View source for Nuclear Suppliers Group

{{Short description|Multilateral export control regime}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}

{{Infobox organization
| name                = Nuclear Suppliers Group
| image               = NSG Members.svg
| image_size          = 350 px
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| caption             = NSG members
| logo                = Nuclear Suppliers Group Logo.png
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| logo_alt            = Logo of the NSG
| logo_caption        = Logo of the NSG
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| abbreviation        = NSG
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| formation           = {{start date and age|1974}}
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| type                = [[International organization]]
| tax_id              = <!-- or | vat_id = (for European organizations) -->
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| status              =
| purpose             = Non-proliferation of nuclear weapons; controlling transfer of nuclear energy
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| membership          = [[Nuclear Suppliers Group#Participating governments|See list]]
| languages           = English, French, German, Spanish

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| sec_gen             = <!-- or | gen_sec for General Secretary -->
| leader_title        = Chair
| leader_name         = Claudia Santos (Brazil)
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| affiliations        = [[International Atomic Energy Agency]]
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| website             = {{URL|nuclearsuppliersgroup.org}}
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The '''Nuclear Suppliers Group''' ('''NSG''') is a [[multilateral export control regime]] and a group of nuclear supplier countries that seek to contribute to the [[non-proliferation]] of nuclear weapons through the implementation of two sets of guidelines for nuclear exports and nuclear-related exports.<ref name=":1" />

== History ==
{{more citations needed|date=June 2016}}
The NSG was founded in response to [[India]]'s [[Smiling Buddha|first nuclear weapon test]] in May 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org/en/history1 |title=Nuclear Suppliers Group – History |website=www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org |access-date=28 June 2016|archive-date=26 June 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160626142538/http://www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org/en/history1 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It first met in November 1975. The test demonstrated that certain non-weapons specific nuclear technology could be readily turned to weapons development. Nations already signatories of the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] (NPT) saw the need to further limit the export of nuclear equipment, materials or technology. Another benefit was that non-NPT and non-[[Zangger Committee]] nations, then specifically France, could be brought in.

A series of meetings in London from 1975 to 1978 resulted in agreements on the guidelines for export; these were published as INFCIRC/254 (essentially the Zangger "[[Trigger List]]") by the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]]. Listed items could only be exported to non-nuclear states if certain International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards were agreed to or if exceptional circumstances relating to safety existed.

The name of the "London Club" was due to the series of meetings in London. It has also been referred to as the London Group, or the London Suppliers Group.

The NSG did not meet again until 1991. The "Trigger List" remained unchanged until 1991, although the Zangger list was regularly updated. The revelations about the [[Iraq]]i weapons program following the first [[Gulf War]] led to a tightening of the export of so-called dual-use equipment. At the first meeting since 1978, held at the Hague in March 1991, the twenty-six participating governments agreed to the changes, which were published as the "Dual-use List" in 1992, and also to the extension of the original list to more closely match the up-to-date Zangger list.

== Participating governments ==
Initially the NSG had seven participating governments: Canada, [[West Germany]], France, Japan, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In 1976–77, participation was expanded to fifteen with the admittance of Belgium, [[Czechoslovakia]], [[East Germany]], Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, and Switzerland. [[Germany]] was [[German reunification|reunited in 1990]] while Czechoslovakia broke up into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993. Twelve more nations joined up to 1990. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union a number of former republics were given observer status as a stage towards future membership. China became a participating government in 2004. The [[European Commission]] and the [[Zangger Committee]] Chair participate as observers. The NSG Chair for 2024–2025 is South Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org/en/chair-s-corner/133-a-few-words-from-the-chair|title=Nuclear Suppliers Group – Chair's Corner}}</ref>

The 48 participating governments and their accession date, {{As of|lc=y|2022}}:<ref>[http://www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org/en/participants1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608115124/http://www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org/en/participants1|date=8 June 2019}} Nuclear Suppliers Group.</ref>
{{Div col |colwidth=18em}}
*{{ARG}}(1994) 
*{{AUS}}(1978)
*{{AUT}}(1991)
*{{BLR}}(2000)
*{{BEL}}(1978)
*{{BRA}}(1996)
*{{BGR}}(1984)
*{{CAN}}(1974)
*{{PRC}}(2004)
*{{HRV}}(2005)
*{{CYP}}(2000)
*{{CZE}}(1978*)
*{{DNK}}(1984)
*{{EST}}(2004)
*{{FIN}}(1980)
*{{FRA}}(1974)
*{{DEU}}(1974)
*{{GRC}}1984)
*{{HUN}}(1985)
*{{ISL}}(2009)
*{{IRL}}(1984) 
*{{ITA}}(1978)
*{{JPN}}(1974)
*{{KAZ}}(2002)
*{{LVA}}(1997)
*{{LTU}}(2004)
*{{LUX}}(1984)
*{{MLT}}(2004)
*{{MEX}}(2012)
*{{NLD}}(1978)
*{{NZL}}(1994) 
*{{NOR}}(1989)
*{{POL}}(1978)
*{{PRT}}(1986)
*{{ROM}}(1990)
*{{RUS}}(1974)
*{{SRB}}(2013)
*{{SVK}}(1978*)
*{{SVN}}(2000)
*{{ZAF}}(1995)
*{{KOR}}(1995)
*{{ESP}}(1988)
*{{SWE}}(1978)
*{{CHE}}(1978)
*{{TUR}}(2000)
*{{UKR}}(1996)
*{{GBR}}(1974)
*{{USA}}(1974)
{{div col end}}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Czechoslovakia separated into the Czech Republic and Slovakia – participation date 5 Mar 1993.<ref>https://www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org/index.php/en/about/participants|date=november2024</ref>
===Participation Criteria===
As of 2025 participation is determined by several criteria.<ref>https://www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org/index.php/en/about/participants</ref>

== Candidates ==

===Chile===
[[Chile]] has been candidate for the Nuclear Suppliers Group  since 2015 as part of its national commitments with the [[UNSC]] resolution 1540 of 2004. In its 2017 report to UN about prevention of arms proliferation has presented a National Plan of Action (2017–2021) that includes as targets membership to the  Nuclear Suppliers Group  and the [[ Wassenaar Arrangement]]. <ref>{{Cite web| title=National Action Plan for the implementation of United Nations Security Council - resolution 1540 (2004) | url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/1540/documents/chile_action_plan.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727131300/http://www.un.org/en/sc/1540/documents/chile_action_plan.pdf | archive-date=2018-07-27}}</ref>

===India===
{{See also|Reform of the United Nations Security Council#India}}
[[File:countrie's supporting India's NSG membership.png|thumb|Countries supporting NSG membership for India]]
During a state visit to India in November 2010, U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] announced U.S. support for India's participation in the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the [[Wassenaar Arrangement]], the [[Australia Group]] and the [[Missile Technology Control Regime]], "in a phased manner," and to encourage the evolution of regime participation criteria to that end, "consistent with maintaining the core principles of these regimes."<ref name="aje20101106">{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/11/2010116132349390763.html|title=Obama seeks expanded India-US trade|date=6 November 2010|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]|access-date=7 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="voa20101106">{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/obama-calls-for-more-trade-with-india-106817488/129960.html|title=Obama in Mumbai Calls India Market of the Future|date=6 November 2010|work=[[Voice of America]]|access-date=7 November 2010}}</ref><ref>[https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/india-factsheets/India-US_Agreement_on_Export_Controls.pdf Fact Sheet: U.S.-India Partnership on Export Controls and Non-Proliferation], The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, 8 November 2010.</ref>

During a visit to India in December 2010, French President [[Sarkozy]] expressed his country's backing for India's inclusion in the Nuclear Suppliers Group.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11924016|title=India and France hold key nuclear talks|work=BBC News|date=6 December 2010}}</ref> The United Kingdom has for a long time been a supporter of India's inclusion.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmhansrd/cm130701/text/130701w0005.htm#130701w0005.htm_wqn26 |title=Written Answers – India |publisher=Hansard |date=1 July 2013 |id=1 July 2013 : Column 504w |access-date=2 July 2013}}</ref> During a Republic Day visit to India in January 2015, Obama said that India was ready for membership.<ref name="As Modi hugs Obama, China sends a quick flying kiss">{{cite news|title=As Modi hugs Obama, China sends a quick flying kiss |url= http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-china-ties-xi-jinping-modi-obama-meet-india-us-relations-pranab-mukherjee-mtcr-nsg/1/415446.html/ |access-date=23 June 2016 |agency=ANI |publisher=India Today|date=26 January 2015}}</ref> Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] has offered unconditional support for India's entry.<ref name="After India, Pak now wants US to support its NSG bid">{{cite news|title=After India, Pak now wants US to support its NSG bid |url= http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/india-us-pakistan-nsg-bid-2843097/ |access-date=10 June 2016|agency=ANI|publisher=The Indian Express|date=9 June 2016}}</ref> Switzerland announced its backing of India's participation in the group on 6 June 2016 during Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s visit to Geneva.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-narendra-modi-us-visit-switzerland-president-schneider-ammann-2837438/ |title=Swiss support for NSG secured, PM Modi lands in US|date=7 June 2016 |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref> Obama reiterated U.S. support for India's membership on 8 June 2016 during Modi's visit to Washington DC.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36476504 |title=President Obama backs Indian entry to nuclear technology |work=BBC News |date=8 June 2016}}</ref>  Japan has expressed support for India's bid for accession.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Will-work-together-to-ensure-India-is-in-NSG-Japan/articleshow/52644783.cms |title=Will work together to ensure India is in NSG: Japan|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 June 2016 }}</ref>

China is opposing India's accession, citing Pakistan's non-admission to the exclusive group.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1263770/china-leads-resistance-to-india-joining-nuclear-suppliers-group-diplomats|title=China leads resistance to India joining Nuclear Suppliers Group: diplomats|agency=Reuters|date=9 June 2016|website=www.dawn.com|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref> Other countries opposing Indian membership on the basis of the [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons|NPT]] non-signatory status of India included New Zealand, Ireland and Austria.<ref name=":0" />

In June 2016, India got crucial support from Mexico in its bid to become a participant ahead of a plenary meeting of the 48-nation bloc whose members are allowed to trade in and export nuclear technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/india-news/mexico-backs-indias-nuclear-suppliers-group-nsg-bid-president-enrique-pena-nieto-announced-his-support-after-holding-meeting-with-narendra-modi-358885|title=Mexico backs India's Nuclear Suppliers Group bid|date=9 June 2016}}</ref> On 17 June, British Prime Minister David Cameron had assured Modi of the UK's "firm support" for India's membership bid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/world/uk-backs-indias-nsg-bid/article8742083.ece|title=UK backs India's NSG bid |date=17 June 2016}}</ref> In an interview on 18 June, Putin said that he was 'positive' about India's entry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/world-exclusive-vladimir-putin-india-nsg-china/1/695321.html |title=Exclusive: Positive about Indias entry into NSG: Vladimir Putin to India Today|date=18 June 2016 }}</ref> On 20 June, Canada stated that NSG will be strengthened with India's presence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NSG-will-be-strengthened-if-India-joins-Canada/articleshow/52840946.cms|title=NSG will be strengthened if India joins: Canada|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 June 2016 }}</ref> On 22 June France reiterated its support to India, and urged all the other 48 members of the NSG to allow entry for India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/france-backs-indias-nsg-bid-urges-members-to-take-positive-decision/articleshow/52870449.cms |title=France calls for other members of NSG to support India's entry |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 June 2016 }}</ref>  China remains opposed to Indian membership.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurasiareview.com/27062016-chinas-ban-on-indias-entry-into-nsg-highlights-necessity-for-closer-indo-us-ties-oped/ |title=China's Ban On India's Entry Into NSG Highlights Necessity For Closer Indo-US Ties – OpEd|date=27 June 2016}}</ref>

In July 2016, South Africa agreed to back India's entry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/after-china-switzerlands-no-south-africa-agrees-to-back-indias-nsg-bid/310713/|title=After China, Switzerland's no, South Africa agrees to back India's NSG bid|date=8 July 2016}}</ref> In August 2016, Turkey confirmed support for India's membership bid.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/turkey-confirms-support-for-indias-membership-in-nsg/articleshow/53776270.cms |title=Turkey confirms support for India's membership in NSG |newspaper=The Economic Times |last=Chaudhury |first=Dipanjan Roy}}</ref> On 4 September 2016, Australia reiterated its commitment to India's bid for membership just ahead of the [[2016 G20 Hangzhou summit|G20 summit]] in Hangzhou, China.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/australia-backs-indias-nuclear-club-membership-bid-ahead-of-g20-meeting-1454308 |title=Australia Backs India's Nuclear Club Membership Bid Ahead of G20 Meeting}}</ref> On 5 September 2016, Modi thanked Argentina for backing India's bid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-modi-thanks-argentina-for-backing-indias-nsg-bid/|title=PM Modi thanks Argentina for backing India's NSG bid|date=5 September 2016}}</ref>

On 17 October 2016, following the [[8th BRICS summit|BRICS summit]] in Benaulim, Goa, Brazil officially backed India's bid for membership.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Modi-thanks-Brazil-for-support-to-Indias-NSG-bid/articleshow/54895058.cms|title=PM Modi thanks Brazil for support to India's NSG bid|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 October 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/oct/17/brazil-supports-indias-nsg-bid-1528885.html?pm=331|title=Brazil supports India's NSG bid|date=17 October 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/modi-thanks-brazil-for-support-to-india-s-nsg-bid-116101700420_1.html|title=Modi thanks Brazil for support to India's NSG bid |agency=IANS |newspaper=Business Standard |date=17 October 2016}}</ref> On 26 October 2016, Prime Minister Key of New Zealand stated that "New Zealand would continue to contribute constructively to the process currently underway in the NSG to consider India's membership."<ref>{{cite news |url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/new-zealand-backs-indias-nsg-bid/articleshow/55072461.cms |title=New Zealand backs India's NSG bid |newspaper=The Economic Times |last1=Chaudhury|first1=Dipanjan Roy}}</ref> Poland and Cyprus backed India's bid in April 2017.  Germany reaffirmed India's membership bid in May 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-thanks-germany-for-backing-its-nsg-membership-bid/articleshow/58911660.cms |title=Narendra Modi: India thanks Germany for backing its NSG membership bid |website=The Times of India|date=30 May 2017 }}</ref> Switzerland also showed support, Swiss Foreign Ministry spokesperson Pierre-Alain Eltschinger saying that "We support India's application for participation in the NSG and acknowledge India's support to global non-proliferation efforts."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/swiss-support-indias-nsg-bid/article18951787.ece |title=Swiss support India's NSG bid |first=Suhasini |last=Haidar|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 June 2017}}</ref> During the 15th RIC (Russia, India, China) foreign ministerial meeting Russia said it continues to support India’s entry.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/russia-to-support-indias-entry-into-nuclear-suppliers-group/article9984802.ece |title=Russia to support India's entry into Nuclear Suppliers' Group |work=The Hindu|date=6 December 2017 }}</ref> Describing India as a leading power in the Indo-Pacific region, Washington's envoy to New Delhi [[Kenneth Juster]] reaffirmed support for India’s bid in January 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/us-reaffirms-support-to-indias-nsg-bid-5020552/ |title=US reaffirms support to India's NSG bid |publisher=The Indian Express |date=11 January 2018}}</ref> In the joint press statement of an India–Nordic countries summit, the Nordic countries welcomed India’s application for membership and reaffirmed their commitment to work constructively within the Group with the aim of reaching a positive outcome at the earliest opportunity in April 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://um.dk/da/news/newsdisplaypage/?newsid=83d8d0d9-3113-4057-a2d3-4d15ed1f6d8d |title=$name |website=Udenrigsministeriet |access-date=2 February 2020|archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211028004916/https://um.dk/da/news/newsdisplaypage/?newsid=83d8d0d9-3113-4057-a2d3-4d15ed1f6d8d |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 16 April 2018 Germany supported India's bid for membership saying that its inclusion will boost the global export control system.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-inclusion-in-nsg-will-boost-global-export-control-system-germany/articleshow/63784002.cms |title=Germany: India's inclusion into NSG will boost global export control system|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 April 2018 }}</ref> Reaffirming their commitment to global non-proliferation efforts, PM Conte reiterated Italy's support to India's intensified engagement for admission in Oct 2018 during the 24th edition of the India-Italy Technology Summit.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/nation/india-italy-push-for-enhanced-trade-investment/676123.html|title=Italy support India's bid for Nuclear Suppliers Group – The Tribune}}</ref>

As of 2019, China has thwarted every attempt of India's inclusion into NSG and has made it clear that status quo will remain citing "lack of consensus" among NSG members.<ref>{{Cite news|title = China rules out India's entry into NSG without 'consensus' on allowing non-NPT countries|url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/china-rules-out-indias-entry-into-nsg-without-consensus-on-allowing-non-npt-countries/articleshow/69893448.cms|date = June 21, 2019|access-date = November 8, 2019|newspaper = [[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]}}</ref>

===Namibia===

[[Namibia]] applied for NSG membership in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/after-india-and-pakistan-now-namibia-throws-its-hat-in-the-ring-for-nsg-entry/articleshow/52720213.cms|title=After India and Pakistan, now Namibia throws its hat in the ring for NSG entry – The Economic Times|newspaper=The Economic Times |last=Chaudhury |first=Dipanjan Roy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://neweralive.na/namibia-lobbies-for-access-to-nuclear-suppliers-group/#google_vignette |title=Namibia lobbies for access to Nuclear Suppliers Group |date=18 October 2016 }}</ref>

===Pakistan===

[[Pakistan]] applied for participation on 19 May 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1266036|title=NSG to take up Pakistan, India's membership requests this week|publisher=Dawn|others=retrieved on 23 June 2016|date=20 June 2016}}</ref> Pakistan has stressed the need for NSG to adopt a non-discriminatory criteria-based approach for NSG membership of the countries, which have never been party to the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mofa.gov.pk/pr-details.php?mm=MzczOA,,|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Islamabad, Pakistan|website=www.mofa.gov.pk|access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref>

Pakistan is supported by Turkey and China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kiwis-soft-on-Indias-NSG-bid-Turkey-backs-Pak/articleshow/52771233.cms|title=Kiwis soft on India's NSG bid, Turkey backs Pak|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016}}</ref> Pakistan has launched a major lobbying campaign to get additional support on its NSG membership.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/pakistan-intensifies-lobbying-against-india-s-nsg-bid-116060801211_1.html|title=Pakistan intensifies lobbying against India's NSG bid|last=IANS|date=2016-06-08|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1280639|title=Fresh campaign launched for NSG membership|last=Iqbal|first=Anwar|date=2016-08-29|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2017-04-21|language=en}}</ref>  The US has not publicly opposed Pakistan, the US State Department's Spokesperson [[Mark Toner]] commented in May 2016: “They have made public their interest, and certainly any country can submit its application for membership. And we’ll consider [it] based on a consensus decision.”<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1261318|title=Pakistan's application for NSG to be decided by consensus: US|last=Iqbal|first=Anwar|date=2016-05-29|work=dawn.com|access-date=2017-04-21|language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, NSG initiated discussions on the ‘Technical, Legal, and Political aspects of participation of non-NPT states in the NSG’ in the Seoul Plenary in June 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org/en/nsg-documents|title=Nuclear Suppliers Group – Documents|website=www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref> China has also tied Indian bid to Pakistani bid, blocking the former's entry repeatedly based on the argument that If India can be let in without signing NPT, then Pakistan should be granted membership as well.<ref>{{cite news|title=China says it will again block India's entry in Nuclear Suppliers Group|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/headline/china-says-it-will-again-block-indias-entry-in-nuclear-suppliers-group/|access-date=9 May 2018|work=Daily Pakistan Global}}</ref>

In 2004, the illicit procurement network run by Pakistani scientist [[Abdul Qadeer Khan|AQ Khan]], who led Pakistan's uranium enrichment program, was exposed.  This network trafficked in nuclear and dual-use goods and supported nuclear weapons programs in Iran, Libya and North Korea as well as Pakistan itself, and included individuals and entities from over 30 countries.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/hardtalk/3704816.stm|title=Still time for diplomacy?|date=2004-09-30|access-date=2018-01-13|language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2004, Pakistan also promulgated an Export Control Act on Goods, Technologies, Materials and Equipment related to Nuclear and Biological Weapons and their Delivery Systems and published Export Control Lists in 2005, which have been frequently updated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mofa.gov.pk/secdiv/content.php?pageID=secdivint |title=Secdiv |website=www.mofa.gov.pk|access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref> The United States on 26 March 2018 sanctioned seven Pakistani firms for nuclear proliferation, potentially hurting its ambitions of NSG membership.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-usa-sanctions-idUSKBN1H20IO|title=U.S. sanctions Pakistani companies over nuclear trade|website=[[Reuters]]|date=2018-03-26}}</ref>

===Jordan===
Jordan has been a candidate since 2017, when its cabinet decided to join the group.<ref>https://jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-joins-nuclear-suppliers-group</ref><ref>https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2024-11/features/will-india-and-pakistan-ever-join-nuclear-suppliers-group#:~:text=Since%202018%2C%20the%20NSG%20has,filed%20by%20Jordan%20and%20Namibia.</ref>

== Role in India-US nuclear agreement ==
{{Main|Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement#NSG waiver}}
In July 2006, the [[United States Congress]] amended [[U.S. law]] to accommodate [[Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement|civilian nuclear trade]] with India. A meeting of NSG participating governments on 21–22 August 2008 on an India-specific exemption to the Guidelines<ref>{{cite web|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/2008/08/13/text-of-u.s.-nsg-proposal-on-india/nqn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218212116/http://www.carnegieendowment.org/2008/08/13/text%2Dof%2Du%2Es%2E%2Dnsg%2Dproposal%2Don%2Dindia/nqn|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2012|title=Text of U.S. NSG Proposal on India}}</ref> was inconclusive. Several participating governments, including Austria, Switzerland, Norway, Ireland, and New Zealand, expressed reservations about the lack of conditions in the proposed exemption.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idINLL61579520080821|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120527035202/http://in.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idINLL61579520080821|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 May 2012|title=UPDATE 3-Nuclear suppliers propose terms for U.S.-India deal|newspaper=Reuters|date=21 August 2008}}</ref> In another meeting on 6 September 2008, the NSG participating governments agreed to grant India a "clean waiver" from its existing rules, which forbid nuclear trade with a country which has not signed the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] (NPT).  The NSG's decision came after three days of intense U.S. diplomacy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://svaradarajan.blogspot.com/2008/09/dateline-vienna-nsg-waiver-enables.html|title=Reality, one bite at a time: Dateline Vienna: NSG waiver enables member states to provide India full civil nuclear cooperation|first=Siddharth|last=Varadarajan|date=7 September 2008}}</ref> The approval was based on a formal pledge by India stating that it would not share sensitive nuclear technology or material with others and would uphold its voluntary moratorium on testing nuclear weapons. The pledge was contained in a crucial statement issued during the NSG meeting by India outlining the country's disarmament and nonproliferation policies.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://svaradarajan.blogspot.com/2008/09/dateline-vienna-thirty-words-that-saved.html|title=Reality, one bite at a time: Dateline Vienna: Thirty words that saved the day|first=Siddharth|last=Varadarajan|date=8 September 2008}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org/ NSG – Official Website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0UKX9Hm8F40 – What is the NSG?  The NSG explained in 5 minutes]
* [https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/publications/documents/infcircs/1997/infcirc539r7.pdf The Nuclear Suppliers Group: Its Guidelines, Origins, Structure, and Role]
* [https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/publications/documents/infcircs/1978/infcirc254r14p1.pdf Nuclear Suppliers Guidelines Part 1 – Trigger List]
* [https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/publications/documents/infcircs/1978/infcirc254r11p2.pdf Nuclear Suppliers Guidelines Part 2 – Dual Use]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Nuclear weapons]]
[[Category:Intergovernmental organizations]]
[[Category:Nuclear proliferation]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1974]]