to find entryways into individual departments or regional facilities rather than having to convince upper management of the value of networking.<ref name="Fortune_battle_1993"/> Thus, Novell's timing was spot on.<ref name="BW_Knell_1996"/> As the ''[[New York Times]]'' subsequently wrote, "Novell, in one of those instances of serendipity and visionary thinking that are the stuff of personal computer legend, found itself in the right place at the right time."<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1992"/>

Partly in consequence of its design of running at kernel level [[ring 0 (computer security)|ring 0]] without regard for separate or protected address spaces, and thus not having the properties of a [[general-purpose operating system]], NetWare was known for being very fast in operation.<ref name="Byte_cover_1995"/> This trend continued into 1987 with the Advanced NetWare/286 release, which was well received within the industry.<ref name="PCM_nominee_1987"/> NetWare also excelled with respect to [[computer security]] considerations, supporting user- and group-based roles and volume- and file-level access restrictions, thus making it attractive to systems administrators.<ref name="Causey_chapter_1997"/>

Novell based its [[network protocol]] on [[Xerox Network Systems]] (XNS),<ref name="Cisco_protocols_1999"/> and created its own standards which it named [[Internetwork Packet Exchange]] (IPX) and [[IPX/SPX|Sequenced Packet Exchange]] (SPX).<ref name="Causey_chapter_1997"/> These protocols were based on a [[client–server model]].<ref name="Cisco_protocols_1999"/> File and print services ran on the [[NetWare Core Protocol]] (NCP) over IPX, as did [[Routing Information Protocol]] (RIP) and [[Service Advertising Protocol]] (SAP).<ref name="PCM_Arch_1992"/>

Starting in 1987, Novell began selling its own [[Ethernet]]-based [[Network interface controller|network adapter cards]].<ref name="IW_cards_1987"/> These included the 8-bit [[NE1000]], and then in 1988, the 16-bit [[NE2000]].<ref name="NW_cards_1988"/> They priced them lower than cards from competitors such as [[3Com]], whose card Novell had previously been distributing.<ref name="IW_cards_1987"/> By 1989, Novell's cards were being sold at a rate of 20,000 per month, aggressively expanding Novell's market presence.<ref name="IW_cards_1989"/> At that point, Novell transferred the NE1000/NE2000 business to Anthem Electronics, the firm that had actually been making them, but the cards remained branded as Novell products.<ref name="IW_cards_1989"/>

As author James Causey would later write, "NetWare deserves the lion's share of the credit for elevating PC-based local area networks from being cute toys to providing powerful, reliable, and serious network services. NetWare was the first Intel-based network operating system to provide a serious alternative to mainframe-based server networks, providing critical reliability and security features needed in the modern enterprise."<ref name="Causey_chapter_1997"/>

Novell acquired [[Kanwal Rekhi]]'s company [[Excelan]] in 1989;<ref name="NYT_Excelan_1989"/> Excelan manufactured smart Ethernet cards and commercialized the Internet protocol [[TCP/IP]],<ref name="OH_Rekhi_2017"/> solidifying Novell's presence in these areas.  The acquisition combined Novell's $281 million in annual revenue with Excelan's $66 million.<ref name="NYT_Excelan_1989"/> Rekhi became a high-ranking Novell executive,<ref name="NYT_Excelan_1989"/> and played an influential strategic and managerial role with the company over the next several years.<ref name="OH_Rekhi_2017"/> Excelan was based in [[San Jose, California]], and they, along with a couple of prior Novell acquisitions, formed the basis for Novell's presence in [[Silicon Valley]] going forward.<ref name="IW_expansion_1990"/><ref name="OH_Rekhi_2017"/>

====NetWare 386====
By 1989 NetWare had an estimated 40-60% of the NOS market.<ref name="pc19891212">{{Cite magazine |last1=Derfler |first1=Frank J. Jr. |last2=Thompson |first2=M. Keith |date=1989-12-12 |title=Novell's NetWare 386 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5CmkZ3THZtwC&pg=PT206 |access-date=2025-05-02 |magazine=PC Magazine |page=205 |volume=8 |issue=21}}</ref> That year<ref name=NovNetWareNYT89/> Novell released NetWare 386, also known as [[NetWare 3.0]], which gave NetWare more modern architectural qualities,<ref name="Byte_cover_1995"/> in conjunction with new capabilities in the [[Intel 386]] processor.<ref name="Causey_chapter_1997"/> NetWare maintained its character as a dedicated network operating system rather than containing network capabilities as part of a general-purpose operating system.<ref name="PCM_NetWare386_1989"/> The NetWare kernel's ability to dynamically load and unload drivers was greatly appreciated by users and the ability to write [[NetWare Loadable Module]]s (NLMs) in the [[C programming language]] was also a significant benefit.<ref name="Byte_cover_1995"/> NetWare 3 supported interactions with Apple's [[Mac (computer)|Macintosh]] computers as well as with [[Unix]]-based workstations, thus enabling NetWare to expand upon file and print sharing towards accessing business-critical data within companies.<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1992"/><ref name="Byte_cover_1995"/> This allowed NetWare to work with database products from companies such as [[Oracle Corporation]] and [[Sybase]].<ref name="Fortune_battle_1993"/>

An analyst for [[Dataquest]] said that NetWare 386 "is truly a blow-away-the-competition type product".<ref name=NovNetWareNYT89/> Overall, NetWare 3 was the most significant rewrite that the product would ever get, and proved very successful.<ref name="Proven_2013"/> By 1990, Novell had an almost [[monopoly|monopolistic]] position in NOS for any business requiring a network.<ref name="Wired_network_1997"/><ref name="Age_forsale_2000"/>

There were competitor companies in the same space, such as [[Corvus Systems]], [[Banyan Systems]], and [[LANtastic]], but none of them made much of a dent in Novell's business.<ref name="Age_forsale_2000"/> Microsoft tried on two early occasions to take on Novell in networking, first with the [[MS-NET]] product and then with [[LAN Manager]], but both failed badly.<ref name="Guardian_Frankenberg_1994"/><ref name="BW_Knell_1996"/> IBM similarly had limited success in this area.<ref name="BW_Knell_1996"/><ref name="Age_forsale_2000"/> From 1988 to 1992, Novell's revenues rose almost three-fold, to $933 million a year,<ref name="Fortune_battle_1993"/> with about half of Novell's sales coming from North America and half from overseas.<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1992"/> Earnings also rose to $249 million a year.<ref name="Fortune_battle_1993"/> From 1986 to 1991, Novell's stock price climbed twelve-fold.<ref name="BW_Noorda_1991"/>

With this market leadership, Novell began to acquire and build services on top of its NetWare operating platform. These services extended NetWare's capabilities with such products as NetWare for SAA and Novell multi-protocol router.

However, Novell was also diversifying, moving away from its smaller users to target large corporations and [[wide area network]]s.<ref name="BW_Noorda_1991"/> A marketing and development alliance with IBM announced in 1991 was part of this initiative.<ref name="BW_Noorda_1991"/> The company did later attempt to refocus with NetWare for Small Business. It reduced investment in research and was slow to improve the product administration tools, although it was helped by the fact its products typically needed little "tweaking"&nbsp;– they just ran.

====Corporate ethos and "coopetition"====
[[Image:Novell Building F in Provo 1994.jpg|thumb|right|Novell's Building F in Provo in 1994, part of a large complex of Novell buildings once there, with the Wasatch Range in the background]]

By early 1985, Novell was rapidly expanding, but many people were still unaware of either it or the role that local area networks could play, and consequently Noorda referred to Novell as "the most misunderstood company in the world."<ref name="DH_Orem_1995"/> Nonetheless, in 1986 ''[[The Salt Lake Tribune]]'' was hailing Novell as another Utah success story in technology, likely to follow in the footsteps of [[Evans & Sutherland]] and [[Iomega]].<ref name="SLT_success_1986"/> Novell was quickly outgrowing its original site in Orem, with some employees forced to work in trailers.<ref name="DH_Orem_1995"/> A new, much larger site for the company was found in nearby [[Provo, Utah]] and construction was begun; by late 1986, employees were moving into the first building there while work on a second building was already underway.<ref name="DH_Provo_1996"/> Eventually between 1986 and 1993 six buildings would be constructed for Novell's use there.<ref name="SLT_buildings_2012"/>

{{Quote box
 |quote  = We don't even have an industry; we have to build an industry.
 |author = Ray Noorda, 1985
 |source = <ref name="Book_Noorda_quote"/>
 |align  = left
}}

Under Noorda, Novell embraced the notion of "[[coopetition]]", or cooperative competition.<ref name="Fortune_battle_1993"/> The central idea was that whatever was good for networking in general would be good for Novell and took the form of encouraging the growth of an ecosystem composed of hundreds of suppliers of hardware and software networking products, even if some of those suppliers had products that competed with Novell's.<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1992"/><ref name="Fortune_battle_1993"/> [[3Com]], who had been an early competitor of Novell's,<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1992"/> sold more instances of their [[Ethernet]] networking cards for use in conjunction with NetWare than they did for use with their own [[3+Share]] network operating systems, and a similar situation existed for IBM and their [[Token Ring]] cards.<ref name="PCM_NetWare386_1989"/> It was due to this kind of industry vision that Noorda would become known as the "Father of Network Computing".<ref name="ST_Noorda_obit"/>

From the first years of the new Novell's success, Noorda was credited in the press with forging that path.<ref name="SLT_success_1986"/> The company reflected aspects of Noorda's personal background, such as his [[LDS Church|Mormon religion]], which brought about what was termed "the Mormon work ethic" at Novell.<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1992"/> As one account later put it, Novell was "reputedly staffed with lots of hard-selling but soft-drinking Mormons."<ref name="Reg_Peaked_2013"/> Noorda himself was famous for his frugal ways and for working from a plain, small office.<ref name="BW_Noorda_1991"/><ref name="NYT_Noorda_1992"/>

In 1989 senior executives Craig Burton and Judith Clarke, whom many credited for much of Novell's past success, left Novell.<ref name="IW_craigjudith_1989"/> Burton had been seen as Noorda's most likely successor while Judith Clarke had been instrumental in marketing and positioning Novell.<ref name="IW_craigjudith_1989"/><ref name="Searls_2012"/>

In April 1990, Novell and [[Lotus Development Corporation]] announced merger of equals based on a $1.5-billion [[stock swap]] that would have been the largest deal in the software industry to that time.<ref name="LAT_Lotus_1990"/> But it collapsed the following month: when Lotus head [[Jim Manzi]] refused to give Novell an equal number of seats on the new board,<ref name="LAT_Lotus_1990"/> Noorda pulled out shortly before the deal would have been completed.<ref name="BW_Noorda_1991"/>

At its high point around 1993, NetWare had a roughly two-thirds share of the market for network operating systems;<ref name="Fortune_battle_1993"/><ref name="Age_forsale_2000"/> one analysis put the figure at 63 percent.<ref name="Proven_2013"/> There were over half a million NetWare-based networks installed worldwide<ref name="CCIE_2003"/> and some 55 million NetWare users on those networks.<ref name="NYT_Frankenberg_1996"/><!-- I've seen higher figures for the number of networks, but the "Fortune_battle_1993" source places the market size at 10s M users and 100s K networks, so these figures would seem to fit --> And networking itself was the fastest-growing segment of the computer market,<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1992"/> increasing by 30 percent a year and reaching a $10 billion figure by 1993.<ref name="Fortune_battle_1993"/> Novell was the second largest maker of software for personal computers, trailing only Microsoft.<ref name="NYT_Readies_1995"/> Novell's employee base, which had been around 15 when Noorda joined, had risen to 4,335 by the end of 1993.<ref name="10K_1993"/> Besides Utah, Novell continued to grow in San Jose,<ref name="DN_Provo_1998"/> where many of the sales, marketing, product management, and executive functions were located.

====Sales and channel practices====
[[Image:Novell BrainShare letters display forward 1995.jpg|thumb|right|The annual [[Novell BrainShare]] conference, seen here with its entrance letters in 1995, helped spread the word about how developers and partners could make use of NetWare]]

Equally important as technological factors to NetWare's growth was that Novell did not try to hire a large sales force to do direct sales of the product, but instead sold it through a broad channel of some 13,000 [[value-added reseller]]s.<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1992"/> Such resellers provided network education, installation, and subsequent maintenance, and included [[CompUSA]] and [[Egghead Software]] for very small businesses all the way up to sophisticated systems integrators like [[Andersen Consulting]] and [[Electronic Data Systems]] for enterprise-level projects.<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1992"/> In this way Novell constructed a local area network franchise in literal terms, as Novell Authorized Education Centers were set up on a [[franchising]] basis.<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1992"/> Credentialization programs were in place, such that becoming a [[Certified NetWare Engineer]] was an important step, one that could be furthered with levels such as [[Master Certified NetWare Engineer]].<ref name="Reg_Peaked_2013"/> As one industry analyst said, "They've done a wonderful job of farming distribution out. They train people who go out and train other people, and every time somebody gets trained, they get another Netware bigot, and make another dollar. They are getting paid to have people go out and be evangelists."<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1992"/> The partnering approach also worked well in overseas markets, such as in Japan where Novell set up a subsidiary that major Japanese electronics firms invested in, or in South America and Eastern Europe where Novell set up authorized distributors.<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1992"/>

Under Ray Noorda's leadership, Novell provided upgrades to resellers and customers in the same packaging as a newly purchased copy of NetWare, but at one third the cost, which created a [[gray market]] that allowed NetWare resellers to sell upgrades as newly purchased NetWare versions at full price periodically, which Novell intentionally did not track. Noorda commented to several analysts that he devised this strategy to allow front line resellers to "punch through" the distributors like Tech Data and Ingram and acquire NetWare versions at a discounted rate, as Novell "looked the other way"; this helped fund the salaries of Novell Field Support Technicians, who for the most part were employees who worked for the front line resellers as Novell CNE (Certified NetWare Engineers).
Noorda commented that this strategy was one he learned as an executive at [[General Electric]] when competing against imported home appliances: allow the resellers to "make more money off your product than someone else's".

===Taking on Microsoft===
====Motivations====
Unusually for the CEO of a high-tech, emerging computer company, Noorda was nearing 70 years of age by the early 1990s.<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1992"/><ref name="Fortune_battle_1993"/> Furthermore, he was known for alienating high-level executives who might someday be in position to run the company.<ref name="BW_Noorda_1991"/> Stock market analysts were expressing concern that Noorda, whose personality was the basis for much of the company's culture, had no succession plan in place.<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1993"/> At the same time, Novell faced a looming challenge from Microsoft's upcoming [[Windows NT]] operating system, which, after a huge investment of resources from Microsoft, featured bundled networking and more advanced OS capabilities and looked to be that company's first offering that could seriously challenge Novell's local area networking franchise.<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1992"/><ref name="Fortune_battle_1993"/>

Under Noorda, Novell made a series of acquisitions interpreted by many to be a direct challenge to Microsoft.<ref name="Barney_1994_Novell"/><ref name="Allchin_1992"/><ref name="Age_forsale_2000"/> Noorda was motivated in part by a realization that NetWare's technology was not suitable as the basis for a full-fledged operating system and application platform.<ref name="Fortune_battle_1993"/><ref name="CNET_Firmage_2003"/> There was also enmity between the two companies and the two CEOs, stemming in part from merger talks between Noorda and Microsoft head [[Bill Gates]] that had begun in 1989 and been on-and-off for the next couple of years before breaking down for good.<ref name="Guardian_Frankenberg_1994"/> Subsequently, Novell had played a role in keeping the [[United States v. Microsoft Corp.#History|Federal Trade Commission investigation into Microsoft]] going.<ref name="BW_Microsoft_1993"/>

Between 1991 and 1994, the Noorda-led Novell made this series of major acquisitions: [[Digital Research Inc.]], producer of [[DR-DOS]], to  compete with Microsoft's [[MS-DOS]]; [[Unix System Laboratories]] (USL), holder of [[Unix]] operating system technology, to improve Novell's technology base versus Windows NT; [[Serius Corp.]], maker of an advanced application development tool; and [[WordPerfect Corporation]] and [[Quattro Pro]] from [[Borland]] to provide personal productivity and group collaboration products.<ref name="Guardian_Frankenberg_1994"/> In all, Noorda acquired ten companies within a four-year span.<ref name="Guardian_Frankenberg_1994"/> By September 1993, ''[[BusinessWeek]]'' was writing, "Of the many rivalries in the personal-computer industry, for sheer nastiness it's hard to beat the one between Microsoft Corp. and Novell Inc."<ref name="BW_Microsoft_1993"/> In November 1993, Noorda confirmed published reports that he had been suffering from some memory lapses and announced that he would be stepping down from the CEO position once a successor was found.<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1993"/>

In April 1994, former HP executive [[Robert Frankenberg]] was announced as the new CEO of Novell, with Noorda remaining as chairman of the board of directors.<ref name="Fisher_1994_Novell"/> By then the USL acquisition was already showing difficulties, while the WordPerfect acquisition was questioned even more.<ref name="Fisher_1994_Novell"/> Nonetheless, Frankenberg said he was enthusiastic about it: "For me, it was a pivotal item in my decision to join Novell because it makes possible an entirely new category of networked applications which no one else can provide."<ref name="Fisher_1994_Novell"/> When the WordPerfect and Quattro Pro acquisitions closed in June 1994, it was the largest such deal in the software industry to that time; it made Novell the third-largest software company in the world, trailing only Microsoft and [[Computer Associates]].<ref name="DH_WordPerfect_1994"/>

Noorda retired from the chairman position and left Novell completely in  November 1994, although he was still the largest shareholder of the company.<ref name="CW_Noorda_ex_chair_1994"/> At that point in time, Frankenberg became chairman as well.<ref name="NYT_Frankenberg_1996"/>

===={{anchor|DRI|EDC|DSG}}Desktop OS and embedded systems: DOS, NEST, and Corsair====
Novell acquired [[Digital Research]] for {{US$|80&nbsp;million}} in June 1991.<ref name="Scott_1991"/><ref name="BW_1991"/><ref name="Allchin_1992"/><ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS"/> The move was seen as a way for Novell to supply software for server-focused PCs in alternative to Microsoft.<ref name="BW_Noorda_1991"/> NetWare used [[DR&nbsp;DOS]] as a boot loader and maintenance platform, and Novell intended to extend its desktop presence by integrating networking into DR&nbsp;DOS and providing an alternative to Microsoft's Windows. At first, the idea was to provide a graphical environment based on Digital Research's [[GEM (desktop environment)|GEM]], but Novell's legal department rejected this due to apprehension of a possible legal response from Apple, so the company went directly to Apple starting [[Star Trek project|Star Trek]] in February 1992, a project to run an x86-port of their [[Classic Mac OS|Mac OS]] on top of a multitasking DR&nbsp;DOS.

Novell had already abandoned Digital Research's [[Multiuser DOS]] in 1992<!-- exact date TBD -->. The three former Master [[Value Added Reseller]]s (VARs) [[DataPac Australasia]], [[Concurrent Controls]]<ref name="Barney_1994_CCI"/> and [[Intelligent Micro Software]]<ref name="Pontin_1995_IMS"/> could license the source code to take over and continue independent development of their derivations in 1994.<!-- Both sources state that they took over in 1992, mentioning some licensing in 1994. What about the time between? -->

By 1994, [[Novell Corsair|Corsair]] was a project run by Novell's advanced technology group that sought to put together a [[desktop metaphor]] with [[Internet connectivity]] and toward that end conducted research on how to better and more easily integrate and manage network access for users. At the time, the Internet was dominated by Unix-based operating systems, but the Novell group saw the Unixes of the day as being too hardware intensive, too large, and charging too much in license fees. They became convinced that [[Linux]] offered the best possible answer for the operating system component, and started building code towards that purpose, including contributing work on [[IPX]] networking for NetWare and [[Wine (software)|Wine]] compatibility layer for Windows.<ref name="LJ_1995"/>

Digital Research's [[FlexOS]] had been licensed to [[IBM]] for their [[4690 OS]] in 1993 and was also utilized for the in-house development of [[Novell Embedded Systems Technology|Novell's Embedded Systems Technology]] (NEST), but was sold off to [[Integrated Systems, Inc.]] (ISI) for {{US$|3&nbsp;million}} in July 1994. The deal comprised a direct payment of half this sum as well as shares representing 2% of the company.

NEST however held importance for Frankenberg's vision of "pervasive computing",<ref name="Byte_cover_1995"/> wherein Novell software would be connecting a billion nodes by 2000.<ref name="Age_SuperNOS_1994"/> Many of those nodes would be common, everyday devices running NEST,<ref name="Age_SuperNOS_1994"/> linked by [[SuperNOS]], Novell Directory Services, and other management services components.<ref name="Byte_cover_1995"/>

Novell also abandoned their [[Novell Corsair|Corsair]] desktop project and in late 1994 or early 1995 <!-- exact date TBD --> transferred some components to [[Caldera, Inc.<!-- be specific, as there were multiple Caldera companies -->|Caldera]], a startup funded by Noorda's [[Canopy Group]]. The Canopy Group was a technology investment firm and real estate company that Noorda focused on after his departure from Novell.<ref name="ST_Noorda_obit"/>

[[Novell DOS]] (and all former [[DR&nbsp;DOS]] versions including [[Star Trek (Novell)|StarTrek]], [[PalmDOS]] and [[DOS Plus]]) as well as other remaining Digital Research assets (like [[GEM (desktop environment)|GEM]] and the [[CP/M]]- and [[MP/M]]-based operating systems, programming languages, tools and technologies) were sold to [[Caldera, Inc.<!-- be specific, as there were multiple Caldera companies -->|Caldera]] on 23 July 1996. [[Personal NetWare]] had been abandoned at Novell in 1995<!--  Exact date TBD. There was another VLM update in 1996 but that was for the DOS client in general, not PNW specifically --> but was licensed to Caldera in binary form only. The deal consisted of a direct payment of US$400,000 as well as percentual royalties for any revenues derived from those assets to Novell.

In January 1997, Novell's NEST initiative was abandoned as well.<ref name="Adams_1997_NEST"/><ref name="Magee_1997_NEST"/><ref name="Woollacott_1997_NEST"/>

===={{anchor|USG|SuperNOS}}Server OS: UnixWare and SuperNOS====
[[Image:Novell building in Summit, New Jersey that housed Unix Systems Group, which had been Unix System Laboratories-March 1994.jpg|thumb|left|Novell's Summit, New Jersey, office, 1994 (formerly Unix System Laboratories)]]
On the server side, after their initial October 1991 [[Univel]] initiative,<ref name="CBR_1991_Unix"/> Novell announced in December 1992 that it was buying [[Unix System Laboratories]] (USL) from [[AT&T Corporation]].<ref name="LAT_USL_1992"/> The measure was intended to help Novell compete against Microsoft, which was on the verge of including networking as a built-in feature of [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] in conjunction with  [[Windows NT]] server.<ref name="LAT_USL_1992"/><ref name="CW_Longshot_1993"/> Unix did present some attractive characteristics to the market, such as its abilities as an application server<ref name="OH_Rekhi_2017"/> and the lack of vendor lock-in,<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1993"/> but there were still considerable obstacles to be overcome in using it in this context.<ref name="CW_Longshot_1993"/>

The deal closed in June 1993,<ref name="Novell_1993_USL"/><ref name="CBR_1993_USG"/> with Novell acquiring rights to the [[Unix SVR4]] source base and the [[UnixWare]] operating system product.  Novell then turned the Unix brand name and specification over to the industry consortium [[X/Open]].<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1993"/>  
Novell created the Unix Systems Group to contain the new business, which also absorbed the Univel venture.<ref name="CBR_1993_USG"/> Most of the core USL employees remained in USL's [[Summit, New Jersey]] facility, which was later relocated to [[Florham Park, New Jersey]] in the summer of 1995.<ref name="CBR_NJ_1995"/> The USL Europe office in London was moved into Novell's facility in [[Bracknell, Berkshire]].<ref name="Tele_Europe_1993"/>

Novell's time with Unix technology saw the release of [[UnixWare 1.1]] in January 1994, in both personal and advanced server editions and with the bundled inclusion of TCP/IP, a NetWare Unix Client, and [[Merge (software)|Merge]] functionality for running DOS and Windows 3.1 applications.<ref name="CBR_UnixWare_1994"/> This was followed in early 1995 by the release of [[UnixWare 2.0]], which included full support for multiple processors as well as improved installation and ease-of-use and additional NetWare integration features.<ref name="PCM_UnixWare_1995"/>

In September 1994 Novell began publicly describing its plans to develop a "SuperNOS", a [[microkernel]]-based network operating system based on [[NetWare 4.1]] and [[UnixWare 2.0]].<ref name="CBR_SuperNOS_1994"/><ref name="Guardian_Frankenberg_1994"/> The aim was to include UnixWare technology inside NetWare, provide the strengths of both NetWare's network services and UnixWare's application services, be able to run existing [[NetWare Loadable Module]]s (NLMs) and [[Executable and Linkable Format|Unix executables]], and accordingly create a network operating system that could successfully compete with Microsoft's [[Windows NT]].<ref name="CBR_SuperNOS_1995"/><ref name="NW_SuperNOS_1995"/> SuperNOS would also operate across distributed servers with unified presentation.<ref name="Age_SuperNOS_1994"/> Finally, SuperNOS would take advantage of [[object-oriented programming]] paradigms as a way of fostering easier application development.<ref name="Age_SuperNOS_1994"/>

In terms of operating system architecture, SuperNOS would run NLMs in [[kernel space]], for maximum throughput, while it would run [[Spec 1170]]-based Unix applications in [[user space]].<ref name="Byte_cover_1995"/> For clustering, SuperNOS would embrace elements of a NetWare distributed parallel processing proposal and a UnixWare [[single system image]] initiative.<ref name="Byte_cover_1995"/> SuperNOS was based on work that had already started at USL and at the French company [[Chorus Systèmes SA]] for cooperative work on the [[ChorusOS|Chorus]] microkernel technology in the context of supporting SVR4 on a microkernel.<ref name="CBR_Objects_1995"/> This microkernel was arguably superior for this purpose than the more well-known [[Mach (kernel)|Mach]] one,<ref name="Age_Unix_1994"/> because it gave more flexibility at the kernel mode–user mode boundary.<ref name="Byte_cover_1995"/> By mid-1995 the SuperNOS project was reportedly about one-third completed, with 1997 being seen as a customer release date for it.<ref name="NW_SuperNOS_1995"/> There were over 60 engineers assigned to it, mostly from the UnixWare and Chorus side.<ref name="CBR_SuperNOS_1995"/> The project endured prolonged internal architectural debates and resistance from the NetWare side due to a reluctance to believe that Unix was really superior to NetWare in key aspects.<ref name="CBR_SuperNOS_1995"/><ref name="OH_Rekhi_2017"/> In one instance, Novell's Drew Major and Chorus Systèmes' Michel Gien disagreed in the trade press about whether the existent Chorus technology was up to the task.<ref name="Byte_cover_1995"/> The long-running disputes reflected cultural and political divisions between the San Jose (with Rekhi being a Unix supporter before leaving altogether) and Utah camps within Novell.<ref name="OH_Rekhi_2017"/> In any case the 1997 date was seen by industry observers as being too late to forestall the market-share gains that Windows NT was already making.<ref name="NW_SuperNOS_1995"/>

[[Image:Novell building in Bracknell 2006.jpg|thumb|right|Novell had a development office in Bracknell, Berkshire, UK for many years (here seen in 2006)]]

The acquisition of USL never really worked out for Novell.<ref name="CRN_Unix_2003"/> During the company's fiscal years of 1993, 1994, and 1995, Novell's Unix Systems Group represented only about 5 percent of the company's revenue on an ongoing basis.<!-- see discussion top right p. 22 of source, 5% is about right taking away partial years and one-time licensing fee --><ref name="AR_1995"/> Very few Certified NetWare Engineers ever reached a similar level of involvement with UnixWare.<ref name="Age_Unix_1994"/> Another aim, that Novell might be able to coalesce Unix vendor versions and thus resolve the [[Unix wars]], was not achieved either.<ref name="RCJ_Win95_1995"/> By late summer 1995 the company was looking for a way out of the Unix business.<ref name="IW_Confusing_2003"/>

In September 1995, Novell announced the sale of UnixWare to the [[Santa Cruz Operation]] (SCO), coincident with a licensing arrangement with [[Hewlett-Packard]].<ref name="NW_Deal_1995"/> As part of the deal, SCO said that it would merge the SVR4.2-based UnixWare with its existing SVR3.2-based OpenServer operating system and add NetWare services to the new merged product, code-named "Gemini".<ref name="NW_Deal_1995"/><ref name="IW_Gemini_Whitebox_1995"/> Gemini would then be sold through SCO's well-known channel and reseller operation.<ref name="NW_Deal_1995"/> As for HP, they said they would add NetWare code and [[NetWare Directory Services]] to their own version of Unix, [[HP-UX]], in combination with [[Distributed Computing Environment]] elements, which would then be sold by HP's strong direct-sales force.<ref name="NW_Deal_1995"/> Finally, SCO and HP said that they would co-develop a next-generation, 64-bit version of Unix.<ref name="IW_Devil_1995"/> Some 400 Novell software engineers had been working on UnixWare; most of them were offered jobs with either SCO or HP, while a few remained with Novell.<ref name="NW_Deal_1995"/><ref name="IW_Devil_1995"/>

While some lip service was paid to the notion that SuperNOS would go on after the three-way deal,<ref name="CW_Novell_Roads_1995"/> in fact, it was abandoned and never achieved fruition in that form.<ref name="PCM_Enc"/><ref name="Age_NetWare_1995"/><ref name="RCJ_Win95_1995"/><ref name="DN_Regain_2004"/> (A decade later, Novell's [[Open Enterprise Server]] product would realize some aspects of a hybrid NetWare/Unix-like system, this time based around [[SUSE Linux Enterprise Server]] rather than UnixWare.<ref name="DN_Regain_2004"/>)

By December, there were already some indications that the three-way arrangement was not working out as had been initially advertised.<ref name="IW_Gemini_Whitebox_1995"/> The computer industry was not sure that SCO could handle being the primary Unix shepherd.<ref name="IW_Confusing_2003"/> The HP project, code-named "White Box", focused on making a hybrid environment out of the SVR4.2-based Gemini and the SVR3.2-based HP-UX, but that effort faced major technical hurdles.<ref name="IW_Gemini_Whitebox_1995"/> The terms of the deal between Novell and SCO, which closed in December 1995,<ref name="Novell_1995_SCO"/> were uncertain enough that an amendment had to be signed in October 1996, and even that was not clear enough to preclude an extended battle between the two companies during the [[SCO-Linux disputes]] of the 2000s.<ref name="IW_Confusing_2003"/>

====Tools: AppWare====
In June 1993, Novell purchased Serius Corp., a firm that made a [[graphical programming language]] that could construct applications by connecting together icons representing objects in the program and their commands.<ref name="Cox_2000"/> Novell also purchased Software Transformations Inc., who made a cross-platform object code library that could be used to port conventional programs to a number of platforms.<ref name="Gillooly_1993"/> The disparate technologies of the two products were combined and renamed to [[AppWare]], with the Serius product being called AppWare Visual AppBuilder, the objects it used AppWare Loadable Modules, and the Software Transformations library  AppWare Foundation. The organization working on this was called the AppWare Systems Group.<ref name="DH_WordPerfect_1994"/> The founder of Serius, Joe Firmage, became vice president of strategy for Novell's Network Systems Group.<ref name="CNET_Firmage_2003"/>

AppWare was one of the three main strategic focuses of Novell during this period, along with NetWare and UnixWare.<ref name="NW_Prongs_1993"/> These three prongs were intended to satisfy the growing need for scalable, distributed computing at the enterprise level of applications such as general ledger systems or reservation systems; as Novell executive Jim Tolonen outlined: "[NetWare] being the underlying infrastructure over which those mission critical transactions will be moved, Unix [being] a place on which the applications can run, and AppWare as tools that will help programmers write that class of application in a distributed environment."<ref name="NW_Prongs_1993"/>

It was not long before the AppWare plans started to fall apart. In September 1994 Novell announced they would be selling the Appware Foundation product to a third party. Novell did state that development of Visual AppBuilder would continue, and a Unix port would be following (that did not materialize). Novell also continued to release a number of new Appware Loadable Modules.<ref name="Mace_1994"/> But overall, as ''[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]]'' magazine wrote in early 1995 about the three-pronged strategy, these "unrelated ... families of products formed an unsteady tripod".<ref name="Byte_cover_1995"/>

Joe Firmage became disillusioned with Novell in mid-1995, following its decision to sell UnixWare and abandon the SuperNOS project, and left Novell later that year.<ref name="CNET_Firmage_2003"/> Novell then publicly stated in November 1995 that it was looking for a buyer for AppWare.<ref name="IW_AppWare_1995"/> In March 1996, it was announced (based on an agreement that had been signed the month before) that Novell had sold all rights to the AppWare technology to a new company called Network Multimedia Inc., which was headed by Ed Firmage, who had been director of AppWare marketing at Novell.<ref name="PR_AppWare_1996"/>

====Applications: WordPerfect, Quattro Pro, and GroupWise====
[[Image:Novell WordPerfect building in Orem 1994.jpg|thumb|right|The WordPerfect building in Orem, Utah, with Novell signage, in 1994]]

[[Image:Novell PerfectOffice Professional 3.0 for Windows.jpg|thumb|right|Novell's PerfectOffice suite, reflecting the purchases of WordPerfect and Quattro Pro]]

In March 1994, Novell announced that it was acquiring [[WordPerfect Corporation]], whose primary product was the [[WordPerfect]] word processor, as well as acquiring the [[Quattro Pro]] spreadsheet from [[Borland]].<ref name="NYT_WordPerfect_1994"/> The initial price for WordPerfect was $1.4 billion in a Novell stock swap while Quattro Pro would cost $145 million in cash.<ref name="NYT_Sale_2"/> Novell executives said the goal of the acquisitions was to build a suite of products that could be connected across the network via NetWare and UnixWare.<ref name="NYT_WordPerfect_1994"/> The key  to this was the idea of "[[groupware]]" for collaboration.<ref name="NYT_WordPerfect_1994"/> Noorda said, "The era of stand-alone personal computing is evolving into group collaboration that connects individuals, groups and companies. Novell's objective is to accelerate this market transition."<ref name="NYT_WordPerfect_1994"/> The geographical proximity, as well as the cultural similarity, between the two companies also made the acquisition seem like a good idea.<ref name="Age_forsale_2000"/> The stock market was not enthusiastic about the deal and Novell's stock price slid steadily in value.<ref name="NYT_Sale_2"/><ref name="DN_Sale_1"/> The merger, and acquisition from Borland, both closed on June 24, 1994 (with the public announcement being made on June 27).<ref name="DH_WordPerfect_1994"/> Because the price for WordPerfect was measured in Novell stock, when the deal closed the cost of WordPerfect had become $855 million.<ref name="DN_Sale_2"/> Work on the acquired products was organized into the company's Application Group.<ref name="DH_WordPerfect_1994"/> Both before and after the acquisition, there were substantial layoffs of WordPerfect staff;<ref name="AR_1996"/> at the peak right after the acquisition closed, Novell's employee count was around 10,150<!-- 400 sales let go right after close, 1,750 layoffs in various areas announced in August, leaving around 8,000 -->.<ref name="DH_layoffs_1994"/>  Novell's corporate address was shifted to WordPerfect's Orem location for a while.<ref name="AR_1995"/>

The market for standalone word processors and spreadsheets was expanding to that of [[office suites]], where [[Microsoft Office]] had an early lead in marketshare.<ref name="IW_PerfectOffice_1994_2"/>  To compete, Novell PerfectOffice 3.0 was released in December 1994.<ref name="IW_PerfectOffice_1994_2"/>  It was based upon an earlier effort, Borland Office 2.0 for Windows, but had superior look-and-feel and integration.<ref name="IW_PerfectOffice_1994_1"/>    It contained not just WordPerfect and Quattro Pro but also other products, most of which had originated at WordPerfect Corporation, including [[Corel Presentations|Presentations]] for [[Presentation program|slides preparation]], a [[personal information manager]] called InfoCentral, and the [[GroupWise]] collaboration product.<ref name="IW_PerfectOffice_1994_1"/>   There was also a professional edition that included AppWare as well as Borland's [[Paradox (database)|Paradox]] database.<ref name="IW_PerfectOffice_1994_1"/>  PerfectOffice surpassed in sales one early player in the space, [[Lotus SmartSuite]], and GroupWise found three times the number of users as [[Lotus Notes]].<ref name="NYT_Readies_1995"/>  The application products also had the advantage of what Novell's senior vice president for corporate marketing, Christine Hughes, called "[an] 'in your face' presence for the user. Otherwise no one is aware it's Novell providing that connection."<ref name="NYT_Readies_1995"/>  But industry analyst reaction was that while PerfectOffice 3.0 was a good product, it was arriving too late to head off Microsoft Office's momentum.<ref name="IW_PerfectOffice_1994_2"/>

WordPerfect also played in a role in larger architectural ambitions within Novell, as WordPerfect incorporated [[OpenDoc]] and [[IBM System Object Model]] technology.<ref name="IW_Objects_1993"/>  These became part of the basis for Novell's larger [[distributed object]] strategy.<ref name="NW_Objects_1994"/><ref name="CBR_Objects_1995"/>  That strategy was tied to having supporting multiple [[object request broker]]s that could tie in NetWare Loadable Modules, the AppWare Bus, UnixWare, and eventually SuperNOS itself.<ref name="NW_Objects_1994"/><ref name="CBR_Objects_1995"/> WordPerfect itself was also supposedly using the AppWare foundation layer in its work.<ref name="NW_Prongs_1993"/> Other parts of WordPerfect were deemed less strategic, and the Main Street line of multimedia products for children was dropped.<ref name="NYT_Readies_1995"/>

During its time in Novell, WordPerfect still sold reasonably well as standalone software, garnering almost half of all such word processor sales; but the market was increasingly dominated by the idea of office suites, and there Microsoft Office was supreme, with 86 percent of the market compared to only 5 percent for Novell's PerfectOffice.<ref name="WaPo_WordPerfect_1996"/>  As such, the WordPerfect and Quattro Pro part of the company dragged down Novell's earnings and stock price.<ref name="WaPo_WordPerfect_1996"/>

Novell stated in November 1995 that it was putting its personal productivity product line up for sale.<ref name="AR_1995"/>  Then in January 1996 it announced that the sale of these products, primarily WordPerfect and Quattro Pro, would be made to [[Corel]] for $186 million, a large loss from the $855 million that it had originally paid to acquire WordPerfect.<ref name="WaPo_WordPerfect_1996"/>  Novell did hold onto a few pieces that it had acquired from WordPerfect, most importantly the [[GroupWise]] collaboration product.<ref name="WaPo_WordPerfect_1996"/> By some estimates Novell had lost $750 million on the WordPerfect experience.<!-- none of these figures agree - what to do? --><ref name="BW_Knell_1996"/> The sale to Corel was completed in March 1996.<ref name="AR_1996"/>

====Results====
Overall, none of these moves had worked out well – for instance, Novell suffered a net loss of $35 million for its 1993 fiscal year, largely due to write-offs for the acquisitions,<ref name="Fisher_1994_Novell"/> and under criticism from Wall Street, Novell's stock price underwent a prolonged downturn<ref name="SFC_Frankenberg_1996"/> – and many of the companies and products that had been purchased were subsequently sold off.  Novell did have its two largest revenue years in 1994 and 1995, generating $1.998 billion and $2.041 billion in sales respectively.<ref name="AP_revenues_1995"/>  But the Noorda-era acquisitions were short-lived.<ref name="NYT_Frankenberg_1996"/>

The business press was negative on the whole attempt: ''[[The New York Times]]'' referred to "acquisitions Mr. Noorda had made in his latter years in a disastrous attempt to compete head-on with Microsoft",<ref name="NYT_Frankenberg_1996"/> while the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' talked of "a disastrous acquisition spree undertaken by previous CEO Ray Noorda in an effort to compete with Microsoft."<ref name="SFC_Frankenberg_1996"/> By the year 2000, ''[[The Age]]'' would say that "The WordPerfect acquisition was the biggest disaster in software history".<ref name="Age_forsale_2000"/>

Novell continued to have mediocre-at-best financial results during 1995 and 1996.<ref name="BW_Knell_1996"/><ref name="SFC_Frankenberg_1996"/>
In August 1996, Frankenberg himself departed Novell in what was variously portrayed as a mutual decision,<ref name="NYT_Frankenberg_1996"/> or as a resignation under pressure from the company's board of directors.<ref name="SFC_Frankenberg_1996"/><ref name="WSJ_Frankenberg_1996"/>  His {{frac|2|1|2}} years there had been marked by having to disassemble Noorda's acquisitions but also by failing to fully recognize the growing importance of the [[Internet]] for networking applications.<ref name="NYT_Frankenberg_1996"/><ref name="WSJ_Frankenberg_1996"/><ref name="BW_Schmidt_1997"/>

===Loss of networking dominance===
====NDS and other new products====
Novell's core products did not stay idle during this challenging-of-Microsoft time, as work in the company's NetWare Systems Group continued.<ref name="DH_WordPerfect_1994"/>
One of Novell's major innovations was Novell Directory Services (NDS), later known as [[eDirectory]]. It was based on the [[CCITT X.500]] standard and supported the notion of a distributed directory.<ref name="Proven_2013"/>  Introduced with [[NetWare 4.0]] in 1993, NDS replaced the old Bindery server and user management technology employed by [[NetWare 3.x]] and earlier.  Directory services were seen as a crucial strategic key to staying relevant in the networking marketplace.<ref name="BW_Knell_1996"/><ref name="BW_Schmidt_1997"/> It was also one where Novell had a lead over Microsoft, as the latter's [[Active Directory]] was not yet out.<ref name="BW_Schmidt_1997"/>

Then with UnixWare gone, Novell focused on major upgrades to its core NetWare-based network operating system.<ref name="CW_Novell_Roads_1995"/>  The initial release of NetWare 4 came with compatibility problems for some NetWare 3 users, and large enterprises were faced with an upgrade-all-or-upgrade-none decision.<ref name="NYT_Readies_1995"/>  However some 40 million users declined to move to NetWare 4, with the result that Novell lost large amounts of possible revenue in upgrades.<ref name="Age_NetWare_1995"/>  Although the NetWare 4.1 release of 1995 sought to remedy some of these issues, the lag had caused many Novell customers to take a serious look at Windows NT.<ref name="NYT_Readies_1995"/> And Windows NT was proving better as a platform for application and database services than NetWare.<ref name="BW_Knell_1996"/> Furthermore, Microsoft was having success with its no-extra-charge bundling of Microsoft's [[Internet Information Services|IIS web server]] on NT,<ref name="BW_Knell_1996"/> while Novell's presence in the Internet market was severely lacking.<ref name="BW_Schmidt_1997"/>  Still, as of 1996, by one estimate there were three million networks, and tens of millions of PCs, still using NetWare.<ref name="BW_Knell_1996"/>

In 1996, the company began a move into Internet-enabled products,<ref name="BW_Knell_1996"/> replacing reliance on the proprietary IPX protocol in favor of a native TCP/IP stack. Support for the new [[Java programming language]] also began to be added to NetWare.<ref name="BW_Knell_1996"/>  An Internet-focused product released during 1996 was called Intranetware.<ref name="NYT_Frankenberg_1996"/>

These moves were accelerated when [[Eric Schmidt]] became CEO in April 1997,<ref name="BW_Schmidt_1997"/> the first in the post since Frankenberg's departure; Christopher Stone was brought in as senior vice president of strategy and corporate development, reporting to Schmidt.  Many observers were surprised that Schmidt would leave his chief technical officer position at [[Sun Microsystems]], which at the time was doing very well, to go to Novell, which was viewed as a company in real trouble.<ref name="BW_Schmidt_1997"/><ref name="Wired_network_1997"/>  The new CEO said, "Novell has been defocused by a series of acquisitions and forays that didn't work out. In this collaborative world, it's more important to do a few things well and just go for them like you've never seen."<ref name="Wired_network_1997"/>

One result of these shifts was [[BorderManager]], released in August 1997, which supplied [[proxy server]], [[Firewall (networking)|firewall]], and other services for connecting NetWare networks to the Internet.<ref name="BW_Schmidt_1997"/>  Another was a new version of NDS, that was capable of running with Windows NT, not just NetWare.<ref name="BW_Schmidt_1997"/>
And still another was NetWare 5.0, released in October 1998, with hopes for it accelerating Novell's improved fortunes under Schmidt.<ref name="Age_NetWare_1995"/> NetWare 5.0 leveraged and built upon eDirectory and introduced new functions, such as Novell Cluster Services (NCS, a replacement for SFT-III) and Novell Storage Services (NSS), a replacement for the traditional [[Turbo FAT]] filesystem used by earlier versions of NetWare. While NetWare 5.0 introduced native TCP/IP support into the NOS, IPX was still supported, allowing for smooth transitions between environments and avoiding the "forklift upgrades" frequently required by competing environments. Similarly, the traditional Turbo FAT file system remained a supported option.

====Decline of marketshare====
[[File:Eric Schmidt at the 37th G8 Summit in Deauville 037.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Eric Schmidt, CEO of Novell from 1997 to 2001]]
The inclusion of [[computer network|networking]] as a core system component in all mainstream PC operating systems after 1995 led to a steep decline in Novell's market share. Unlike [[Windows 3.1]] and its predecessors, [[Windows NT]], [[Windows 95]], [[Linux]], and [[OS/2]] all included network functionality which greatly reduced demand for third-party products in this segment.  For instance, one mid-1996 survey of a thousand corporate users, conducted by [[Forrester Research]], showed that 90 percent of them owned NetWare but only 20 percent said they had upgraded to the latest NetWare version and less than half of the users thought they would still be using NetWare three years hence.<ref name="WSJ_Frankenberg_1996"/> By March 1996, the company's stock price had fallen from a high of $33 a share in 1993 to a new low of under $12.<ref name="BW_Knell_1996"/> Revenue declined from 1995 on.<ref name="BW_Schmidt_1997"/>  By 1997, Windows NT was winning 42 percent of new network operating system installations versus 33 percent for NetWare, and it was on the verge of overtaking NetWare even when upgrade sales were included.<ref name="BW_Schmidt_1997"/> Overall, NetWare's market share had fallen to 26 percent and had been passed by Windows NT's 36 percent.<ref name="NW_Alive_2000"/>  Unix also had a significant share, and the free software Linux operating system had started to appear and make inroads as well.<ref name="NW_Alive_2000"/><ref name="Proven_2013"/>

With revenues in decline, Schmidt took actions to control costs, and some 18 percent of Novell employees were laid off during the first few months of his tenure.<ref name="BW_Schmidt_1997"/>  In addition he was forced to halt NetWare shipments to resellers because unsold inventory levels were so high.<ref name="BW_Schmidt_1997"/>  By the end of summer 1997, Schmidt was saying, "I took the job on the presumption that we would not have to do this. If I'd known what shape the company was in, I might not have taken it."<ref name="BW_Schmidt_1997"/>  While there was some speculation that Novell might relocate much of the company to its San Jose facility,<ref name="DN_Provo_1998"/> Novell instead recommitted to Provo, building a new headquarters tower that opened in 2000.<ref name="BYU_Provo_2000"/>

But Novell's decline and loss of market share accelerated under Schmidt's leadership, with Novell experiencing an across-the-board decline in sales and purchases of NetWare and a drop in share price from {{US$|40.00|link=yes}}/share to {{US$|7.00}}/share. Analysts commented that the primary reason for Novell's demise was linked to its channel strategy and mismanagement of channel partners under Schmidt.<ref name="Shankland_Stock"/><ref name="Prince_1999_Stock"/><ref name="CNN_2000"/>

Schmidt embarked on a channel strategy to undo Noorda's "look the other way" approach and thereby remove the upgrades as whole box products, then directed Novell's general counsel to initiate litigation against a large number of Novell resellers who were routinely selling upgrades as newly purchased NetWare versions.
Although this move bolstered Novell's revenue numbers for several quarters, Novell's channels subsequently collapsed with the majority of Novell's resellers dropping NetWare for fear of litigation.<ref name="Novell_1997_Resellers"/><ref name="Novell_1995_Aqua"/><ref name="Deseret_1998_Novell"/><ref name="CRN_Ingram"/>

[[Image:Private (?) F28 takes off into dusk (5046240881) (2).jpg|thumb|right|From 1998 to 2001, Novell owned this [[Fokker F28 Fellowship]] jet<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Fokker-F-28-1000-Fellowship/507908/L | title=Aviation Photo #0507908: Fokker F-28-1000 Fellowship - Untitled }}</ref> which it operated as a corporate shuttle aircraft, here seen taking off from San Jose bound for Provo]]

By 1999, Novell had lost its dominant market position, and was continually being out-marketed by Microsoft as resellers dropped NetWare, allowing Microsoft to gain access to corporate data centers by bypassing technical staff and selling directly to corporate executives. Most resellers then re-certified their Novell CNE employees— the field support technicians who were Novell's primary contact in the field with direct customers—as Microsoft [[MCSE]] technicians, and were encouraged{{by whom|date=January 2017}} to position NetWare as inferior to [[Windows 2000]] features such as Group Policy and Microsoft's [[GUI]], which was considered to be more modern than the character-based Novell interfaces. With falling revenue, the company focused on net services and platform interoperability. Products such as eDirectory and GroupWise were made multi-platform.

By 2000, some large NetWare enterprise customers, such as [[Chase Manhattan Bank]], [[United Parcel Service]], and the [[University of Southern California]] were in the process of migrating most or all of their NetWare systems to alternatives.<ref name="NW_Alive_2000"/>  Revenue warnings during the second quarter of 2000 resulted in a 40 percent drop in the company's stock price.<ref name="NW_Alive_2000"/>  In October 2000, Novell released a new product, dubbed "DirXML", which was designed to synchronize data—typically user information—between disparate directory and database systems. This product leveraged the speed and functionality of eDirectory to store information, and would later become the [[Novell Identity Manager]], forming the foundation of a core product set within Novell.

During Schmidt's tenure during the late 1990s, Novell developed and delivered a series of Internet-centric products that were well-reviewed.<ref name="NW_Alive_2000"/>  But these new products did not sell as well as the company had hoped,<ref name="CNET_Schmidt_2001"/> in part due to Novell channel issues with training, lead generation, and support.<ref name="NW_Alive_2000"/> Indeed, there were reports of [[channel stuffing]] taking place.<ref name="Reg_Peaked_2013"/>  So despite its efforts in these other spaces, Novell was increasingly becoming irrelevant within the industry.<ref name="Reg_Peaked_2013"/>  Of Schmidt's efforts with Novell, [[News.com]] wrote, "He had traversed a rocky road as chief executive at Novell, briefly laying a smooth path for a renaissance at the aging network software provider before succumbing to strategy issues that have plagued it for years."<ref name="CNET_Schmidt_2001"/>

=== {{anchor|CTP}}Cambridge Technology Partners ===
[[Image:Novell headquarters.jpg|thumb|left|In the early 2000s Novell moved its headquarters to this building in Waltham, Massachusetts, following the acquisition of Cambridge Technology Partners]]

In March 2001, it was announced that Novell was acquiring the consulting company [[Cambridge Technology Partners]] (CTP), founded in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] by [[John J. Donovan]], to expand offerings into services. Novell felt that the ability to offer solutions (a combination of software and services) was key to satisfying customer demand. The merger was apparently against the firm's software development culture, and the finance personnel at the firm also recommended against it.

The CEO of CTP, Jack Messman, engineered the merger using his position as a board member of Novell since its inception, and as part of the deal became CEO of Novell. Chris Stone, who had left in 1999, was rehired as vice chairman to set the course for Novell's strategy into open source and enterprise [[Linux]]. With the acquisition of CTP, which closed in July 2001, Novell moved its headquarters to [[Massachusetts]].<ref name="Sweeney_2002_CTP"/>  As for Schmidt, he departed Novell soon after the CTP announcement and headed for [[Google]], where he became chair of the board (and soon after that, CEO).<ref name="CNET_Schmidt_2001"/>

In July 2002, Novell acquired SilverStream Software, a leader in web services-oriented applications, but a laggard in the marketplace. Renamed to [[Novell exteNd]], the platform comprised [[XML]] and [[web service]] tools based on [[Java EE]].

=== Linux ===
==== SuSE and Open Enterprise Server ====
[[Image:Suse Linux GmbH.jpg|thumb|upright|right|SuSE Linux headquarters and Novell office in Nuremberg in 2007]]

In August 2003, Novell acquired [[Ximian]], a developer of [[Open-source software|open source]] Linux applications ([[Novell Evolution|Evolution]], [[Red Carpet (software)|Red Carpet]] and [[Mono (software)|Mono]]). This acquisition signaled Novell's plans to move its collective product set onto a [[Linux kernel]].

In November 2003, Novell acquired Linux OS developer [[SUSE S.A.|SuSE]], which led to a major shift of power in Linux distributions. [[IBM]] also invested {{US$|50&nbsp;million}} to show support of the SuSE acquisition.

In mid-2003, Novell released "Novell Enterprise Linux Services" (NNLS), which ported some of the services traditionally associated with NetWare to [[SUSE Linux Enterprise Server]] (SLES) version 8.  NetWare 6.5, released in 2003, would prove to be the last version of that product.<ref name="Proven_2013"/>

In November 2004, Novell released the Linux-based enterprise desktop [[Novell Linux Desktop]] 9, based on Ximian Desktop and SUSE Linux Professional 9.1. This was Novell's first attempt to get into the enterprise desktop market.

The successor product to NetWare, [[Novell Open Enterprise Server]] (OES), was released in March 2005. OES offers all the services previously hosted by NetWare 6.5, and added the choice of delivering those services using either a NetWare 6.5 or SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 9 kernel.<ref name="Proven_2013"/> The release was aimed to persuade NetWare customers to move to Linux.

In August 2005, Novell created the [[openSUSE]] project, based on SUSE Professional.<ref name="Gasperson_2005_SUSE"/> openSUSE can be downloaded freely and is also available as boxed retail product.<ref name="openSUSE_2013"/>

==== Stagnation ====
[[Image:Novell SuSE.jpg|thumb|left|Novell with SuSE at the Invex expo in Brno, Czech Republic in 2006]]

From 2003 through 2005 Novell released many products across its portfolio, with the intention of arresting falling market share and to move away from dependencies on other Novell products, but the launches were not as successful as Novell had hoped. In late 2004, Chris Stone again left the company, after an apparent control issue with then CEO Jack Messman.<ref name="Businessweek_Cold"/> In an effort to cut costs, Novell announced a round of layoffs in late 2005. While revenue from its Linux business continued to grow, the growth was not fast enough to offset the decrease in revenue of NetWare. While the company's revenue was not falling rapidly, it wasn't growing, either. Lack of clear direction or effective management meant that Novell took longer than expected to complete its restructuring.

In June 2006, chief executive Jack Messman and chief finance officer Joseph Tibbetts were fired, with [[Ronald Hovsepian]], Novell's president and chief operating officer, appointed chief executive, and Dana Russell, vice-president of finance and corporate controller, appointed interim CFO.

==== "Your Linux is Ready" ====
[[Image:Novell booth at Software Freedom Day Beijing 2007.jpg|thumb|right|Novell's booth at a 2007 event in Beijing, showing slogan]]
In August 2006, Novell released the SUSE Linux Enterprise 10 (SLE 10) series. SUSE Linux Enterprise Server was the first enterprise class Linux server to offer virtualization based on the [[Xen]] hypervisor. SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop (popularly known as SLED) featured a new user-friendly GUI and [[Xgl|XGL]]-based 3D display capabilities. The release of SLE 10 was marketed with the phrase "Your Linux is Ready", meant to convey that Novell's Linux offerings were ready for the enterprise. In late September 2006 Novell announced a [[Real-time operating system|real-time]] version of SLES called "SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time" (SLERT), based on technology from [[Concurrent Computer Corporation]].

====Legal actions and reactions====
Beginning in 2003, Novell became a key player in the [[SCO–Linux disputes]].<ref name="CW_sides_2010"/>  The case ''[[SCO Group, Inc. v. Novell, Inc.]]'' revolved around the interpretation of the 1995 asset-transfer agreements between Novell and the Santa Cruz Operation, a predecessor company to [[The SCO Group]] – when Novell got out of the Unix business as part of abandoning its effort to take on Microsoft on all fronts – and a 1996 amendment that had attempted to clarify that agreement.<ref name="IW_Confusing_2003"/>  The SCO Group believed that the transfer included ownership of, and copyrights for, the source code for the Unix operating system (which they in turn claimed Linux had infringed upon).  Novell counter-sued, claiming that the asset-transfer agreements did not, in fact, transfer the intellectual property rights SCO sought.

The case attracted considerable industry and media attention, with the [[free and open-source software]] (FOSS) community solidly on the side of Novell.<ref name="CW_sides_2010"/>  There were a series of court rulings, most of which went in Novell's favor and which sent The SCO Group into bankruptcy.<ref name="SLT_Trial_2010"/>  The matter was settled finally in 2010 when a jury trial in Utah ruled that the copyrights belonged to Novell.<ref name="CW_sides_2010"/><ref name="SLT_Trial_2010"/>  (Novell made no material use of the Unix ownership once it was ruled theirs, as by then their interests were with SuSE Linux.)

In 2004, Novell sued Microsoft, asserting it had engaged in antitrust violations regarding Novell's WordPerfect business in 1994 through 1996. Novell's lawsuit was subsequently dismissed by the United States District Court in July 2012 after it concluded that the claims were without merit.<ref name="Rosenblatt_2012"/>

On 2 November 2006, the two companies announced a joint collaboration agreement, including coverage of their respective products for each other's customers.<ref name="Microsoft_2006_Novell"/><ref name="Microsoft_Ballmer"/> They also promised to work more closely to improve compatibility of software, setting up a joint research facility. Executives of both companies expressed the hope that such cooperation would lead to better compatibility between [[Microsoft Office]] and [[OpenOffice.org]] and better [[platform virtualization|virtualization]] techniques.

Microsoft CEO [[Steve Ballmer]] said of the deal, "This set of agreements will really help bridge the divide between open-source and proprietary source software."<ref name="CNET_Pact"/>
The deal involved upfront payment of {{US$|348&nbsp;million}} from Microsoft to Novell for patent cooperation and [[SUSE Linux Enterprise Server|SLES]] subscription. Additionally, Microsoft agreed to spend around {{US$|46&nbsp;million}} yearly, over the next 5&nbsp;years, for marketing and selling a combined SLES/Windows Server offering and related virtualization solutions, while Novell paid at least {{US$|40&nbsp;million}} yearly to Microsoft, in the same period.<ref name="LW_Novell"/>

One of the first results of this partnership was Novell adapting the OpenXML/ODF Translator<ref name="ODF_Translator"/> for use in OpenOffice.org.<ref name="Novell_Download"/>

Microsoft released two public covenants not to sue users of the open source [[Moonlight (runtime)|Moonlight]] runtime—a workalike for the [[Microsoft Silverlight]] rich media platform—for patent infringement. One condition common to each covenant was that no Moonlight implementation be released under the [[GPLv3]] free software license.<ref name="Microsoft_2009_Moonlight"/><ref name="Microsoft_2012_Collaboration"/>

[[Image:Novell booth at Solutions Linux 2009.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Despite controversy with some in the community, Novell persisted: its booth at Solutions Linux 2009 in Paris.]]
In contrast to the SCO case, here initial reaction from members of the free and open source software community over the patent protection was mostly critical, with expressions of concern that Novell had "sold out" and doubt that the [[GNU GPL]] would allow distribution of code, including the Linux kernel, under this exclusive agreement.<ref name="Groklaw_2006_Sellout"/><ref name="Groklaw_2006_Reactions"/><ref name="LWN_2006_Responses"/>

In a letter to the FOSS development community on 9 November 2006, [[Bradley M. Kuhn]], CTO of the [[Software Freedom Law Center]] (SFLC), described the agreement as "worse than useless".<ref name="Kuhn_2006_Letter"/> In a separate development, the chairman of the SFLC, [[Eben Moglen]], reported that Novell had offered cooperation with the SFLC to permit a confidential audit to determine the compliance of the agreement with the GPL (version 2).<ref name="Sanders_Novell"/> [[Richard Stallman]], founder of the [[Free Software Foundation]], said in November 2006 that changes coming with version 3 of the GPL would preclude such deals.<ref name="Stallman_2006_GPL3"/> When the final revision of the third version of the GPL license was decided, the deal between Microsoft and Novell was [[grandfather clause|grandfather]]ed in. A clause within GPLv3 allows companies to distribute GPLv3 software even if they have made such patent partnerships in the past, as long as the partnership deal was made before 28 March 2007 (GPLv3 Section 11 paragraph 7<ref name="FSF_GPL3"/>).

On 12 November 2006, the [[Samba (software)|Samba]] team expressed strong disapproval of the announcement{{clarify|date=December 2017}} and asked Novell to reconsider.<ref name="Samba_Novell"/> The team included an employee of Novell, [[Jeremy Allison]], who confirmed in a comment on [[Slashdot]] that the statement was agreed on by all members of the team,<ref name="Slashdot_Samba"/> and later quit his job at Novell in protest.<ref name="Groklaw_2007_Allison"/>

In early February 2007, Reuters reported that the Free Software Foundation had announced that it was reviewing Novell's right to sell Linux versions, and was considering banning Novell from selling Linux.<ref name="Finkle_Novell"/> However, spokesman Eben Moglen later said that he was quoted out of context,<ref name="LFD_2012"/> and was only noting that GPL version 3 would be designed to block similar deals in the future.

==== Intelligent workload management ====
In December 2009, Novell announced its intention to lead the market in [[intelligent workload management]], with products designed to manage diverse workloads in a heterogeneous data center.<ref name="ITM_2009"/> Seeing this approach as a key to giving customers confidence in the area of [[cloud computing security]], Novell restructured its business around the new initiative.<ref name="CWeekly_identity_2010"/> Technologies from Novell's 2008 acquisition of Canadian company [[PlateSpin]] were involved.<ref name="ZDN_identity_2010"/> Key to this also was the use of [[SUSE Studio]], an online Linux software creation tool through which users could develop their own [[Linux distribution]], [[software appliance]], or [[virtual appliance]].<ref name="ITM_2009"/> Hovsepian said, "Cloud computing is a megatrend that matches the company's core competencies. ... We've developed our Suse appliance tool for application vendors [who have brand new applications being written or built for the cloud]. This product allows them to create a virtual appliance. They won't have to rewrite and retest the application once it is in the cloud and it allows firms to host their application on other clouds too."<ref name="CWeekly_identity_2010"/> But Novell's approach would also support other cloud environments such as those based around [[Hyper-V]], [[VMware]], and [[Xen]].<ref name="ITM_2009"/>

Partnerships in connection with intelligent workload management were announced with [[SAP]], [[Citrix Systems]], [[Ingres (database)|Ingres]], and others.<ref name="CWeekly_identity_2010"/> Reaction of industry analysts to the move varied, with some positive and some more mixed.<ref name="CWeekly_identity_2010"/> Among the more skeptical was Dan Kusnetzky of [[ZDNet]], who wrote that Novell "clearly hopes that putting its products together in new ways and invoking today's catch phrases and buzz words will appear fresh and new."<ref name="ZDN_identity_2010"/> While Novell did have strong technologies in this computing realm, it struggled to attract the same market attention that competing product lines from the likes of Microsoft or VMware held.<ref name="ZDN_identity_2010"/>

=== Acquisition by The Attachmate Group===
[[Image:Novell building in Provo in 2013 during Attachmate era.jpg|thumb|right|The main building in Provo in 2013 during the Attachmate Group era; the name Novell was kept on it. A 'For Sale' sign for some of the property can be seen in front of the building.]]
Novell had long been rumored to be a target for acquisition by a variety of other companies. In March 2010, [[Elliott Associates, L.P.]], an institutional investor with approximately 8.5% stock ownership of Novell, offered to acquire the company for {{US$|5.75}} per share in cash, or {{US$|1&nbsp;billion}}.<ref name="Elliott_2010_Novell"/> The company declined the offer, saying that the proposal was inadequate and that it undervalued the company's franchise and growth prospects.<ref name="NW_2010_Novell"/>

Novell announced in November 2010 that it had agreed to be acquired by [[The Attachmate Group]] for {{US$|2.2&nbsp;billion}}, and planned to operate Novell as two units, one being [[SUSE S.A.|SUSE]]. As part of the deal, 882 [[Software patent|patents]] owned by Novell were sold to [[CPTN Holdings LLC]], a consortium of companies led by [[Microsoft]] and including [[Apple Computer|Apple]], [[EMC Corporation|EMC]], and [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]].<ref name="FORM_8-K_2010"/><ref name="Novell_2010_Attachmate"/><ref name="CPTN_2010"/> According to Novell's SEC filing, the patents "relate primarily to enterprise-level computer systems management software, enterprise-level file management and collaboration software in addition to patents relevant to our identity and security management business, although it is possible that certain of such issued patents and patent applications read on a range of different software products".<ref name="SCHEDULE_14-A_2011_Novell"/><ref name="PCW_2011_Patents"/> The Attachmate Group expressed in advance of the deal closing that there would no change to the relationship between the SUSE business and the openSUSE project.<ref name="Attachmate_2010_openSUSE"/> The merger completed in April 2011, with {{US$|6.10}} per share in cash being paid to acquire Novell. Novell became a wholly owned subsidiary of The Attachmate Group.

Concurrent with the closing of the acquisition, some of Novell's products and brands were transferred to another of the Attachmate Group business units, [[NetIQ]], and the [[SUSE Linux]] brand was spun off as its own business unit. The fourth business unit, [[Attachmate]], was not directly affected by the acquisition.

Immediately prior to merger being finalized, Novell completed the patent sale to CPTN Holdings for {{US$|450&nbsp;million}}.<ref name="Novell_2011_CPTN"/> The U.S. Department of Justice announced that, as originally proposed, the deal with CPTN would jeopardize the ability of open source software, such as Linux, to continue to innovate and compete in the development and distribution of server, desktop, and mobile operating systems, middleware, and virtualization products; to address the department's antitrust concerns, CPTN and its owners had altered their original agreement:

* All of the Novell patents would be acquired subject to the [[GPLv2]] open source license, and the [[Open Invention Network]] (OIN) license
* CPTN does not have the right to limit which of the patents, if any, are available under the OIN license
* Neither CPTN nor its owners will make any statement or take any action with the purpose of influencing or encouraging either Novell or Attachmate Group to modify which of the patents are available under the OIN license

With the acquisition, Novell's headquarters were moved back to Provo.<ref name="DH_Provo_2011"/> But by then considerable consolidation had occurred, and the original six buildings of the Provo campus were sold.<ref name="SLT_buildings_2012"/>
During April and May 2011, The Attachmate Group announced layoffs for the Novell workforce, including hundreds of employees from the Provo location,<ref name="Koep_2011_Employees"/><ref name="DH_Provo_2011"/> raising questions about the future of some open source projects such as [[Mono (software)|Mono]].<ref name="Vaughan-Nichols_2011_Mono"/><ref name="Clarke_2011_Android"/>

===Acquisition by Micro Focus and OpenText===
In September 2014, mainframe software company [[Micro Focus]] announced it was buying The Attachmate Group, including Novell, for {{US$|1.2&nbsp;billion}}.<ref name="Jackson_MicroFocus"/> The acquisition closed on November 20, 2014, and the SUSE organization was split out separately from the rest of the former Novell organization within Micro Focus.<ref name="PR_closed_2014"/> SUSE was sold to [[EQT AB]] in 2019.<ref name="Murphy_2019"/>

The Novell products themselves were relabeled and dispersed among the file and networking services, collaborations, and security product lines of Micro Focus, such that offerings like Open Enterprise Server, GroupWise, and ZENworks became billed as Micro Focus products with no mention of their Novell past.<ref name="MF_datasheets_2021"/> The one page at the Micro Focus website listing former Novell products did not even mention NetWare.<ref name="MF_listing_2022"/> 

In January 2023, Micro Focus was in turn acquired by Canadian software company [[OpenText]].<ref name="CRN_2023"/> Again, the former Novell products are listed within OpenText product groups without being identified as to their Novell past.<ref name="OT_2024"/>

== Companies acquired ==
[[Image:The Greater Novell Merger Day 1994 T-shirt.jpg|thumb|right|Internal company T-shirt celebrating acquisitions of WordPerfect and Quattro Pro]]
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Santa Clara Systems|Santa Clara Systems, Inc.]] (1986) for storage subsystems, network adapters, PCs<ref name="Scott_1991_Desktop"/>
* Cache Data Product (1986)
* CXI (1987) for micro-to-mainframe software<ref name="Scott_1991_Desktop"/>
* [[SoftCraft]] (1987) for Btrieve database and programming tools<ref name="Polishuk_LAN"/><ref name="Scott_1991_Desktop"/>
* Indisy Software (1988<!-- partial -->/1990<!-- full -->) for e-mail and message handling<ref name="Scott_1991_Desktop"/>
* [[Excelan]] (1989) for TCP/IP, Unix, Mac, DEC VMS connectivity products<ref name="Scott_1991_Desktop"/>
* [[Digital Research]] for {{US$|80&nbsp;million}} (<!-- June -->1991) for PC operating system software (DR&nbsp;DOS etc.)<ref name="Scott_1991"/><ref name="BW_1991"/><ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS"/>
* International Business Software Ltd. (1992)
* [[AppWare|Serius]] (1993)
* [[Unix System Laboratories]] (1993)<ref name="Novell_1993_USL"/>
* [[WordPerfect Corporation]] (1994)
* [[Quattro Pro]] ([[Borland]]) (1994)
* Netoria (1999)
* Ukiah Software (1999)
* JustOn (1999)
* [[PGSoft]] (2000)<ref name="Novell_2000_PGSoft"/>
* Novetrix (2001)<ref name="Novell_2001_Novetrix"/><ref name="itWeb_2001_Novetrix"/>
* [[Cambridge Technology Partners]] (2001)
* [[Callisto Software, Inc.]] (2001)
* SilverStream Software (2002)
* [[Ximian]] (2003)
* [[SUSE S.A.|SUSE]] (2003)
* Salmon (2004)
* Tally Systems (2005)
* Immunix (2005)
* e-Security, Inc (2006)
* RedMojo (2007)
* Senforce<ref name="Senforce"/> (2007)
* [[PlateSpin]] (2008)
* [[SiteScape]] (2008)
* [[Fortefi]] (2008) for Command Control and Compliance Auditor
* [[Managed Objects, Inc.]] (2008)
{{Div col end}}

== Certification ==
Novell was one of the first computer companies to provide proficiency certification for users of its products. They included:

{{Div col}}
* [[Certified Novell Administrator]] (CNA)
* [[Certified Novell Engineer]] (CNE)
* Enterprise Certified Novell Engineer (ECNE)
* Master Certified Novell Engineer (MCNE)
* Certified Directory Engineer (CDE)
* Certified Novell Instructor (CNI)
* Master Certified Novell Instructor (MCNI)
* Certified Linux Professional 10 (CLP 10)
* Certified Linux Engineer 10 (CLE 10)
{{Div col end}}

== Legacy ==
[[Image:Mount Timpanogos and Utah Valley, Utah (73262881).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Utah Valley, home of Novell, WordPerfect, and many tech companies that followed]]

Novell had a difficult time being associated for anything other than NetWare.<ref name="Businessweek_Cold"/> And as ''[[The Register]]'' has written, "NetWare was almost uniquely a thing of its time. Whereas the PC has transcended its roots ... and Windows has grown ... into a sophisticated 64-bit OS, NetWare never escaped as its niche. When Windows was just a client OS, Novell’s proprietary IPX/SPX protocol and simple, fast, semi-dedicated file servers were a compelling offering. As Windows grew into a server OS too, though, NetWare couldn't compete."<ref name="Proven_2013"/>

But the effects of Novell have been long-lasting.  While information technology had been present along the [[Wasatch Front]] since the 1950s in the form of work done at [[Utah State University]], the first two software giants in the field in Utah were Novell and WordPerfect in the early 1980s.<ref name="SLMag_2019"/> To that point, the ''[[Deseret News]]'' has stated, "WordPerfect and Novell put Utah Valley on the high-tech industry map in the 1980s."<ref name="DN_Orem_1998"/> Moreover, even when employees left the two companies, or were downsized, they often stayed in the Utah Valley area and started their own companies.<ref name="SLMag_2019"/> This began a culture of entrepreneurship that led to the Wasatch Front becoming known by some as [[Silicon Slopes]].<ref name="SLMag_2019"/> ''Silicon Slopes Magazine'' has credited the rise of the industry in Utah to three people, among them Ray Noorda.<ref name="SilSlopes_2020"/>

== Products ==
Products marketed by Novell during the latter stages of its existence included:

* ''[[Novell BorderManager|BorderManager]]'' provides Internet access controls, secure VPN, and firewall services on NetWare
* ''Business Continuity Clustering'' automates the configuration and management of high-availability, clustered servers
* ''Client for Linux'' gives Linux desktop users access to NetWare and Open Enterprise Server services and applications
* ''Client for Windows'' gives Microsoft Windows users access to NetWare and Open Enterprise Server services and applications
* ''Cluster Services for Open Enterprise Server'' simplifies resource management on a Storage Area Network (SAN) and enables high-availability
* ''Data Synchronizer'' keeps applications and mobile devices constantly in sync, and offers connectors for popular [[Customer relationship management|CRM systems]]
* ''Endpoint Lifecycle Management Suite'' manages applications, devices, and servers over their life-cycle
* ''Endpoint Protection Suite'' Endpoint Protection Suite
* ''[[Novell File Management Suite|File Management Suite]]'' integrates three Novell products that work together to discover, analyze, provision, relocate and optimize file storage based on business policies
* ''[[Novell File Reporter|File Reporter]]'' examines and reports on terabytes of unstructured file data, and forecasts storage growth
* ''[[GroupWise]]'' provides secure e-mail, calendaring, contact management, and task management with mobile synchronization
* ''[[iFolder]]'' stores files for secure accessibility online and offline, across systems and on the web
* ''[[iPrint]]'', a network appliance print server supports mobility on printing, a user can print from any device from anywhere to anywhere in any corner of the world
* ''NFS Gateway for NetWare 6.5'' enables NetWare 6.5 servers to access UNIX and Linux NFS-exported file-systems
* ''[[Novell Open Enterprise Server|Open Enterprise Server]]'' offers NetWare services like centralized server management and secure file storage, running on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server
* ''Open Workgroup Suite'' provides a low-cost alternative to Microsoft Professional Desktop Platform; features workgroup services and collaboration tools
* ''Open Workgroup Suite for Small Business'' offers a full-featured desktop-to-server solution running on Linux, designed to support small business users
* ''Service Desk'' streamlines and automates the provision of IT services. An OEM product from LiveTime Software.<ref name="LiveTime_2010_Novell"/>
* ''[[Novell Storage Manager|Storage Manager]]'' provides automated management of file storage for users and work groups
* ''Total Endpoint Management Suite'' efficiently balances security and productivity across an entire enterprise
* ''[[Novell Vibe|Vibe]]'' provides secure team collaboration with document management and workflow features that can replace existing intranet systems
* [[ZENworks]], a software suite supporting the [[systems management|management of computer systems]]
** ''[[Novell ZENworks Application VIrtualization|ZENworks Application Virtualization]]'' allows the packaging and deployment of virtualized applications with predictive application-streaming that delivers apps based on user behavior
** ''ZENworks Asset Management'' provides reports on hardware and software, integrating licensing, installation, and usage data
** ''ZENworks Configuration Management'' provides automated endpoint-management, software distribution, user support, and accelerated Windows 7 migration
** ''ZENworks Endpoint Security Management''<ref name="Novell_Endpoint"/><ref name="Novell_2014_ZENworks"/> (ZES) - provides identity-based protection for client [[Communication endpoint|endpoint]]s like laptops, smart phones, and thumb drives; offers driver-level firewall protection
** ''ZENworks Full Disk Encryption'' protects data on laptops and desktops
** ''ZENworks Handheld Management'' allows securing stolen [[handheld]]s, protects user data, enforces password policies, and locks out lost or stolen devices
** ''ZENworks Linux Management'' facilitates the control of Linux desktops and servers, using policy-driven automation to deploy, manage and maintain Linux resources
** ''ZENworks Mobile Management'' secures and manages mobile devices, both corporate-issued and personal ([[Bring your own device|BYOD]])
** ''ZENworks Patch Management'' automates patch assessment, monitoring and remediation; monitors patch compliance to detect security vulnerabilities
** ''ZENworks Virtual Appliance'' provides self-contained ''[[plug-and-play]]'' configuration management, asset management and patch management

== See also ==
[[Image:Novell pen.jpg|thumb|right|A Novell-branded [[ballpoint pen]]]]
* [[Novell BrainShare]]
{{clear}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="Proven_2013">{{cite news |title=How the clammy claws of Novell NetWare were torn from today's networks |author-first=Liam |author-last=Proven |work=[[The Register]] |date=2013-07-16 |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/07/16/netware_4_anniversary/ |access-date=2020-02-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216123402/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/07/16/netware_4_anniversary/ |archive-date=2020-02-16}}</ref>
<ref name="CCIE_2003">{{cite book |title=CCIE: Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert Study Guide: Routing and Switching |url=https://archive.org/details/ccieciscocertifi00payn |url-access=limited |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |location=Alameda, California, USA |date=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ccieciscocertifi00payn/page/n624 602]|isbn=978-0-7821-4207-5}}</ref>
<ref name="Novell_2001_Milestones">{{cite web |title=Novell Execution of "one Net" – Critical Corporate Milestones |url=http://www.novell.com/news/press/pressroom/milestones2001.pdf |access-date=2017-01-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216123728/https://www.novell.com/news/press/pressroom/milestones2001.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-16}}</ref>
<ref name="Scott_1991">{{cite news |title=Novell/DRI merger to reap better client management |author-first=Karyl |author-last=Scott |date=1991-07-29 |series=Networking |newspaper=[[InfoWorld]] |issn=0199-6649 |volume=13 |issue=30 |page=33 |publisher=[[InfoWorld Publishing Co.]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mVAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA33 |access-date=2017-01-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209155946/https://books.google.de/books?id=mVAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&redir_esc=y |archive-date=2020-02-09}}</ref>
<ref name="BW_1991">{{cite news |title=Novell and Digital Research sign definitive merger agreement |date=1991-07-17 |agency=[[Business Wire]] |location=Provo, Utah, USA |url=http://tech-insider.org/personal-computers/research/1991/0717.html |access-date=2017-01-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818133749/https://tech-insider.org/personal-computers/research/1991/0717.html |archive-date=2018-08-18}}</ref>
<ref name="Allchin_1992">{{cite web |title=Novell/Digital Research reach definitive agreement… |author-first=Jim |author-last=Allchin |author-link=Jim Allchin |date=1992-05-27 |orig-date=1991-07-17 |type=Court document |id=Plaintiff's exhibit 828, [[Comes v. Microsoft]] |url=http://antitrust.slated.org/www.iowaconsumercase.org/011607/0000/PX00838.pdf |access-date=2017-01-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119074834/http://antitrust.slated.org/www.iowaconsumercase.org/011607/0000/PX00838.pdf |archive-date=2016-11-19}}</ref>
<ref name="CBR_1991_Unix">{{cite news |title=Unix Labs and Novell plan join venture, reveal bones of mass distribution alliance |author=<!-- staff writer, no byline --> |date=1991-10-25 |newspaper=Computer Business Review |url=http://www.cbronline.com/news/unix_labs_and_novell_plan_joint_venture_reveal_bones_of_mass_distribution_alliance  |access-date=2008-10-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216124034/https://www.cbronline.com/news/unix_labs_and_novell_plan_joint_venture_reveal_bones_of_mass_distribution_alliance |archive-date=2020-02-16}}</ref>
<ref name="Novell_1993_USL">{{cite press release |title=Novell completes acquisition of UNIX System Laboratories from AT&T |agency=[[Business Wire]] |location=Provo, Utah, USA |date=1993-06-14 |url=http://tech-insider.org/unix/research/1993/0614.html |access-date=2017-01-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216125341/https://tech-insider.org/unix/research/1993/0614.html |archive-date=2020-02-16}}</ref>
<ref name="CBR_1993_USG">{{cite news |title=Novell formally announces the Unix Systems Group |author=<!-- staff writer, no byline --> |newspaper=Computer Business Review |date=1993-07-07 |url= http://www.cbronline.com/news/novell_formally_announces_the_unix_systems_group  |access-date=2008-10-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216125531/https://www.cbronline.com/news/novell_formally_announces_the_unix_systems_group |archive-date=2020-02-16}}</ref>
<ref name="Novell_2000_PGSoft">{{cite web |title=Novell Acquires PGSoft, Inc. |date=2000-02-22 |publisher=Novell, Inc. |url=https://www.microfocus.com/it-it/about/press-room/article/2000/novell-acquires-pgsoft-inc/ |access-date=2018-09-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180909231311/https://www.microfocus.com/it-it/about/press-room/article/2000/novell-acquires-pgsoft-inc/ |archive-date=2018-09-09}}</ref>
<ref name="Novell_2001_Novetrix">{{cite web |title=Novell Acquires Novetrix |publisher=Novell |date=2000-03-14 |url=https://www.microfocus.com/de-de/about/press-room/article/2001/novell-acquires-novetrix/ |access-date=2018-09-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180914215854/https://www.microfocus.com/de-de/about/press-room/article/2001/novell-acquires-novetrix/ |archive-date=2018-09-14}}</ref>
<ref name="itWeb_2001_Novetrix">{{cite web |title=Novell acquires Novetrix |publisher=Novell |agency=IT Public Relations |work=[[ITWeb]] |date=2001-05-15 |location=Johannesburg, South Africa |url=https://www.itweb.co.za/content/lwrKx73Jlmjvmg1o |access-date=2018-09-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180914215656/https://www.itweb.co.za/content/lwrKx73Jlmjvmg1o |archive-date=2018-09-14}}</ref>
<ref name="Barney_1994_Novell">{{cite news |author-first1=Doug |author-last1=Barney |author-first2=Doug |author-last2=van Kirk |title=Novell promises fair play in new climate of competition, support |newspaper=[[InfoWorld]] |page=6 |date=1994-03-28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EjsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA6 |access-date=2017-01-10}}</ref>
<ref name="Fisher_1994_Novell">{{cite news |author-last=Fisher |author-first=Lawrence M. |date=1994-04-06 |title=Longtime Hewlett Executive Named Novell Chief |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/06/business/company-news-longtime-hewlett-executive-named-novell-chief.html}}</ref>
<ref name="Barney_1994_CCI">{{cite news |title=CCI helps users run more DOS apps - Multiuser DOS Lite handles eight NetWare sessions |author-first=Doug |author-last=Barney |newspaper=[[InfoWorld]] |date=1994-07-25 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA20 |access-date=2018-08-19}}</ref>
<ref name="Pontin_1995_IMS">{{cite news |title=IMS offers Real32 OS for application servers |author-first=Jason |author-last=Pontin |date=1995-11-27 |newspaper=[[InfoWorld]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VzgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28 |access-date=2017-01-17}}</ref>
<ref name="Novell_1995_SCO">{{cite web |title=Novell Completes Sale of UnixWare Business to The Santa Cruz Operation |publisher=Novell |date=December 1995 |url=http://www.novell.com/news/press/archive/1995/12/pr95274.html |access-date=2007-07-14}}</ref>
<ref name="Adams_1997_NEST">{{cite journal |title=Novell Integrating Parts of NEST With Company's Other Divisions |author-first=Brooke |author-last=Adams |date=1997-01-22 |journal=[[Deseret News]] |publisher=[[Deseret News Publishing Company]] |url=https://www.deseret.com/1997/1/22/19290861/novell-integrating-parts-of-nest-with-company-s-other-divisions/ |access-date=2018-08-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819224220/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/538867/NOVELL-INTEGRATING-PARTS-OF-NEST-WITH-COMPANYS-OTHER-DIVISIONS.html |archive-date=2018-08-19}}</ref>
<ref name="Magee_1997_NEST">{{cite web |title=Novell abandons Nest and prompts Sun to join embedded systems group (440) |author-first=Mike |author-last=Magee |date=1997 |publisher=Incisive Business Media Limited |url=https://www.v3.co.uk/v3-uk/news/1950764/novell-abandons-nest-prompts-sun-join-embedded-systems-440 |access-date=2018-08-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819222015/https://www.v3.co.uk/v3-uk/news/1950764/novell-abandons-nest-prompts-sun-join-embedded-systems-440 |archive-date=2018-08-19}}</ref>
<ref name="Woollacott_1997_NEST">{{cite news |title=Empty NEST: Novell dumps universal operating system plan |author-first=Matthew |author-last=Woollacott |date=1997-02-03 |newspaper=[[InfoWorld]] |issn=0199-6649 |volume=19 |issue=5 |publisher=[[InfoWorld Publishing Co.]] |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aToEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA6 |access-date=2018-08-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209202515/https://books.google.de/books?id=aToEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6&redir_esc=y |archive-date=2020-02-09}}</ref>
<ref name="Shankland_Stock">{{cite web |title=Novell stock down after revenue decline |author-first=Stephen |author-last=Shankland |publisher=[[ZDNet]] |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/novell-stock-down-after-revenue-decline/}}</ref>
<ref name="Prince_1999_Stock">{{cite news |title=Shares of Novell Decline As Analysts Cut Ratings |author-first=Marcelo |author-last=Prince |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=1999-11-26 |via=www.wsj.com |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB943454047812142120}}</ref>
<ref name="CNN_2000">{{cite web |title=Novell warns on earnings |date=2000-05-02 |website=money.cnn.com |url=https://money.cnn.com/2000/05/02/technology/novell/}}</ref>
<ref name="Novell_1997_Resellers">{{cite web |title=Novell Files Lawsuits Against Two Resellers |publisher=Novell.com |date=1997-03-04 |url=http://www.novell.com/news/press/archive/1997/03/pr97025.html |access-date=2013-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213756/http://www.novell.com/news/press/archive/1997/03/pr97025.html |archive-date=2016-03-03}}</ref>
<ref name="Novell_1995_Aqua">{{cite web |title=Novell Receives Settlement From Aqua Systems, Inc. in Improper Upgrade Lawsuit |publisher=Novell |date=1995-08-22 |url=http://www.novell.com/news/press/archive/1995/08/pr00195.html |access-date=2013-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503093612/http://www.novell.com/news/press/archive/1995/08/pr00195.html |archive-date=2016-05-03}}</ref>
<ref name="Deseret_1998_Novell">{{cite news |title=Novell lawsuit charges PMI with infringement |newspaper=[[Deseret News]] |date=1998-08-27 |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/648788/Novell-lawsuit-charges-PMI-with-infringement.html?pg=all |access-date=2013-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232707/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/648788/Novell-lawsuit-charges-PMI-with-infringement.html?pg=all |archive-date=2016-03-03}}</ref>
<ref name="CRN_Ingram">{{cite web |title=Reseller Files $5M Lawsuit Against Ingram Micro |work=CRN |publisher=Crn.com |url=http://www.crn.com/news/channel-programs/18804418/reseller-files-5m-lawsuit-against-ingram-micro.htm |access-date=2013-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104184935/http://www.crn.com/news/channel-programs/18804418/reseller-files-5m-lawsuit-against-ingram-micro.htm |archive-date=2016-01-04}}</ref>
<ref name="Sweeney_2002_CTP">{{cite news |title=Cambridge-bound Novell pins recovery on CTP buy |author-first=Phil |author-last=Sweeney |newspaper=[[Boston Business Journal]] |date=2002-04-29 |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2002/04/29/story5.html |access-date=2008-11-04}}</ref>
<ref name="Gasperson_2005_SUSE">{{cite web |title=Novell frees SUSE Professional under new branding |author-first=Tina |author-last=Gasperson |date=2005-08-03 |publisher=[[NewsForge]] |url=http://os.newsforge.com/os/05/08/03/1246236.shtml |access-date=2017-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050805004552/http://os.newsforge.com/os/05/08/03/1246236.shtml |archive-date=2005-08-05}}</ref>
<ref name="openSUSE_2013">{{cite web |title=Buy openSUSE |publisher=[[openSUSE]] |date=2013-03-20 |url=http://en.opensuse.org/Buy_openSUSE |access-date=2013-07-17}}</ref>
<ref name="Businessweek_Cold">{{cite web |title=Cold Realities For Novell |magazine=BusinessWeek|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_44/b3957125.htm |access-date=2008-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213054408/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_44/b3957125.htm |archive-date=2009-02-13 |date=2005-10-31}}</ref>
<ref name="Rosenblatt_2012">{{cite news |author-last=Rosenblatt |author-first=Joel |date=2012-07-16 |title=Microsoft wins dismissal of Novell's antitrust lawsuit |series=Business & Technology |newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]] |url=http://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2018702942_microsoftnovell17.html |access-date=2013-07-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630083938/http://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2018702942_microsoftnovell17.html |archive-date=2013-06-30}}</ref>
<ref name="Microsoft_2006_Novell">{{cite web |title=Microsoft and Novell Announce Broad Collaboration on Windows and Linux Interoperability and Support |date=2006-11-02 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |url=http://news.microsoft.com/2006/11/02/microsoft-and-novell-announce-broad-collaboration-on-windows-and-linux-interoperability-and-support/ |access-date=2017-01-10}}</ref>
<ref name="Microsoft_Ballmer">{{cite web |author-first=Steve |author-last=Ballmer |author-link=Steve Ballmer |title=Steve Ballmer: Microsoft and Novell Collaboration Announcement |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |url=http://news.microsoft.com/speeches/steve-ballmer-microsoft-and-novell-collaboration-announcement/ |access-date=2017-01-10}}</ref>
<ref name="CNET_Pact">{{cite web |title=Microsoft makes Linux pact with Novell |work=CNET News |publisher=News.com.com |url=http://news.cnet.com/Microsoft+makes+Linux+pact+with+Novell/2100-1016_3-6132119.html?tag=nefd.lede |access-date=2008-11-04}}</ref>
<ref name="LW_Novell">{{cite web |title=Novell gets $348 million from Microsoft |publisher=Linux-watch.com |url=http://www.linux-watch.com/news/NS7235986827.html |access-date=2008-11-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20061120003207/http://www.linux%2Dwatch.com/news/NS7235986827.html |archive-date=2006-11-20}}</ref>
<ref name="ODF_Translator">{{cite web |url=https://sourceforge.net/projects/odf-converter/ |title=OpenXML/ODF Translator Add-in for Office |website=SourceForge |date=2013-03-28}}</ref>
<ref name="Novell_Download">{{cite web |title=Novell Downloads |publisher=Novell |url=http://download.novell.com/SummaryFree.jsp?buildid%3DESrjfdE4U58%7E |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119192949/http://download.novell.com/SummaryFree.jsp?buildid%3DESrjfdE4U58%7E |archive-date=2014-11-19}}</ref>
<ref name="Microsoft_2009_Moonlight">{{cite web |title=Covenant to End Users of Moonlight 3 and 4 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |date=2009-12-18 |url=http://www.microsoft.com/interop/msnovellcollab/newmoonlight.mspx |access-date=2012-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301183139/http://www.microsoft.com/interop/msnovellcollab/newmoonlight.mspx |archive-date=2010-03-01}}</ref>
<ref name="Microsoft_2012_Collaboration">{{cite web |title=Covenant to Downstream Recipients of Moonlight – Microsoft & Novell Interoperability Collaboration |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |url=http://www.microsoft.com/interop/msnovellcollab/moonlight.mspx |access-date=2012-02-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923213336/http://www.microsoft.com/interop/msnovellcollab/moonlight.mspx |archive-date=2010-09-23}}</ref>
<ref name="Groklaw_2006_Sellout">{{cite web |title=Groklaw&nbsp;— Novell Sells Out |publisher=Groklaw.net |url=http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20061102175508403 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505050922/http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20061102175508403 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=May 5, 2010 |access-date=2008-11-04}}</ref>
<ref name="Groklaw_2006_Reactions">{{cite web |title=Groklaw&nbsp;— The Morning After&nbsp;— Reactions to Novell-MS&nbsp;— Updated 2xs |publisher=Groklaw.net |url=http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20061103073628401 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505050905/http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20061103073628401 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=May 5, 2010 |access-date=2008-11-04}}</ref>
<ref name="LWN_2006_Responses">{{cite web |title=Various responses to Microsoft/Novell |publisher=LWN.net |date=2006-11-03 |author=corbet |url=https://lwn.net/Articles/207559/ |access-date=2008-11-04}}</ref>
<ref name="Kuhn_2006_Letter">{{cite web |title=Bradley M. Kuhn's Letter to the FOSS Development Community Regarding Microsoft's Patent Promise |work=Software Freedom Law Center |date=2006-11-09 |url=http://www.softwarefreedom.org/news/20061109a.html |access-date=2008-11-04}}</ref>
<ref name="Sanders_Novell">{{cite web |title=Novell opens legal books to GPL pundits |website=Vnunet.com |author-first=Tom |author-last=Sanders |location=California, USA |url=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2168151/novells-opens-microsoft |access-date=2008-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201102/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2168151/novells-opens-microsoft |archive-date=2007-09-30}}</ref>
<ref name="Stallman_2006_GPL3">{{cite web |title=GPLv3&nbsp;— Transcript of Richard Stallman from the fifth international GPLv3 conference |location=Tokyo, Japan |date=2006-11-21 |publisher=Fsfeurope.org |url=http://www.fsfeurope.org/projects/gplv3/tokyo-rms-transcript.en.html#novell-ms |access-date=2008-11-04}}</ref>
<ref name="FSF_GPL3">{{cite web |title=GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 3 |publisher=fsf.org |url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0-standalone.html |access-date=2009-06-03}}</ref>
<ref name="Samba_Novell">{{cite web |title=Samba Team Asks Novell to Reconsider |publisher=News.samba.org |url=http://news.samba.org/announcements/team_to_novell/ |access-date=2008-11-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005113356/http://news.samba.org/announcements/team_to_novell/ |archive-date=2008-10-05}}</ref>
<ref name="Slashdot_Samba">{{cite web |title=Samba Team Urges Novell To Reconsider |publisher=Slashdot.org |url=http://slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=206202&cid=16817478 |access-date=2008-11-04}}</ref>
<ref name="Groklaw_2007_Allison">{{cite web |title=Jeremy Allison Has Resigned from Novell to Protest MS Patent Deal |publisher=[[Groklaw]] |date=2007-06-29 |url=http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20061221081000710 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505045931/http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20061221081000710 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=May 5, 2010 |access-date=2008-11-04}}</ref>
<ref name="Finkle_Novell">{{cite web |author-last=Finkle |author-first=Jim |title=Novell could be banned from selling Linux: group |url=http://today.reuters.com/misc/PrinterFriendlyPopup.aspx?type=technologyNews&storyID=2007-02-02T230933Z_01_N02280856_RTRUKOC_0_US-NOVELL-LINUX.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213003247/http://today.reuters.com/misc/PrinterFriendlyPopup.aspx?type=technologyNews&storyID=2007-02-02T230933Z_01_N02280856_RTRUKOC_0_US-NOVELL-LINUX.xml |archive-date=2007-02-13 |url-status=dead |quote=The community of people wants to do anything they can to interfere with this deal and all deals like it. They have every reason to be deeply concerned that this is the beginning of a significant patent aggression by Microsoft.}}</ref>
<ref name="LFD_2012">{{cite web |title=News - Linux for Devices |date=2012-05-29 |url=http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/s/News/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120529141859/http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/s/News/ |archive-date=2012-05-29}}</ref>
<ref name="ITM_2009">{{cite web |title=Novell Delivers Workload Automation Strategy, Tools |date=2009-12-08 |magazine=Datamation |url=http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/features/article.php/3851851/Novell-Delivers-Workload-Automation-Strategy-Tools |access-date=2017-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927232620/http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/features/article.php/3851851/Novell-Delivers-Workload-Automation-Strategy-Tools |archive-date=2011-09-27}}</ref>
<ref name="Elliott_2010_Novell">{{cite web |title=Elliott Offers to Acquire Novell |date=2010-03-02 |publisher=[[PR Newswire]] |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/elliott-offers-to-acquire-novell-86009382.html}}</ref>
<ref name="NW_2010_Novell">{{cite web |title=Novell rejects "inadequate" $2B takeover bid |date=2010-03-20 |publisher=Networkworld |url=http://www.networkworld.com/news/2010/032010-novell-rejects-takeover.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324121049/http://www.networkworld.com/news/2010/032010-novell-rejects-takeover.html |archive-date=2010-03-24}}</ref>
<ref name="FORM_8-K_2010">{{cite web |title=FORM 8-K — Novell Inc. |date=2010-11-21 |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/758004/000119312510265964/d8k.htm |access-date=2010-11-27 |quote=Also on November 21, 2010, Novell entered into a Patent Purchase Agreement (the "Patent Purchase Agreement") with CPTN Holdings LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and consortium of technology companies organized by Microsoft Corporation ("CPTN"). The Patent Purchase Agreement provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Patent Purchase Agreement, Novell will sell to CPTN all of Novell's right, title and interest in 882 patents (the "Assigned Patents") for {{US$|450&nbsp;million}} in cash (the "Patent Sale").}}</ref>
<ref name="Novell_2010_Attachmate">{{cite web |title=Novell Agrees to be Acquired by Attachmate Corporation |date=2010-11-22 |publisher=Novell |url=http://www.novell.com/news/press/novell-agrees-to-be-acquired-by-attachmate-corporation/ |access-date=2010-11-22}}</ref>
<ref name="CPTN_2010">{{cite web |title=CPTN Holdings LLC (acquirer of 882 Novell patents): Microsoft, Apple, EMC and Oracle are the partners according to German antitrust notification |date=2010-12-16 |url=https://fosspatents.blogspot.com/2010/12/cptn-holdings-llc-acquirer-of-882.html |access-date=2011-01-03}}</ref>
<ref name="SCHEDULE_14-A_2011_Novell">{{cite web |title=SCHEDULE 14-A — Novell Inc. |date=2011-01-14 |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/758004/000119312511008402/ddefm14a.htm |access-date=2011-01-18 |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]}}</ref>
<ref name="PCW_2011_Patents">{{cite magazine |magazine=[[PCWorld]] |title=Details Emerge of Patents Novell Is Selling to Microsoft |date=2011-01-18 |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/216931/details_emerge_of_patents_novell_is_selling_to_microsoft.html |access-date=2011-01-18 |archive-date=2011-01-21  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121055134/http://www.pcworld.com/article/216931/details_emerge_of_patents_novell_is_selling_to_microsoft.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Attachmate_2010_openSUSE">{{cite web |title=Attachmate Corporation Statement on openSUSE project |date=2010-11-22 |publisher=[[Attachmate Corporation]] |url=http://www.attachmate.com/Press/PressReleases/nov-22-2010-SUSE.htm |access-date=2010-11-23}}</ref>
<ref name="Novell_2011_CPTN">{{cite web |title=Novell Completes Merger with Attachmate and Patent Sale to CPTN Holdings LLC |publisher=Novell |url=http://www.novell.com/news/press/2011/4/novell-completes-merger-with-attachmate-and-patent-sale-to-cptn-holdings-llc.html |access-date=2011-04-28}}</ref>
<ref name="Koep_2011_Employees">{{cite web |title=Employees say hundreds laid off at Novell's Provo office |author-last=Koep |author-first=Paul |publisher=[[KSL-TV]] |date=2011-05-02 |url=http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=15382738 |access-date=2011-05-07}}</ref>
<ref name="Vaughan-Nichols_2011_Mono">{{cite news |title=Is Mono dead? Is Novell dying? |author-last=Vaughan-Nichols |author-first=Steven J. |work=[[ZDNet]] |date=2011-05-04 |url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/is-mono-dead-is-novell-dying/8821 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508012204/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/is-mono-dead-is-novell-dying/8821 |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 8, 2011 |access-date=2011-05-07}}</ref>
<ref name="Clarke_2011_Android">{{cite web |title=.NET Android and iOS clones stripped by Attachmate |author-last=Clarke |author-first=Gavin |work=[[The Register]] |date=2011-05-03 |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/03/novell_mono_layoffs/ |access-date=2011-05-07}}</ref>
<ref name="Jackson_MicroFocus">{{cite news |author-first=Joab |author-last=Jackson |title=Micro Focus buying Novell, Suse Linux owner for $1.2 billion |url=http://www.networkworld.com/article/2684353/micro-focus-buying-novell-suse-linux-owner-for-12-billion.html |access-date=2017-01-10}}</ref>
<ref name="Polishuk_LAN">{{cite book |editor-first=Paul |editor-last=Polishuk |title=Local Area Networks Newsletter |publisher=Information Gatekeepers Inc. |id=GGKEY:B3PUUWYUKBN |pages=4– |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LWkn070OgWQC&pg=PA4}}</ref>
<ref name="Senforce">{{cite web |title=Senforce |url=http://www.senforce.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113130251/http://www.senforce.com/ |archive-date=2008-11-13}}</ref>
<ref name="LiveTime_2010_Novell">{{cite web |title=LiveTime and Novell partner for Novell Service |date=2010-10-12 |url=http://www.livetime.com/novell-service-desk/ |access-date=2012-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731014018/http://www.livetime.com/novell-service-desk/ |archive-date=2012-07-31 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Novell_Endpoint">{{cite web |title=Endpoint Security Management |website=Novell Doc |publisher=Novell |url=https://www.novell.com/documentation/zenworks113/zen11_quickstart/data/booezfv.html |access-date=2014-10-20 |quote=ZENworks 11 SP3 Endpoint Security Management simplifies endpoint security by providing centralized management of security policies for your managed devices.}}</ref>
<ref name="Novell_2014_ZENworks">{{cite web |title=Novell ZENworks Endpoint Security Management |date=2014 |website=www.novell.com |publisher=Novell |url=http://www.novell.com/products/zenworks/endpointsecuritymanagement/features/security-client.html |access-date=2014-09-25 |quote=Novell ZENworks Endpoint Security Management utilizes an installed client application to enforce complete security on the endpoint itself.}}</ref>
<ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS">{{cite book |author-first1=Andrew |author-last1=Schulman |author-first2=Ralf D. |author-last2=Brown |author-link2=Ralf D. Brown |author-first3=David |author-last3=Maxey |author-first4=Raymond J. |author-last4=Michels |author-first5=Jim |author-last5=Kyle |title=Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures - expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1 |publisher=[[Addison Wesley]] |edition=2 |date=1994 |orig-date=November 1993<!-- first printing --> |isbn=0-201-63287-X |page=[https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0/page/182 182] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0/page/11}} (xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5-inch floppy) Errata: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190417215556/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/ralf/pub/books/UndocumentedDOS/errata.ud2][https://web.archive.org/web/20190417212906/https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/programming/Undocumented_DOS/#errata-2nd-edition]</ref>
<ref name="Scott_1991_Desktop">{{cite news |title=Novell, DRI plan network-based DOS - Firm to enter desktop battle |series=News |author-first=Karyl |author-last=Scott |newspaper=[[InfoWorld]] |volume=13 |issue=29 |publisher=[[Popular Computing, Inc.]], [[IDG Communications, Inc.]] |issn=0199-6649 |date=1991-07-22 |pages=1, 91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f1AEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1 |access-date=2020-02-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217144147/https://books.google.de/books?id=f1AEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=Digital+Research+Novell+aquisition+80+million&source=bl&ots=hmYLp3tOAO&sig=ACfU3U32Scl4Fmjs8Gn6nDaYn7SABgSMSA&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjCpfqp4NjnAhVMNOwKHR3oCpoQ6AEwA3oECAsQAQ#v=onepage&q=Digital%20Research%20Novell%20aquisition%2080%20million&f=false |archive-date=2020-02-17}}</ref>
<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1992">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/29/business/preaching-love-thy-competitor.html |title=Preaching Love Thy Competitor |author-first=Lawrence M. |author-last=Fisher |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1992-03-29 |page=1 (Section 3)}}</ref>
<ref name="LAT_USL_1992">{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-12-22-fi-2406-story.html |title=Technology |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=1992-12-22}}</ref> 
<ref name="CW_Longshot_1993">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=heyWMcI8pQUC&pg=PA34 |author-first=Charles |author-last=Babcock |title=Novell's long shot |newspaper=Computerworld |date=1993-01-11 |page=34}}</ref>
<ref name="IW_Objects_1993">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8 |title=WordPerfect and Novell plan to adopt OpenDoc |author-first1=Jeanette |author-last1=Borzo |author-first2=Tom |author-last2=Quinlan |magazine=InfoWorld |date=1993-07-05 |page=8}}</ref>
<ref name="Tele_Europe_1993">{{cite news |url=https://www.telecompaper.com/news/novell-continues-restructuring--5894 |title=Novell Continues Restructuring |publisher=Telecompaper |date=1993-09-10}}</ref>
<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1993">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/13/business/succession-picture-clears-at-novell.html |title=Succession Picture Clears at Novell |author-first=Lawrence M. |author-last=Fisher |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1993-11-13 |page=39}}</ref>
<ref name="NW_Prongs_1993">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9REEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA23 |title=LAN leader Novell readies distributed network assault |author-first=Caryn |author-last=Gillooly |magazine=Network World |date=1993-12-07 |page=23}}</ref>
<ref name="CBR_UnixWare_1994">{{cite news |url=<!--BD http://www.cbronline.com/news/novell_releases_version_11_of_unixware_1 --> |title=Novell Releases Version 1.1 of UnixWare |date=1994-01-13 |work=[[Computergram International]] |publisher=Computer Business Review }}</ref>
<ref name="NYT_WordPerfect_1994">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/22/business/novell-to-acquire-wordperfect.html |title=Novell to Acquire Wordperfect |author-first=Lawrence M. |author-last=Fisher |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1994-03-22 |page=D1}}</ref>
<ref name="NW_Objects_1994">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhcEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA79 |title=Novell maps out object plan |author-first=Caryn |author-last=Gillooly |author-first2=Christine |author-last2=Burns |magazine=Network World |date=1994-05-23 |pages=1, 79}}</ref>
<ref name="CBR_SuperNOS_1994">{{cite news |url=<!--BD https://www.cbronline.com/news/novell_plans_common_supernos_kernel_for_unixware_and_netware/ --> |title=Novell Plans Common SuperNOS Kernel for UnixWare and NetWare |work=Computergram International |publisher= Computer Business Review |date=1994-09-12}}</ref>
<ref name="CW_Noorda_ex_chair_1994">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1ZtzUGR3a0C&q=ray+noorda+retiring+chairman+novell+1995&pg=PA32 |title=Briefs: End of an era |newspaper=Computerworld |date=1994-11-28 |page=32}}</ref>
<ref name="CBR_Objects_1995">{{cite news |url=<!--BD https://www.cbronline.com/news/novell_ready_to_embark_on_the_road_to_object_orientation/ --> |title=Novell Ready to Embark on the Road to Object Orientation |work=Computergram International |publisher=Computer Business Review |date=1995-04-11}}</ref>
<ref name="PCM_UnixWare_1995">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elneMPYGaagC&pg=PA95-IA16 |title=Unix for the NetWare Masses |author-first=John |author-last=Garris |magazine=PC Magazine |date=1995-05-30 |pages=NE15, NE16}} Also "NetWare or UnixWare: Which One?" sidebar.</ref> 
<ref name="CBR_SuperNOS_1995">{{cite news |url=<!--BD https://www.cbronline.com/news/novell_gets_to_grips_with_its_supernos_project/ --> |title=Novell Gets to Grips With Its SuperNOS Project |work=Computergram International |publisher=Computer Business Review |date=1995-06-06}}</ref>
<ref name="CBR_NJ_1995">{{cite news |url=<!--BD https://www.cbronline.com/news/novell_leaves_new_jersey_takes_unix_crowd_with_it/ --> |title=Novell Leaves New Jersey, Takes Unix Crowd With It |work=Computergram International |publisher=Computer Business Review |date=1995-07-07}}</ref>
<ref name="NW_SuperNOS_1995">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ehIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA25 |title=An up close look at Novell's next gen OS |author-first=Joanne |author-last=Cummings |magazine=Network World |date=1995-07-10 |pages=L1, L13, L14}}</ref>
<ref name="NW_Deal_1995">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5w4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA134 |title=UnixWare survives through sale, licensing deal |magazine=Network World |date=1995-09-25 |page=134}}</ref>
<ref name="CW_Novell_Roads_1995">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dt5ZCEND1b0C&pg=PT9 |title=Novell to users: All roads lead to NetWare |author-first=Laura |author-last=DiDio |magazine=Computerworld |date=1995-10-02 |page=4}} See also sidebar article "Name Game" on same page.</ref>
<ref name="IW_Devil_1995">{{cite news |url=https://www.informationweek.com/future-unix-the-devils-in-the-details/d/d-id/1019438? |title=Future Unix: The Devil's In The Details |magazine=Information Week |date=November 1995}}</ref>
<ref name="IW_Gemini_Whitebox_1995">{{cite news |url=https://www.informationweek.com/unix-unity-foundering/d/d-id/1019439? |title=Unix Unity Foundering? |author-first=<!-- unk --> |author-last=<!-- unk --> |magazine=InformationWeek |date=December <!--what day?--> 1995}}</ref> 
<ref name="AR_1995">{{cite book |title=1995 Annual Report |publisher=Novell, Inc. |location=Orem, Utah, USA |date=1995 |pages=6, 22, back cover}}</ref>
<ref name="WaPo_WordPerfect_1996">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1996/02/01/novell-sells-wordperfect-division/6bc86c5a-5b95-41cc-bde3-cff5cebed1fd/ |title=Novell Sells WordPerfect |author-first=Elizabeth |author-last=Corcoran |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=1996-02-01}}</ref>
<ref name="NYT_Frankenberg_1996">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/30/business/flummoxed-by-the-internet-head-of-novell-resigns.html |title=Flummoxed by the Internet, Head of Novell Resigns |author-first=Lawrence M. |author-last=Fisher |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1996-08-30 |page=D1}}</ref>
<ref name="SFC_Frankenberg_1996">{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Novell-s-Chairman-CEO-Quits-2968502.php |title=Novell's Chairman, CEO Quits |author-first=David |author-last=Einstein |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |date=2012-02-02 |orig-date=1996-08-30}}</ref>
<ref name="WSJ_Frankenberg_1996">{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB841359893836627000 |title=Novell Picks Young to Succeed Frankenberg as Firm's Chair |author-first=Leo |author-last=Gomes |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=1996-08-30}}</ref>
<ref name="AR_1996">{{cite book |title=1996 Annual Report |publisher=Novell, Inc. |location=Orem, Utah, USA |date=1996 |pages=15, 18}}</ref>
<ref name="IW_Confusing_2003">{{cite news |url=https://www.informationweek.com/sco-novell-deal-was-confusing-from-the-start/d/d-id/1019435 |title=SCO-Novell Deal Was Confusing From The Start |author-first=John |author-last=Foley |magazine=Information Week |date=2003-06-06}}</ref>  
<ref name="CNET_Firmage_2003">{{cite news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040409100726/http://news.com.com/2010-7344-5083904.html |archive-date=2004-04-09 |url=http://news.com.com/2010-7344-5083904.html |title=An open-source letter |author-first=Joe |author-last=Firmage |publisher=CNET News |date=2003-10-01}}</ref>
<ref name="CRN_Unix_2003">{{cite news |url=https://www.crn.com/columns/channel-programs/18831011/novell-buys-unix-again.htm |title=Novell Buys Unix, Again |author-first=David |author-last=Strom |magazine=CRN |date=2003-11-05}}</ref>
<ref name="DN_Regain_2004">{{cite news |url=https://www.deseret.com/2004/3/29/19819824/novell-regaining-prior-glory |title=Novell regaining prior glory |author-first=David L. |author-last=Politis |newspaper=Deseret News |date=2004-03-29}}</ref>
<ref name="ST_Noorda_obit">{{cite news |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/network-computings-father-dies-at-age-82/ |title=Network computing's 'father' dies at age 82 |author-first=Paul |author-last=Foy |newspaper=The Seattle Times |date=2006-10-10}}</ref>
<ref name="PCM_Enc">{{cite web |url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/supernos |title=SuperNOS |work=PCMagazine |access-date=2020-12-31}}</ref>
<ref name="Cox_2000">{{cite web |author-first=Edward |author-last=Cox |url=http://microbrew.netfirms.com/history.html |title=A Brief History of Microbrew |publisher= Microbrew Lives! |date=2000-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714165031/http://microbrew.netfirms.com/history.html |archive-date=2011-07-14}}</ref>
<ref name="Gillooly_1993">{{cite news |author-first=Caryn |author-last=Gillooly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1w0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA25 |title=Novell brings out first pieces of its AppWare |magazine=Network World |date=1993-10-18 |pages=21, 25, 26}}</ref> 
<ref name="Mace_1994">{{cite news |author-first=Scott |author-last=Mace |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA5 |title=AppWare strategy in disarray |magazine=InfoWorld |date=1994-09-05 |page=5}}</ref> 
<ref name="IW_AppWare_1995">{{cite news |author-last=Krill |author-first=Paul |title=Will AppWare be next to go? |magazine=InfoWorld |date=1995-11-06 |page=24 |via=Gale General OneFile <!--(accessed May 28, 2020)--> |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A17528612/ITOF?u=wikipedia&sid=ITOF&xid=3fc8fe12}}</ref> 
<ref name="PR_AppWare_1996">{{cite press release |title=Novell Inc. AppWare Group spins off to form Network Multimedia; Network Multimedia brings AppWare to the Internet delivering on commitments to partners and developers |publisher=Business Wire |date=1996-03-06 <!--3060088--> |via=Gale General OneFile <!--(accessed May 27, 2020)--> |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A18060083/ITOF?u=wikipedia&sid=ITOF&xid=9b0a60e5}}</ref>
<ref name="IW_PerfectOffice_1994_1">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bTgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=A suite contender |author-first=Susan |author-last=Ryan |magazine=InfoWorld |date=1994-11-14 |pages=1, 192}}</ref>
<ref name="IW_PerfectOffice_1994_2">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA14 |title=PerfectOffice 3.0 enters suites race |author-first=Ilan |author-last=Greenberg |magazine=InfoWorld |date=1994-12-19 |page=14}}</ref>
<ref name="DH_WordPerfect_1994">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/471049335/?terms=novell%20wordperfect%20merger&match=1 |title=Novell, WordPerfect finalize merger |author-first=Pat |author-last=Christian |newspaper=The Daily Herald |location=Provo, Utah, USA |date=1994-06-27 |pages=1, 2 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="Age_NetWare_1995">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/122909134/?terms=novell%20supernos&match=1 |title=Novell is back and stalking NT |author-first=Eric |author-last=Wilson |newspaper=The Age |location=Melbourne, Australia |date=1998-09-01 |page=5 (I.T.2) |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="BW_Microsoft_1993">{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/1993-09-26/novell-vs-dot-microsoft-whats-behind-the-hate |title=Novell Vs. Microsoft: What's Behind The Hate |author-first=Mark |author-last=Lewyn |magazine=BusinessWeek |date=1993-09-27}}</ref>
<ref name="Guardian_Frankenberg_1994">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/260577122/?terms=novell%20supernos&match=1 |title=Can Novell Make the Connections |author-first=Jack |author-last=Schofield |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London, UK |date=1994-09-22 |page=8 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="Age_SuperNOS_1994">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/122905989/?terms=novell%20supernos&match=1 |title=Novell Courts Online Tourists |author-first=Charles |author-last=Wright |newspaper=The Age |location=Melbourne, Australia |date=1994-09-20 |page=27 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="Age_Unix_1994">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/123066398/?terms=novell%20supernos&match=1 |title=Serving in the battle of the billy-carts |author-first=Thom |author-last=Cookes |newspaper=The Age |location=Melbourne, Australia |date=1994-12-06 |page=32  |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="RCJ_Win95_1995">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/527489729/?terms=novell%20supernos&match=1 |title=Windows 95 a hit in the real world, too |author-first=George |author-last=Peabody |newspaper=Rapid City Journal |date=1995-10-22 |pages=D6, D7 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="Age_forsale_2000">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/120900147/?terms=novell%20supernos&match=1 |title=Miss the bus and you're on the road to nowhere |author-first=Graeme |author-last=Philipson |newspaper=The Age |location=Melbourne, Australia |date=2000-08-29 |page=1 (I.T.2) |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="Fortune_battle_1993">{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1993/08/09/78175/index.htm |title=Novell Faces the Battle of Its Life |author-first=Brian |author-last=O'Reilly |magazine=Fortune |date=1993-08-09}}</ref>
<ref name="Byte_cover_1995">{{cite news |url=https://archive.org/details/eu_BYTE-1995-02_OCR/page/n75/mode/2up |title=Novell's Campaign |author-first=Jon |author-last=Udell |magazine=Byte |date=February 1995 |pages=42–44, 46–47, 50, 52, 54, 58, 60, 62, 64}} "The New World of Novell", cover story of issue.</ref>
<ref name="LAT_Lotus_1990">{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-05-21-fi-134-story.html |title=Software Giants Lotus, Novell Call Off Merger |author-first=Nancy Rivera |author-last=Brooks |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=1990-05-12}}</ref> 
<ref name="BW_Noorda_1991">{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/1991-09-01/can-lan-lord-novell-extend-its-territory |title=Can LAN Lord Novell Extend Its Territory? |author-last=Atchison |author-first=Sandra D. |magazine=BusinessWeek |date=1991-09-02}}</ref>
<ref name="BW_Knell_1996">{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/1996-03-24/microsoft-may-sound-the-death-knell-for-novell |title=Microsoft May Sound 'The Death Knell For Novell' |author-last=Cortese |author-first=Amy |magazine=BusinessWeek |date=1996-03-25}}</ref>
<ref name="BW_Schmidt_1997">{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/1997-08-31/theres-no-looking-back-for-eric-schmidt |title=There's No Looking Back For Eric Schmidt |author-first=Andy |author-last=Reinhardt |magazine=BusinessWeek |date=1997-09-01}}</ref>
<ref name="Wired_network_1997">{{cite news |url=https://www.wired.com/1997/08/schmidt/ |title=The Network Is the Network |author-last=Reiss |author-first=Spencer |magazine=Wired |date=August 1997}}</ref>
<ref name="CNET_Schmidt_2001">{{cite web |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/novells-schmidt-joins-google-at-critical-time/ |title=Novell's Schmidt Joins Google at Critical Time |date=2001-03-26 |publisher=CNET |access-date=2016-04-03 |author-first=Stephanie |author-last=Olsen |work=News.com}} The 2002 date of this as posted on web is clearly incorrect; see for example [https://www.computerworld.com/article/2591230/novell-s-schmidt-joins-google-as-board-chairman.html  this ''Computerworld'' article] from the same news.</ref>
<ref name="CW_sides_2010">{{cite news |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2756174/sco--novell--grokking-where-credit-is-due.html |title=SCO, Novell: Grokking Where Credit is Due |author-first=Brian |author-last=Proffitt |magazine=Computerworld |date=2010-03-20}}</ref>
<ref name="SLT_Trial_2010">{{cite news |url=http://www.sltrib.com/news/ci_14786202 |title=Jury says Novell owns Unix copyrights |author-first=Tom |author-last=Harvey |date=2010-03-10 |newspaper=The Salt Lake Tribune}}</ref>
<ref name="CWeekly_identity_2010">{{cite news |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/microscope/news/2240152586/Intelligent-workload-management-A-new-way-of-working |title=Intelligent workload management: A new way of working |author-first=Linda |author-last=Endersby |magazine=Computer Weekly |date=2010-03-25}}</ref>
<ref name="ZDN_identity_2010">{{cite news |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/novell-announces-workload-management-strategy-and-roadmap/ |title=Novell announces workload management strategy and roadmap |author-first=Dan |author-last=Kusnetzky |work=Virtually Speaking |publisher=ZDNet |date=2009-12-08}}</ref>
<ref name="DH_Orem_1995">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/469352716/?terms=novell%20netware%20provo%20building&match=1 |title='Most Misunderstood Company' Well-Known in Computer Circles |author-first=Charlene R. |author-last=Winters |newspaper=Daily Herald |location=Provo, Utah, USA |date=1985-03-10 |page=16B |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="DH_Provo_1996">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/469506589/?terms=novell%20provo&match=1 |title=Novell breaks ground for expansion |newspaper=Daily Herald |location=Provo, Utah, USA |date=1986-12-03 |page=3 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="DN_Provo_1998">{{cite news |url=https://www.deseret.com/1998/6/2/19383546/biggest-newest-roads-in-provo-lead-to-novell |title=Biggest, newest roads in Provo lead to Novell |author-first=Dennis |author-last=Romboy |newspaper=Deseret News |date=1998-06-02}}</ref>
<ref name="BYU_Provo_2000">{{cite news |url=https://universe.byu.edu/2000/01/31/novell-prepares-to-move-into-412000-square-foot-building/ |title=Novell prepares to move into 412,000 square foot building |author-first=Darin |author-last=Allison |newspaper=The Daily Universe |date=2000-01-31}}</ref>
<ref name="DH_Provo_2011">{{cite news |url=https://www.heraldextra.com/business/technology/novell-s-headquarters-comes-home-to-provo/article_af04447e-3db6-5d7e-8845-c375c22d0b12.html |title= Novell's headquarters comes home to Provo |author-first=Genelle |author-last=Pugmire |newspaper=Daily Herald |location=Provo, Utah, USA |date=2011-05-03}}</ref>
<ref name="SLT_buildings_2012">{{cite news |url=https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=55365315&itype=CMSID |title=Six ex-Novell buildings sold to become tech park |newspaper=The Salt Lake Tribune |date=2012-11-29}}</ref>
<ref name="PHI_newcompany_1980">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/171818166/?terms=%22novell%20data%20systems%22&match=1 |title=Business summary: Regional |newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=1980-11-22 |page=3-B |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="Classifieds_1980">For instance, {{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/612912081/?terms=%22novell%20data%20systems%22&match=1 |title=Help Wanted: Grow with us in Utah Valley: Novell Data Systems |newspaper=The Salt Lake Tribune |date=1980-11-27 |page=C 7 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="DH_founders_1981">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/469233221/?terms=%22novell%20data%20systems%22%20%22august%201980%22&match=1 |title=Orem Data Systems Company Now Shipping New Computer |newspaper=Daily Herald |location=Provo, Utah, USA |date=1981-06-18 |page=30 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="DH_Orem_1981">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/469155329/?terms=%22novell%20data%20systems%22%20%22august%201980%22&match=1 |title=Orem-based Computer Company Promotes Three Top Executives to Higher Posts |newspaper=Daily Herald |location=Provo, Utah, USA |date=1981-07-23 |page=12 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="DH_saving_1986">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/469669532/?terms=%22novell%20data%20systems%22%20canova%20davis&match=1 |title=Ray Noorda given credit for saving computer company |newspaper=Daily Herald |location=Provo, Utah, USA |date=1986-09-25 |page=28 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="NW_ninethings_2007">{{cite news |url=https://www.networkworld.com/article/2297477/nine-things-you-don-t-know-about-novell.html |title=Nine things you don't know about Novell |author-first=Deni |author-last=Connor |magazine=Network World |date=2007-04-05}}</ref>
<ref name="10K_1993">{{cite web |url=https://sec.report/Document/0000891618-94-000027/ |title=Annual Report Pursuant ... for the Fiscal Year Ended October 30, 1993 |publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |access-date=2021-02-07 |pages=2, 14}}</ref> 
<ref name="DH_layoffs_1994">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/471090257/?terms=novell%2012%2C000%20employees&match=1 |title=Novell cuts 1,750, slices manufacturing |author-first=Robb |author-last=Hicken |newspaper=Daily Herald |location=Provo, Utah, USA |date=1994-08-25 |page=C12 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>  
<ref name="PHI_shares_1985">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/173880633/?terms=novell%20safeguard&match=1 |title=Business Summary |newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=1985-01-16 |page=3-F |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="PHI_shares_1985_2">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/173560401/?terms=novell%20safeguard&match=1 |title=Earnings |newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=1985-05-01 |page=8-D |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="BG_shares_1985">For instance, {{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/437414779/?terms=novell%20safeguard&match=1 |title=Over-the-Counter Stocks |newspaper=The Boston Globe |date=1985-01-31 |page=39 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="PCM_NetWare386_1989">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5CmkZ3THZtwC&pg=PT207 |title=Novell's NetWare 386 |author-first=Frank J. Jr. |author-last=Derfler |author-first2=M. Keith |author-last2=Thompson |magazine=PC Magazine |date=1989-12-12 |pages=205–221}} Range includes advertisement pages.</ref>
<ref name="IW_craigjudith_1989">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT51 |title=Former Novell Execs Marry, Merge |author-first=Mark |author-last=Stephens |magazine=InfoWorld |date=1989-09-18 |page=52}}</ref>  
<ref name="AP_revenues_1995">{{cite news |url=https://www.deseret.com/1995/12/15/19210189/novell-reports-increase-in-revenue-net-income |title=Novell Reports Increase in Revenue, Net Income |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=Deseret News |date=1995-12-15}}</ref>
<ref name="DMR_NDSI_1982">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/131792856/?terms=%22novell%20data%20systems%22&match=1 |title=Looking at Safeguard from a safe distance |author-first=James |author-last=Lawless |newspaper=The Des Moines Register |date=1982-04-11 |page=5F |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>    
<ref name="DMR_Safeguard_1982">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/128494068/?terms=%22novell%20data%20systems%22&match=1 |title=Safeguard Scientifics reports 1st quarter loss |author-first=James |author-last=Lawless |newspaper=The Des Moines Register |date=1982-04-28 |page=5B |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="PHI_Safeguard_1982">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/172814684/?terms=%22novell%20data%20systems%22&match=1 |title=Safeguard's switch from hardware to software leads to $3.9 million loss |author-first1=Brian P. |author-last1=Sullivan |author-first2=Rodney A. |author-last2=Brooks |newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=1982-07-27 |page=7-E |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="DH_products_1982">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/469262930/?terms=%22novell%20data%20systems%22&match=1 |title=Orem's Novell Sets Sales Mark |newspaper=Daily Herald |location=Provo, Utah, USA |date=1982-04-29 |page=36 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>  
<ref name="DH_layoffs_1982">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/469437784/?terms=%22novell%20data%20systems%22&match=1 |title=Novell Force Reduced |newspaper=Daily Herald |location=Provo, Utah, USA |date=1982-07-08 |page=12 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="PCM_nominee_1987">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3AJLvysWFQC&q=drew+major+superset&pg=PA180 |title=Technical Excellence: Networking: Advanced NetWare/286 |magazine=PC Magazine |date=1987-01-27 |page=180}}</ref>  
<ref name="NYT_Excelan_1989">{{cite news |title=Novell and Excelan to Merge |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/24/business/novell-and-excelan-to-merge.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1989-03-24 |page=D10}}</ref>
<ref name="OH_Rekhi_2017">{{cite interview |author-last=Musser |author-first=Pete |interviewer-first1=Marguerite Gong |interviewer-last1=Hancock |interviewer-first2=Jeff |interviewer-last2=Katz |title=Oral History of Kanwal Rekhi |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2017-12-20 |location=Mountain View, California, USA |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2019/10/102738694-05-01-acc.pdf |pages=21–22, 29–30, 35}}</ref>
<ref name="OH_Musser_2019">{{cite interview |author-last1=Musser |author-first1=Pete |interviewer-first1=Marguerite Gong |interviewer-last1=Hancock |interviewer-first2=Marc |interviewer-last2=Weber |interviewer-first3=Chris |interviewer-last3=Fralic |interviewer-first4=Derek |interviewer-last4=Stefanik |title=Oral History of Pete Musser |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2019-09-18 |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2020/09/102795137-05-01-acc.pdf |pages=15-16, 21–24, 26–28}}</ref>
<ref name="DH_Canova_1982">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/469255462/?terms=%22novell%20data%20systems%22%20canova&match=1 |title=Novell Data Management Change Listed |newspaper=Daily Herald |location=Provo, Utah, USA |date=1982-04-01 |page=20 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="DH_Noorda_1983">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/469424458/?terms=%22novell%20data%20systems%22&match=1 |title=Novell, Inc., of Orem Selects New President |newspaper=Daily Herald |location=Provo, Utah, USA |date=1983-04-14 |page=20 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="SLT_success_1986">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/613866839 |title=Computer Firm's On Way to Becoming Utah's Next Success Story |author-first=Guy |author-last=Boulton |newspaper=The Salt Lake Tribune |date=1986-04-06 |pages=1F, 2F |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="Book_Noorda_quote">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VkwgBAAAQBAJ&q=noorda+%22we+have+to+build+an+industry%22 |title=Born Global Standard Establishers: Einfluss- und Erfolgsfaktoren für die internationale Standardsetzung und -erhaltung |author-first=Simone |author-last=Wurster |publisher=Gabler Verlag |location=Wiesbaden, Germany |date=2011 |language=de |page=188 |isbn=978-3-8349-6795-4}}</ref>
<ref name="IW_expansion_1990">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjwEAAAAMBAJ&q=novell+acquires+excelan&pg=PA48 |title=Novell's Expansion Puts Its Products to the Test |author-first=Cheryl |author-last=Shapp |magazine=InfoWorld |date=1990-08-13 |pages=54–55}}</ref>
<ref name="DH_BYU_1985">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/469430373/?terms=fairclough%20novell&match=1 |title=BYU Connection Solders Together Local Computer Industry |author-first=J. J. |author-last=Jackson |newspaper=Daily Herald |location=Provo, Utah, USA |date=1985-11-05 |pages=1, 3}}</ref>
<ref name="PCM_advert_1983">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wCiNAUEuAMC&q=%22novell+sharenet%22&pg=RA2-PA379 |title=Dataflex...More than the tip of the iceberg |magazine=PC Magazine |date=April 1983 |page=379}} Advertisement.</ref>
<ref name="CW_listing_1984">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMSvi567BMUC&q=%22novell+netware%22&pg=PA65 |title=Novell Inc.: BI-286 Business Basic II capability |newspaper=Computerworld |date=1984-03-05 |page=65}}</ref>
<ref name="Causey_chapter_1997">{{cite book |title=High-Performance Networking Unleashed |chapter=Chapter 22: NetWare |author-first=James |author-last=Causey |publisher=Sams.net (Macmillan Computer Publishing) |location=Indianapolis, Indiana, USA |date=1997 |pages=391ff |editor-first1=Mark A. |editor-last1=Sportack |editor-first2=Frank C. |editor-last2=Pappas |editor-first3=Emil |editor-last3=Rensing |chapter-url=http://cmd.inp.nsk.su/old/cmd2/manuals/networking/perfomance/ch22/ch22.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902084937/http://cmd.inp.nsk.su/old/cmd2/manuals/networking/perfomance/ch22/ch22.htm |archive-date=2018-09-02}}</ref>
<ref name="PCM_Arch_1992">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WFhT5khImwMC&q=%22Service+Advertising+Protocol%22&pg=PT337 |title=NetWare Architecture |magazine=PC Magazine |date=1992-06-12 |page=334}}</ref>
<ref name="Cisco_protocols_1999">{{cite web |url=http://www.cisco.com/cpress/cc/td/cpress/fund/ith2nd/it2431.htm |title=NetWare Protocols |publisher=Cisco Press |date=1999-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010210210207/http://www.cisco.com/cpress/cc/td/cpress/fund/ith2nd/it2431.htm |archive-date=2001-02-10}}</ref>
<ref name="IW_cards_1987">{{cite news |title=Novell to Add Features To Advanced Netware|magazine=InfoWorld |date=1987-02-23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DAEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22E-net%22+novell&pg=PA8 |author-first=Laurie |author-last=Flynn |pages=1, 8}}</ref>
<ref name="NW_cards_1988">{{cite news |title=Novell unveils LAN gear, new version of NetWare |magazine=Network World |date=1988-05-16 |author-first=Laura |author-last=DiDio |pages=4, 71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GRIEAAAAMBAJ&q=novell+NE2000+review&pg=PA4}}</ref> 
<ref name="IW_cards_1989">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szAEAAAAMBAJ&q=novell+sells+network+card+business+infoworld&pg=PT10 |title=Novell Starts Ethernet Price War |author-first=Mark |author-last=Stephens |magazine=InfoWorld |date=1989-08-28 |page=13}}</ref>
<ref name="PR_closed_2014">{{cite press release |url=https://www.attachmate.com/company/news/press/2014/micro-focus-international-completes-merger-with-the-attachmate-group.html |title=Micro Focus Completes Merger with the Attachmate Group |publisher=Attachmate Group |date=2014-11-20}}</ref>
<ref name="MF_datasheets_2021">See for example the datasheets and other product documents for [https://www.microfocus.com/media/data-sheet/open_enterprise_server_2018_ds.pdf Open Enterprise Server], [https://www.microfocus.com/media/what's-new/groupwise-whats-new.pdf GroupWise], and [https://www.microfocus.com/media/data-sheet/zenworks_endpoint_security_management_data_sheet.pdf ZENworks] as accessed on the Micro Focus website on 2021-02-18.</ref>
<ref name="MF_listing_2022">See the [https://www.microfocus.com/en-us/products/novell/overview "Novell is now part of Micro Focus" page] as accessed on the Micro Focus website on 2022-08-06.</ref>
<ref name="Murphy_2019">{{cite web |title=EQT completes {{sic|aqui|sition|nolink=y}} of SUSE from Micro Focus |author-first=Ian |author-last=Murphy |website=www.enterprisetimes.co.uk |date=2019-03-18 |url=https://www.enterprisetimes.co.uk/2019/03/18/eqt-completes-aquisition-of-suse-from-micro-focus/ |access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref>
<ref name="NW_Alive_2000">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA50 |title=Staying Alive: A battered, but uncowed, Novell tries to emerge as an Internet services powerhouse |author-first=Deni |author-last=Connor |magazine=Network World |date=2000-07-31 |pages=48–52}} Including "Leaving Netware Behind" sidebar, same author.</ref>
<ref name="Reg_Peaked_2013">{{cite news |title=How Novell peaked, then threw it all away in a year |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/07/25/novell_peaked_with_netware_four/ |author-first=Joe |author-last=Fay |work=The Register |date=2013-07-25}}</ref>
<ref name="NYT_Readies_1995">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/18/business/novell-readies-a-response-to-windows.html |title=Novell Readies a Response to Windows |author-first=Lawrence M. |author-last=Fisher |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1995-09-18 |page=D1}}</ref>
<ref name="NovNetWareNYT89">{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/14/business/the-executive-computer-a-link-for-all-operating-systems.html |title=A Link for All Operating Systems |author-first=Peter H. |author-last=Lewis |date=1989-05-14 |page=12 (Section 3)}}</ref>
<ref name="DN_Orem_1998">{{cite news |url=https://www.deseret.com/1998/6/25/19387830/corel-closing-orem-offices |title=Corel closing Orem offices |author-first=Dennis |author-last=Romboy |newspaper=Deseret News |date=1998-06-25}}</ref>
<ref name="SLMag_2019">{{cite news |url=https://www.saltlakemagazine.com/utah-tech/ |title=Utah, America's Next Tech Hot Spot |author-first=Jeremy |author-last=Pugh |magazine=Salt Lake Magazine |date=2019-06-14}}</ref>
<ref name="SilSlopes_2020">{{cite news |url=https://newsroom.siliconslopes.com/magazine/silicon-slopes-roots-and-opportunity/ |title=Silicon Slopes: Roots and Opportunity |magazine=Silicon Slopes Magazine |date=<!--Tech Summit Issue--> 2020 |author-first=Val |author-last=Hale}}</ref>
<ref name="Searls_2012">{{cite web |author-last=Searls |author-first=Doc |author-link=Doc Searls |title=Remembering Judith |url=https://doc.searls.com/2012/01/13/remembering-judith/ |date=2012-01-13}}</ref>
<ref name="Politis_1996">{{cite journal |author-last=Politis |author-first=David L. |date=1996-07-28 |url=https://www.deseret.com/1996/7/28/19256569/novell-departures-were-no-surprise |title=Novell Departures Were No Surprise |journal=Desert News |publisher=Deseret News Publishing Company |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928211031/https://www.deseret.com/1996/7/28/19256569/novell-departures-were-no-surprise |archive-date=2022-09-28}}</ref>
<ref name="NYT_Sale_2">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/24/business/novell-acquisitions-hinge-on-stock-price-fluctuation.html | title=Novell Acquisitions Hinge On Stock Price Fluctuation | first=Lawrence M. | last=Fisher | newspaper=The New York Times | date=1994-03-24 | page=D1}}></ref>
<ref name="DN_Sale_1">{{cite news | url=https://www.deseret.com/1994/6/23/19116101/novell-and-wordperfect-to-tie-knot-a-month-early/ | title=Novell and WordPerfect To Tie Knot A Month Early | newspaper=Deseret News |date=1994-06-23}}</ref>
<ref name="DN_Sale_2">{{cite news | url=https://www.deseret.com/1996/2/4/19222840/the-selling-or-not-of-wordperfect/ | title=The Selling – Or Not – Of WordPerfect | first=Brooke | last=Adams | newspaper=Deseret News | date=1996-02-04}}</ref>
<ref name="LJ_1995">{{cite news |url=http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1094 |title=Caldera and Corsair – Who is Caldera, and what is Corsair, really? |date=June 1995 |magazine=Linux Journal |access-date=2008-09-24}}</ref>
<ref name="CRN_2023">{{cite news | url=https://www.crn.com/news/security/layoffs-ahead-as-opentext-closes-5-8b-micro-focus-buy | title=Layoffs Ahead As OpenText Closes $5.8B Micro Focus Buy | first=Mark | last=Haranas | publisher=CRN | date=2023-01-31}}</ref>
<ref name="OT_2024">For instance, see the product description pages for [https://www.opentext.com/products/enterprise-server Open Enterprise Server], [https://www.opentext.com/products/groupwise GroupWise], and [https://www.opentext.com/products/zenworks-suite ZENworks Suite] as accessed on the OpenText website on 2024-08-25.</ref>
</references>

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |title=Digital Research - The Untold Story |author-first=Marc |author-last=Perkel |author-link= |date=1996-10-18 |orig-date=1991-03-20, 1991-05-23, 1991-07-21, 1991-07-24, 1991-08-02 |url=http://www.ctyme.com/dri.htm |access-date=2019-04-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419190806/http://www.ctyme.com/dri.htm |archive-date=2019-04-19}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20190419191036/http://www.ctyme.com/dri1.htm Digital Research - The 07-21-91 Summary][https://web.archive.org/web/20190419191113/http://www.ctyme.com/dri2.htm<!-- 1991-02-16, 1991-02-18, 1991-03-04 -->][https://web.archive.org/web/20190419144412/http://www.ctyme.com/dri3.htm<!-- 1991-03-20, 1991-05-23, 1991-07-24, 1991-08-02 -->] (NB. Marc Perkel claimed to have inspired Novell in February 1991 to buy [[Digital Research]] and develop something he called "[[NovOS]]".)
* {{cite web |title=Surfing the High Tech Wave: A story of Novell's early years, 1980–1990 |author-first=Roger |author-last=Bourke White, Jr. |date=2010 |url=http://whiteworld.com/cyreenikland/books/surfing/surf-con.htm |access-date=2023-09-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915151436/http://whiteworld.com/cyreenikland/books/surfing/surf-con.htm |archive-date=2023-09-15}}
* {{cite book |author-first=Scott M. |author-last=Lewis |editor-first=Paul S. |editor-last=Bodine |chapter=Novell, Inc. |title=International Directory of Company Histories |date=2018-05-23 |orig-date=1998 |via=encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/economics-business-and-labor/businesses-and-occupations/novell-inc |access-date=2023-09-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915151541/https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/economics-business-and-labor/businesses-and-occupations/novell-inc |archive-date=2023-09-15}}

== External links ==
[[File:Working For Novell cassettes.jpg|thumb]]
* Novell: [http://www.novell.com/ International], [http://www.novell.com/ja-jp/home/ Japan]
* [http://forums.novell.com/ Novell Forums]
* [http://www.novell.com/coolblogs/ Novell Blogs]
* [http://wiki.novell.com/ Novell Wikis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508222858/http://wiki.novell.com/ |date=2015-05-08  }}
* [http://www.open-horizons.net/ Open Horizons&nbsp;– A co-operative EMEA body of international Novell User Groups]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100302205823/http://www.open-horizons.co.uk/ Open Horizons UK&nbsp;– An active Novell User Group for UK customers]

{{Novell}}
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