View source for Ohio

{{Short description|U.S. state}}
{{about|the U.S. state}}

{{pp-move}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}

{{Use mdy dates|date = February 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2025}}

{{Infobox U.S. state
| name = Ohio
| image_flag = Flag of Ohio.svg
| flag_border = no
| flag_link = Flag of Ohio
| image_seal = Seal of Ohio (B&W).svg
| seal_link = Seal of Ohio
| image_map = Ohio in United States.svg
| nicknames = The Buckeye State;<br />Birthplace of Aviation; The Heart of It All
| motto = "[[With God, all things are possible]]"<ref>{{cite web|title=Ohio's State Motto|publisher=Ohio Historical Society|date=July 1, 2005|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1885|access-date=March 27, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006062224/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1885|archive-date=October 6, 2007}}</ref>
| anthem = "[[Beautiful Ohio]]"<ref name="GOVRES" /><br />[[File:Beautiful Ohio - Henry Burr & Ruth Lenox, 1919.ogg|center]]
| seat = [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ohio Quick Facts|publisher=Ohio Historical Society|url=https://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php|access-date=March 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208222032/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php|archive-date=February 8, 2009}}</ref><ref name="CITY">{{cite web |title=City of Columbus: Fun Facts |publisher=City of Columbus, Ohio |year=2006 |url=http://home.columbus.gov/GenInfo/index.asp |access-date=March 26, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501070353/http://home.columbus.gov/GenInfo/index.asp |archive-date=May 1, 2009 }}</ref>
| LargestCity = capital
| LargestMetro = [[Greater Cleveland]] (combined and urban)<br />[[Cincinnati metropolitan area|Cincinnati]] (metro)<br />[[Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio|Columbus]] (metro)<br />(see footnotes){{efn|According to the U.S. Census,<ref>[https://www.census.gov July 2017 Annual Estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/ |date=December 27, 1996 }}</ref> Greater Columbus is the largest [[Metropolitan statistical area]] (MSA) that is ''entirely within'' Ohio, with a population of 2,078,725; and Greater Cincinnati is the largest MSA that is ''at least partially'' within Ohio, with a population of 2,179,082, approximately 25% of which is in Indiana or Kentucky. Which MSA is the largest ''in Ohio'' depends on the context.}}<!-- See talk page AND OBTAIN CONSENSUS before altering this. -->
| Languages = English 93.3%<br />Spanish 2.2%<br />Other 4.5%<ref name="census1">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP02&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212212624/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP02&prodType=table|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder—Results|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=October 17, 2012}}</ref>
| population_demonym = Ohioan; Buckeye<ref name="DNR"/> (colloq.)
| Governor = {{nowrap|[[Mike DeWine]] ([[Ohio Republican Party|R]])}}
| Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[Jim Tressel]] (R)}}
| Legislature = [[Ohio General Assembly|General Assembly]]
| Upperhouse = [[Ohio Senate|Senate]]
| Lowerhouse = [[Ohio House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| Judiciary = [[Supreme Court of Ohio]]
| Senators = {{nowrap|[[Bernie Moreno]] (R)}}<br />{{nowrap|[[Jon Husted]] (R)}}
| Representative = 10 [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]]<br /> 5 [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]
| TradAbbreviation = O., Oh.
| postal_code = OH<ref>{{cite web|title=Official USPS Abbreviations |publisher=United States Postal Service |year=1998
| url                     = https://www.usps.com/ncsc/lookups/usps_abbreviations.html
| access-date              = March 26, 2009
| archive-url              = https://web.archive.org/web/20090328210335/https://www.usps.com/ncsc/lookups/usps_abbreviations.html
| archive-date             = March 28, 2009
}}</ref>
| OfficialLang = ''[[De jure]]'': None<br />''[[De facto]]'': English
| area_rank = 34th
| area_total_sq_mi = 44,825
| area_total_km2 = 116,096
| area_land_sq_mi = 40,948
| area_land_km2 = 106,156
| area_water_sq_mi = 3,877
| area_water_km2 = 10,040
| area_water_percent = 8.7
| population_rank = 7th
| population_as_of = 2024
| 2010Pop = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 11,883,304<ref name= "OH Quick Facts">{{Cite web|url= https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/OH |access-date=January 4, 2025|title= United States Census Quick Facts Ohio}}</ref>
| population_density_rank = 10th
| 2000DensityUS = 282
| 2000Density = 109
| MedianHouseholdIncome = ${{round|67769|-2}} (2<span>0</span>23)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2024/demo/acsbr-023.pdf|title=Household Income in States and Metropolitan Areas: 2023|access-date=January 12, 2025}}</ref>
| IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income|36th]]
| AdmittanceOrder = 17th,<br />declared retroactively on<br />{{Start date and age|1953|8|7}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The Admission of Ohio as a State |publisher=United States House of Representatives |url=https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-admission-of-Ohio-as-a-state/ |access-date=November 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110193143/https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-admission-of-Ohio-as-a-state/ |archive-date=November 10, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| AdmittanceDate = {{Start date and age|1803|3|1}}<ref name="MS" />
| timezone1 = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]]
| utc_offset1 = −05:00
| timezone1_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST = −04:00
| Latitude = 38°24′ N to 41°59′ N
| Longitude = 80°31′ W to 84°49′ W
| width_mi = 220
| width_km = 355
| length_mi = 220
| length_km = 355
| elevation_max_point = [[Campbell Hill (Ohio)|Campbell Hill]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web |url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |access-date=October 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722022527/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=July 22, 2012 }}</ref>{{efn|name=NAVD88|Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]]}}
| elevation_max_ft = 1,549
| elevation_max_m = 472
| elevation_ft = 850
| elevation_m = 260
| elevation_min_point = [[Ohio River]] at {{nowrap|[[Indiana]] border}}<ref name=USGS/>{{efn|name=NAVD88}}
| elevation_min_ft = 455
| elevation_min_m = 139
| iso_code = US-OH
| website = https://ohio.gov
| Capital = [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]
| Representatives = 
}}
{{Infobox region symbols|country=United States
| state               = Ohio
| image_flag               = Flag of Ohio.svg
| image_flag_border         = no
| image_seal               = Seal of Ohio (B&W).svg
| image_arms         = Coat of arms of Ohio.svg
| amphibian          = [[Spotted salamander]]
| bird               = [[Northern cardinal|Cardinal]] (1933)<ref name="GOVRES" />
| butterfly          =
| crustacean         =
| fish               =
| flower             = {{ubl|[[Dianthus caryophyllus|Red carnation]] (1904)<ref name="GOVRES" />
|[[Trillium grandiflorum|Great white trillium]] (1986)<ref name="GOVRES" /> (wildflower)}}
| grass              =
|insect              = [[Coccinellidae|Ladybug]] (1975)<ref name="GOVRES" />
|mammal              = [[White-tailed deer]] (1987)<ref name="GOVRES">{{cite web| title = Ohio's State Symbols| publisher = Ohio Governor's Residence and State Garden| url = http://www.governorsresidence.ohio.gov/children/symbols.aspx| access-date = March 26, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090423055259/http://www.governorsresidence.ohio.gov/children/symbols.aspx| archive-date = April 23, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
| reptile            = [[Coluber constrictor|Black racer snake]] (1995)<ref name="GOVRES" />
| tree               = [[Aesculus glabra|Buckeye]] (1953)<ref name="GOVRES" />
| beverage           = [[Tomato juice]] (1965)<ref name="GOVRES" />
| colors             =
| dance              =
| dinosaur           =
| firearm            =
| food               =
| fossil             = ''[[Isotelus|Isotelus maximus]]'', a [[trilobite]] (1985)<ref name="GOVRES" />
| gemstone           = Ohio [[flint]] (1965)<ref name="GOVRES" />
| instrument         =
| mineral            =
| poem               =
| rock               =
| shell              =
| ship              =
| slogan             = ''The Heart Of It All''
| soil               =
| sport              =
| tartan             =
| toy                =
| fruit              = [[Asimina triloba|Pawpaw]]
| image_route       = OH-7.svg
| image_quarter            = 2002 OH Proof.png
| quarter_release_date = 2002
}}

'''Ohio''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Ohio.ogg|oʊ|ˈ|h|aɪ|.|oʊ}} {{respell|oh|HY|oh}})<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Ohio|accessdate=2024-03-08}}</ref> is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwestern]] region of the [[United States]]. It borders [[Lake Erie]] to the north, [[Pennsylvania]] to the east, [[West Virginia]] to the southeast, [[Kentucky]] to the southwest, [[Indiana]] to the west, and [[Michigan]] to the northwest. Of the 50 U.S. states, it is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|34th-largest by area]]. With a population of nearly 11.9 million, Ohio is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|seventh-most populous]] and [[List of U.S. states and territories by population density|tenth-most densely populated state]]. Its capital and [[List of cities in Ohio|most populous city]] is [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], with other major metropolitan centers including [[Cleveland]] and [[Cincinnati]], as well as [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]], [[Akron, Ohio|Akron]], and [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]]. Ohio is nicknamed the "Buckeye State" after its [[Aesculus glabra|Ohio buckeye trees]], and Ohioans are also known as "Buckeyes".<ref name="DNR">{{cite web|date=November 1998|title=Why is Ohio known as the Buckeye State and why are Ohioans known as Buckeyes?|url=https://forestry.ohiodnr.gov/portals/forestry/pdfs/buckeyestate.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412012307/https://forestry.ohiodnr.gov/portals/forestry/pdfs/buckeyestate.pdf|archive-date=April 12, 2019|access-date=December 7, 2018}}</ref>

Ohio derives its name from the [[Ohio River]] that forms its southern border, which, in turn, originated from the [[Seneca language|Seneca]] word ''{{Lang|see|ohiːyo'}}'', meaning "good river", "great river", or "large creek".<ref>{{cite web |title=Quick Facts About the State of Ohio |url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127153916/http://ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php |archive-date=November 27, 2010 |access-date=July 2, 2010 |publisher=Ohio History Central |quote=From Iroquois word meaning 'great river'}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://americanindianstudies.osu.edu/ohio.cfm |title=Native Ohio |access-date=February 25, 2007 |website=American Indian Studies |publisher=[[Ohio State University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202230727/http://americanindianstudies.osu.edu/ohio.cfm<!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=February 2, 2007 |quote=Ohio comes from the Seneca (Iroquoian) ohiiyo' 'good river' }}</ref> The state was home to several ancient indigenous civilizations, with humans present as early as 10,000 BC. It arose from the lands west of the [[Appalachian Mountains]] that were contested by various native tribes and European colonists from the 17th century through the [[Northwest Indian War]]s of the late 18th century. Ohio was partitioned from the [[Northwest Territory]], the first frontier of the new United States, becoming the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1, 1803, and the first under the [[Northwest Ordinance]].<ref name="MS">{{cite book |author=Mary Stockwell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJKroULBUpgC&pg=PA88 |title=Ohio Adventure |publisher=Gibbs Smith |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4236-2382-3 |page=88 |access-date=June 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331200155/http://books.google.com/books?id=VJKroULBUpgC |archive-date=March 31, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WD">{{cite book|author=William M. Davidson|title=A History of the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryuniteds08unkngoog |year=1902|publisher=Scott, Foresman and Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistoryuniteds08unkngoog/page/n294 265]|access-date=June 16, 2015}}</ref> It was the first post-colonial [[Slave states and free states|free state]] admitted to the union and became one of the earliest and most influential industrial powerhouses during the 20th century.

Although Ohio has shifted to a more [[Knowledge economy|information]] and [[Service economy|service-based economy]] in the 21st century, it remains an industrial state, ranking [[List of U.S. states and territories by GDP|seventh in GDP]] {{As of|2019|lc=y}},<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), by state 2019 |website=Statista |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/248023/us-gross-domestic-product-gdp-by-state/|access-date=December 28, 2020 |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095452/https://www.statista.com/statistics/248023/us-gross-domestic-product-gdp-by-state/|url-status=live}}</ref> with the third-largest manufacturing sector and second-largest automobile production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Girardi-Schachter |first=Taylor |date=September 3, 2019 |title=Top 10 States For Manufacturing 2019 |url=https://www.globaltrademag.com/top-10-states-for-manufacturing-2019/ |access-date=December 31, 2019 |website=Global Trade Magazine |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203150536/https://www.globaltrademag.com/top-10-states-for-manufacturing-2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Seven [[presidents of the United States]] have [[List of presidents of the United States by home state|come from the state]], earning it the moniker "the Mother of Presidents".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ohio Presidents – Ohio Secretary of State |url=https://www.ohiosos.gov/profile-ohio/people/ohio-presidents/ |access-date=December 28, 2020|website=Ohiosos.gov |archive-date=January 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121044026/https://www.ohiosos.gov/profile-ohio/people/ohio-presidents/}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|Prehistory of Ohio|History of Ohio}}

===Indigenous settlement===
[[File:Sunwatch Aerial illustration HRoe 2018 400px.jpg|thumb|left|Artist's conception of the [[Fort Ancient]] [[SunWatch Indian Village]] in [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]].]]
Archeological evidence of spear points of both the Folsom and Clovis types indicate that the Ohio Valley was inhabited by [[Nomad|nomadic people]] as early as 13,000&nbsp;BC.<ref name="knepper9">Knepper (1989), p. 9.</ref> These early nomads disappeared from Ohio by 1,000&nbsp;BC.<ref name="knepper9" /> Between 1,000 and 800&nbsp;BC, the sedentary [[Adena culture]] emerged. The Adena established "semi-permanent" villages because they domesticated plants, including sunflowers, and "grew squash and possibly corn"; with hunting and gathering, this cultivation supported more settled, complex villages.<ref name="knepper10">Knepper (1989), p. 10.</ref> The most notable remnant of the Adena culture is the [[Great Serpent Mound]], located in [[Adams County, Ohio]].<ref name="knepper10" />

Around 100&nbsp;BC, the Adena evolved into the [[Hopewell tradition|Hopewell]] people, who were also mound builders. Their complex, large and technologically sophisticated [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]] can be found in modern-day [[Marietta, Ohio|Marietta]], [[Newark, Ohio|Newark]], and [[Circleville, Ohio|Circleville]].<ref name="knepper11">Knepper (1989), p. 11.</ref> They were also a prolific trading society, their trading network spanning a third of the continent.<ref>Douglas T. Price; Gary M. Feinman (2008). Images of the Past, 5th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 274–277.</ref> The Hopewell disappeared from the Ohio Valley about 600&nbsp;AD. The [[Mississippian culture]] rose as the Hopewell culture declined. Many Siouan-speaking peoples from the plains and east coast claim them as ancestors and say they lived throughout the Ohio region until approximately the 13th century.<ref name="knepper13">Knepper (1989), p. 13.</ref>

There were three other cultures contemporaneous with the Mississippians: the [[Fort Ancient]] people, the [[Whittlesey culture|Whittlesey Culture]]<ref name="knepper13" /> and the [[Monongahela Culture]].<ref>"Monongahela culture-AD 1050–1635". Fort Hill Archeology. Retrieved January 14, 2010.</ref> All three disappeared in the 17th century. Their origins are unknown. The Shawnees may have absorbed the Fort Ancient people.<ref name="knepper13" /> It is also possible that the Monongahela held no land in Ohio during the Colonial Era. The Mississippian culture was close to and traded extensively with the Fort Ancient people.

[[File:5NationsExpansion.jpg|thumb|left|[[Iroquois]] conquests during the [[Beaver Wars]] (mid-1600s), which largely depopulated the upper and mid-[[Ohio River]] valley.]]

Indians in the Ohio Valley were greatly affected by the aggressive tactics of the [[Iroquois Confederation]], based in central and western New York.<ref name="knepper14">Knepper (1989), p. 14.</ref> After the [[Beaver Wars]] in the mid-17th century, the Iroquois claimed much of the Ohio country as hunting and, more importantly, beaver-trapping ground. After the devastation of epidemics and war in the mid-17th century, which largely emptied the Ohio country of Indigenous people{{dubious|date=January 2019}} by the mid-to-late 17th century, the land gradually became repopulated by the mostly [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]. Many of these Ohio-country nations were multiethnic (sometimes multi-linguistic) societies born out of the earlier devastation brought about by disease,{{clarify|reason=no disease has been mentioned yet|date=January 2019}} war, and subsequent social instability. They subsisted on agriculture (corn, sunflowers, beans, etc.) supplemented by seasonal hunts. By the 18th century, they were part of a larger global economy brought about by European entry into the [[fur trade]].<ref name="roseboom20">Roseboom (1967), p. 20.</ref>

Some of the Indigenous nations that historically inhabited Ohio include the Iroquoian,{{efn|[[Petun]], [[Erie people|Erie]], [[Neutral Nation|Chonnonton]], [[Wyandot people|Wyandot]], the [[Mingo|Mingo Seneca]] and the [[Iroquois Confederacy]]}} the Algonquian,{{efn|[[Miami people|Miami]], [[Mascouten]] [[Lenape]] [[Shawnee]] and [[Odawa]]}} and the Siouan.{{efn|[[Mosopelea]]}}<ref>louis, franquelin, jean baptiste. "Franquelin's map of Louisiana". LOC.gov. Retrieved August 17, 2017.</ref><ref name="knepper14-17">Knepper (1989), pp. 14–17.</ref> [[Ohio country]] was also the site of Indian massacres, such as the [[Yellow Creek massacre]] and the [[Gnadenhutten massacre]].<ref name="knepper43-44">Knepper (1989), pp. 43–44.</ref> After the [[War of 1812]], when Natives suffered serious losses such as at [[Battle of Tippecanoe|Tippecanoe]], most Native tribes either left Ohio or had to live on only limited reservations. By 1842, all remaining Natives were forced out of the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=American Indians - Ohio History Central |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/American_Indians |website=ohiohistorycentral.org |access-date=February 23, 2021 |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229222444/http://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/American_Indians }}</ref>

===Colonial and Revolutionary eras===
{{Main|New France|Canada (New France)|Ohio Country|French and Indian War|Treaty of Paris (1763)|Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Indian Reserve (1763)|American Revolutionary War|Western theater of the American Revolutionary War|Treaty of Paris (1783)}}

During the 18th century, the [[French colonisation of the Americas|French]] set up a system of [[trading post]]s to control the fur trade in the region. Beginning in 1754, the [[Kingdom of France]] and [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] fought in the [[French and Indian War]], with various Native American tribes on each side. As a result of the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]], the French ceded control of Ohio and the remainder of the [[Old Northwest]] to Great Britain in 1763.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wars and Battles: Treaty of Paris (1763) |url=http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h754.html |publisher=www.u-s-history.com |access-date=March 9, 2022 |archive-date=December 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204235607/http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h754.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Before the American Revolution, Britain thinly exercised sovereignty over Ohio Country by lackadaisical garrisoning of the French forts.{{efn|The last French Fort in Ohio Country, Fort Sandusky, was destroyed in 1763 during Pontiac's Rebellion.}} Just beyond Ohio Country was the great [[Miami Tribe|Miami]] capital of [[Kekionga]], which became the center of British trade and influence in Ohio Country and throughout the future [[Northwest Territory]]. By the [[Royal Proclamation of 1763]], British lands west of [[Appalachia]] were forbidden to settlement by colonists.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Billington|first=Ray A.|title=The Fort Stanwix Treaty of 1768 |journal=New York History |year=1944 |volume=25 |issue=2 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press|pages=182–194|jstor=23147791}}</ref> The [[Treaty of Fort Stanwix]] in 1768 explicitly reserved lands north and west of the Ohio as Native lands.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sosin|first=Jack M.|title=Whitehall and the wilderness: the Middle West in British colonial policy, 1760–1775 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aaMzwgEACAAJ&pg=PA146|year=1961|publisher=Cornell University Press|page=146|access-date=March 9, 2022 |archive-date=January 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118044200/https://books.google.com/books?id=aaMzwgEACAAJ&pg=PA146 |url-status=live}}</ref> British military occupation in the region contributed to the outbreak of [[Pontiac's War]] in 1763.<ref>{{cite book |last=White|first=Richard|title=The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815|isbn=0-521-42460-7 |year=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=256}}</ref> 

Ohio tribes participated in the war until an armed expedition in Ohio led by [[Brigadier General]] [[Henry Bouquet]] brought about a truce. Another colonial military expedition into the Ohio Country in 1774 brought [[Lord Dunmore's War]], kicked off by the [[Yellow Creek massacre]] in Ohio, to a conclusion. In 1774, Britain passed the [[Quebec Act]], which formally annexed Ohio and other western lands to the [[Province of Quebec]] in order to provide a civil government and to centralize British administration of the [[Montreal]]-based fur trade.<ref>{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/quebecact00hartgoog/page/n22 12]|title=The Quebec Act 1774|url=https://archive.org/details/quebecact00hartgoog|author=Gerald E. Hart|year=1891|publisher=Gazette Printing Company |location=Montreal}}</ref> The prohibition of settlement west of the Appalachians remained, contributing to the American Revolution.<ref>Gordon Wood, ''The American Revolution'' (New York: [[Random House]], 2002).</ref>

By the start of the [[American Revolutionary War]], the movement of Natives and Americans between the Ohio Country and [[Thirteen Colonies]] had resulted in tension. [[Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)|Fort Pitt]] in Pennsylvania had become the main fort where expeditions into Ohio started. Intrusions into the area included General [[Edward Hand]]'s 1778 movement of 500 Pennsylvania [[militia (United States)|militiamen]] from Fort Pitt towards Mingo towns on the [[Cuyahoga River]], where the British stored military supplies which they distributed to Indian raiding parties;<ref>Downes, ''Council Fires'', 211; Nester, ''Frontier War'', 194; Nelson, ''Man of Distinction'', 101.</ref> Colonel [[Daniel Brodhead]]'s invasion in 1780 and [[Brodhead's Coshocton expedition|destruction of the Lenape Indian capital of Coshocton]];<ref>Downes, ''Council Fires'', 266.</ref> a detachment of one hundred of [[George Rogers Clark]]'s troops that were [[Lochry's Defeat|ambushed near the Ohio River]] by Indians led by [[Joseph Brant]] in the same year; a British and Native American attack on the U.S.' [[Fort Laurens]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Archeology of the Battles of Fort Recovery, Mercer County, Ohio: Education and Protection |url=https://www.bsu.edu/-/media/www/departmentalcontent/aal/aalpdfs/roi%2076-100/roi%2078%20public.pdf |publisher=National Park Service American Battlefield Protection Program |via=Ball State University |first1=Christine |last1=Keller |first2=Colleen |last2=Boyd |first3=Mark |last3=Groover |first4=Mark |last4=Hill |year=2011 |page=61 |access-date=November 24, 2019 |archive-date=June 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612080120/https://www.bsu.edu/-/media/www/departmentalcontent/aal/aalpdfs/roi%2076-100/roi%2078%20public.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and the 1782 detainment and murder of 96 [[Christian Munsee|Moravian Lenape]] pacifists by Pennsylvania militiamen in the [[Gnadenhutten massacre]].<ref>Weslager, ''Delaware Indians'', 316.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=February 6, 2018 |title=Moravians in the Middle: the Gnadenhutten Massacre |first=Eric |last=Sterner |url=https://allthingsliberty.com/2018/02/moravians-middle-gnadenhutten-massacre |journal=Journal of the American Revolution |access-date=September 30, 2019 |archive-date=September 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930143616/https://allthingsliberty.com/2018/02/moravians-middle-gnadenhutten-massacre/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The western theatre never had a decisive victor. In the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1783, Britain ceded all claims to Ohio Country to the new [[United States]] after its victory in the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Cogliano |first=Francis D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QMAKWDQt1LAC |title=Revolutionary America, 1763–1815: A Political History |year=2003 |publisher=Francis and Taylor |isbn=978-1-134-67869-3 |ref=cogliano2003 |access-date=November 19, 2020 |archive-date=February 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220153334/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Revolutionary_America_1763_1815/QMAKWDQt1LAC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kaplan |first=Lawrence S. |title=The Treaty of Paris, 1783: A Historiographical Challenge |journal=International History Review |publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd.|date=September 1983 |volume=5 |number=3 |pages=431–442 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1983.9640322 |jstor=40105317 |ref=lskaplan1983 | issn = 0707-5332 }}</ref>

===Northwest Territory===
{{Main|Northwest Ordinance|Northwest Territory}}
[[Image:Ohio Country en.png|thumb|left|The [[Ohio Country]] indicating battle sites between American settlers and Indigenous tribes, 1775–1794]]
The United States created the [[Northwest Territory]] under the [[Northwest Ordinance]] of 1787.<ref name="cayton3">Cayton (2002), p. 3.</ref> [[Slave states and free states|Slavery was not permitted]] in the new territory. Settlement began with the founding of [[Marietta, Ohio|Marietta]] by the [[Ohio Company of Associates]], which had been formed by a group of American Revolutionary War veterans. Following the Ohio Company, the [[Miami Purchase|Miami Company]] (also referred to as the "[[Symmes Purchase]]") claimed the southwestern section, and the [[Connecticut Land Company]] surveyed and settled the [[Connecticut Western Reserve]] in present-day [[Northeast Ohio]]. Territorial surveyors from Fort Steuben began surveying an area of eastern Ohio called the [[Seven Ranges]] at about the same time.

The old Northwest Territory originally included areas previously known as [[Ohio Country]] and [[Illinois Country]]. As Ohio prepared for statehood, the [[Indiana Territory]] was created, reducing the Northwest Territory to approximately the size of present-day Ohio plus the eastern half of the [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan]] and the eastern tip of the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper Peninsula]] and a sliver of southeastern Indiana called "The Gore".

The coalition of Native American tribes, known as the [[Western Confederacy]], was forced to cede extensive territory, including much of present-day Ohio, in the [[Treaty of Greenville]] in 1795.

Under the [[Northwest Ordinance]], areas could be defined and admitted as states once their population reached 60,000. Although Ohio's population was only 45,000 in December 1801, [[United States Congress|Congress]] determined that it was growing rapidly enough and accelerated the process via the [[Enabling Act of 1802]]. In regard to the [[Leni Lenape]] natives, Congress decided that 10,000 acres on the [[Muskingum River]] in the present state of Ohio would "be set apart and the property thereof be vested in the [[Moravian Brethren]]&nbsp;... or a society of the said Brethren for civilizing the Indians and promoting Christianity".<ref>{{cite web|title=Religion and the Congress of the Confederation, 1774–89|date=June 4, 1998|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel04.html|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=April 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502224644/http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel04.html|archive-date=May 2, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Rufus Putnam, the "Father of Ohio"====
[[File:LandingOfThePioneers.jpg|thumb|The landing of [[Rufus Putnam]] and the first settlers at [[Marietta, Ohio]] in 1788.]]

[[Rufus Putnam]] served in important military capacities in both the [[French and Indian War]] and the [[American Revolutionary War]]. He was one of the most highly respected men in the early years of the United States.<ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest.  ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 1–4, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina.  {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref>

In 1776, Putnam created a method of building portable fortifications, which enabled the [[Continental Army]] to drive the British from Boston. [[George Washington]] was so impressed that he made Putnam his chief engineer. After the war, Putnam and [[Manasseh Cutler]] were instrumental in creating the [[Northwest Ordinance]], which opened up the [[Northwest Territory]] for settlement. This land was used to serve as compensation for what was owed to Revolutionary War veterans. Putnam organized and led the [[Ohio Company of Associates]], who settled at [[Marietta, Ohio]], where they built a large fort, [[Campus Martius (Ohio)|Campus Martius]].<ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest.  ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 2–4, 45–8,105–18, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina.  {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref><ref>Hildreth, Samuel Prescott.  ''Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio,'' pp. 34–7, 63–74, Badgley Publishing Company, 2011.  {{ISBN|978-0-615-50189-5}}.</ref><ref>McCullough, David.  ''The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West,'' pp. 46–7, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, New York, 2019.  {{ISBN|978-1-5011-6870-3}}.</ref> 

Putnam set substantial amounts of land aside for schools. In 1798, he created the plan for the construction of the Muskingum Academy, now [[Marietta College]]. In 1780, the directors of the Ohio Company appointed him superintendent of all its affairs relating to the settlement north of the Ohio River. In 1796, President George Washington commissioned him as Surveyor-General of United States Lands. In 1788, he served as a judge in the Northwest Territory's first court. In 1802, he served in the convention to form a constitution for the State of Ohio.<ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest.  ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 127–50, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina.  {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref><ref>Hildreth, Samuel Prescott.  ''Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio,'' pp. 69, 71, 81, 82, Badgley Publishing Company, 2011.  {{ISBN|978-0-615-50189-5}}.</ref><ref>McCullough, David.  ''The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West,'' pp. 143–7, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, New York, 2019.  {{ISBN|978-1-5011-6870-3}}.</ref>

===Statehood and early years===
{{Main|Admission to the Union|List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union}}

On February 19, 1803, U.S. president [[Thomas Jefferson]] signed an act of Congress that approved Ohio's boundaries and constitution.<ref>An act to provide for the due execution of the laws of the United States, within the state of Ohio, ch. 7, {{USStat|2|201}} (February 19, 1803).</ref> But Congress had not passed a formal resolution admitting Ohio as the 17th state. Although no formal resolution of admission was required, when the oversight was discovered in 1953, as Ohio began preparations for celebrating its sesquicentennial, Ohio congressman [[George H. Bender]] introduced a bill in Congress to admit Ohio to the Union retroactive to March 1, 1803, the date on which the [[Ohio General Assembly]] first convened.<ref name="Blue" /> At a special session at the old state capital in [[Chillicothe, Ohio|Chillicothe]], the Ohio state legislature approved a new petition for statehood, which was delivered to [[Washington, D.C.]], on horseback, and approved that August.<ref name="Blue">{{cite journal |last=Blue |first=Frederick J. |title=The Date of Ohio Statehood |journal=Ohio Academy of History Newsletter |date=Autumn 2002 |url=http://www2.uakron.edu/OAH/newsletter/newsletter/Autumn2002/features.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911164131/http://www2.uakron.edu/OAH/newsletter/newsletter/Autumn2002/features.html |archive-date=September 11, 2010}}</ref><ref>Joint Resolution for admitting the State of Ohio into the Union, ({{USStatute|83|204|67|407|1953|08|07}}).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegreenpapers.com/slg/explanation-ohio-statehood.phtml|title=Clearing up the Confusion surrounding OHIO's Admission to Statehood|access-date=October 30, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017120249/http://www.thegreenpapers.com/slg/explanation-ohio-statehood.phtml|archive-date=October 17, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ohio has had three capital cities: Chillicothe, [[Zanesville, Ohio|Zanesville]], and [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]. Chillicothe was the capital from 1803 to 1810. The capital was then moved to Zanesville for two years as part of a state legislative compromise to get a bill passed. The capital was then moved back to Chillicothe from 1812 to 1816. Finally, the capital was moved to Columbus, to be near the state's geographic center.

[[File:Battle erie.jpg|thumb|''[[Battle of Lake Erie]]'' by [[William Henry Powell (artist)|William Henry Powell]]]]

Although many Native Americans migrated west to evade American encroachment, others remained in the state, sometimes assimilating in part. Starting around 1809, the [[Shawnee]] pressed resistance to encroachment again. Under Chief [[Tecumseh]], [[Tecumseh's War]] officially began in Ohio in 1811. When the [[War of 1812]] began, the British decided to attack from [[Upper Canada]] into Ohio and merge their forces with the Shawnee. This continued until Tecumseh was killed at the [[Battle of the Thames]] in 1813. Most of the Shawnee, excluding the [[Pekowi]] in Southwest Ohio, were forcibly moved west.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://schoolworkhelper.net/the-shawnee-tribe-war-of-1812/|title=The Shawnee Tribe & War of 1812|access-date=February 25, 2022|archive-date=February 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225181201/https://schoolworkhelper.net/the-shawnee-tribe-war-of-1812/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ohio played a [[Ohio in the War of 1812|key role]] in the War of 1812, as it was on the front line in the Western theater and the scene of several notable battles both on land and in [[Lake Erie]]. On September 10, 1813, the [[Battle of Lake Erie]], one of the major battles, took place near [[Put-in-Bay, Ohio]]. The British eventually surrendered to [[Oliver Hazard Perry]].

Ultimately, after the U.S. government used the [[Indian Removal Act of 1830]] to force countless Native American tribes on the [[Trail of Tears]], where all the southern states except for [[Florida]] were emptied of Native peoples, the government panicked because most tribes did not want to be forced out of their own lands. Fearing further wars between Native tribes and American settlers, they pushed all remaining Native tribes in the East to migrate west against their will, including all remaining tribes in Ohio.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stockwell |first1=Mary |title=The Other Trail of Tears: The Removal of the Ohio Indians |date=2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/a/lanepl.org/columns-by-jim-blount/home/2017-articles/what-happened-to-indians-that-once-inhabited-ohio|title=What happened to Indians that once inhabited Ohio? - Columns by Jim Blount|access-date=February 25, 2022|archive-date=February 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225181159/https://sites.google.com/a/lanepl.org/columns-by-jim-blount/home/2017-articles/what-happened-to-indians-that-once-inhabited-ohio}}</ref>

In 1835, Ohio fought with the [[Michigan Territory]] in the [[Toledo War]], a mostly bloodless boundary war over the Toledo Strip. Only one person was injured in the conflict. Congress intervened, making [[Michigan]]'s admittance as a state conditional on ending the conflict. In exchange for giving up its claim to the Toledo Strip, Michigan was given the western two-thirds of the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper Peninsula]], in addition to the eastern third, which was already considered part of the territory.

===Civil War and industrialization===
[[File:Morganmap.jpg|thumb|The route of [[Morgan's Raid]] during the [[American Civil War]].]]

Ohio's central position and its population gave it an important place in the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. The Ohio River was a vital artery for troop and supply movements, as were Ohio's railroads. Ohio's industry made it one of the most important states in the Union during the war. It contributed more soldiers per capita than any other state in the Union. In 1862, the state's morale was badly shaken in the aftermath of the [[Battle of Shiloh]], a costly victory in which Ohio forces suffered 2,000 casualties.<ref name="knepper233-234">Knepper (1989), pp. 233–234.</ref> Later that year, when [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] troops under the leadership of [[Stonewall Jackson]] threatened Washington, D.C., Ohio governor [[David Tod]] recruited 5,000 volunteers to provide three months of service.<ref name="roseboom188">Roseboom and Weisenburger (1967), p. 188.</ref> 

In July 1863, towns along the Ohio River were attacked and ransacked in [[Morgan's Raid]], starting in [[Harrison, Ohio|Harrison]] in the west and culminating in the [[Battle of Salineville]] near [[West Point, Columbiana County, Ohio|West Point]] in the far east. While this raid was overall insignificant to the Confederacy, it aroused fear among people in Ohio and [[Indiana]] as it was the furthest advancement of troops from the South in the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Morgan's_Raid|title=Morgan's Raid—Ohio History Central|website=Ohiohistorycentral.org|access-date=April 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621033754/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Morgan%27s_Raid|archive-date=June 21, 2018}}</ref> Almost 35,000 Ohioans died in the conflict, and 30,000 were physically wounded.<ref name="cayton129">Cayton (2002), p. 129.</ref> By the end of the Civil War, the Union's top three generals—[[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[William Tecumseh Sherman]], and [[Philip Sheridan]]—were all from Ohio.<ref name="cayton128-129">Cayton (2002), pp. 128–129.</ref>

[[File:Standard Oil Company 1889 CP04381 - DPLA - 032e381bb16b1a45abecfd1a6a86ae3a (cropped).jpg|thumb|The first [[Standard Oil]] refinery was opened in Cleveland by businessman [[John D. Rockefeller]].]]

During much of the 19th century, industry was rapidly introduced to complement an existing agricultural economy. One of the first iron manufacturing plants, Hopewell Furnace, opened near [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]] in 1804. By the mid-19th century, 48 blast furnaces were operating in Ohio, most in the southern part of the state.<ref name="HOS">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiosteel.org/industry/history.php|title=History of Ohio Steelmaking|website=OhioSteel.org|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725010626/http://www.ohiosteel.org/industry/history.php|archive-date=July 25, 2010}}</ref> Discovery of coal deposits aided the further development of Ohio's steel industry, and by 1853 Cleveland was the nation's third-largest iron and steel producer. The first [[Bessemer converter]] was purchased by the [[Cleveland Rolling Mill|Cleveland Rolling Mill Company]], which became part of the [[U.S. Steel Corporation]] after the merger of [[Federal Steel Company]] and [[Carnegie Steel]], the first billion-dollar American corporation.<ref name="HOS" /> The first open-hearth furnace used for steel production was constructed by the Otis Steel Company in Cleveland, and by 1892, Ohio was the second-largest steel-producing state, behind Pennsylvania.<ref name="HOS" /> [[Republic Steel]] was founded in Youngstown in 1899 and was at one point the nation's third-largest producer. [[Armco]], now AK Steel, was founded in [[Middletown, Ohio|Middletown]] in 1899.

{{See also|Petroleum industry in Ohio}}

===20th century===
The state legislature officially adopted the [[flag of Ohio]] on May 9, 1902.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio%27s_State_Flag_(1901)|title=Ohio's State Flag (1901)|publisher=Ohio History Central|access-date=February 21, 2022|archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222949/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio%27s_State_Flag_(1901)}}</ref> Dayton natives [[Orville and Wilbur Wright]] made four brief flights at [[Kitty Hawk, North Carolina]], on December 17, 1903, inventing the first successful airplane.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/fly/1903/|title=The Wright Brothers - The First Successful Airplane|publisher=National Air and Space Museum|access-date=February 21, 2022|archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222940/https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/fly/1903/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ohio was hit by its greatest natural disaster in the [[Great Flood of 1913]], resulting in at least 428 fatalities and hundreds of millions of dollars in property damage, particularly around the [[Great Miami River]] basin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/1913_Ohio_Statewide_Flood|title=1913 Ohio Statewide Flood|publisher=Ohio History Central|access-date=February 21, 2022|archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222944/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/1913_Ohio_Statewide_Flood}}</ref>

The [[National Football League]] was originally founded in [[Canton, Ohio]] in 1920 as the American Professional Football Conference.<ref name="profootballhof.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.profootballhof.com/football-history/history-of-football/1869-1939/1920-american-professional-football-conference-is-formed/ |title=Timeline Detail &#124; Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site |access-date=September 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915042600/http://www.profootballhof.com/football-history/history-of-football/1869-1939/1920-american-professional-football-conference-is-formed/ |archive-date=September 15, 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref> It included [[Ohio League]] teams in five Ohio cities (Akron, Canton, Cleveland, Columbus, and Dayton), none of which still exist. The first official game occurred on October 3, 1920, when the [[Dayton Triangles]] beat the [[Columbus Panhandles]] 14–0 in Dayton.<ref name="daytonlocal.com">{{Cite web | url=http://www.daytonlocal.com/blog/community/triangle-park-site-of-first-game-in-the-nfl.asp | title=Triangle Park: Site of First Game In The NFL | access-date=February 21, 2022 | archive-date=February 21, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222947/https://www.daytonlocal.com/blog/community/triangle-park-site-of-first-game-in-the-nfl.asp | url-status=live }}</ref> Canton was enshrined as the home of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] in 1963.<ref name="Akron-Canton Football Heritage">{{cite book |last1=Maroon |first1=Thomas |last2=Maroon |first2=Margaret |last3=Holbert |first3=Craig |title=Akron-Canton Football Heritage |date=2006 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-0-7385-4078-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xn8OgEg-Az4C&pg=PA117 |access-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-date=January 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107195147/https://books.google.com/books?id=xn8OgEg-Az4C&pg=PA117 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:A scene in a steel mill, Republic Steel, Youngstown, Ohio.jpg|thumb|[[Iron]] being converted to [[steel]] for wartime efforts at Youngstown's [[Republic Steel]] in 1941.]]

In the 1930s, the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]] struck the state hard. By 1933, more than 40% of factory workers and 67% of construction workers were unemployed in Ohio.<ref name="greatdepression">{{cite web |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Great_Depression|title=Great Depression|publisher=Ohio History Central|access-date=February 21, 2022 |archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222943/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Great_Depression}}</ref> Approximately 50% of industrial workers in Cleveland and 80% in Toledo became unemployed, with the state unemployment rate reaching a high of 37.3%.<ref name="greatdepression"/> American Jews watched the rise of [[Nazi Germany]] with apprehension. Cleveland residents [[Jerry Siegel]] and [[Joe Shuster]] created the [[Superman]] comic character in the spirit of the Jewish [[golem]]. Many of their comics portrayed Superman fighting and defeating the [[Nazis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/superman.htm |title=The SS and Superman |first=Randall |last=Bytwerk |website=Calvin.edu |access-date=August 17, 2017 |archive-date=June 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626231453/http://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/superman.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/lit/comics/Superman.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717013856/http://www.adherents.com/lit/comics/Superman.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=July 17, 2012 |title=The religion of Superman (Clark Kent / Kal-El) |website=Adherents.com |access-date=August 17, 2017 }}</ref> Approximately 839,000 Ohioans served in the U.S. armed forces during [[World War II]], of whom over 23,000 died or were missing in action.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/World_War_II|title=1913 Ohio Statewide Flood|publisher=World War II|access-date=February 21, 2022 |archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222942/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/World_War_II}}</ref>

Artists, writers, musicians and actors developed in the state throughout the 20th century and often moved to other cities that were larger centers for their work. They included [[Zane Grey]], [[Milton Caniff]], [[George Bellows]], [[Art Tatum]], [[Roy Lichtenstein]], and [[Roy Rogers]]. [[Alan Freed]], who emerged from the swing dance culture in Cleveland, hosted the first live rock 'n roll concert in Cleveland in 1952. Famous filmmakers include [[Steven Spielberg]], [[Chris Columbus (filmmaker)|Chris Columbus]] and the original [[Warner Brothers]], who set up their first movie theatre in Youngstown before the company relocated to California. The state produced many popular musicians, including [[Dean Martin]], [[Doris Day]], [[The O'Jays]], [[Marilyn Manson]], [[Dave Grohl]], [[Devo]], [[Macy Gray]] and [[The Isley Brothers]].

Two Ohio [[astronauts]] completed significant milestones in the [[space race]] in the 1960s: [[John Glenn]] becoming the [[Mercury-Atlas 6|first American to orbit the Earth]], and [[Neil Armstrong]] becoming the [[Apollo 11#Lunar surface operations|first human to walk on the Moon]]. In 1967, [[Carl Stokes]] was [[1967 Cleveland mayoral election|elected]] mayor of Cleveland and became the first African American mayor of one of the nation's 10 most populous cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Carl_B._Stokes|title=Carl B. Stokes |publisher=Ohio History Central|access-date=February 21, 2022|archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222943/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Carl_B._Stokes}}</ref>

In 1970, an [[Ohio Army National Guard]] unit [[Kent State shootings|fired at students]] during an antiwar protest at [[Kent State University]], killing four and wounding nine. The Guard had been called onto campus after several protests in and around campus became violent, including a riot in downtown Kent and the burning of an [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps|ROTC]] building. The main cause of the protests was the United States' [[Cambodian Campaign|invasion of Cambodia]] during the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>Hildebrand, Herrington, & Keller; pp. 165–166</ref>

Ohio was an important state in the developing ties between the [[China–United States relations|United States and the People's Republic of China]] in the late 1970s and early 1980s.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book |last=Lampton |first=David M. |title=Living U.S.-China relations: From Cold War to Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-5381-8725-8 |location=Lanham, MD |pages= |author-link=David M. Lampton}}</ref>{{Rp|page=59}}  Relations between the two countries normalized in 1979, during the second term of Ohio governor [[Jim Rhodes]].<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=112}} Rhodes sought to encourage  economic ties, viewing China as a potential market for Ohio machinery exports.<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=112}} In July 1979, Rhodes led a State of Ohio [[Trade mission|Trade Mission]] to China.<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=112}} The trip resulted in developing economic ties, a sister state-province relationship with [[Hubei|Hubei province]], long-running Chinese exhibitions at the [[Ohio State Fair]], and major academic exchanges between Ohio State University and [[Wuhan University]].<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=113}} Beginning in the 1980s, the state entered into international economic and resource cooperation treaties and organizations with other [[Midwestern]] states, as well as [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Ontario]], and [[Quebec]], including the [[Great Lakes Charter]], [[Great Lakes Compact]], and the [[Council of Great Lakes Governors]].

===21st century===
Ohio's economy has undergone significant change in the 21st century, as the trend of [[deindustrialization]] has greatly impacted the [[Midwestern United States|American Midwest]] and the [[Rust Belt]]. Manufacturing in the Midwest experienced a stark decline during the early 21st century,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Arden |first1=Scott |last2=DeCarlo |first2=Christopher |date=November 2021 |title=Exploring Midwest manufacturing employment from 1990 to 2019 |url=https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2021/article/exploring-midwest-manufacturing-employment-from-1990-to-2019.htm |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=www.bls.gov |publisher=[[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |language=en-us |archive-date=February 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221203210/https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2021/article/exploring-midwest-manufacturing-employment-from-1990-to-2019.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> a trend that greatly impacted Ohio. From 1990 to 2019, it lost over 300,000 manufacturing jobs, but added over 1,000,000 non-manufacturing jobs.<ref name=":0" /> Coinciding with this decline, Ohio has seen a large decline in union membership: 17.4% of Ohioan workers were union members in 2000, while 12.8% were union members in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Membership Historical Table for Ohio: Midwest Information Office |url=https://www.bls.gov/regions/midwest/data/unionmembershiphistorical_ohio_table.htm |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=www.bls.gov |publisher=[[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |language=en |archive-date=February 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221203211/https://www.bls.gov/regions/midwest/data/unionmembershiphistorical_ohio_table.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the wake of these economic changes, Ohio's state government has looked to promoting new industries to offset manufacturing losses, such as the production of [[solar energy]] and [[electric vehicle]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Woody |first=Todd |date=November 23, 2009 |title=Solar energy industry brings a ray of hope to the Rust Belt |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-nov-23-la-fi-rustbelt-greenbelt23-2009nov23-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417072333/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/nov/23/business/la-fi-rustbelt-greenbelt23-2009nov23 |archive-date=April 17, 2017 |access-date=August 17, 2017 |via=LA Times}}</ref> One major program the state government launched was the "Third Frontier" program, created during the governorship of [[Bob Taft]], which aimed to increase investment in Ohio and boost its technology sector.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ohio Third Frontier – History |url=http://www.development.ohio.gov/ohiothirdfrontier/History.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006045824/http://www.development.ohio.gov/OhioThirdFrontier/History.htm |archive-date=October 6, 2010 |access-date=August 17, 2017 |website=Ohio.gov}}</ref> As of 2010, the Ohio Department of Development attributes the creation of 9,500 jobs to this program, with an average salary of $65,000,<ref name="TF">{{cite press release |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ohio-third-frontier-continues-to-create-jobs-and-opportunities-for-ohioans-90364764.html |title=Ohio Third Frontier Continues to Create Jobs and Opportunities for Ohioans |publisher=Ohio Business Development Coalition |website=PRNewswire |access-date=August 17, 2017 |archive-date=August 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818005812/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ohio-third-frontier-continues-to-create-jobs-and-opportunities-for-ohioans-90364764.html |url-status=live}}</ref> while having a $6.6 billion economic impact with a [[return on investment]] of 9:1.<ref name="TF" /> In 2010 the state won the [[International Economic Development Council]]'s Excellence in Economic Development Award, celebrated as a national model of success.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Ohio's economy was also heavily afflicted by the [[Great Recession]], as the state's [[Unemployment|unemployment rate]] rose from 5.6% in the first two months of 2008 up to a peak of 11.1% in December 2009 and January 2010.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |date=January 1, 1976 |title=Unemployment Rate in Ohio |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/OHUR |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis |archive-date=February 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221155857/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/OHUR |url-status=live }}</ref> It took until August 2014 for the unemployment rate to return to 5.6%.<ref name=":1" /> From December 2007 to September 2010, Ohio lost 376,500 jobs.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 12, 2010 |title=Ohio has endured decade of job losses |url=http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/business/stories/2010/09/12/ohio-has-endured-decade-of-job-losses.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005052748/http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/business/stories/2010/09/12/ohio-has-endured-decade-of-job-losses.html |archive-date=October 5, 2010 |access-date=August 17, 2017 |website=Dispatch.com }}</ref> In 2009, Ohio had 89,053 foreclosures filings, a then-record for the state.<ref>{{cite web |last=Grzegorek |first=Vince |date=May 20, 2010 |title=We're Number One: Cuyahoga Leads Ohio Foreclosures... Again |url=http://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2010/05/20/were-number-one-cuyahoga-leads-ohio-foreclosures-again |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818090050/https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2010/05/20/were-number-one-cuyahoga-leads-ohio-foreclosures-again |archive-date=August 18, 2017 |access-date=August 17, 2017 |website=CleveScene.com}}</ref> The median household income dropped 7% from 2006–07 to 2008–09, and the poverty rate ballooned to 13.5% by 2009.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 2010 |title=Ohio's poverty, uninsured rates up; median income drops sharply |url=http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2010/09/ohios_poverty_uninsured_rates.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818012409/http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2010/09/ohios_poverty_uninsured_rates.html |archive-date=August 18, 2017 |access-date=August 17, 2017 |website=Cleveland.com}}</ref> By 2015, Ohio [[gross domestic product]] was $608.1 billion, the [[List of U.S. states by Gross State Product (GSP)|seventh-largest economy among the 50 states]].<ref name="LSC2016">[http://www.lsc.ohio.gov/fiscal/ohiofacts/2016/economy.pdf Ohio Facts 2016: Ohio's Economy Ranks 7th Largest Among States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131050344/http://www.lsc.ohio.gov/fiscal/ohiofacts/2016/economy.pdf |date=January 31, 2017 }}, Ohio Legislative Service Commission.</ref> In 2015, Ohio's total GDP accounted for 3.4% of U.S. GDP and 0.8% of world GDP.<ref name="LSC2016" />

Politically, Ohio has been long regarded as a [[swing state]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Fahey |first=Kevin |date=September 2, 2021 |title=What Happened?: The 2020 election confirmed that Ohio is no longer a swing state. |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2021/09/02/what-happened-the-2020-election-confirmed-that-ohio-is-no-longer-a-swing-state/ |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=blogs.lse.ac.uk |archive-date=February 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221203210/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2021/09/02/what-happened-the-2020-election-confirmed-that-ohio-is-no-longer-a-swing-state/ |url-status=live }}</ref> but the success of many [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] candidates in Ohio since the late 2000s has led many to question whether Ohio remains an electoral battleground.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=LeBlanc |first1=Paul |last2=Diaz |first2=Daniella |date=December 4, 2022 |title=Sen. Sherrod Brown says Ohio is still a swing state ahead of 2024 election {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/04/politics/sherrod-brown-ohio-2024-swing-state-cnntv/index.html |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=February 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221203211/https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/04/politics/sherrod-brown-ohio-2024-swing-state-cnntv/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gangitano |first=Alex |date=September 9, 2022 |title=Ohio shows signs of becoming swing state again for Democrats |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3635032-democrats-aim-to-make-ohio-a-swing-state-again/ |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=The Hill |language=en-US |archive-date=February 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221203210/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3635032-democrats-aim-to-make-ohio-a-swing-state-again/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On March 9, 2020, the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] reached Ohio, with three cases reported.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=April 1, 2020 |title=Ohio Coronavirus Map and Case Count |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/ohio-covid-cases.html |access-date=February 22, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222003328/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/ohio-covid-cases.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As of February 2023, over 41,600 Ohioans have died from COVID-19.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Coronavirus (Covid-19) |url=https://coronavirus.ohio.gov/home |access-date=February 22, 2023 |website=coronavirus.ohio.gov |publisher=[[Ohio Department of Health]] |archive-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222102033/https://coronavirus.ohio.gov/home |url-status=live }}</ref> Ohio's economy was also heavily impacted by the pandemic, as the state saw large job losses in 2020, as well as large amounts of subsequent [[Stimulus (economics)|stimulus spending]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ellerbrock |first1=Matthew |last2=Demko |first2=Iryna |last3=Lendel |first3=Iryna |last4=Henrichsen |first4=Erica |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Economic Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Ohio |url=https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/urban_facpub/1730 |journal=All Maxine Goodman Levin School of Urban Affairs Publications |pages=1–7 |access-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072405/https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/urban_facpub/1730/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Further|List of Ohio counties|List of cities in Ohio|List of villages in Ohio|List of Ohio townships|Ohio public lands|List of lakes in Ohio}}
[[File:Geographic regions ohio.svg|thumb|Geographic regions of Ohio]]

Ohio's location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because it links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo and business traffic passes through its borders along its well-developed highways. Ohio has the nation's 10th-largest highway network and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North America's population and 70% of North America's manufacturing capacity.<ref>{{Cite web |archive-date=January 24, 2008 |url=http://www.dot.state.oh.us/budget/Feb12-03/TransDelivers2-12.asp |place=Ohio |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124091721/http://www.dot.state.oh.us/budget/Feb12-03/TransDelivers2-12.asp |date=February 12, 2003 |title=Transportation delivers for Ohio |publisher=Department of Transportation |access-date=December 22, 2005}}</ref> To the north, Ohio has {{convert|312|mi|km}} of coastline with Lake Erie,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ohiodnr.com/Home/about/counties/tabid/18020/Default.aspx |title=Ohio Coastal Counties |publisher=Department of Natural Resources |place=Ohio |access-date=September 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830020758/http://ohiodnr.com/Home/about/counties/tabid/18020/Default.aspx |archive-date=August 30, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> which allows for numerous cargo ports such as Cleveland and Toledo. Ohio's southern border is defined by the [[Ohio River]]. Ohio's neighbors are [[Pennsylvania]] to the east, [[Michigan]] to the northwest, [[Lake Erie]] to the north, [[Indiana]] to the west, [[Kentucky]] on the south, and [[West Virginia]] on the southeast. Ohio's borders were defined by [[metes and bounds]] in the [[Enabling Act of 1802]] as follows:
{{blockquote |Bounded on the east by the Pennsylvania line, on the south by the Ohio River, to the mouth of the [[Great Miami River]], on the west by the line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami aforesaid, and on the north by an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of [[Lake Michigan]], running east after intersecting the due north line aforesaid, from the mouth of the Great Miami until it shall intersect Lake Erie or the territorial line, and thence with the same through Lake Erie to the Pennsylvania line aforesaid.}}

{{multiple image
 | direction = vertical
 | total_width = 230
 | image1 = PEVI-view-of-Put-in-Bay.jpg
 | caption1 = [[Put-in-Bay, Ohio|Put-in-Bay]] is located on [[South Bass Island]], one of Ohio's [[List of Lake Erie Islands|Lake Erie Islands]].
 | image2 = Ohio River (north of Powhatan Point, Ohio, USA) 1 (29220184564).jpg
 | caption2 = The [[Ohio River]] marks the state's southern and eastern borders with [[Kentucky]] and [[West Virginia]].
}}

Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. In 1980, the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] held that, based on the wording of the cessation of territory by [[Virginia]] (which at the time included what is now Kentucky and West Virginia), the boundary between Ohio and Kentucky (and, by implication, West Virginia) is the northern low-water mark of the river as it existed in 1792.<ref name="Ohio_v_Kentucky">{{Cite web | url = http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=444&invol=335 | publisher = Find law | title = Ohio v. Kentucky, 444 U.S. 335 | date = January 21, 1980 | access-date = August 15, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140828231503/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=444&invol=335 | archive-date = August 28, 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> Ohio has only that portion of the river between the river's 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark. The border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the [[Toledo War]], to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River.

Much of Ohio features [[Glacial till plains (Ohio)|glaciated till plains]], with an exceptionally flat area in the northwest being known as the [[Great Black Swamp]]. This glaciated region in the northwest and central state is bordered to the east and southeast first by a belt known as the [[glaciated Allegheny Plateau]], and then by another belt known as the [[unglaciated Allegheny Plateau]]. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau [[Appalachian Ohio|features rugged hills and forests]].

Ohio's rugged southeastern quadrant, stretching in an outward bow-like arc along the Ohio River from the West [[Northern Panhandle of West Virginia|Virginia Panhandle]] to the outskirts of Cincinnati, forms a distinct [[Socioeconomics|socioeconomic]] unit. Geologically similar to parts of West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania, this area's coal mining legacy, dependence on small pockets of old manufacturing establishments, and distinctive regional dialect set this section off from the rest of the state. In 1965, Congress passed the [[Appalachian Regional Development Act]], an attempt to "address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=7 |title=History of the Appalachian Regional Commission |publisher=[[Appalachian Regional Commission]] |access-date=January 3, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222133844/http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=7 |archive-date=December 22, 2005 }}</ref> It defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia.<ref>[http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=27 "Counties in Appalachia"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917184038/http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=27 |date=September 17, 2008 }}, Appalachian Regional Commission. Retrieved January 3, 2006.</ref> While 1/3 of Ohio's land mass is part of the federally defined Appalachian region, only 12.8% of Ohioans live there (1.476&nbsp;million people.)<ref>[https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml?refresh=t "GCT-T1 Ohio County Population Estimates—2005"]{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, The United States Census Bureau, retrieved January 3, 2006. True summation of Ohio Appalachia counties population (1,476,384) obtained by adding the 29 individual county populations together (July 1, 2005, data). Percentage obtained by dividing that number into that table's estimate of Ohio population as of July 1, 2005 (11,464,042)</ref>

Significant Ohio rivers include the [[Cuyahoga River]], [[Great Miami River]], [[Maumee River]], [[Muskingum River]], and [[Scioto River]]. The rivers in northern Ohio drain into the northern Atlantic Ocean via [[Lake Erie]] and the [[St. Lawrence River]], and those in southern Ohio drain into the [[Gulf of Mexico]] via the [[Ohio River]] and the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]]. Ohio also includes [[Bass Islands]] and [[Kelleys Island, Ohio|Kelleys Island]].<ref name="Law2015">{{cite book|author=Gwillim Law|title=Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=nXCeCQAAQBAJ|access-date=October 26, 2023|date=May 20, 2015|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-0447-3|page=396}}</ref> [[Grand Lake St. Marys]] in the west-central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for [[canal]]s in the canal-building era of 1820–1850. This body of water, over {{convert|20|sqmi|km2}}, was the largest artificial lake in the world when completed in 1845.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.stmarysdevelops.com/life-in-st-marys/history |website=St. Marys Develops |access-date=February 24, 2021 |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302112728/http://stmarysdevelops.com/life-in-st-marys/history |url-status=live }}</ref> [[:Category:Canals in Ohio|Ohio's canal-building projects]] were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their industrial emergence to their location on canals, and as late as 1910 interior canals carried much of the bulk freight of the state.

Areas under the protection of the [[National Park Service]] include [[Cuyahoga Valley National Park]], [[Hopewell Culture National Historical Park]], [[Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park]], [[First Ladies National Historic Site]], [[James A. Garfield National Historic Site]], [[William Howard Taft National Historic Site]], [[Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers National Monument]], and [[Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/state/oh/index.htm |title=Ohio |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=July 24, 2024 }}</ref>

===Fauna and flora ===
[[File:Hellbender Cryptobranchus.jpg|thumb|[[Hellbender|Eastern Hellbender]] in captivity]]

Ohio has wide variety of unique animal species. Rare and endangered species include the [[Hellbender|Eastern Hellbender]], which is found in the Southeastern Appalachian region of Ohio and is classified as state endangered.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EASTERN HELLBENDER |url=https://ohiodnr.gov/discover-and-learn/animals/reptiles-amphibians/eastern-hellbender |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=Ohio Department of Natural Resources |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321061019/https://ohiodnr.gov/discover-and-learn/animals/reptiles-amphibians/eastern-hellbender |url-status=live }}</ref> The Eastern Hellbender is the 3rd largest [[amphibian]] in the world, and can grow up to 27 inches in length. It is fully aquatic and breathes almost entirely through its skin. Due to this, it is only found in pristine, cool, clear, fast flowing streams and rivers. It is highly threatened by [[Habitat destruction|habitat loss]], [[Water pollution in the United States|water pollution]], and [[sedimentation]] due to logging and other human activities.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. |year=2022 |title=''Cryptobranchus alleganiensis'' |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T59077A82473431 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T59077A82473431.en |access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref>

Although predominantly not in a subtropical climate, some warmer-climate flora and fauna reach well into Ohio. For instance, some trees with more southern ranges, such as the [[blackjack oak]], ''Quercus marilandica'', are found at their northernmost in Ohio just north of the Ohio River. Also evidencing this climatic transition from a subtropical to a continental climate, several plants such as the Southern magnolia ''([[Magnolia grandiflora]])'', [[Albizia julibrissin]] (mimosa), [[Crape Myrtle]], and even the occasional [[Needle Palm]] are hardy landscape materials regularly used as street, yard, and garden plantings in the [[Bluegrass region]] of Ohio. These same plants will simply not thrive in much of the rest of the state. This interesting change may be observed while traveling through Ohio on [[Interstate 75 in Ohio|Interstate 75]] from [[Cincinnati]] to [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]]. The observant traveler of this diverse state may even catch a glimpse of Cincinnati's [[common wall lizard]], one of the few examples of permanent "subtropical" fauna in Ohio.

===Climate===
{{See also|Climate change in Ohio}}
[[File:Köppen Climate Types Ohio.png|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of Ohio, using 1991–2020 [[Climatological normal|climate normals]].]]

The climate of Ohio is a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfa/Dfb'') throughout most of the state, except in the extreme southern counties of Ohio's [[Bluegrass region]] section, which are located on the northern periphery of the [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa'') and [[Upland South]] region of the United States. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout Ohio. Winters generally range from cool to cold. Precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round. Severe weather is not uncommon in the state, although there are typically fewer [[tornado]] reports in Ohio than in states located in what is known as the [[Tornado Alley]]. Severe [[lake effect snow]]storms are not uncommon on the southeast shore of [[Lake Erie]], which is located in an area designated as the [[Snowbelt]].

The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|113|F|C|lk=on}}, near [[Gallipolis, Ohio|Gallipolis]] on July 21, 1934.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/special/maxtemps.pdf| title = All-Time Temperature Maximums By State (2003)| access-date = November 7, 2006| publisher = [[National Climatic Data Center]]| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130303055638/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39000.html
| archive-date = March 3, 2013| url-status = live}}</ref> The lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|-39|F|C}}, at [[Milligan, Ohio|Milligan]] on February 10, 1899,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/special/mintemps.pdf| title = All-Time Temperature Minimums By State (2003)| access-date = November 7, 2006| publisher = [[National Climatic Data Center]]| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080922153636/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/special/mintemps.pdf| archive-date = September 22, 2008| url-status = live}}</ref> during the [[Great Blizzard of 1899]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://farmersalmanac.com/weather/2012/02/06/the-great-blizzard-of-1899-deep-south-deep-freeze/ |title=The Great Blizzard of 1899: Deep South, Deep Freeze |last1=McLeod |first1=Jaime |date=February 6, 2012 |website=The Farmer's Almanac |access-date=February 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206103807/http://farmersalmanac.com/weather/2012/02/06/the-great-blizzard-of-1899-deep-south-deep-freeze/ |archive-date=February 6, 2016 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|+Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Ohio<ref name="Ohio climate averages">{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=OH&statename=Ohio-United-States-of-America|title=Ohio climate averages|publisher=Weatherbase|access-date=November 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009031514/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=OH&statename=Ohio-United-States-of-America|archive-date=October 9, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!Location
!Region
!July (°F)
!July (°C)
!January (°F)
!January (°C)
|-
|[[Athens, Ohio|Athens]] || [[Appalachian Ohio|Appalachian]] || 85/61 || 29/16 || 40/21 || 4/−6
|-
|[[Cincinnati]] || [[Cincinnati metropolitan area|Southwest]] || 86/66 || 30/19 || 39/23 || 3/−5
|-
|[[Cleveland]] || [[Northeast Ohio|Northeast]] || 82/64 || 28/18 || 34/21 || 1/−5
|-
|[[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] || [[Central Ohio|Central]] || 85/65 || 29/18 || 36/22 || 2/−5
|-
|[[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]] || [[Miami Valley]] || 87/67 || 31/19 || 36/22 || 2/−5
|-
|[[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]] || [[Northwest Ohio|Northwest]] || 84/62 || 29/17 || 32/18 || 0/−7
|-
|[[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]] || [[Northeast Ohio|Northeast]] || 81/60 || 27/15 || 32/19 || 0/−7
|}

The worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the [[Great Dayton Flood]], the entire [[Great Miami River|Miami River]] watershed flooded, including the downtown business district of [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]]. As a result, the [[Miami Conservancy District]] was created as the first major floodplain engineering project in Ohio and the United States.<ref name="MCDAct">{{cite web|url=http://www.miamiconservancy.org/about/conservancy.asp|title=The History of the MCD: The Conservancy Act|access-date=January 13, 2007|publisher=Miami Conservancy District|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314003325/http://www.miamiconservancy.org/about/conservancy.asp|archive-date=March 14, 2007}}</ref>

Although few have registered as noticeable to the average resident, more than 200 earthquakes with a [[Richter magnitude scale|magnitude]] of 2.0 or higher have occurred in Ohio since 1776.<ref name=in-ohio>{{cite web|first=Michael C.|last=Hansen|title=Earthquakes in Ohio |url=https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Education/el09.pdf|date=2015|publisher=[[Ohio Department of Natural Resources]], Division of Geological Survey|access-date=June 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224035942/https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Education/el09.pdf|archive-date=December 24, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The Western Ohio Seismic Zone and a portion of the [[Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone]] are located in the state, and numerous [[Fault (geology)|faults]] lie under the surface.<ref name=in-ohio/><ref>{{cite web|first=Mark T.|last=Baranoski |title=Structure Contour Map on the Precambrian Unconformity Surface in Ohio and Related Basement Features |publisher=Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey |url=https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Misc_State_Maps&Pubs/Map-PG-23_Vers-2.pdf|date=2013|access-date=June 13, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203192416/http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Misc_State_Maps%26Pubs/Map-PG-23_Vers-2.pdf|archive-date=February 3, 2017}}</ref>

The most substantial known earthquake in Ohio history was the [[Anna, Ohio|Anna]] (Shelby County) earthquake,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/earthquakes-ohioseis/faq-quakes-in-ohio|title=OhioSeis Earthquake FAQ: What was the biggest earthquake in Ohio?|publisher=Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey|access-date=June 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410163708/http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/earthquakes-ohioseis/faq-quakes-in-ohio|archive-date=April 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> which occurred on March 9, 1937. It was centered in western Ohio, with a magnitude of 5.4, and was of [[Mercalli intensity scale|intensity]] VIII.<ref>[https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1937_03_09.php Historic Earthquakes: Western Ohio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213060325/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1937_03_09.php |date=December 13, 2007}}, U.S. Geological Survey.</ref> Other significant earthquakes in Ohio include:<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/historical_state.php#ohio | title = Historic United States Earthquakes. Ohio | place = [[United States|US]] | publisher = Geological Survey | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091007212652/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/historical_state.php#ohio | archive-date = October 7, 2009 }}</ref> one of magnitude 4.8 near [[Lima, Ohio|Lima]] on September 19, 1884;<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1884_09_19.php | title = Historic Earthquakes. Near Lima, OH, 1884-9-19 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909210752/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1884_09_19.php | archive-date = September 9, 2009 }}</ref> one of magnitude 4.2 near [[Portsmouth, Ohio|Portsmouth]] on May 17, 1901;<ref>{{Cite web|title= Historic Earthquakes: Near Portsmouth, Ohio 1901 May 17 06:00 UTC| url= http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1901_05_17.php| publisher= US Geological Survey| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090909210857/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1901_05_17.php|archive-date= 9 September 2009|access-date= 1 July 2025}}</ref> and one of 5.0 in [[LeRoy Township, Lake County, Ohio|LeRoy Township in Lake County]] on January 31, 1986, which continued to trigger 13 aftershocks of magnitude 0.5 to 2.4 for two months.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | title = Historic Earthquakes. Near Portsmouth, OH, 1986-1-31 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909212604/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | archive-date = September 9, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/quakes-1950-to-1999-pgs/northeastern-ohio-january-1986 | title = Northeastern Ohio Quake, January 1986 | publisher = [[Ohio Department of Natural Resources]], Division of Geological Survey | access-date = June 13, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190429113048/http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/quakes-1950-to-1999-pgs/northeastern-ohio-january-1986 | archive-date = April 29, 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref>

Notable Ohio earthquakes in the 21st century include one occurring on December 31, 2011, approximately {{convert|4|km|mi|sp=us}} northwest of [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsus/Quakes/usc0007f7s.php |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120107125644/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsus/Quakes/usc0007f7s.php |archive-date=January 7, 2012 |title=Magnitude 4.0—Youngstown-Warren urban area, OH |place=US |publisher=Geological Survey |access-date=December 31, 2011 }}</ref> and one occurring on June 10, 2019, approximately {{convert|5|km|mi|sp=us}} north-northwest of [[Eastlake, Ohio|Eastlake]] under [[Lake Erie]];<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70003xny/executive |title=M 4.0—5km NNW of Eastlake, Ohio |place=US |publisher=Geological Survey |access-date=June 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611233939/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70003xny/executive |archive-date=June 11, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> both registered a 4.0 magnitude.

===Cities===
{{See also|List of cities in Ohio}}
{{multiple image
 | direction = vertical
 | total_width = 230
 | image1 = Ohio population density 2020.png
 | caption1 = Ohio population density map
 | image2 = Ohio Municipalities.png
 | caption2 = [[List of municipalities in Ohio|Ohio Municipalities]]
}}

There are 13 [[metropolitan statistical area]]s in Ohio, anchored by 16 cities, as defined by the U.S. [[Office of Management and Budget]]. Additionally, 30 Ohio cities function as centers of [[micropolitan statistical area]]s, urban clusters smaller than that of metropolitan areas. Ohio's three largest cities are [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Cleveland]], and [[Cincinnati]].

Columbus is the capital of the state, near its geographic center, and is well known for [[Ohio State University]]<!--Wikipedians do not use "The" as part of Ohio State's name; it is considered a marketing gimmick, and routinely deleted.-->. In 2019, the city had six corporations named to the U.S. Fortune 500 list: [[Alliance Data]], [[Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company]], [[American Electric Power]], [[L Brands]], [[Huntington Bancshares]], and [[Cardinal Health]] in suburban [[Dublin, Ohio|Dublin]].<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |url=http://usmayors.org/metroeconomies/0110/charts.pdf |title=Top 100 U.S. metro economies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625175418/http://usmayors.org/metroeconomies/0110/charts.pdf |archive-date=June 25, 2010 |publisher=U.S. Conference of Mayors |access-date=April 22, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/news/2019/06/10/alliance-data-systems-ohio.html |title=Plano set to lose Fortune 500 HQ as Alliance Data Systems shifts to Ohio |work=Dallas Business Journal |last=Womack |first=Brian |date=June 10, 2019 |access-date=August 19, 2021 |archive-date=November 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125023459/https://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/news/2019/06/10/alliance-data-systems-ohio.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Other major employers include hospitals (among others, [[Wexner Medical Center]] and [[Nationwide Children's Hospital]]), high tech research and development including the [[Battelle Memorial Institute]], information-based companies such as [[OCLC]] and [[Chemical Abstracts Service]], manufacturer [[Worthington Industries]], and financial institutions such as [[JPMorgan Chase]] and [[Huntington Bancshares]]. Fast food chains [[Wendy's]] and [[White Castle (restaurant)|White Castle]] are also headquartered in Columbus.

Located in [[Northeast Ohio]] along the Lake Erie shore, Cleveland is characterized by its [[New England]] heritage, ethnic immigrant cultures, and history as a major American manufacturing and healthcare center. It anchors the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, of which the industrial cities of [[Akron, Ohio|Akron]] and [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]] are constituent parts. [[Mansfield, Ohio|Mansfield]], [[Sandusky, Ohio|Sandusky]] and [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]] are also major cities in the region. Northeast Ohio is known for major industrial companies [[Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company|Goodyear Tire and Rubber]] and [[Timken Company|Timken]], top-ranked colleges [[Case Western Reserve University]], [[Oberlin College]], and [[Kent State University]], the [[Cleveland Clinic]], and cultural attractions including the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]], Big Five member [[Cleveland Orchestra]], [[Cuyahoga Valley National Park]], [[Playhouse Square]], the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]], and the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]].

[[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]] anchors Southwest Ohio and the [[Cincinnati metropolitan area]], which also encompasses counties in Kentucky and Indiana. The metropolitan area is home to [[Miami University]] and the [[University of Cincinnati]], [[Cincinnati Union Terminal]], [[Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra]], and various Fortune 500 companies, including [[Procter & Gamble]], [[Kroger]], [[Macy's, Inc.]], and [[Fifth Third Bank]]. [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]] and [[Springfield, Ohio|Springfield]] are in the Miami Valley, which is home to the [[University of Dayton]], the [[Dayton Ballet]], and the extensive [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]].

[[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]] and [[Lima, Ohio|Lima]] are the major cities in Northwest Ohio, an area known for its glass-making industry. It is home to [[Owens Corning]] and [[Owens-Illinois]], two [[Fortune 500]] corporations.

[[Steubenville, Ohio|Steubenville]] is the only metropolitan city in [[Appalachian Ohio]], a region known for its [[Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests|mixed mesophytic forests]]. Other metropolitan areas that contain cities in Ohio but are primarily in other states include the [[Huntington, West Virginia]] and [[Wheeling, West Virginia]] areas. Ohio is the US state with the highest number of cities with the same name as UK cities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://matthewjmiller07.github.io/uscities |title=Map of UK cities which share names with US cities |access-date=August 21, 2023 |archive-date=August 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821100348/https://matthewjmiller07.github.io/uscities/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Largest cities
|country = Ohio
|stat_ref = Source: 2020 U.S. Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045221|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts|access-date=February 3, 2022|archive-date=February 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202181905/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045221|url-status=live}}</ref>
|list_by_pop =
|div_name =
|div_link = Counties of Ohio{{!}}County
|city_1 = Columbus, Ohio{{!}}Columbus
|div_1 = Franklin County, Ohio{{!}}Franklin
|pop_1 = 905,748
|img_1 = Downtown Columbus View from Main St Bridge - edit1.jpg
|city_2 = Cleveland
|div_2 = Cuyahoga County, Ohio{{!}}Cuyahoga
|pop_2 = 372,624
|img_2 = Cleveland skyline from Lakewood Park, June 2024.jpg
|city_3 = Cincinnati
|div_3 = Hamilton County, Ohio{{!}}Hamilton
|pop_3 = 309,317
|img_3 = Downtown_Cincinnati_viewed_from_Devou_Park.jpg
|city_4 = Toledo, Ohio{{!}}Toledo
|div_4 = Lucas County, Ohio{{!}}Lucas
|pop_4 = 270,871
|img_4 = Toledo, Ohio Skyline, July 2022.jpg
|city_5 = Akron, Ohio{{!}}Akron
|div_5 = Summit County, Ohio{{!}}Summit
|pop_5 = 190,469 
|img_5 =
|city_6 = Dayton, Ohio{{!}}Dayton
|div_6 = Montgomery County, Ohio{{!}}Montgomery
|pop_6 = 137,644
|img_6 =
|city_7 = Parma, Ohio{{!}}Parma
|div_7 = Cuyahoga County, Ohio{{!}}Cuyahoga
|pop_7 = 81,146 
|img_7 =
|city_8 = Canton, Ohio{{!}}Canton
|div_8 = Stark County, Ohio{{!}}Stark
|pop_8 = 70,872
|img_8 =
|city_9 = Lorain, Ohio{{!}}Lorain
|div_9 = Lorain County, Ohio{{!}}Lorain
|pop_9 = 65,211
|img_9 =
| city_10 = Hamilton, Ohio{{!}}Hamilton
| div_10 = Butler County, Ohio{{!}}Butler
| pop_10 = 62,082
| img_10 =
| city_11 = Youngstown, Ohio{{!}}Youngstown
| div_11 = Mahoning County, Ohio{{!}}Mahoning
| pop_11 = 60,068
| img_11 =
| city_12 = Springfield, Ohio{{!}}Springfield
| div_12 = Clark County, Ohio{{!}}Clark
| pop_12 = 58,662
| img_12 =
| city_13 = Kettering, Ohio{{!}}Kettering
| div_13 = Montgomery County, Ohio{{!}}Montgomery
| pop_13 = 57,862 
| img_13 =
| city_14 = Elyria, Ohio{{!}}Elyria
| div_14 = Lorain County, Ohio{{!}}Lorain
| pop_14 = 52,656
| img_14 =
| city_15 = Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio{{!}}Cuyahoga Falls
| div_15 = Summit County, Ohio{{!}}Summit
| pop_15 = 51,114
| img_15 =
| city_16 = Middletown, Ohio{{!}}Middletown
| div_16 = Butler County, Ohio{{!}}Butler
| pop_16 = 50,987 
| img_16 =
| city_17 = Lakewood, Ohio{{!}}Lakewood
| div_17 = Cuyahoga County, Ohio{{!}}Cuyahoga
| pop_17 = 50,942
| img_17 =
| city_18 = Newark, Ohio{{!}}Newark
| div_18 = Licking County, Ohio{{!}}Licking
| pop_18 = 49,934
| img_18 =
| city_19 = Euclid, Ohio{{!}}Euclid
| div_19 = Cuyahoga County, Ohio{{!}}Cuyahoga
| pop_19 = 49,692 
| img_19 =
| city_20 = Dublin, Ohio{{!}}Dublin
| div_20 = Franklin County, Ohio{{!}}Franklin
| pop_20 = 49,328
| img_20 =
}}

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
| 1800 = 45365
| 1810 = 230760
| 1820 = 581434
| 1830 = 937903
| 1840 = 1519467
| 1850 = 1980329
| 1860 = 2339511
| 1870 = 2665260
| 1880 = 3198062
| 1890 = 3672329
| 1900 = 4157545
| 1910 = 4767121
| 1920 = 5759394
| 1930 = 6646697
| 1940 = 6907612
| 1950 = 7946627
| 1960 = 9706397
| 1970 = 10652017
| 1980 = 10797630
| 1990 = 10847115
| 2000 = 11353140
| 2010 = 11536504
| 2020 = 11799448
| estyear = 2024
| estimate = 11883304
| estref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Ohio |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/OH/PST045224 |website=census.gov |access-date=December 20, 2024 }}</ref>
| align-fn = center
| footnote = Source: 1910–2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html }}</ref>
}}

===Population===
From just over 45,000 residents in 1800, Ohio's population grew faster than 10% per decade (except for the [[1940 census]]) until the [[1970 United States census|1970 census]], which recorded just over 10.65 million Ohioans.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census of Population: 1970, Part 37—Ohio, Section 1|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|year=1970|url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1970a_oh1-01.pdf|access-date=March 27, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415053910/http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1970a_oh1-01.pdf|archive-date=April 15, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Growth then slowed for the next four decades.<ref>{{cite web |last=Balistreri |first=Kelly |title=Ohio Population News: Why did Ohio lose a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives? |publisher=Center for Family and Demographic Research at [[Bowling Green State University]] |date=February 2001 |url=http://www.bgsu.edu/downloads/cas/file36222.pdf |access-date=March 27, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516165832/http://www.bgsu.edu/downloads/cas/file36222.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2008 }}</ref> The [[United States Census Bureau]] counted 11,808,848 in the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], a 2.4% increase since the [[2010 United States census]].<ref name=2020census>{{cite web |title=Apportionment population and number of representatives by state: 2020 census |url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table01.pdf |publisher=US Census Bureau |date=April 26, 2021 |access-date=April 26, 2021 |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426194028/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table01.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Ohio's population growth lags that of the entire United States, and [[White Americans|whites]] are found in a greater density than the U.S. average. {{As of|2000}}, Ohio's [[center of population]] is located in [[Morrow County, Ohio|Morrow County]],<ref name="POPCENTER">{{cite web|title=2000 Population and Geographic Centers of Ohio |publisher=Ohio Department of Development, Office of Strategic Research |date=March 2001 |url=http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/G101.pdf |access-date=March 26, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124004820/http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/G101.pdf |archive-date=November 24, 2005 }}</ref> in the [[county seat]] of [[Mount Gilead, Ohio|Mount Gilead]].<ref name="POPCEN">{{cite web|title=Population and Population Centers by State: 2000 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=December 6, 2008 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508041813/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |archive-date=May 8, 2013 }}</ref> This is approximately {{convert|6346|ft|m}} south and west of Ohio's population center in 1990.<ref name="POPCENTER" />

{{Chart|chart=Ohio's population by decade.chart|data=Ohio's population by decade.tab|align=left|thumb|width=500px}}

[[file:Ohio change in population by county 2010 to 2020.svg|thumb|right|Population growth by county in Ohio between the 2010 and 2020 censuses. {{legend|#800000|-10 to -5 percent}}
{{legend|#ff0000|-5 to -2 percent}}
{{legend|#ff8080|-2 to 0 percent}}
{{legend|#80ff80|0 to 2 percent}}
{{legend|#00ff00|2 to 5 percent}}
{{legend|#00aa00|5 to 10 percent}}
{{legend|#005500|10 to 20 percent}}
{{legend|#002b00| More than 20 percent}} ]]
As of 2011, 27.6% of Ohio's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups.<ref>"[http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html Americans under age{{nbsp}}1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714084214/http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html |date=July 14, 2016 }}". ''[[The Plain Dealer]]''. June 3, 2012.</ref> Approximately 6.2% of Ohio's population was under five years of age, 23.7% under 18 years of age, and 14.1% were 65 or older; females made up an estimated 51.2% of the population.

According to [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|HUD]]'s 2022 [[Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress|Annual Homeless Assessment Report]], there were an estimated 10,654 [[Homelessness|homeless]] people in Ohio.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2007-2022 PIT Counts by State |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK |access-date=March 13, 2023 |archive-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314020239/https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Part 1: point-in-time estimates of homelessness |work=The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress |url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf |date=December 2022 |publisher=HUD USER |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115000413/https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf |archive-date=November 15, 2023 }}</ref>

{{clear}}

{{See also|Homelessness in Ohio}}

====Birth data====
''Note: Births in table do not add up because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.''

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
|+ Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother
|-
! [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Race]]
! 2013<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf |title=National Vital Statistics Reports |series=Volume 64, Number 1 |date=January 15, 2015 |first1=B. E. |last1=Hamilton |first2=J. A. |last2=Martin |first3=M. J.K. |last3=Osterman |first4=S. C. |last4=Curtin |first5=T.J. |last5=Mathews |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=June 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162514/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf |archive-date=September 11, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2014<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |title=National Vital Statistics Reports |date=December 23, 2015 |series=Volume 64, Number 12 |first1=B. E. |last1=Hamilton |first2=J. A. |last2=Martin |first3=M. J.K. |last3=Osterman |first4=S. C. |last4=Curtin |first5=T.J. |last5=Mathews |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=June 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214040341/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2015<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf |title=National Vital Statistics Reports |date=January 5, 2017 |series=Volume 66, Number 1 |first1=B. E. |last1=Hamilton |first2=J. A. |last2=Martin |first3=M. J.K. |last3=Osterman |first4=A. K. |last4=Driscoll |first5=T.J. |last5=Mathews |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=June 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831155911/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf |archive-date=August 31, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2016<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |title=National Vital Statistics Reports |date=January 31, 2018 |series=Volume 67, Number 1 |first1=B. E. |last1=Hamilton |first2=J. A. |last2=Martin |first3=M. J.K. |last3=Osterman |first4=A. K. |last4=Driscoll |first5=P. |last5=Drake |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=May 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603002249/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2017<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |title=National Vital Statistics Reports |date=November 7, 2018 |series=Volume 67, Number 8 |first1=B. E. |last1=Hamilton |first2=J. A. |last2=Martin |first3=M. J.K. |last3=Osterman |first4=A. K. |last4=Driscoll |first5=P. |last5=Drake |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=February 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201210916/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |archive-date=February 1, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2018<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |title=National Vital Statistics Reports |date=November 27, 2019 |series=Volume 68, Number 13 |first1=B. E. |last1=Hamilton |first2=J. A. |last2=Martin |first3=M. J. K. |last3=Osterman |first4=A. K. |last4=Driscoll |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=December 21, 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128161211/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2019<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |title=National Vital Statistics Reports |date=March 23, 2021 |series=Volume 70, Number 2  |first1=B. E. |last1=Hamilton |first2=J. A. |last2=Martin |first3=M. J.K. |last3=Osterman |first4=A. K. |last4=Driscoll |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=April 1, 2021 |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324160631/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-17.pdf |title=National Vital Statistics Reports |date=February 7, 2022 |series=Volume 70, Number 17 |first1=B. E. |last1=Hamilton |first2=J. A. |last2=Martin |first3=M. J.K. |last3=Osterman |first4=A. K. |last4=Driscoll |first5=C. P. |last5=Valenzuela |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=February 20, 2022 |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210175206/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/NVSR70-17.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-01.pdf |title=National Vital Statistics Reports |date=January 31, 2023 |series=Volume 72, Number 1 |first1=B. E. |last1=Hamilton |first2=J. A. |last2=Martin |first3=M. J.K. |last3=Osterman |first4=A. K. |last4=Driscoll |first5=C. P. |last5=Valenzuela |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=February 3, 2022 |archive-date=February 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201003942/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-01.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2022<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr73/nvsr73-02.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=2024-04-05 |archive-date=April 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404230758/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr73/nvsr73-02.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2023<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr74/nvsr74-1.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=2025-04-12}}</ref>
|-
| [[Non-Hispanic whites|White]]
| 104,059 (74.9%)
| 104,102 (74.6%)
| 103,586 (74.4%)
| 100,225 (72.6%)
| 98,762 (72.1%)
| 97,423 (72.1%)
| 95,621 (71.1%)
| 92,033 (71.2%)
| 92,761 (71.5%)
| 90,671 (70.7%)
| 88,799 (70.0%)
|-
| [[African Americans|Black]]
| 24,952 (18.0%)
| 24,931 (17.9%)
| 25,078 (18.0%)
| 22,337 (16.2%)
| 22,431 (16.4%)
| 22,201 (16.4%)
| 22,555 (16.8%)
| 21,447 (16.6%)
| 20,748 (16.0%)
| 20,380 (15.9%)
| 20,107 (15.8%)
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
| 3,915 (2.8%)
| 4,232 (3.0%)
| 4,367 (3.1%)
| 4,311 (3.1%)
| 4,380 (3.2%)
| 4,285 (3.2%)
| 4,374 (3.3%)
| 3,995 (3.1%)
| 3,862 (3.0%)
| 3,923 (3.1%)
| 3,862 (3.0%)
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]]
| 320 (0.2%)
| 301 (0.2%)
| 253 (0.2%)
| 128 (0.1%)
| 177 (0.1%)
| 169 (0.1%)
| 204 (0.2%)
| 102 (>0.1%)
| 107 (>0.1%)
| 89 (>0.1%)
| 72 (>0.1%)
|-
| ''[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]'' (any race)
| ''6,504'' (4.7%)
| ''6,884'' (4.9%)
| ''6,974'' (5.0%)
| ''7,420'' (5.4%)
| ''7,468'' (5.5%)
| ''7,432'' (5.5%)
| ''7,725'' (5.7%)
| ''7,669'' (5.9%)
| ''8,228'' (6.3%)
| ''9,062'' (7.1%)
| ''9,748'' (7.7%)
|-
| '''Total'''
| '''138,936''' (100%)
| '''139,467''' (100%)
| '''139,264''' (100%)
| '''138,085''' (100%)
| '''136,832''' (100%)
| '''135,134''' (100%)
| '''134,461''' (100%)
| '''129,191''' (100%)
| '''129,791''' (100%)
| '''128,231''' (100%)
| '''126,896''' (100%)
|}
* Since 2016, data for births of [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White Hispanic]] origin are not collected, but included in one ''Hispanic'' group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

===Ancestry===
[[File:Ethnic Origins in Ohio.png|thumb|Ethnic origins in Ohio]]
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" ; text-align:right; font-size:80%;"
|+ style="font-size:90%" |Ethnic composition as of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]]
|-
! Race and ethnicity<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=August 12, 2021 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=September 26, 2021 |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815165418/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" data-sort-type="number" |Alone
! colspan="2" data-sort-type="number" |Total
|-
| [[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White (non-Hispanic)]]
|align=right| {{bartable|75.9|%|2||background:gray}}
|align=right| {{bartable|79.9|%|2||background:gray}}
|-
| [[African Americans|African American (non-Hispanic)]]
|align=right| {{bartable|12.3|%|2||background:mediumblue}}
|align=right| {{bartable|14.0|%|2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]]{{efn|Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.}}
|align=right| {{bartable}}
|align=right| {{bartable|4.4|%|2||background:green}}
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
|align=right| {{bartable|2.5|%|2||background:purple}}
|align=right| {{bartable|3.1|%|2||background:purple}}
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]
|align=right| {{bartable|0.2|%|2||background:gold}}
|align=right| {{bartable|1.7|%|2||background:gold}}
|-
| [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]]
|align=right| {{bartable|0.04|%|2||background:pink}}
|align=right| {{bartable|0.1|%|2||background:pink}}
|-
| Other
|align=right| {{bartable|0.4|%|2||background:brown}}
|align=right| {{bartable|1.2|%|2||background:brown}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
|+ '''Ohio historic racial breakdown of population'''
|-
! Racial and ethnic composition !! 1990<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html|archive-date=July 25, 2008|title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States|date=September 2002 |website= U. S. Census Bureau |first1=Campbell |last1=Gibson |first2=Kay |last2=Jung }}</ref>!! 2000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusviewer.com/city/OH|title=Population of Ohio: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts|website=Censusviewer.com|access-date=April 17, 2021}}{{Dead link|date=June 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html|title=US Census Bureau 2010 Census|website=Census.gov|access-date=December 6, 2017|archive-date=May 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522200920/https://census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html|url-status=live}}</ref>!! 2020<ref name="2020DP1">{{Cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?g=040XX00US39 |title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2020 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Ohio |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=April 16, 2024 |archive-date=April 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416221848/https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?g=040XX00US39 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[White American|White]] || 87.8% || 85.0% || 82.7% || 77.0%
|-
| [[African American]] || 10.6% || 11.5% || 12.2% || 12.5%
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]] || 0.8% || 1.2% || 1.7% || 2.5%
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|Native]] || 0.2% || 0.2% || 0.2% || 0.3%
|-
| [[Native Hawaiian]] and<br />[[Pacific Islander|other Pacific Islander]] || – || – || – || –
|-
| [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Other race]] || 0.5% || 0.8% || 1.1% || 1.9%
|-
| [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] || – || 1.4% || 2.1% || 5.8%
|}

In 2010, there were 469,700 foreign-born residents in Ohio, corresponding to 4.1% of the total population. Of these, 229,049 (2.0%) were naturalized [[Citizenship of the United States|U.S. citizens]] and 240,699 (2.1%) were not.<ref name="census1" /> The largest groups were:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B05006&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212054818/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B05006&prodType=table|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder—Results|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=September 6, 2013}}</ref> Mexico (54,166), India (50,256), China (34,901), Germany (19,219), Philippines (16,410), United Kingdom (15,917), Canada (14,223), Russia (11,763), South Korea (11,307), and Ukraine (10,681). Though predominantly white, Ohio has large black populations in all major metropolitan areas throughout the state, Ohio has a significant Hispanic population made up of Mexicans in Toledo and Columbus, and Puerto Ricans in Cleveland and Columbus, and also has a significant and diverse Asian population in Columbus.

Ancestry groups (which the census defines as not including racial terms) in the state were:<ref name="census1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150118121537/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|archive-date=January 18, 2015|title=American FactFinder—Results|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=March 28, 2013}}</ref> 26.5% [[German American|German]], 14.1% [[Irish American|Irish]], 9.0% [[English American|English]], 6.4% [[Italian American|Italian]], 3.8% [[Polish American|Polish]], 2.5% [[French American|French]], 1.9% [[Scottish American|Scottish]], 1.7% [[Hungarian Ohioans|Hungarian]], 1.6% [[Dutch American|Dutch]], 1.5% [[Mexican American|Mexican]], 1.2% [[Slovak American|Slovak]], 1.1% [[Welsh American|Welsh]], and 1.1% [[Scotch-Irish American|Scotch-Irish]]. Ancestries claimed by less than 1% of the population include [[Sub-Saharan African]], [[Puerto Ricans in the United States|Puerto Rican]], [[Swiss American|Swiss]], [[Swedish American|Swedish]], [[Arab American|Arab]], [[Greek American|Greek]], [[Norwegian American|Norwegian]], [[Romanian American|Romanian]], [[Austrian American|Austrian]], [[Lithuanian American|Lithuanian]], [[Finnish American|Finnish]], [[West Indian American|West Indian]], [[Portuguese American|Portuguese]] and [[Slovene American|Slovene]].

===Languages===
[[File:AmishRakingHay.jpg|thumb|An [[Amish]] farmer raking hay in southeast Ohio]]

About 6.7% of the population age 5 years and older reported speaking a language other than English, with 2.2% of the population speaking Spanish, 2.6% speaking other Indo-European languages, 1.1% speaking Asian and Austronesian languages, and 0.8% speaking other languages.<ref name="census1"/> Numerically: 10,100,586 spoke [[American English|English]], 239,229 [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]], 55,970 [[German language in the United States|German]], 38,990 [[Chinese language in the United States|Chinese]], 33,125 [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and 32,019 [[French in the United States|French]]. In addition, 59,881 spoke a [[Slavic language]] and 42,673 spoke another [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic language]] according to the 2010 census.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212213140/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder—Results|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=March 20, 2013}}</ref> Ohio also had the nation's largest population of [[Slovene language|Slovene speakers]], second largest of [[Slovak language|Slovak speakers]], second largest of [[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch (German) speakers]], and the third largest of [[Serbian language|Serbian speakers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_langlist&mode=lang_tops|title=Data Center Language List|access-date=December 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930024604/http://www.mla.org/map_data_langlist%26mode%3Dlang_tops|archive-date=September 30, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
| caption = Religious self-identification, per [[Public Religion Research Institute]]'s 2021 ''American Values Survey''<ref name="Values Atlas">{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=February 24, 2023 |title=American Values Atlas: Religious Tradition in Ohio |url=https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2021/States/religion/m/US-OH |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=[[Public Religion Research Institute]] |archive-date=April 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404161714/https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2021/States/religion/m/US-OH }}</ref>
| label1 = [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]]
| value1 = 46
| color1 = Blue
| label2 = [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]]
| value2 = 18
| color2 = Purple
| label3 = [[Irreligion in the United States|Unaffiliated]]
| value3 = 30
| color3 = White
| label4 = [[Judaism in the United States|Judaism]]
| value4 = 2
| color4 = Teal
| label5 = [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]]
| value5 = 1
| color5 = Orange
| label6 = Other
| value6 = 3
| color6 = Black
}}

According to [[Public Religion Research Institute]]'s 2021 ''American Values Survey'', 64% of Ohioans identified as [[Christian]]. Specifically, 19% of Ohio's population identified as [[Mainline (Protestant)|Mainline Protestant]], 17% as [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Protestant]], 7% as [[Black church|Historically Black Protestant]], and 18% as [[Catholic]]. Roughly 30% of the population were unaffiliated with any religious body. Small minorities of [[Judaism|Jews]] (2%), [[Hinduism|Hindus]] (1%), [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (<1%), [[Islam|Muslims]] (<1%),  [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (<1%), [[Mormonism|Mormons]] (<1%), and other faiths exist according to this study.<ref name="Values Atlas" /> Altogether, those identifying with a religion or spiritual tradition were 70% of the state's population.

Per the [[Association of Religion Data Archives]]'s (ARDA) 2020 study, Christianity remained the predominant religion. [[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]], numbering 1,411,863, were the largest Protestant cohort, although Catholicism remained the single-largest denomination with 1,820,233 adherents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maps and data files for 2020 {{!}} U.S. Religion Census {{!}} Religious Statistics & Demographics |url=https://www.usreligioncensus.org/index.php/node/1639 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.usreligioncensus.org |archive-date=January 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115001940/https://www.usreligioncensus.org/index.php/node/1639 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the ARDA, in 2010 the largest Christian denominations by adherents were the [[Catholic Church]] with 1,992,567; the [[United Methodist Church]] with 496,232; the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] with 223,253, the [[Southern Baptist Convention]] with 171,000, the Christian Churches and Churches of Christ with 141,311, the [[United Church of Christ]] with 118,000, and the [[Presbyterian Church (USA)]] with 110,000.<ref name="www.thearda.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/39/rcms2010_39_state_adh_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives &#124; State Membership Report |publisher=www.thearda.com |access-date=December 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217025357/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/39/rcms2010_39_state_adh_2010.asp |archive-date=December 17, 2013 }}</ref> With about 80,000 adherents in 2020, Ohio had the [[List of U.S. states by Amish population|second largest Amish population]] of all U.S. states, only behind neighboring [[Pennsylvania]].<ref name="Elizabethtown College, the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies">{{Cite web |url=https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/statistics/statistics-population-2020/ |title=Amish Population Profile, 2020 |date=August 18, 2019 |website=Elizabethtown College, the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies |access-date=February 5, 2021 |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111151807/https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/statistics/statistics-population-2020/ }}</ref>

According to a [[Pew Forum]] poll in 2014, a majority of Ohioans, 56%, felt religion was "very important", 25% that it was "somewhat important", and 19% that religion was "not too important/not important at all". Among them, 38% of Ohioans indicate that they attend religious services at least once weekly, 32% occasionally, and 30% seldom or never.<ref name="pew2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/ohio/|title=Religious Landscape Study|date=May 11, 2015|access-date=March 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317164701/http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/ohio/|archive-date=March 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Ohio}}
{{See also|Ohio locations by per capita income}}
{{multiple image
 | direction = vertical
 | total_width = 230
 | image1 = Cleveland Clinic Miller Family Pavilion (2021).png
 | caption1 = [[Cleveland Clinic]] is one of Ohio's largest employers and is included in the top hospital systems worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Adler |first1=Jerry |title=What Health Reform Can Learn From Cleveland Clinic |url=https://www.newsweek.com/what-health-reform-can-learn-cleveland-clinic-76971 |work=Newsweek |date=November 26, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. News Rankings |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/about/us-news-rankings |access-date=2019-04-10 |publisher=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}</ref>
 | image2 = Global Medic 130726-F-AF679-968.jpg
 | caption2 = [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]], near Dayton, is among the U.S. military's largest bases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.development.ohio.gov/research/files/B409000000.pdf|title=WPAFB Introduction Information|access-date=6 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803171240/http://www.development.ohio.gov/research/files/B409000000.pdf|archive-date=3 August 2010}}</ref>
}}

According to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], the total number of people employed in 2023 was 5,081,279. The total number of unique employer establishments was 255,049, while the total number of non-employer establishments was 909,227.<ref name= "OH Quick Facts" /> In 2010, Ohio was ranked second in the country for best business climate by Site Selection magazine, based on a business-activity database.<ref>{{cite web|title=Site Selection Rankings|url=http://greyhill.com/site-selection-rankings/|publisher=Greyhill Advisors|access-date=October 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106074019/http://greyhill.com/site-selection-rankings/|archive-date=November 6, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The state has also won three consecutive Governor's Cup awards from the magazine, based on business growth and developments.<ref>[http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/columbus-chamber-announces-ohio-ranked,1053857.shtml "Columbus Chamber Announces Ohio Ranked on 'Top 10 Business Climates' List for 2009"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908010816/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/columbus-chamber-announces-ohio-ranked,1053857.shtml |date=September 8, 2012 }}, Earth Times. Retrieved November 19, 2009.</ref> Ohio's gross domestic product (GDP) was $626&nbsp;billion in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=sic&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7004=naics&7035=-1&7005=1&7006=xx&7001=1200&7036=-1&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels|title=Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=US Department of Commerce, BEA, Bureau of Economic Analysis|website=Bea.gov|access-date=March 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831043848/https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=sic&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7004=naics&7035=-1&7005=1&7006=xx&7001=1200&7036=-1&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> This ranks Ohio's economy as the seventh-largest among all 50 states and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="DDOH">{{cite web |title=Economic Overview |publisher=Ohio Department of Development |date=February 2009 |url=http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf |access-date=March 31, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326141110/http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2009 }}</ref>

Ohio's [[unemployment rate]] stands at 4.5% as of February 2018,<ref>[http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2018/03/ohio_unemployment_rate_45_in_f_1.html Ohio unemployment rate 4.5% in February; state gained 13,400 jobs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224135/http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2018/03/ohio_unemployment_rate_45_in_f_1.html |date=March 24, 2018 }} Retrieved March 24, 2018</ref> down from 10.7% in May 2010.<ref>[http://www.bls.gov/lau/ Bls.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725005015/https://www.bls.gov/lau/ |date=July 25, 2018 }}; Local Area Unemployment Statistics</ref><ref>[http://www.zanesvilletimesrecorder.com/article/20100623/NEWS01/6230317/1002/NEWS01 "Jobless rates fall again in southeastern Ohio"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101003327/http://www.zanesvilletimesrecorder.com/article/20100623/NEWS01/6230317/1002/NEWS01 |date=November 1, 2013 }}, Zanesville Times-Recorder. June 23, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2010.</ref> The state still lacks 45,000 jobs compared to the pre-[[Great Recession in the United States|recession]] numbers of 2007.<ref name=perkins>Olivera Perkins (May 22, 2015) [http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2015/05/ohios_unemployment_rate_up_to.html Ohio's unemployment rate up to 5.2 percent: 5 things you need to know] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525215113/http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2015/05/ohios_unemployment_rate_up_to.html |date=May 25, 2015 }} Cleveland.com.</ref> The labor force participation as of April 2015 is 63%, slightly above the national average.<ref name=perkins/> {{As of|2023}}, Ohio's per capita income was $60,402, ranking 38th in the U.S., and the state's [[median household income]] was $65,720.<ref name="r095">{{cite web | last=Account | first=Economic | title=Personal Income by State | website=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) | date=2024-03-29 | url=https://www.bea.gov/data/income-saving/personal-income-by-state | access-date=2024-05-24 | archive-date=May 20, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520010339/https://www.bea.gov/data/income-saving/personal-income-by-state | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="u858">{{cite web | publisher=United States Census Bureau | title=S1901: Income in the Past 12 Months | website=Explore Census Data | url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST1Y2022.S1901 | access-date=2024-05-24 | archive-date=May 20, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520023444/https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST1Y2022.S1901 | url-status=live }}</ref> Also in 2023, 13.4% of the population was living below the poverty line.<ref>[https://www.statista.com/statistics/205501/poverty-rate-in-ohio/ Poverty Rate in Ohio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608133925/https://www.statista.com/statistics/205501/poverty-rate-in-ohio/ |date=June 8, 2021 }} Statista.</ref>

The [[manufacturing]] and [[financial industry|financial activities]] sectors each compose 18.3% of Ohio's GDP, making them Ohio's largest industries by percentage of GDP.<ref name="DDOH" /> Ohio has the third largest manufacturing workforce behind California and Texas.<ref>[https://tcf.org/content/report/manufacturing-high-wage-ohio/ Manufacturing a High-Wage Ohio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224136/https://tcf.org/content/report/manufacturing-high-wage-ohio/ |date=March 24, 2018 }} Accessed March 24, 2018</ref><ref>[http://wksu.org/post/ohio-remains-among-top-three-states-manufacturing-employment-and-wages#stream/0 Ohio Remains Among The Top Three States for Manufacturing Employment and Wages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325045109/http://wksu.org/post/ohio-remains-among-top-three-states-manufacturing-employment-and-wages#stream/0 |date=March 25, 2018 }} Retrieved March 24, 2018</ref> Ohio has the largest bioscience sector in the Midwest, and is a national leader in the "green" economy. Ohio is the largest producer in the country of plastics, rubber, fabricated metals, electrical equipment, and appliances.<ref>[http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf "Economic Overview"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326141110/http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf |date=March 26, 2009 }}, Ohio Department of Development, p. 1. Retrieved November 19, 2009.</ref> 5,212,000 Ohioans are currently employed by wage or salary.<ref name="DDOH" />

By employment, Ohio's largest sector is trade/transportation/utilities, which employs 1,010,000 Ohioans, or 19.4% of Ohio's workforce, while the [[health care industry|health care]] and education sector employs 825,000 Ohioans (15.8%).<ref name="DDOH" /> Government employs 787,000 Ohioans (15.1%), manufacturing employs 669,000 Ohioans (12.9%), and professional and technical services employs 638,000 Ohioans (12.2%).<ref name="DDOH" /> Ohio's manufacturing sector is the third-largest of all fifty United States states in terms of gross domestic product.<ref name="DDOH" /> Fifty-nine of the United States' top 1,000 publicly traded companies (by revenue in 2008) are headquartered in Ohio, including [[Procter & Gamble]], [[Goodyear Tire & Rubber]], [[AK Steel]], [[Timken Company|Timken]], [[Abercrombie & Fitch]], and [[Wendy's]].<ref name="CORPLIST">{{cite magazine| title = Fortune 500 2008| magazine = [[Money (magazine)| ]]| date = May 5, 2008| url = https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/states/OH.html| access-date = March 31, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226040210/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/states/OH.html| archive-date = February 26, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>

Ohio is also one of 41 states with its own lottery,<ref name="LOTTO">{{cite web| title = Lottery Results| publisher = Office of Citizen Services and Communications, [[General Services Administration]]| url = http://www.usa.gov/Topics/Lottery_Results.shtml| format = SHTML| access-date = March 31, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111127153145/http://www.usa.gov/Topics/Lottery_Results.shtml| archive-date = November 27, 2011}}</ref> the [[Ohio Lottery]].<ref name="LOTTO2">{{cite web| title = About the Ohio Lottery| publisher = Ohio Lottery Commission| year = 2008| url = http://www.ohiolottery.com/about/about_us.html| access-date = March 31, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090331172600/http://www.ohiolottery.com/about/about_us.html| archive-date = March 31, 2009}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, the Ohio Lottery has contributed more than $26 billion to education beginning in 1974.<ref>[https://www.sciotopost.com/local-circleville-lottery-winner-name-released/  Local Circleville Lottery Winner Name Released] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608142545/https://www.sciotopost.com/local-circleville-lottery-winner-name-released/ |date=June 8, 2021 }} The Scioto Press. September 25, 2020.</ref>

[[Income inequality]] in Ohio, both before and after taxes, has risen significantly since the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Distribution of Household Income and Federal Taxes, 2011|url = https://www.cbo.gov/publication/49440|website = Congressional Budget Office|date = 12 November 2014|access-date = 2015-12-10|archive-date = February 25, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200225015444/https://www.cbo.gov/publication/49440|url-status = live}}</ref> Ohio's overall income grew in Ohio from 2009 to 2012, with an overall 7.1% increase in income growth. The top 1% had a 37.0% in income growth, while the bottom 99% grew their income by only 2.3%. The top 1% accounted for 71.9% of the overall shared income during this period.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Increasingly Unequal States of America: Income Inequality by State, 1917 to 2012|url = http://www.epi.org/publication/income-inequality-by-state-1917-to-2012/|website = Economic Policy Institute|access-date = 2015-11-12|archive-date = December 5, 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231205153618/https://www.epi.org/publication/income-inequality-by-state-1917-to-2012/|url-status = live}}</ref> The burden of [[income tax]] falls disproportionately on lower-income [[tax bracket]]s. In 2018, the bottom 20% of earners contributed 12.3% of their income towards various taxes, while the top 1% only paid 6.5%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schladen |first=Marty |date=2023-04-18 |title=Economists: Ohio flat-tax would worsen inequality |url=https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2023/04/18/economists-ohio-flat-tax-would-worsen-inequality/ |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=Ohio Capital Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=January 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108152429/https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2023/04/18/economists-ohio-flat-tax-would-worsen-inequality/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Culture==

===Art===
[[File:Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|With about 770,000 annual visitors, the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]] is among the most visited art museums in the United States.<ref name="RecordAttendence">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cleveland.com/arts/2019/01/cleveland-museum-of-art-hit-record-attendance-in-2018-thanks-to-kusama-front-and-new-programs.html|title=Cleveland Museum of Art hit record attendance in 2018, thanks to Kusama, FRONT and new programs|last=Litt|first=Steven|date=January 15, 2019|work=[[cleveland.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116043636/https://www.cleveland.com/arts/2019/01/cleveland-museum-of-art-hit-record-attendance-in-2018-thanks-to-kusama-front-and-new-programs.html|archive-date=January 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Ohio is home to 30 art institutions, including the Columbus Museum of Art, Cincinnati Art Museum, Cleveland Museum of Art, and other entities. The full list includes:

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Akron Art Museum]], Akron
* [[Allen Memorial Art Museum]], Oberlin College
* [[Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum]], Ohio State University
* [[Burchfield Homestead]], Salem
* [[Butler Institute of American Art]], Youngstown
* [[Canton Museum of Art (Ohio)|Canton Museum of Art]], Canton
* [[Cincinnati Art Museum]], Cincinnati
* [[Cleveland Museum of Art]], Cleveland
* [[Columbus Museum of Art]], Columbus
* [[Contemporary Arts Center]], Cincinnati
* [[Dayton Art Institute]], Dayton
* [[Frank Museum of Art]], Otterbein University
* [[Imperial Glass Company|National Imperial Glass Museum]], Bellaire
* [[Kennedy Museum of Art]], Ohio University
* [[Maltz Performing Arts Center|Temple Museum of Religious Art]], Case Western Reserve University
* [[Mansfield Art Center]], Mansfield
* [[McDonough Museum of Art]], Youngstown State University
* [[Richard and Carole Cocks Art Museum]], Miami University
* [[Museum of Ceramics (East Liverpool, Ohio)|Museum of Ceramics]], East Liverpool
* [[Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland]], Cleveland
* [[Lancaster, Ohio#Ohio Glass Museum|Ohio Glass Museum]], Lancaster
* [[Richard Ross Museum of Art]], Ohio Wesleyan University
* [[Springfield Center for the Arts at Wittenberg University]], Wittenberg University
* [[Taft Museum of Art]], Cincinnati
* [[Toledo Museum of Art]], Toledo
* [[Toy and Plastic Brick Museum]], Bellaire
* [[University of Findlay's Mazza Museum]], University of Findlay
* [[Wexner Center for the Arts]], Ohio State University
* [[Whitby Mansion]], Sidney
{{div col end}}

The [[Cincinnati Art Museum]] holds over 100,000 works spanning 6,000 years of human history, being among the most comprehensive collections in the Midwest. Among its notable collections are works by Master of San Baudelio, Jorge Ingles, [[Sandro Botticelli]] (''Judith with Head of Holofernes''), [[Matteo di Giovanni]], [[Domenico Tintoretto]] (''Portrait of Venetian dux Marino Grimani''), [[Mattia Preti]], [[Bernardo Strozzi]], [[Frans Hals]], [[Bartolomé Esteban Murillo]] (''St. Thomas of Villanueva''), [[Peter Paul Rubens]] (''[[Samson and Delilah (Rubens)|Samson and Delilah]]'') and [[Aert van der Neer]]. The collection also includes works by [[Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot]], [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]], [[Camille Pissarro]], [[Claude Monet]] (''Rocks At Belle Isle''), and [[Pablo Picasso]]. The museum also has a large collection of paintings by American painter [[Frank Duveneck]] (''Elizabeth B. Duveneck'').

The [[Cleveland Museum of Art]] is internationally renowned for its substantial holdings of [[Asian art|Asian]] and [[Art of ancient Egypt|Egyptian art]], and has a permanent collection of more than 61,000 works from around the world.<ref name="cmageneralinformation">{{cite web |url=http://www.clevelandart.org/about/press/general-museum-information |title=General Museum Information |access-date=March 23, 2015 |archive-date=October 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016164810/http://www.clevelandart.org/about/press/general-museum-information }}</ref> It is the fourth-wealthiest art museum in the United States.<ref name=newdirector2014>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/arts/index.ssf/2014/03/after_trauma_and_triumph_the_c.html |title=After triumph and trauma, the Cleveland Museum of Art seeks committed, long-term leadership: CMA 2014 |author=Steven Litt |date=March 26, 2014 |access-date=November 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104133600/http://www.cleveland.com/arts/index.ssf/2014/03/after_trauma_and_triumph_the_c.html |archive-date=November 4, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Columbus Museum of Art]] holds nineteenth and early twentieth-century American and European art, including early [[Cubist]] paintings by [[Pablo Picasso]] and [[Juan Gris]], works by [[François Boucher]], [[Paul Cézanne]], [[Mary Cassatt]], [[Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres]], [[Edgar Degas]], [[Henri Matisse]], [[Claude Monet]], [[Edward Hopper]], and [[Norman Rockwell]], and installations by [[Mel Chin]], [[Josiah McElheny]], [[Susan Philipsz]], and [[Allan Sekula]]. Also in Columbus, the [[Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum]] collection includes 450,000 original cartoons, 36,000 books, 51,000 serial titles, and {{convert|3000|ft|m}} of manuscript materials, plus 2.5&nbsp;million comic strip clippings and tear sheets, making it the largest research library for cartoon art.

Youngstown's [[Butler Institute of American Art]] was the first museum dedicated exclusively to [[Visual arts of the United States|American art]].<ref name="vindy-yo-12-29-27">{{cite news| title = Art Institute Gets Bulk of $1,5000,000 J. G. Butler Estate| work = The Youngstown Daily Vindicator| date = December 29, 1927}}</ref>

[[Playhouse Square]] in downtown Cleveland is the nation's second-largest performing arts center, home to ten theaters.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.playhousesquare.org/about-playhousesquare-main/about-playhousesquare| title = About Playhouse Square| access-date = October 4, 2020| archive-date = May 14, 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160514113908/http://www.playhousesquare.org/about-playhousesquare-main/about-playhousesquare| url-status = live}}</ref> The [[Columbus Association for the Performing Arts]] manages seven historic Columbus area theaters.<ref name="bfoc">{{cite news |title=CAPA to manage Toledo theater |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/stories/2009/06/22/daily3.html |date=June 22, 2009 |newspaper=Business First of Columbus |access-date=October 4, 2020 |archive-date=November 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123161842/https://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/stories/2009/06/22/daily3.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Cuisine===
{{Main|Cuisine of Ohio}}
[[File:4-way Cincinnati chili from Camp Washington Chili in Cincinnati OH USA.jpg|thumb|Four-way [[Cincinnati chili]]]]

[[Buckeye (candy)|Buckeyes]] are a variation of standard [[peanut butter cup]]s popular in Ohio. Coated in chocolate with a partially exposed center of peanut butter fudge, the candy resembles the appearance of the nut that grows on the [[Aesculus glabra|state tree]], commonly known as the buckeye. The [[Klondike bar]] originated in Mansfield in 1922.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whitmire |first=Lou |title=Mansfield Klondike bar, created by William Isaly, turns 100 |url=https://www.mansfieldnewsjournal.com/story/news/local/2022/02/13/mansfield-klondike-bar-created-william-isaly-turns-100/6733596001/ |access-date=January 20, 2025 |website=Mansfield News Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Dum Dums (lollipop)|Dum Dums lollipops]] were originally produced in [[Bellevue, Ohio]] in 1924, and have been made by [[Spangler Candy Company]] in [[Bryan, Ohio]] since 1953.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reality |first=T. R. G. |title=The Ohio Town Where Dum Dums Lollipops Are Made |url=https://www.ohiomagazine.com/food-drink/article/candy-crush |access-date=January 20, 2025 |website=www.ohiomagazine.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[Cincinnati chili|Cincinnati-style chili]] is a Greek-inspired meat sauce used as a topping for spaghetti or hot dogs. Additionally, red beans, chopped onions, and shredded cheese are offered as extra toppings referred to as "ways".<ref>{{cite book |title=500 Things to Eat Before it's Too Late:and the Very Best Places to Eat Them |author=Stern, Jane and Michael |year=2009 |page=244 |author-link=Jane and Michael Stern}}</ref> German immigrants in Cincinnati invented [[goetta]], a breakfast sausage made of meat scraps, spices, and oats. It is typically eaten fried.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rife |first=Katie |date=December 6, 2017 |title=Goetta, Cincinnati's Second Most-Famous Food, Is A Sausage For The Working Man |url=https://www.thetakeout.com/goetta-cincinnati-s-second-most-famous-food-is-a-saus-1798256324/ |access-date=January 20, 2025 |website=The Takeout |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2018 |title=Goetta: The Cincinnati German-American Breakfast Staple |url=https://www.seriouseats.com/goetta-the-cincinnati-german-american-breakfast-staple |access-date=January 20, 2025 |website=Serious Eats |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Furbee |first=Bill |title='Cincinnati Goetta: A Delectable History' is a New Book About This Classic Cincinnati Dish |url=https://www.citybeat.com/food-drink/cincinnati-goetta-a-delectable-history-is-a-new-book-about-this-classic-cincinnati-dish-12217325 |access-date=January 20, 2025 |website=Cincinnati CityBeat |date=July 29, 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Polish Boy]], "the signature sandwich of Cleveland",<ref>{{Cite web |title=49 Best Hot Dogs in the World |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/best-rated-hot-dogs-in-the-world |access-date=January 20, 2025 |website=www.tasteatlas.com}}</ref> is a [[kielbasa]] sausage topped with coleslaw, French fries, and barbecue sauce and served on a bun.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakerian |first=Peter |date=February 1, 2024 |title=Iconic Polish Boy is a whirlwind of texture, flavor sensations: Classic CLE Eats & Drinks |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2024/02/iconic-polish-boy-is-a-whirlwind-of-texture-flavor-sensations-classic-cle-eats-drinks.html?outputType=amp |access-date=January 20, 2025 |website=cleveland |language=en}}</ref>

[[Johnny Marzetti]] is a [[casserole]] dish thought to have originated from Columbus and consisting of some variation of noodles, ground beef, tomatoes, and cheese.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandolfi |first=Keith |date=May 10, 2017 |title=Here's Johnny Marzetti, Ohio's Crowd-Pleasing Casserole |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/heres-johnny-marzetti-ohios-crowd-pleasing-casserole-1494435682 |access-date=January 20, 2025 |work=Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=City Quotient: What is Columbus' definitive local food? |url=https://www.columbusmonthly.com/content/stories/2014/08/city-quotient-what-is-columbus-definitive-local-food.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019042208/https://www.columbusmonthly.com/content/stories/2014/08/city-quotient-what-is-columbus-definitive-local-food.html |archive-date=October 19, 2021 |access-date=January 20, 2025 |work=Columbus Monthly |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ohio has hosted nationwide [[fast food]] companies, including the first [[Arby's]],<ref>{{cite news |first=Mark C. |last=Peyko |title=Arby's founder discusses legacy of fast-food chain that began in Youngstown |magazine=Metro Monthly |date=October 9, 2014 |url=https://metromonthly.wordpress.com/2014/10/09/arbys-founder-discusses-legacy-of-fast-food-chain-that-began-in-youngstown/ |access-date=January 14, 2025 }}</ref> [[Buffalo Wild Wings]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moorman |first=Taijuan |title=Buffalo Wild Wings, Wendy's and more restaurants that got their start in Columbus, Ohio |url=https://www.dispatch.com/story/entertainment/dining/2023/07/19/popular-restaurant-chains-that-began-in-and-around-columbus-ohio-buffalo-wild-wings-wendys/70341931007/ |access-date=January 20, 2025 |website=The Columbus Dispatch |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Stewart's Restaurants|Stewart's]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hatala |first=Greg |date=October 8, 2015 |title=Glimpse of History: An American original in Clark |url=https://www.nj.com/union/2015/10/glimpse_of_history_an_american_original_in_clark.html |access-date=January 20, 2025 |website=nj.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=April 27, 2019 |title=Stewart's Root Beer stand began in 1924 in Mansfield |url=https://www.richlandsource.com/2019/04/27/stewarts-root-beer-stand-began-in-1924-in-mansfield/ |access-date=January 20, 2025 |website=Richland Source |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Wendy's]];<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=John M. |date=February 28, 2023 |title=The forgotten story of the first-ever Wendy's restaurant |url=https://614now.com/2023/food-drink/the-forgotten-story-of-the-first-ever-wendys-location-on-east-broad-street |access-date=January 20, 2025 |website=614NOW |language=en-US}}</ref> the latter is headquartered in [[Dublin, Ohio]]. The hamburger chain [[White Castle (restaurant)|White Castle]] is also based in Columbus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weiker |first=Jim |title=White Castle moves into new headquarters |url=https://www.dispatch.com/story/business/2019/11/19/white-castle-moves-into-new/2250767007/ |access-date=January 20, 2025 |website=The Columbus Dispatch |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Music===
{{Main|Music of Ohio}}
[[File:HOF-Guitars - Guitars outside the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.jpg|thumb|The [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] in Cleveland]]

The [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] and the [[Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame]] are both located in Cleveland. Cleveland [[disc jockey]] [[Alan Freed]] is credited with coining the term and promoting [[rock and roll]] in the early 1950s. Cincinnati is home to the [[American Classical Music Hall of Fame and Museum]]. Six Ohio musicians are Rock and Roll Hall of Fame members, [[Dave Grohl]] ([[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] and [[Foo Fighters]]), [[the Isley Brothers]], [[Nine Inch Nails]], [[Bobby Womack]], [[Benjamin Orr]] ([[The Cars]]), and [[Chrissie Hynde]] ([[The Pretenders]]), in addition to Alan Freed.

Other popular musicians from Ohio include [[Mamie Smith]], [[Dean Martin]], [[Tyler Joseph]] and [[Josh Dun]] of [[Twenty One Pilots]], [[Frankie Yankovic]], [[Doris Day]], [[the McGuire Sisters]], [[Howard Hewett]], [[Shirley Murdock]], [[Boz Scaggs]], [[John Legend]], [[Marilyn Manson]], [[Starset]], [[Dan Auerbach]] and [[Patrick Carney]] of [[the Black Keys]], [[Griffin Layne]], [[Joe Dolce]], [[Kid Cudi]], [[William "Bootsy" Collins]], Stephanie Eulinberg of [[Kid Rock]]'s [[Twisted Brown Trucker]] Band, and [[Devo]].

The [[Cleveland Orchestra]] is one of the historic [[Big Five (orchestras)|Big Five orchestras]] in the U.S. and considered among the best worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gramophone.co.uk/editorial/the-world%E2%80%99s-greatest-orchestras|title=The World's Greatest Orchestras|website=Gramophone.co.uk|access-date=April 17, 2021|archive-date=February 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224060051/http://www.gramophone.co.uk/editorial/the-world%E2%80%99s-greatest-orchestras|url-status=live}}</ref> Many other Ohio cities are home to their own orchestras, including [[Akron Symphony Orchestra|Akron]], [[Blue Ash Montgomery Symphony Orchestra|Blue Ash]], [[Canton Symphony Orchestra|Canton]], [[Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra|Cincinnati]], [[Columbus Symphony Orchestra|Columbus]], [[Dayton Philharmonic Orchestra|Dayton]], [[Toledo Symphony Orchestra|Toledo]], and [[Youngstown Symphony Orchestra|Youngstown]]. Cincinnati is home to its own [[Cincinnati Ballet|ballet]], [[Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra|symphony orchestra]], [[Cincinnati Pops Orchestra|pops orchestra]], and [[Cincinnati Opera|opera]], all housed at the [[Cincinnati Music Hall]]. Dayton is also home to a ballet, orchestra, and opera, collectively known as the [[Dayton Performing Arts Alliance]].

Within the marching arts, [[Winter Guard International]] has hosted national championships in performing arts at the [[University of Dayton]] 18 times between 1983 and 2003, and has permanently since 2005. The [[Bluecoats Drum and Bugle Corps]] are Ohio's highest fielding [[Drum and bugle corps (modern)|drum corps]], competing in the [[Drum Corps International]] World Class circuit out of Canton.

===Sports===
{{main|Sports in Ohio}}

====Professional sports====
[[File:10Cincinnati 2015 (2).jpg|thumb|[[Great American Ball Park]], home to the [[Cincinnati Reds]] baseball team]]

Ohio is home to eight professional sports teams across the five different [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|major leagues]] in the United States. Current teams include the [[Cincinnati Reds]] and [[Cleveland Guardians]] of [[Major League Baseball]],<ref>{{cite web| title = The Official Site of the Cincinnati Reds| publisher = [[Major League Baseball]]| url = http://cincinnati.reds.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cin| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080404013847/http://cincinnati.reds.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cin| archive-date = April 4, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = The Official Site of the Cleveland Guardians| publisher = Major League Baseball| url = http://cleveland.indians.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cle| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090315191341/http://cleveland.indians.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cle| archive-date = March 15, 2009}}</ref> the [[Columbus Crew]] and [[FC Cincinnati]] of [[Major League Soccer]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Major League Soccer Teams |publisher=Major League Soccer |url=http://www.mlsnet.com/teams/ |access-date=March 28, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221025932/http://www.mlsnet.com/teams/ |archive-date=February 21, 2009 }}</ref> the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] of the [[National Basketball Association]],<ref>{{cite web| title = NBA.com Team Index| publisher = National Basketball Association| url = http://www.nba.com/teams/index.html| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090318064233/http://www.nba.com/teams/index.html| archive-date = March 18, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref> the [[Cincinnati Bengals]] and [[Cleveland Browns]] of the [[National Football League]],<ref name="NFL">{{cite web| title = NFL Teams| website = [[National Football League]]| url = http://www.nfl.com/teams| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110223135832/http://www.nfl.com/teams| archive-date = February 23, 2011| url-status = live}}</ref> and the [[Columbus Blue Jackets]] of the [[National Hockey League]].<ref>{{cite web| title = NHL Teams| website = National Hockey League| url = http://www.nhl.com/ice/teams.htm| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090311030113/http://www.nhl.com/ice/teams.htm| archive-date = March 11, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>

Ohio has brought home seven [[World Series]] titles (Reds 1919, 1940, 1975, 1976, 1990; Indians 1920, 1948), three [[MLS Cup]]s (Crew [[MLS Cup 2008|2008]], [[MLS Cup 2020|2020]], [[MLS Cup 2023|2023]]), one [[NBA Finals|NBA Championship]] (Cavaliers 2016), and nine [[History of the National Football League championship|NFL Championships]] ([[1920 Akron Pros season|Pros 1920]]; [[1922 Canton Bulldogs season|Bulldogs 1922]], [[1923 Canton Bulldogs season|1923]], [[1924 Cleveland Bulldogs season|1924]]; [[1945 NFL Championship Game|Rams 1945]]; Browns [[1950 NFL Championship Game|1950]], [[1954 NFL Championship Game|1954]], [[1955 NFL Championship Game|1955]], [[1964 NFL Championship Game|1964]]). Despite this success in the [[NFL]] in the first half of the 20th century, no Ohio team has won the [[Super Bowl]] since its inception in [[Super Bowl I|1967]]. No Ohio team has made an appearance in the [[Stanley Cup Finals]].

[[File:Pro Football Hall of Fame (23945852607).jpg|thumb|The [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] in Canton]]

Ohio played a central role in the development of both Major League Baseball and the National Football League. Baseball's first fully professional team, the [[Cincinnati Red Stockings]] of 1869, were organized in Ohio.<ref>{{cite web| last = Griffith| first = Grant| title = Legend of the Cincinnati Red Stockings| publisher = Cincinnati Vintage Base Ball Club| year = 2007| url = http://www.1869reds.com/history/| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724175805/http://www.1869reds.com/history| archive-date = July 24, 2008}}</ref> An informal early-20th-century American football association, the [[Ohio League]], was the direct predecessor of the modern NFL, although neither of Ohio's modern NFL franchises trace their roots to an Ohio League club. The NFL itself was founded in [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]] in 1920 as the American Professional Football Conference.<ref name="profootballhof.com"/> The first official game occurred on October 3, 1920, when the [[Dayton Triangles]] beat the [[Columbus Panhandles]] 14–0 in Dayton.<ref name="daytonlocal.com"/> Canton was enshrined as the home of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] in 1963.<ref name="Akron-Canton Football Heritage"/>

On a smaller scale, Ohio hosts [[minor league baseball]], [[arena football]], [[indoor American football|indoor football]], mid-level hockey, and lower division soccer.

====Individual sports====
The [[Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course]] has hosted several auto racing championships, including [[CART World Series]], [[IndyCar Series]], NASCAR [[Nationwide Series]], [[Can-Am]], [[Formula 5000]], [[IMSA GT Championship]], [[American Le Mans Series]] and [[Rolex Sports Car Series]]. The [[Grand Prix of Cleveland]] also hosted CART races from 1982 to 2007. The [[Eldora Speedway]] is a major dirt oval that hosts NASCAR [[Camping World Truck Series]], [[World of Outlaws]] Sprint Cars and [[USAC Silver Crown Series]] races.

Ohio hosts two [[PGA Tour]] events, the [[WGC-Bridgestone Invitational]] and [[Memorial Tournament]]. The [[Cincinnati Open]] is an [[ATP World Tour Masters 1000]] and [[WTA 1000 tournaments|WTA 1000]] tennis tournament.

====College sports====
{{main|List of college athletic programs in Ohio}}
[[File:Ohio Stadium, Columbus.jpg|thumb|[[Ohio Stadium]] in Columbus, home to the [[Ohio State Buckeyes football]] team, is the [[List of stadiums by capacity|fifth-largest stadium]] in the world.]]

Ohio has eight [[NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision]] college football teams, divided among three different [[List of NCAA conferences|conferences]]. It has also experienced considerable success in the secondary and tertiary tiers of college football divisions.

There are two programs in the [[Power Four conferences|Power Five conferences]]; the [[Ohio State Buckeyes]] of the [[Big Ten Conference]] and the [[Cincinnati Bearcats]] of the [[Big 12 Conference]]. The [[Ohio State Buckeyes football]] team is second in all-time winning percentage, with a 977–335–53 overall record and a 30–29 [[Bowl game|bowl record]] as of [[2024 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2024]]. The program has produced seven [[Heisman Trophy]] winners, forty-one conference titles, and nine undisputed national championships. The [[Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball|men's basketball]] program has appeared in the [[NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament]] 27 times.

The [[Cincinnati Bearcats men's basketball]] team has over 1,800 wins and 33 [[NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|March Madness]] appearances, whilst the [[Cincinnati Bearcats football|Bearcats football]] team became the first [[Group of Five conferences|so-called "Group of Five"]] team to qualify to the [[College Football Playoff]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |website=[[New York Times]] |last=Blinder |first=Alan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/05/sports/ncaafootball/alabama-michigan-georgia-cincinnati-college-football-playoff.html |title=Alabama, Michigan, Georgia and Cincinnati Make College Football Playoff |date=December 5, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |archive-date=December 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205173134/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/05/sports/ncaafootball/alabama-michigan-georgia-cincinnati-college-football-playoff.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the Group of Five conferences, six teams are represented in the [[Mid-American Conference]]: the [[Akron Zips]], [[Bowling Green Falcons]], [[Kent State Golden Flashes]], [[Miami RedHawks]], [[Ohio Bobcats]] and the [[Toledo Rockets]]. The MAC headquarters are in Cleveland. The [[Victory Bell (Cincinnati–Miami)|Cincinnati–Miami]] rivalry game has been played in southwest Ohio every year since 1888 and is the oldest current non-conference [[NCAA football]] rivalry. Other Division I schools, either part of the [[NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision]] or not fielding in football include the [[Cleveland State Vikings]], [[Xavier Musketeers]], [[Wright State Raiders]], and [[Youngstown State Penguins]]. Xavier's [[Xavier Musketeers men's basketball|men's basketball]] has performed particularly well, with 27 [[NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|March Madness]] appearances. Youngstown State's [[Youngstown State Penguins football|football]] has the third most [[NCAA Division I Football Championship]] wins, with 3.

There are 12 [[NCAA Division II]] universities and 22 [[NCAA Division III]] universities in Ohio.

==Government and politics==

===State government===
{{Main|Government of Ohio}}
[[File:Ohio Statehouse exterior.jpg|thumb|The [[Ohio Statehouse]] in Columbus, home to the [[Ohio General Assembly]]]]

The state government of Ohio consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.<ref name="CO">{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052752/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=01 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023513/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=01 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=2&Section=01 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160404181108/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=2&Section=01 | archive-date = April 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref>

The executive branch is headed by the [[List of Governors of Ohio|governor of Ohio]].<ref name="CO" /> The current governor is [[Mike DeWine]] since 2019, a member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].<ref name="GOV">{{cite web |title=The Governors of Ohio |publisher=Ohio Historical Society |date=January 8, 2007 |url=http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/ohgovernment/governors/ |access-date=March 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605224802/http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/ohgovernment/governors/ |archive-date=June 5, 2011 }}</ref> A [[Lieutenant Governor of Ohio|lieutenant governor]] succeeds the governor in the event of any removal from office, and performs any duties assigned by the governor.<ref>{{cite web| title = Constitution Online| publisher = Ohio General Assembly| url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=15| access-date = March 25, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181001114549/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=15| archive-date = October 1, 2018| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Constitution Online| publisher = Ohio General Assembly| url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01b| access-date = March 25, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024808/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01b| archive-date = March 4, 2016| url-status = live}}</ref> The current lieutenant governor is [[Jim Tressel]]. The other elected constitutional offices in the executive branch are the [[Ohio Secretary of State|secretary of state]] ([[Frank LaRose]]), [[Ohio State Auditor|auditor]] ([[Keith Faber]]), [[Ohio State Treasurer|treasurer]] ([[Robert Sprague]]), and [[Ohio Attorney General|attorney general]] ([[Dave Yost]]).<ref name="CO" /> There are 21 state administrative departments in the executive branch.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=The Ohio Executive Branch|pages=263–264|title=Ohio Politics|first=John J.|last=Gargan|editor-first=Mary Anne|editor-last=Sharkey|year=1994|publisher=[[Kent State University Press]]|isbn=0-87338-509-8|lccn=94-7637|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7hkbUXIQdwC&pg=PA264|access-date=February 10, 2021|archive-date=February 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216234435/https://books.google.com/books?id=v7hkbUXIQdwC&pg=PA264|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 121.01 ''et seq.'' Ohio Revised Code § 5703.01 ''et seq.'' Ohio Revised Code § 3301.13.</ref>

The [[Ohio General Assembly]] is a [[bicameral]] legislature consisting of the [[Ohio Senate|Senate]] and [[Ohio House of Representatives|House of Representatives]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ohio General Assembly |publisher=Ohio History Central |date=July 1, 2005 |url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2126 |access-date=March 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828082257/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2126 |archive-date=August 28, 2008 }}</ref> The Senate is composed of 33 districts, each of which is represented by one senator. Each senator represents approximately 330,000 [[Electoral district|constituents]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Population_represented_by_state_legislators |title=Population represented by state legislators—Ballotpedia|access-date=March 6, 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318010456/https://ballotpedia.org/Population_represented_by_state_legislators|archive-date=March 18, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The House of Representatives has 99 members.<ref>{{cite web |title=Government |publisher=Congressman Michael Turner |url=http://turner.house.gov/District/Government.htm |access-date=March 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325134028/http://turner.house.gov/District/Government.htm |archive-date=March 25, 2009 }}</ref> The Republican Party is the majority party in both houses as of the [[2022 Ohio elections|2022 election cycle]].

In order to be enacted into law, a bill must be adopted by both houses of the General Assembly and signed by the governor. If the governor vetoes a bill, the General Assembly can override the veto with a three-fifths supermajority of both houses. A bill will also become a law if the governor fails to sign or veto it within 10 days of its being presented. The [[session laws]] are published in the official ''[[Law of Ohio]]''.{{sfn|Putnam|Schaefgen|1997|pp=31-32}} These in turn have been [[codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Ohio Revised Code]]''.{{sfn|Putnam|Schaefgen|1997|pp=65-66}} The General Assembly, with the approval of the governor, draws the U.S. congressional district lines for Ohio's 16 seats in the [[United States House of Representatives]]. The [[Ohio Apportionment Board]] draws state legislative district lines in Ohio.

[[File:Ohio State Office Building 2.jpg|thumb|The [[Thomas J. Moyer Ohio Judicial Center]] holds the [[Supreme Court of Ohio]].]]

There are three levels of the Ohio state [[judiciary]]. The lowest is the court of common pleas: each county maintains its own constitutionally mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over "all justiciable matters".<ref name="District">{{cite web |title=Constitution Online |publisher=Ohio General Assembly |url=https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=04 |access-date=March 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052233/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=04 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The intermediate-level court system is the district court system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ohio District Courts of Appeal |publisher=Ohio Judiciary System |url=http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/JudSystem/districtCourts/ |access-date=March 25, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514001636/http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/JudSystem/districtCourts/ |archive-date=May 14, 2009}}</ref> Twelve courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in a set geographical area.<ref name="District" /> A case heard in this system is decided by a three-judge panel, and each judge is elected.<ref name="District" />

The state's highest-ranking court is the [[Ohio Supreme Court]].<ref name="SCOO">{{cite web | title = The Supreme Court of Ohio Jurisdiction & Authority | publisher = The Ohio Judicial System | url = http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/SCO/jurisdiction/default.asp | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090314015128/http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/SCO/jurisdiction/default.asp | archive-date = March 14, 2009 | url-status = live }}</ref> A seven-justice panel composes the court, which, by its own [[Certiorari#State courts|discretion]], hears appeals from the courts of appeals, and retains original jurisdiction over limited matters.<ref>{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | year = 2009 | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=02 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160404171811/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=02 | archive-date = April 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref>

===Local government===
{{see also|List of counties in Ohio|List of municipalities in Ohio|List of townships in Ohio}}

There are also several levels of local government in Ohio: [[List of counties in Ohio|counties]], municipalities ([[List of cities in Ohio|cities]] and [[List of villages in Ohio|villages]]), [[List of townships in Ohio|townships]], special districts, and school districts.

Ohio is divided into 88 counties.<ref>{{citation|title=Individual State Descriptions: 2007|series=2007 Census of Governments|date=November 2012|page=235|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|url=http://www2.census.gov/govs/cog/isd_book.pdf|ref={{harvid|Census|2007}}|access-date=February 27, 2022|archive-date=November 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123173109/http://www2.census.gov/govs/cog/isd_book.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Ohio law defines a structure for county government, although they may adopt charters for home rule.{{sfn|Census|2007|p=235}}{{sfn|Putnam|Schaefgen|1997|pp=[https://archive.org/details/ohiolegalresearc0000putn/page/106 106]–114}} [[Summit County, Ohio|Summit County]]{{sfn|Census|2007|p=235}} and [[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga County]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://council.cuyahogacounty.us/pdf_council/en-US/Legislation/Charter/2018/COUNTY%20CHARTER%20WITH%20EXECUTED%20CERTIFICATE%20PAGE%20AS%20OF%2011-6-2018.pdf |title=Charter |date=2018 |website=council.cuyahogacounty.us |access-date=July 17, 2019 |archive-date=January 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121224/http://council.cuyahogacounty.us/pdf_council/en-US/Legislation/Charter/2018/COUNTY%20CHARTER%20WITH%20EXECUTED%20CERTIFICATE%20PAGE%20AS%20OF%2011-6-2018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> have chosen an alternate form of government. The other counties have a government with a three-member board of county commissioners,<ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 305.01 ''et seq.''</ref> a sheriff,<ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 311.01</ref> coroner,<ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 313.01</ref> auditor,<ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 319.01</ref> treasurer,<ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 321.01</ref> clerk of the court of common pleas<ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 2303.01</ref> prosecutor,<ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 309.01</ref> engineer,<ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 315.01</ref> and recorder.<ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 317.01</ref>

There are two kinds of incorporated municipalities, 251 cities and 681 villages.{{sfn|Census|2007|p=235}}<ref name="Ohio Secretary of State">{{cite book |last=Ohio Secretary of State |title=The Ohio Municipal, Township and School Board Roster |url=http://www.sos.state.oh.us/SOS/publications.aspx#munros |access-date=February 27, 2022 |archive-date=July 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719184750/http://www.sos.state.oh.us/SOS/publications.aspx#munros }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL1.ST13&prodType=table|title=American FactFinder - Results|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|website=factfinder.census.gov|access-date=July 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203070753/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL1.ST13&prodType=table|archive-date=December 3, 2017}}</ref> If a municipality has five thousand or more residents as of the last [[United States Census]] it is a city, otherwise it is a village.{{sfn|Census|2007|p=235}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/703.01 |title=Ohio Revised Code Section 703.01(A) |access-date=September 12, 2007 |archive-date=July 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718075908/http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/703.01 |url-status=live}}</ref> Municipalities have full home rule powers, may adopt a charter, ordinances and resolutions for self-government.{{sfn|Putnam|Schaefgen|1997|pp=106-114}} Each municipality chooses its own form of government, but most have elected mayors and city councils or city commissions. City governments provide much more extensive services than county governments, such as police forces and paid (as opposed to volunteer) fire departments.

The entire area of the state is encompassed by townships.{{sfn|Census|2007|p=235}} When the boundaries of a township are coterminous with the boundaries of a city or village, the township ceases to exist as a separate government (called a [[paper township]]).{{sfn|Census|2007|p=235}} Townships are governed by a three-member board of township trustees.{{sfn|Census|2007|p=235}} Townships may have limited home rule powers.{{sfn|Putnam|Schaefgen|1997|pp=110-111}}

There are more than 600 city, local, and exempted village school districts providing K-12 education in Ohio, as well as about four dozen joint vocation school districts, which are separate from the K-12 districts. Each city school district, local school district, or exempted village school district is governed by an elected board of education.{{sfn|Census|2007|p=235}} A school district previously under state supervision (municipal school district) may be governed by a board whose members either are elected or appointed by the mayor of the municipality containing the greatest portion of the district's area.{{sfn|Census|2007|p=235}}

===Politics===
{{Main|Politics of Ohio}}
{{See also|Elections in Ohio|Political party strength in Ohio}}
{| class="wikitable floatright"
! colspan = 6 | Party affiliation as of May 2024<ref>{{cite web
|title=SECRETARY OF STATE PROVIDES UPDATE ON PARTY AFFILIATION DATA
|access-date=May 15, 2022
|url=https://www.sciotopost.com/democrats-or-republicans-in-ohio-one-party-has-more-voters/
|archive-date=May 15, 2024
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515072055/https://www.sciotopost.com/democrats-or-republicans-in-ohio-one-party-has-more-voters/
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
|-
! colspan = 2 | Party
! Registered voters
! Percentage
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent politician}}
| [[Independent voter|Unaffiliated]]
| align=center | 5,734,850
| align=center | 71.15%
|-
| {{party color cell|Republican Party (US)}}
| [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| align=center | 1,508,641
| align=center | 18.72%
|-
| {{party color cell|Democratic Party (US)}}
| [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| align=center | 817,063
| align=center | 10.13%
|-
! colspan = 2 | Total
! align=center | 8,060,554
! align=center | 100%
|}

[[File:Ohio Presidential Election Results 2024.svg|thumb|[[2024 United States presidential election in Ohio|2024 U.S. presidential election results]] by county in Ohio {{leftlegend|#4389E3|Democratic}}{{leftlegend|#AA0000|Republican}}]]

Historian [[R. Douglas Hurt]] asserts that not since [[Politics of Virginia|Virginia]] "had a state made such a mark on national political affairs" as Ohio.<ref name="holli162">Holli (1999), p. 162.</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' notes that "This slice of the mid-west contains a bit of everything American—part north-eastern and part southern, part urban and part rural, part hardscrabble poverty and part booming suburb".<ref>[http://www.economist.com/World/na/displayStory.cfm?story_id=5327576 " A grain of sand for your thoughts"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226043446/http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=5327576 |date=February 26, 2006 }}, ''The Economist'', December 20, 2005. Retrieved December 23, 2005.</ref>

Ohio is considered a moderately [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]-leaning state politically.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/once-a-swing-state-ohio-now-seems-to-lean-more-conservative/7565029.html |title=Once a swing state, Ohio now seems to lean more conservative |author=Stearns, Scott |publisher=Voice of America |date=April 10, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024 }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite magazine |last=Mayer |first=Jane |date=2022-08-06 |title=State Legislatures Are Torching Democracy |language=en-US |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/08/15/state-legislatures-are-torching-democracy |access-date=2023-12-30 |issn=0028-792X |archive-date=December 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230210851/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/08/15/state-legislatures-are-torching-democracy |url-status=live }}</ref> It had been a [[swing state]] in the late 20th and early 21st centuries; this status was called into question after the state voted for Republican [[Donald Trump]] at larger margins than the nation as a whole in the [[2016 United States presidential election in Ohio|2016]], [[2020 United States presidential election in Ohio|2020]] and [[2024 United States presidential election in Ohio|2024 presidential election]]s.<ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/ohio-has-taken-different-turn-ohio-no-longer-appears-be-n1247507 'Ohio has taken a different turn' - Why Ohio no longer appears to be a swing state] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724201809/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/ncna1247507 |date=July 24, 2022 }}. [[NBC News]], November 12, 2020</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2024/10/11/why-ohio-is-not-considered-a-swing-state-in-this-years-presidential-election/ |title=Why Ohio is not considered a swing state in this year's presidential election |author=Henry, Megan |publisher=Ohio Capital Journal |date=October 11, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024 }}</ref> It is also considered a [[bellwether]] state.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/02/arts/02camp.html Trolling the Campuses for Swing-State Votes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528014334/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/02/arts/02camp.html |date=May 28, 2015 }}, Julie Salamon, "[[The New York Times]]", October 2, 2004</ref><ref>[http://www.slate.com/id/2108640/ Game Theory for Swingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201225851/http://www.slate.com/id/2108640/ |date=February 1, 2011 }}, Jordan Ellenberg, "[[Slate.com]]", October 25, 2004</ref> Since [[1896 United States presidential election|1896]], Ohio has had only three misses in the general election ([[1944 United States presidential election in Ohio|1944]], [[1960 United States presidential election in Ohio|1960]], [[2020 United States presidential election in Ohio|2020]]) and had the longest perfect streak of any state, voting for the winning presidential candidate in each election from [[1964 United States presidential election|1964]] to [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]] and in 34 of the 39 held since the [[American Civil War]]. No Republican has ever won the presidency without winning Ohio.

As of 2024, there are more than 8&nbsp;million registered Ohioan voters, of which over 70% are not affiliated with any political party. They are disproportionate in age, with a million more over 65 than there are 18- to 24-year-olds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ohiovoterproject.org/|title=Weekly Voter Statistics For Ohio—May 4, 2019|date=May 5, 2019|website=Ohio Voter Project|language=en-US|access-date=May 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506001356/https://ohiovoterproject.org/|archive-date=May 6, 2019}}</ref> Since the [[2010 United States elections|2010 midterm elections]], Ohio's voter demographic has leaned towards the Republican Party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2018/11/01/ohio-voters-are-more-likely-to-be-old-white-without-higher-education-and-non-affiliated-with-a-political-party|title=Ohio Voters Are More Likely to be Old, White, Without Higher Education and Non-Affiliated with a Political Party|publisher=Clevescene|access-date=May 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506001358/https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2018/11/01/ohio-voters-are-more-likely-to-be-old-white-without-higher-education-and-non-affiliated-with-a-political-party|archive-date=May 6, 2019}}</ref>

The governor, [[Mike DeWine]], is Republican, as are all other non-judicial statewide elected officials. In the [[Ohio State Senate]] the Republicans are the majority, 25–8, and in the [[Ohio House of Representatives]] the Republicans control the delegation 64–35.

Following the 2020 census, Ohio has 15 seats in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]].<ref>{{cite news| last = Riskind| first = Jonathan| title = Ohio likely to lose 2 seats in Congress in 2012| newspaper = [[Columbus Dispatch]]| date = December 24, 2008| url = http://www.dispatchpolitics.com/live/content/national_world/stories/2008/12/24/ohcong.ART_ART_12-24-08_A6_0ACB253.html?sid=101| access-date = March 29, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022750/http://www.dispatchpolitics.com/live/content/national_world/stories/2008/12/24/ohcong.ART_ART_12-24-08_A6_0ACB253.html?sid=101| archive-date = May 10, 2011}}</ref> As of the [[2024 Ohio elections|2024 election cycle]], ten federal representatives are Republicans while five are Democrats. [[Marcy Kaptur]] (D-[[Ohio's 9th congressional district|09]]) is the most senior member of the Ohio delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives.<ref>{{cite web| title = Rep. Marcy Kaptur (D-OH) Urges Homeowners to Stay in Foreclosed Homes| publisher = Democracy Now| date = February 3, 2009| url = http://i1.democracynow.org/2009/2/3/rep_marcy_kaptur_d_oh_urges| access-date = March 29, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090211121058/http://i1.democracynow.org/2009/2/3/rep_marcy_kaptur_d_oh_urges| archive-date = February 11, 2009}}</ref> The [[Seniority in the United States Senate|senior U.S. senator]] is [[Bernie Moreno]] and the junior is [[Jon Husted]]. Both are Republicans.

In 2023, Ohioans approved a [[November 2023 Ohio Issue 1|constitutional amendment]] strengthening abortion rights.<ref name="Ohio Ballot Board">{{cite web |last=Walsh |first=Maeve |date=March 13, 2023 |title=Abortion rights amendment certified by Ohio Ballot Board |url=https://www.nbc4i.com/news/local-news/columbus/abortion-rights-amendment-certified-by-ohio-ballot-board/ |access-date=July 23, 2023 |work=[[WCMH-TV]] |archive-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724032659/https://www.nbc4i.com/news/local-news/columbus/abortion-rights-amendment-certified-by-ohio-ballot-board/ }}</ref>

==="Mother of presidents"===
Six U.S. presidents hailed from Ohio at the time of their elections, giving rise to its nickname "mother of presidents", a sobriquet it shares with [[Virginia]]. It is also termed "modern mother of presidents", in contrast to Virginia's status as the origin of presidents earlier in American history. Virginia-born [[William Henry Harrison]] lived much of his life in [[North Bend, Ohio]], was elected from the state and is also buried there. The other five presidents are [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], [[James A. Garfield]], [[William McKinley]], [[William Howard Taft]] and [[Warren G. Harding]].<ref name="HEINRICHS">{{cite book|author=Ann Heinrichs|title=Ohio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTnyaU2WkmUC&pg=PT43|date=January 1, 2003|publisher=Capstone|isbn=978-0-7565-0316-1|page=42|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906030717/https://books.google.com/books?id=VTnyaU2WkmUC&pg=PT43|archive-date=September 6, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Seven presidents were born in Ohio, making it second to Virginia's eight; in addition to the aforementioned five, [[Ulysses S. Grant]] was elected from [[Illinois]] and [[Benjamin Harrison]] was elected from [[Indiana]].<ref name="HEINRICHS" />

===Allegations of voter suppression===
In a 2020 study, Ohio was ranked as the 17th hardest state for citizens to vote in.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=J. Pomante II |first1=Michael |last2=Li |first2=Quan |title=Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020 |journal=Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy |date=December 15, 2020 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=503–509 |doi=10.1089/elj.2020.0666 |s2cid=225139517 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Since 1994, the state has had a policy of purging infrequent voters from its rolls. In April 2016, a lawsuit was filed, challenging this policy on the grounds that it violated the [[National Voter Registration Act of 1993|National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) of 1993]]<ref name="aclu-husted" /> and the [[Help America Vote Act of 2002]].<ref name="atlantic-husted">{{cite web |last1=Ford |first1=Matt |website=The Atlantic |date=May 30, 2017 |title=Use It or Lose It? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/05/supreme-court-ohio-voting/528573/ |access-date=May 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629004540/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/05/supreme-court-ohio-voting/528573/ |archive-date=June 29, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June, the federal district court ruled for the plaintiffs and entered a preliminary injunction applicable only to the November 2016 election. The preliminary injunction was upheld in September by the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit|Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit]]. Had it not been upheld, thousands of voters<!-- ACLU says 7500 voters, the Atlantic says tens of thousands --> would have been purged from the rolls just a few weeks before the election.<ref name="aclu-husted">{{cite web |url=https://www.aclu.org/blog/voting-rights/right-decide-when-vote-husted-v-philip-randolph-institute |website=ACLU |date=September 13, 2017 |title=The Right to Decide When to Vote: Husted v. A. Philip Randolph Institute |author=Jennifer Safstrom |access-date=May 28, 2021 |archive-date=April 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428200540/https://www.aclu.org/blog/voting-rights/right-decide-when-vote-husted-v-philip-randolph-institute |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Glueck |first=Katie |date=November 9, 2022 |title=Vance Elected Senator in Ohio; Once Anti-Trump, He Benefited From His Support |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/08/us/politics/jd-vance-wins-ohio.html |access-date=January 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102214209/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/08/us/politics/jd-vance-wins-ohio.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Education==
{{Main|Education in Ohio}}
{{See also|List of colleges and universities in Ohio}}
{{multiple image
 | direction = vertical
 | total_width = 230
 | image1 = Ohio-Columbus-University-Hall-2017-10-21-001.jpg
 | caption1 = The [[Ohio State University]] in Columbus is Ohio's largest university by enrollment.<ref name="headcount" />
 | image2 = Oberlin College - Bosworth Hall.jpg
 | caption2 = [[Oberlin College]] in northeast Ohio was the first college in the US to admit women.<ref name="Jones-WilsonAsbury1996" />
}}

Ohio's system of [[public education]] is outlined in Article VI of the [[Ohio Constitution|state constitution]], and in Title XXXIII of the [[Ohio Revised Code]]. Substantively, Ohio's system is similar to those found in [[Education in the United States|other states]]. At the State level, the [[Ohio Department of Education]] governs primary and secondary educational institutions. At the municipal level, there are approximately 700 school districts statewide. The [[Ohio Board of Regents]] coordinates and assists with Ohio's institutions of higher education.

Ohio is home to several public and private institutions of higher learning. Prior to statehood, the [[Northwest Ordinance]] of 1787 included a provision to establish an institution of higher education in the region, resulting in the establishment of [[Ohio University]] in 1804 as Ohio's first college.<ref>See [[College Lands]]: Ohio University Chartered, and [[Land Ordinance of 1785]], and {{cite book|title = A compilation of laws, treaties, resolutions, and ordinances: of the general and state governments, which relate to lands in the state of Ohio; including the laws adopted by the governor and judges; the laws of the territorial legislature; and the laws of this state, to the years 1815–16 | publisher = G. Nashee, State Printer | year = 1825 |url = https://archive.org/details/acompilationlaw00swangoog|page = [https://archive.org/details/acompilationlaw00swangoog/page/n24 17] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web  |title = Ohio Lands: A Short History  |url = http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~maggie/ohio-lands/ohl5.html  |access-date = March 27, 2011  |url-status = live  |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110520040556/http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~maggie/ohio-lands/ohl5.html  |archive-date = May 20, 2011  }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title = Historical Collections of Ohio ... an Encyclopedia of the State | edition = The Ohio Centennial|volume = 1| editor = Henry Howe |publisher = The State of Ohio |year = 1907 |chapter = The Public Lands of Ohio | author = John Kilbourne |page=226}} [https://archive.org/details/acompilationlaw00swangoog/page/n235 <!-- pg=226 quote=College Lands. --> ''Act of February 18, 1804, v. 2, L. O. p. 193, An act establishing a University in the town of Athens''].</ref> The [[University System of Ohio]] includes all of Ohio's public institutions of higher education. It includes 14 four-year [[research university|research universities]], 24 branch and regional campuses, and 23 [[community college]]s and [[Institute of technology|technical colleges]]. [[Ohio State University]] is the largest of the system, with over 60,000 students at its main campus in Columbus.<ref name="headcount">As of fall 2021. {{cite web | title=Preliminary Headcount, Fall Term 2021 | url=https://www.ohiohighered.org/sites/default/files/uploads/hei/data-updates/final_ph_rpt_2021.xlsx | publisher=Ohio Department of Higher Education | access-date=February 20, 2022}}</ref>

[[Kenyon College]] is the state's oldest private [[liberal arts college]], established in 1824 by an [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal bishop]] to train clergy on the Ohio frontier. [[Oberlin College]], established in 1833, was among the earliest colleges in the US to admit African Americans in 1835, and became the first to admit women in 1837.<ref name="Jones-WilsonAsbury1996">{{cite book |author1=Faustine Childress Jones-Wilson |author2=Charles A. Asbury |author3=D. Kamili Anderson |author4=Sylvia M. Jacobs |author5=Margo Okazawa-Rey |title=Encyclopedia of African-American Education |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ni2qhq1n1d4C&pg=PA339 |year=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-28931-6 |pages=339– |access-date=May 3, 2018 |archive-date=December 17, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191217022314/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ni2qhq1n1d4C&pg=PA339 |url-status= live}}</ref>

The [[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|Carnegie Foundation]] classifies seven of the state's institutions as tier 1 [[research universities]]: [[Case Western Reserve University]], [[University of Cincinnati]], [[University of Dayton]], [[Kent State University]], Ohio State University, Ohio University, and [[University of Toledo]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Doctoral Universities: Highest Research Activity |url=http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/srp.php?clq=%7B%22basic2005_ids%22%3A%2215%22%7D |publisher=Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education |access-date=November 14, 2024 }}</ref>

===Libraries===
Ohio is home to some of the nation's highest-ranked public libraries.<ref name="haplr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.haplr-index.com/HAPLR08_CorrectedVersionOctober8_2008.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028194258/http://www.haplr-index.com/HAPLR08_CorrectedVersionOctober8_2008.pdf|title=Thomas J. Hennen's American Public Library Ratings for 2006|archive-date=October 28, 2008}}</ref> Major metropolitan public library systems include the [[Cleveland Public Library]], the [[Cuyahoga County Public Library]], the [[Cincinnati and Hamilton County Public Library]], and the [[Columbus Metropolitan Library]]. The [[Ohio Public Library Information Network]] provides Ohio residents with internet access to their 251 public libraries. It also provides Ohioans with free home access to high-quality, subscription research databases.

The [[OhioLINK]] library consortium provides Ohio's college and university libraries with mutual access to their collections. The program allows researchers access to books and other media that might not be otherwise available. [[CLEVNET]], another major library consortium, is based at the Cleveland Public Library and includes 47 public library systems in Northeast Ohio.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is CLEVNET? |publisher=[[CLEVNET]] |url=https://www.clevnet.org/what-is-clevnet/ |date=March 28, 2023 |access-date=July 31, 2023 }}</ref>

==Transportation==
[[File:Map of Ohio showing Interurban Railways c 1907.png|thumb|Map of Ohio showing Interurban Railways {{Circa|1907}}]]
[[File:Ohio welcome sign (2019).jpg|thumb|Ohio welcome sign in 2019]]

===Roads===
{{See also|List of Interstate Highways in Ohio|List of U.S. Routes in Ohio|List of state routes in Ohio}}
Many major east–west transportation corridors go through Ohio. One of those pioneer routes, known in the early 20th century as "Main Market Route 3", was chosen in 1913 to become part of the historic [[Lincoln Highway]] which was the first road across America, connecting New York City to San Francisco. In Ohio, the Lincoln Highway linked many towns and cities together, including [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]], [[Mansfield, Ohio|Mansfield]], [[Wooster, Ohio|Wooster]], [[Lima, Ohio|Lima]], and [[Van Wert, Ohio|Van Wert]]. The Lincoln Highway's arrival in Ohio was a major influence on the state's development. Upon the advent of the federal numbered highway system in 1926, the Lincoln Highway through Ohio became [[U.S. Route 30 in Ohio|U.S. Route 30]].

Ohio is home to {{convert|228|mi|km|0}} of the [[National Road]], now [[U.S. Route 40 in Ohio|U.S. Route 40]].

Ohio has a highly developed network of roads and interstate highways. Major east-west through routes include the [[Ohio Turnpike]] ([[Interstate 80 in Ohio|I-80]]/[[Interstate 90 in Ohio|I-90]]) in the north, [[Interstate 76 in Ohio|I-76]] through [[Akron, Ohio|Akron]] to [[Pennsylvania]], [[Interstate 70 in Ohio|I-70]] through [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] and [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]], and the [[Appalachian Highway (Ohio)|Appalachian Highway]] ([[Ohio State Route 32|State Route 32]]) running from [[West Virginia]] to [[Cincinnati]]. Major north–south routes include [[Interstate 75 in Ohio|I-75]] in the west through [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]], Dayton, and Cincinnati, [[Interstate 71|I-71]] through the middle of the state from [[Cleveland]] through Columbus and Cincinnati into [[Kentucky]], and [[Interstate 77 in Ohio|I-77]] in the eastern part of the state from Cleveland through Akron, [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]], [[New Philadelphia, Ohio|New Philadelphia]] and [[Marietta, Ohio|Marietta]] south into West Virginia. Interstate 75 between Cincinnati and Dayton is one of Ohio's most heavily traveled sections of interstate.

===Trails===
Ohio has a highly developed network of signed state bicycle routes. Many of them follow [[rail trail]]s, with conversion ongoing. The [[Ohio to Erie Trail]] (route 1) connects Cincinnati, Columbus, and Cleveland. [[U.S. Bicycle Route 50]] traverses Ohio from [[Steubenville, Ohio|Steubenville]] to the Indiana state line outside [[Richmond, Indiana|Richmond]].<ref name="USRN USBR 50">{{AASHTO minutes |year = 2014S |access-date = June 1, 2014}}</ref>

Ohio has several long-distance hiking trails, the most prominent of which is the [[Buckeye Trail]], which extends {{convert|1444|mi|adj=on|abbr=on}} in a loop around the state. Part of it is on roads and part on wooded trail. Additionally, the [[North Country Trail]] (the longest of the 11 [[National Scenic Trail]]s authorized by [[United States Congress|Congress]]) and the [[American Discovery Trail]] (a system of recreational trails and roads that collectively form a coast-to-coast route across the mid-tier of the [[United States]]) pass through Ohio. Much of these two trails coincide with the Buckeye Trail.

===Rail===
{{Ohio rail network}}
{{See also|List of Ohio railroads|List of Ohio train stations}}
Ohio has an extensive rail network, though today most lines carry only freight traffic. Three [[Class I railroads|Class I]] freight railroads operate in Ohio: [[CSX Transportation]], [[Norfolk Southern Railway]], and [[Canadian National Railway]]. Many local freight carriers also exist in the state.

[[Amtrak]], the national passenger railroad, operates three long-distance rail routes through Ohio. The ''[[Lake Shore Limited]]'' serves {{amtk|Cleveland}}, {{amtk|Elyria}}, {{amtk|Toledo}}, {{amtk|Sandusky}}, and {{amtk|Bryan}}. The ''[[Capitol Limited]]'' stops in those cities as well as in {{amtk|Alliance}}. The ''[[Cardinal (train)|Cardinal]]'' serves [[Cincinnati Union Terminal]]. From Ohio, passengers can ride directly to {{amtk|Chicago}}, {{amtk|New York}}, [[South Station|Boston]], {{amtk|Washington, D.C.}}, {{amtk|Indianapolis}}, {{amtk|Pittsburgh}}, {{amtk|Buffalo}}, and dozens of destinations in-between.

Columbus is the largest city in the U.S. with no passenger rail. Its [[Union Station (Columbus, Ohio)|Union Station]] was last served in 1979 by the ''[[National Limited (Amtrak train)|National Limited]].''

Ohio is home to several [[Heritage railway|scenic railways]] and museums, including the [[Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad]] through [[Cuyahoga Valley National Park]], the [[Age of Steam Roundhouse]] museum, and the [[Hocking Valley Scenic Railway]] near [[Hocking Hills State Park]].

===Transit===
[[File:Cincinnati-bell-connector station-1-the-banks 09-11-2016.jpg|thumb|Cincinnati [[Connector (Cincinnati)|Connector]] [[tram|streetcar]]]]
Mass transit exists in many forms in Ohio cities, primarily through bus systems. The [[Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority]] (GCRTA) operates the [[RTA Rapid Transit]] system, which consists of one heavy rail line, three [[Light rail in the United States|light rail]] lines, and three [[bus rapid transit]] lines. Cincinnati is served by the [[Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority]] (SORTA) bus network as well as a {{convert|3.6|mi|adj=on}} [[streetcar]] line, the [[Cincinnati Bell Connector]]. Other major transit agencies in Ohio include the [[Central Ohio Transit Authority]] (COTA) serving Columbus and the [[Greater Dayton Regional Transit Authority]] (GDRTA) serving Dayton.

===Air travel===
{{See also|List of airports in Ohio}}
Ohio has four international airports, four commercial, and two military. The four international include [[Cleveland Hopkins International Airport]], [[John Glenn Columbus International Airport]], [[Dayton International Airport]], and [[Rickenbacker International Airport]] (one of two military airfields). The other military airfield is [[Wright Patterson Air Force Base]] which is one of the largest Air Force bases in the United States. Other major airports are in [[Toledo Express Airport|Toledo]] and [[Akron-Canton Airport|Akron]]. Cincinnati's main airport, [[Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport]], is in [[Hebron, Kentucky]], and therefore is not included in Ohio airport lists.

===Waterways===
{{Main|Lake Erie|List of rivers of Ohio|Historic Ohio Canals}}

==See also==
{{portal|Ohio|United States}}
* [[Index of Ohio-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Ohio]]
{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* ''Profiles of Ohio: history, statistics, demographics for all 1,339 populated places in Ohio, with detailed state and government histories, plus comparative statistics & rankings.'' (6th ed. Grey House Publishing, 2021). 828pp {{ISBN|1-64265-827-8}}; covers 88 counties, 248 cities and 689 villages.
* Cayton, Andrew R. L. (2002). ''Ohio: The History of a People''. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University Press. {{ISBN|0-8142-0899-1}}
* Kern, Kevin F., and Gregory S. Wilson. (2013) ''Ohio: A History of the Buckeye State'' (Wiley-Blackwell, 2013), 544pp
* Knepper, George W. (1989). ''Ohio and Its People''. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-87338-791-0}}
* Holli, Melvin G. (1999). ''The American Mayor''. State College, PA: [[Pennsylvania State University]] Press. {{ISBN|0-271-01876-3}}
* Roseboom, Eugene H.; Weisenburger, Francis P. (1967). ''A History of Ohio''. Columbus: The [[Ohio Historical Society]].
* {{cite book| title=Ohio Legal Research Guide |first1=Melanie K |last1= Putnam |first2=Susan M |last2= Schaefgen |date=1997 |isbn=978-1-57588-087-7 |publisher=William S Hein & Co }}
* Schmidlin, Thomas; Schmidlin, Jeanne Appelhans (1996). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QANPLARGXFMC ''Thunder in the Heartland: A Chronicle of Outstanding Weather Events in Ohio''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405043025/https://books.google.com/books?id=QANPLARGXFMC |date=April 5, 2023 }}. The Kent State university Press. Kent, Ohio. {{isbn|978-0-87338-549-7}}.

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Ohio}}
* [https://www.ohio.gov/ State of Ohio official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503125351/https://ohio.gov/ |date=May 3, 2024 }}
* [http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=39&StateName=Ohio#.U85uE_ldVu0 Ohio State Facts from USDA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824213016/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=39&StateName=Ohio#.U85uE_ldVu0 |date=August 24, 2016 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130303055638/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39000.html U.S. Census Bureau (Ohio Quick Facts)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060922195548/http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=OH USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Ohio]
* {{OSM relation|162061}}

{{Navboxes
|title =Topics related to Ohio
|list =
{{Ohio|expanded}}
{{Protected areas of Ohio}}
{{Midwestern United States}}
{{New France}}
{{United States political divisions}}
|state=expanded}}

{{Authority control}}
{{coord|40|-83|dim:300000_region:US-OH_type:adm1st|name=State of Ohio|display=title}}

[[Category:Ohio| ]]
[[Category:States of the United States]]
[[Category:Midwestern United States]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1803]]
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas]]
[[Category:Former French colonies]]
[[Category:1803 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Contiguous United States]]