View source for Ogonek

{{short description|Diacritic in the form of a small curl at the bottom (or rarely the top) of a letter}}
{{About||the periodical|Ogoniok|the song|Ogonek (song)|the similar looking diacritics|Cedilla}}

{{More citations needed|date=September 2007}}
{{Infobox diacritic
|char=◌̨ 
|name=Ogonek
|unicode={{unichar|0328|COMBINING OGONEK|html=|cwith=◌}}
|variant1=◌᷎
|caption1={{unichar|1DCE|COMBINING OGONEK ABOVE|html=|cwith=◌}}
|see_also={{unichar|02DB|OGONEK|html=}}, spacing
}}

<!-- [[Image:Ogonek.svg|100px|thumb|right|Ogonek]] -->
The '''tail''' or '''{{lang|pl|ogonek}}''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|ɡ|ɒ|n|ɛ|k|,_|-|ə|k}} {{respell|ə|GON|ek|,_|-|ək}}; <small>Polish:</small> {{IPAc-pl|o|'|g|o|n|e|k}}, "little tail", [[diminutive]] of {{lang|pl|ogon}}) is a [[diacritic]] hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the [[Latin alphabet]] used in several [[Europe]]an languages, and directly under a vowel in several [[Native American languages]]. It is also placed on the lower right corner of consonants in some Latin transcriptions of various indigenous languages of the [[Caucasus]] mountains.{{Clarify|reason=What does it signify there?|date=December 2018}}

An ogonek can also be attached to the bottom of a vowel in [[Old Norse]] or [[Icelandic language|Old Icelandic]] to show length or vowel [[affection (linguistics)|affection]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06027-n3027-medieval.pdf |title=N3027: Proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS |publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 |date=2006-01-30}}</ref> For example, in Old Norse, ''ǫ'' represents the Old Norwegian vowel {{IPA|[ɔ]}}, which in Old Icelandic merges with ''[[ø]]'' ‹ö› and in modern Scandinavian languages is represented by the letter ''[[å]]''.

==Use==

* [[Avestan language|Avestan]] romanization (letters ''ą'', ''ą̇'', ''m̨''<!--I think ''n̨'' and ''š̨'' are also sometimes used-->)
* [[Cahto language|Cahto]] (''ą'', ''ę'')
* [[Cayuga language|Cayuga]] (''ę'', ''ǫ'')
* [[Chickasaw language|Chickasaw]] (''ą'', ''į'', ''ǫ'')
* [[Chipewyan language|Chipewyan]] (''ą ąą ę ęę ę̈ ę̈ę̈ ı̨ ı̨ı̨ ǫ ǫǫ ų ųų'')
* [[Dadibi language|Dadibi]] (''ą'', ''ę'', ''į'', ''ǫ'')
* [[Dogrib language|Dogrib]] (''ą'', ''ąą'', ''ę'', ''ęę'', ''ı̨'', ''ı̨ı̨'', ''ǫ'', ''ǫǫ'', ''ų'', ''ųų'')
* [[Elfdalian language|Elfdalian]] (''ą'', ''ę'', ''į'', ''ų'', ''y̨'' and ''ą̊'')
* some romanizations of [[Iota subscript|Ancient Greek]] (''ą'', ''ę'', ''ǫ''){{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
* [[Winnebago language|Ho-Chunk]] (''ą'', ''ąą'', ''į'', ''įį'', ''ų'', ''ųų'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hocak.info/ |title=Hoocąk Waaziija Haci Language Division |publisher=[[Ho-Chunk#Ho-Chunk Nation|Ho-Chunk Nation]] |location=[[Mauston, Wisconsin]] |access-date=2011-05-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030423003555/http://www.hocak.info/ |archive-date=2003-04-23 }}</ref>
* etymological [[Interslavic]]  (''ę'', ''ų'')
* [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]] (''ą'')
* scholarly transcriptions of [[Vulgar Latin]] and [[Romance languages#Stressed vowels|Proto-Romance]] (''ę, ǫ'')
* [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] (''ą'', ''ę'', ''į'', ''ų'')
* [[Navajo language|Navajo]] (''ą ą́ ąą ą́ą́ ę ę́ ęę ę́ę́ į į́ įį į́į́  ǫ ǫ́ ǫǫ ǫ́ǫ́'')
* [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]] in older Romanization standards, representing either [[nasalization]] or [[Fronting (sound change)|vowel backing]]  (''ą'', ''ąą'', ''ą́'', ''ę'', ''įį'', ''ǫǫ'')
* scholarly transcriptions of [[Old Church Slavonic]] and [[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]] (''ę'', ''ǫ'')
* [[Old Norse]] (''ǫ'' {{IPA|[ɔ]}}, ''ǫ́'' {{IPA|[ɔː]}}, ''o᷎'', ''ǫ᷎''),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06116-n3077-medieval-us.pdf |title=N3077: Response to UTC/US contribution N3037R (Feedback on N3027 Proposal to add medievalist characters) |publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 |date=2006-03-31}}</ref> (''ę'' {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, ''æ'' {{IPA|[ɛː]}}), (Alternatively, ''ą'', ''ę'', ''ǫ'', ''ø̨'', etc. instead represent any nasalized vowel ({{IPA|[ã]}}, {{IPA|[ẽ]}},  {{IPA|[õ]}}, {{IPA|[ø̃]}}, etc.) corresponding to the Norse runic letter [[Áss]] and the Proto-Norse runic letter [[Ansuz (rune)|AnsuR]].) Also (''t̨'') 
* [[Old Norwegian]] and [[Old Icelandic]] (''æ̨'', ''ø̨'', ''a&#x1DCE;'', ''e&#x1DCE;'', ''i&#x1DCE;'', ''o&#x1DCE;'', ''ø&#x1DCE;'', ''u&#x1DCE;'')
* [[Onondaga language|Onondaga]] dialects (''ę'', ''ǫ''), (Alternatively, ''eñ'' and ''oñ'' can also be used. ''ų'' is sometimes used for ''ǫ'')
* [[Polish language|Polish]] (letters ''[[ą]]'', ''[[ę]]'')
* [[Rheinische Dokumenta]] (''ą̈'', ''ǫ'', ''ǫ̈'', ''ą̈ą̈'', ''ǫǫ'', ''ǫ̈ǫ̈'')
* [[Sierra Otomi]] (''ą'', ''į'', ''ę'', ''ǫ'', ''ų'') 
* [[Tutchone language|Tutchone]] (''į, ų, ų̈, ę, ą̈, ǫ, ą'')

Example in Polish:

: {{lang|pl|Wół go pyta: „Panie chrząszczu,}}
: {{lang|pl|Po cóż pan tak brzęczy w gąszczu?“}} 
: — The ox asks him: "Mr. beetle, why do you buzz like that in the thicket?"
:: — [[Jan Brzechwa]], ''[[Chrząszcz]]''

Example in Cayuga:

: {{lang|cay|Ęyǫgwędę́hte}}{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} — we will become poor

Example in Chickasaw:

: {{lang|cic|Nǫwali}} — I am walking

Example in Dogrib:

: {{lang|dgr|dǫ sǫǫ̀łįį}} — native people

Example in Lithuanian:

: {{lang|lt|Lydėdami gęstančią žarą vėlai}}
: {{lang|lt|Pakilo į dangų margi sakalai}}
:: — [[Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas]], ''Margi sakalai''

Example in Elfdalian:

:"Ja, eð war įe plåg að gęslkallum, dar eð war slaik uondlostjyner i gęslun."
:: — Vikar Margit Andersdotter, ''I fäbodlivet i gamla tider''.

==Values==

===Nasalization===
The use of the ogonek to indicate [[nasal vowel|nasality]] is common in the transcription of the [[indigenous languages of the Americas]]. This usage originated in the orthographies created by [[Christian missionaries]] to transcribe these languages. Later, the practice was continued by Americanist anthropologists and linguists who still, to the present day, follow this convention in phonetic transcription (see [[Americanist phonetic notation]]).

The ogonek is also used  to indicate a nasalized vowel in Polish, academic transliteration of Proto-Germanic, [[Old Church Slavonic language|Old Church Slavonic]], Navajo, Western Apache, Chiricahua, [[Tlicho language|Tłįchǫ Yatiì]], [[Slavey language|Slavey]], [[Chipewyan language|Dëne Sųłiné]] and Elfdalian<!-- in Tutchone too ? -->. In Polish, ''ę'' is nasalized ''e''; however, ''ą'' is nasalized ''o'', not ''a'', because of a vowel shift: ''ą'', originally a long nasal ''a'', turned into a short nasal ''o'' when the distinction in vowel quantity disappeared.

===Length===
In Lithuanian, the '''nosinė''' (literally, "nasal") mark originally indicated vowel nasalization but around late 17th and early 18th century, nasal vowels gradually evolved into the corresponding [[long vowel|long]] non-nasal vowels in most dialects. Thus, the mark is now ''de facto'' an indicator of vowel length (the length of etymologically non-nasal vowels is marked differently or not marked at all). The mark also helps to distinguish different grammatical forms with otherwise the same written form (often with a different word stress, which is not indicated directly in the standard orthography).

===Lowered articulation===
Between 1927 and 1989, the ogonek denoted [[relative articulation|lowering]] in [[vowel]]s, and, since 1976, in [[consonant]]s as well, in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA). While the obsolete diacritic has also been identified as the [[ring (diacritic)|left half ring diacritic]] {{angbr IPA|◌̜}}, many publications of the IPA used the ogonek.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Whitley|first=M. Stanley|year=2003|title=Rhotic representation: problems and proposals|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|volume=23|issue=1|pages=81–86|doi=10.1017/S0025100303001166|s2cid=145538124}} Page 84, note 2.</ref>

In [[Rheinische Dokumenta]], it marks vowels that are more open than those denoted by their base letters Ää, Oo, Öö. In two cases, it can be combined with [[Trema (diacritic)|umlaut]] marks.

==Similar diacritics==

===E caudata and o caudata===
The ''[[E caudata]]'' (''ę''), a symbol similar to an ''e'' with ogonek, evolved from a [[ligature (typography)|ligature]] of ''a'' and ''e'' in medieval scripts, in [[Latin]] and [[Irish language|Irish]] [[palaeography]]. The ''[[O caudata]]'' of [[Old Norse]]<ref>For this traditional and correct name, see e.g. [[Einar Haugen]] (ed. and trans.), ''[[First Grammatical Treatise]]'', 2nd edition, Longman, 1972.</ref> (letter ''ǫ'', with ''ǫ́'')<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/charts/nameslist/n_0180.html |title=Non-European and historic Latin |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |access-date=2011-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://kodeks.uni-bamberg.de/slavling/downloads/SK_Slavic_Unicode_I.pdf |title=Unicode 4.1 and Slavic Philology Problems and Perspectives (I) |author=Sebastian Kempgen |date=2006 |access-date=2016-11-12}}</ref> is used to write the [[open-mid back rounded vowel]], {{IPA|/ɔ/}}. Medieval Nordic manuscripts show this 'hook' in both directions, in combination with several vowels.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gandalf.aksis.uib.no/mufi/proposal/range2F-v2.html |title=Characters with a combining hook above |publisher=Medieval Unicode Font Initiative |date=2003-02-05 |access-date=2016-11-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222031653/http://gandalf.aksis.uib.no/mufi/proposal/range2F-v2.html |archive-date=2014-02-22 }}</ref> Despite this distinction, the term 'ogonek' is sometimes used in discussions of typesetting and encoding Norse texts, as ''o caudata'' is typographically identical to o with ogonek. Similarly, the ''E caudata'' was sometimes used to designate the Norse vowel {{IPA|[ɛ]}} or {{IPA|[æ]}}.

===Cedilla and comma===
The ogonek is functionally equivalent to the [[cedilla]] and [[Comma (diacritic)|comma]] [[diacritic marks]]. If two of these three are used within the same orthography their respective use is restricted to certain classes of letters, i.e. usually the ogonek is used with vowels whereas the cedilla is applied to consonants. In handwritten text, the marks may even look the same.

===Superscript ogonek===
In Old Norse and Old Icelandic manuscripts, there is an over-hook or curl that may be considered a variant of the ogonek. It occurs on the letters a&#x1DCE; e&#x1DCE; i&#x1DCE; o&#x1DCE; ø&#x1DCE; u&#x1DCE;.

== Letters with ogonek ==
{{Letters with diacritic/header}}<!--
-->{{hlist|{{Letters with diacritic/diacritic|format=char|d=ogonek}}<!--
-->Ą{{NNBSP}}ą
| Ą́{{NNBSP}}ą́
| Ą̃{{NNBSP}}ą̃
| Ą̈{{NNBSP}}ą̈
| Ą̊{{NNBSP}}ą̊
| Æ̨{{NNBSP}}æ̨
| C̨{{NNBSP}}c̨
| Ę{{NNBSP}}ę
| Ę́{{NNBSP}}ę́
| Ę̃{{NNBSP}}ę̃
| Į{{NNBSP}}į
| Į́{{NNBSP}}į́
| Į̃{{NNBSP}}į̃
| M̨{{NNBSP}}m̨
| N̨{{NNBSP}}n̨
| Ǫ{{NNBSP}}ǫ
| Ǭ{{NNBSP}}ǭ
| Ǫ̈{{NNBSP}}ǫ̈
| Ǫ́{{NNBSP}}ǫ́
| Ø̨{{NNBSP}}ø̨
| T̨{{NNBSP}}t̨
| Ų{{NNBSP}}ų
| Ų́{{NNBSP}}ų́
| Ų̃{{NNBSP}}ų̃
| Ų̈{{NNBSP}}ų̈
| Y̨{{NNBSP}}y̨
}}{{Letters with diacritic/footer}}<!--

-->

==Typographical notes==
The ogonek should be almost the same size as a [[descender]] (relatively, its size in larger type may be significantly shorter), and should not be confused with the cedilla or comma diacritics used in other languages.

=== Encoding ===
Because attaching an ogonek does not affect the shape of the base letter, Unicode covers it with a combining diacritic, U+0328. There are a number of precomposed legacy characters, but new ones are not being added to Unicode (e.g. for {{angbr|æ̨}} or {{angbr|ø̨}}).

{{charmap
| 02DB | name1 = Ogonek
| 0328 | name2 = Combining Ogonek
| 1DCE | name3 = Combining Ogonek Above
}}

{{charmap
| 0104 | name1 = Latin Capital Letter A with Ogonek
| 0105 | name2 = Latin Small Letter A with Ogonek
| 0118 | name3 = Latin Capital Letter E with Ogonek
| 0119 | name4 = Latin Small Letter E with Ogonek
| map3 = [[ISO 8859-2]] / [[ISO 8859-4]] / [[ISO 8859-10]] | map3char1 = A1 | map3char2 = B1 | map3char3 = CA | map3char4 = EA
| namedref1 = [[List of XML and HTML character entity references|Named character reference]]
| ref1char1 = &amp;Aogon; | ref1char2 = &amp;aogon; | ref1char3 = &amp;Eogon; | ref1char4 = &amp;eogon;
}}

{{charmap
| 012E | name1 = Latin Capital Letter I with Ogonek
| 012F | name2 = Latin Small Letter I with Ogonek
| 01EA | name3 = Latin Capital Letter O with Ogonek
| 01EB | name4 = Latin Small Letter O with Ogonek
| namedref1 = [[List of XML and HTML character entity references|Named character reference]]
| ref1char1 = &amp;Iogon; | ref1char2 = &amp;iogon;
}}

{{charmap
| 01EC | name1 = Latin Capital Letter O with Ogonek<br/>and Macron
| 01ED | name2 = Latin Small Letter O with Ogonek<br/>and Macron
| 0172 | name3 = Latin Capital Letter U with Ogonek
| 0173 | name4 = Latin Small Letter U with Ogonek
| namedref1 = [[List of XML and HTML character entity references|Named character reference]]
| ref1char3 = &amp;Uogon; | ref1char4 = &amp;uogon;
}}
{{clear left}}

=== LaTeX2e ===
In [[LaTeX2e]], macro <code>\k</code> will typeset a letter with ogonek, if it is supported by the font encoding, e.g. <code>\k{a}</code> will typeset ''ą''. (The default LaTeX OT1 encoding does not support it, but the newer T1 one does. It may be enabled by saying <code>\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}</code> in the preamble.)

However, <code>\k{e}</code> rather places the diacritic "right-aligned" with the carrying ''e'' (ę), suitably for Polish, while <code>\textogonekcentered</code> horizontally ''centers'' the diacritic with respect to the carrier, suitably for Native American Languages as well as for [[#E caudata and o caudata|e caudata and o caudata]]. So <code>\textogonekcentered{e}</code> better fits the latter purposes. Actually, <code>\k{o}</code> (for ǫ) is defined to result in <code>\textogonekcentered{o}</code>, and <code>\k{O}</code> is defined to result in <code>\textogonekcentered{O}</code>.<ref>See t1enc.def in LaTeX2e distributions.</ref>

The package [[TIPA (software)|TIPA]], activated by using the command "<code>\usepackage{tipa}</code>", offers a different way: "<code>\textpolhook{a}</code>" will produce ''ą''.
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{wiktionary}}
* [http://diacritics.typo.cz/ Diacritics Project — All you need to design a font with correct accents]
* [https://www.twardoch.com/download/polishhowto/ogonek.html Polish Diacritics — How To?]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070206111237/http://www.alvdalen.se/alvdalska/alvdalsk_ortografi.pdf Förslag till en enhetlig stavning för älvdalska (March, 2005)]
* [https://www.w3schools.com/charsets/ref_utf_latin_extended_a.asp w3schools.com — UTF-8 Latin Extended A]

{{Navbox diacritical marks}}
{{Latin script||ogonek}}

[[Category:Latin-script diacritics]]
[[Category:Lithuanian language]]
[[Category:Polish letters with diacritics|Diakrytyka]]