View source for Ole Bull

{{short description|Norwegian violinist (1810–1880)}}
{{Redirect|Ole Bornemann Bull|the ophthalmologist|Ole Bornemann Bull (physician)}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Ole Bull
| image              = Ole Bull cabinet card portrait.jpg
| birth_name         = Ole Bornemann Bull
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1810|02|05|df=y}}
| birth_place        = [[Bergen]], [[Denmark–Norway]]
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|1880|08|17|1810|02|05|df=y}}
| death_place        = [[Lysøen]], [[Union between Sweden and Norway|Sweden–Norway]]
| occupation         = {{hlist|Violinist|composer}}
| spouse             = {{married|Alexandrine Félicie Villeminot|1836|1862|end=died}}<br>{{married|[[Sara Bull]]|1870}}
| relatives          = [[Georg Andreas Bull]] (brother)
}}
'''Ole Bornemann Bull''' ({{IPA|no|ˈù:lə ˈbʉlː}};<ref>[http://forvo.com/word/ole_bull/ "Pronunciation: Ole Bull"] (2009-04-03) [[Forvo]]</ref> 5 February 1810{{spaced ndash}}17 August 1880) was a Norwegian [[virtuoso]] violinist and composer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snl.no/Ole_Bull |title=''Ole Bull'' (Store norske leksikon) |publisher=Snl.no |date=2013-02-27 |access-date=2013-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Ole_Bull/utdypning |title=''Ole Bull / utdypning'' (Store norske leksikon) |publisher=Snl.no |access-date=2013-04-07}}</ref> According to [[Robert Schumann]], he was on a level with [[Niccolò Paganini]] for the speed and clarity of his playing.

==Background==
Bull was born in [[Bergen]], Norway. He was the eldest of ten children of Johan Storm Bull (1787–1838) and Anna Dorothea Borse Geelmuyden (1789–1875). His brother, [[Georg Andreas Bull]] became a noted Norwegian architect. He was also the uncle of [[Edvard Hagerup Bull]], Norwegian judge and politician.

His father wished for him to become a minister, but he desired a musical career. At the age of four or five, he could play all of the songs he had heard his mother play on the violin. At age nine, he played first violin in the orchestra of Bergen's theatre and was a soloist with the [[Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.classical-composers.org/comp/bullole |title=''Ole Bull'' (Classical Composers Database) |publisher=Classical-composers.org |date= 2005-08-08|access-date=2013-04-07}}</ref>
At eighteen, he was sent to the [[University of Oslo|University of Christiania]], but failed his examinations. He joined the Musical Lyceum, a musical society, and after its director [[Waldemar Thrane]] was taken ill, Bull became the director of Musical Lyceum and the Theater Orchestra in 1828.<ref name="haugen"/>  He also became friends with [[Henrik Wergeland]], who later wrote a biography of Bull.<ref name="haugen"/>

==Career==
[[Image:Lysøen.17.jpg|thumb|left|200 px|Violinist and composer Ole Bull]]
[[Image:Ole Bull playing.jpg|thumb|left|200 px|Ole Bull performing]]
[[File:Ole Bull Bergen.JPG|thumb|left|Statue of Ole Bull in Bergen]]
After living for a while in Germany, where he pretended to study law, he went to Paris but fared badly for a year or two. In 1832 in Paris he shared rooms with [[Frederic Chopin]] as well as  the Moravian violin virtuoso [[Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst]]. He was eventually successful in becoming a high-level virtuoso, giving thousands of concerts.  In England alone these included 274 in 1837,<ref name="haugen">{{Citation
  | last1 = Haugen
  | first1 = Einar
  | author-link = Einar Haugen
  | last2 = Cai
  | first2 = Camilla
  | title = Ole Bull: Norway's romantic musician and cosmopolitan patriot
  | publisher = University of Wisconsin Press
  | year = 1993
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0V_YprwSWLUC&pg=PR27
  | isbn = 978-0-299-13250-7
  | access-date = 2013-04-07}}
</ref> during which visit he also travelled to some of the more remote parts of Britain.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} Catherine Darwin told [[Charles Darwin|her brother]] about a [[Shrewsbury]] concert when "the best performer was Ole Bull on the Violin, who I think very superior to Paganini".<ref>{{cite web | title=Letter no. 336 – Catherine Darwin to Charles Darwin – [20 December 1836] | website=Darwin Correspondence Project | url=https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-336.xml | access-date= 22 December 2021}}</ref> Bull became very famous and made a huge fortune. He is believed to have composed more than 70 works, but only about 10 are known today. Best known is ''Sæterjentens søndag'' (''The dairymaid's Sunday'').

Bull was caught up in a rising tide of [[Norwegian romantic nationalism]], and acclaimed the idea of Norway as a sovereign state, separate from [[Sweden]]—which became a reality in 1905. In 1850, he co-founded the first theater in which actors spoke Norwegian rather than Danish, namely [[Det norske Theater (Bergen)|Det Norske Theater]] in Bergen—which later became [[Den Nationale Scene]].<ref name=khvbH>{{Cite book| editor-last =Brekke | editor-first =Nils Georg | title =Kulturhistorisk vegbok Hordaland | publisher =Hordaland Fylkeskommune | year=1993 | location =Bergen | language=no | page =240 | isbn =82-7326-026-7}}</ref>

In the summer of 1858, Bull met the 15-year-old [[Edvard Grieg]]. Bull was a friend of the Grieg family, since Ole Bull's brother was married to the sister of Grieg's mother. Bull noticed Edvard's talent and persuaded his parents to send him to further develop his talents at the [[Leipzig Conservatory]]. During the 1860s and 1870s Bull went on several tours across the U.S., often accompanied by soprano Varian Hoffman, baritone Ignatz Pollak, and pianist Edward Hoffman.<ref>{{cite news |title=Grand Opening of the Burits Opera House: Ole Bull |work=Davenport Times |date=6 Jan 1868}}</ref> He was [[concertmaster]] at the [[National Peace Jubilee]] (June 15–19, 1869) which featured an orchestra of 525 players{{citation needed |date=February 2021|reason=There actually is a source for this<nowiki>: "cite book|title=The American Wind Band: A Cultural History|first=Richard K.|last=Hansen|year=2005|publisher=GIA Publications |page=229 |isbn=1-57999-467-9"</nowiki> but we don't have that book at hand so we can't vet it.}}

[[Robert Schumann]] once wrote that Bull was among "the greatest of all," and that he was on a level with Niccolò Paganini for the speed and clarity of his playing.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.schumann-portal.de/bull-ole-1176.html | title=Bull, Ole - Schumann-Portal}}</ref> Bull was also a friend of [[Franz Liszt]] and played with him on several occasions.

==Instruments==
Bull also was a clever luthier, after studies in Paris with [[Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume]]. He collected many beautiful violins and violas of [[Amati]], [[Gasparo da Salò]], [[Guarneri]], [[Stradivari]] and others. He was the owner of one of the finest violins of the world, made by Gasparo da Salò around 1574 for [[Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria]]. The violin, a gift of his widow to Bull's birthplace, is now in the Bergen Vestlandske Kustindustrimuseum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kunstmuseene.no/Default.asp?side=kalender&art=789&enhet=kunstindustri&sp=1 |title=''Oles magiske fiolin'' (Bergen Vestlandske Kunstindustrimuseum) |publisher=Kunstmuseene.no |access-date=2013-04-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322165748/http://www.kunstmuseene.no/Default.asp?side=kalender&art=789&enhet=kunstindustri&sp=1 |archive-date=2012-03-22 }}</ref> Bull often performed with [[Giuseppe Guarneri|Guarneri del Gesù]] violins during his career.

===Ole Bull Colony===
Bull visited the United States several times and was met with great success. In 1852, he obtained a large tract of land in [[Pennsylvania]] and founded a colony he called New Norway, but that is commonly referred to as Ole Bull Colony. On 24 May 1852, he formally purchased {{convert|11144|acre|km2|0}} for $10,388. The land consisted of four communities: New Bergen, now known as Carter Camp; [[Oleona, Pennsylvania|Oleona]], named after him and his mother, six miles (10&nbsp;km) south of New Bergen; New Norway,  one mile south of New Bergen; and Valhalla in the [[Kettle Creek (Pennsylvania)|Kettle Creek]] area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://genealogytrails.com/penn/potter/OleBull.html |title=''The Ole Bull Colony in Potter County, 1852'' (Potter County Historical Society, 1952; Ole Bull State Park signage, 2010) |publisher=Genealogytrails.com |access-date=2013-04-07}}</ref>

Bull called the highest point in Valhalla, Nordjenskald, which became the location of his unfinished castle. He soon gave up on this venture, as there was scarcely any land to till, and went back to giving concerts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/places/4278/ole_bull%27s_new_norway/472266 |title=''Biography of Ole Bull''(Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission) |publisher=Portal.state.pa.us |access-date=2013-04-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205105539/http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/places/4278/ole_bull's_new_norway/472266 |archive-date=2013-02-05 }}</ref>

Today the site is the location of the [[Ole Bull State Park]], 132-acre (53 ha) state park in [[Stewardson Township, Pennsylvania|Stewardson Township]], [[Potter County, Pennsylvania|Potter County]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Norwegian citizens paid for the construction of a monument on site to honor Ole Bull. The statue was placed in the park on the 150th anniversary of New Norway in 2002.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-3D5
|title= Ole Bull's Colony Historical Marker
|publisher=Explore PA History 
|access-date=October 10, 2015}}</ref>

===Family life===
In 1836, Bull married Alexandrine Félicie Villeminot. They had six children, only two of whom survived him. Alexandrine died in 1862. Their children were:
* Ole Storm Felix Bull (1837–39)
* Alexander Ole Felix Etienne Bull (1839–1914)
* Thorvald Bull (1841–62)
* Eleonore Felicie Bull (1843–1923)
* Ernst Bornemann Bull (1844; lived only 5 months<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olebull2010.no/english/articles/ole-bull-biografi/?searchterm=5%20months |title=A Bull's Life — Ole Bull 200-års jubileum |publisher=Olebull2010.no |access-date=2013-04-07 |archive-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016082651/http://www.olebull2010.no/english/articles/ole-bull-biografi/?searchterm=5%20months |url-status=dead }}</ref>)
* Lucie Edvardine Bull (1846–68)
 [[File:Ole Bull Residence, West Lebanon, ME.jpg|thumb|right|''Ironwell'', his summer residence at [[Lebanon, Maine|West Lebanon, Maine]] purchased in 1871]]
[[File:Grave of Ole Bull.jpg|thumb|right|Grave of Ole Bull]]
In 1868 Bull met [[Sara Bull|Sara Chapman Thorp]] (1850–1911), the daughter of a prosperous lumber merchant from [[Eau Claire, Wisconsin|Eau Claire]], [[Wisconsin]]. On a return visit in 1870,  despite their age difference (he was 60, she was 20), Bull began a courtship, and the couple was secretly married in Norway in June 1870, with a formal wedding in Madison later that year. They had one daughter, Olea (1871–1913).
In 1871, he bought a summer home on a rise in [[Lebanon, Maine|West Lebanon, Maine]] which he named ''Ironwell''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ntQqAAAAYAAJ&q=Ole%20Bull%20Ironwell&pg=PA77 |title="Folio, A Journal of Music, Art and Literature," edited by Dexter Smith; Boston, April 1871 |access-date=2013-04-07|year=1871 }}</ref> Sara traveled with Bull for the remainder of his career, sometimes accompanying him on the piano.  In 1883 she published a memoir of Bull's life.<ref>''Ole Bull: a memoir'', 1883</ref>
[[File:Ole Bull villa Valestrandsfossen Osterøy Norway 20060501.JPG|thumb|Ole Bull villa at [[Valestrandsfossen]]]]
[[File:Ole Bull's villa.jpg|thumb|Ole Bull villa at [[Lysøen]]]]

===Later years===
Ole Bull bought the island of [[Lysøen]] in [[Os, Hordaland|Os]], south of Bergen, in 1872. He hired architect Conrad Fredrik von der Lippe (1833–1901) to design a residence on the island. Bull died from cancer in his home on Lysøen on 17 August 1880. He had held his last concert in Chicago the same year, despite his illness. A testament to his fame was his funeral procession, perhaps the most spectacular in Norway's history. The ship transporting his body was guided by 15 [[steam ship|steamers]] and a large number of smaller vessels.
<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://snl.no/Conrad_Fredrik_von_der_Lippe
|title=Conrad Fredrik von der Lippe
|publisher=Store norske leksikon
|author=Ola Storsletten
|access-date=October 10, 2015|date=2014-09-28
}}</ref>

==Legacy==
*Ole Bull's villa on the island of Lysøen was donated to the Association of Norwegian Ancient Monuments Conservation. Museet Lysøen consists of violinist Ole Bull's Villa, an old farm from the 17th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lysoen.no/ |title=''Museet Lysøen'' (Kunstmuseene i Bergen) |publisher=Lysoen.no |access-date=2013-04-07}}</ref>
*[[Oleona, Pennsylvania|Oleona]] in [[Potter County, Pennsylvania|Potter County]] is situated in the mountains of northern [[Pennsylvania]] at the intersection of Routes 44 and 144 (Ole Bull Road).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.norway.org/ARCHIVE/News/archive/2002/200204bull/ |title=''Remembering Ole Bull's dream'' (Royal Norwegian Embassy in Washington) |publisher=Norway.org |date=2002-09-02 |access-date=2013-04-07}}</ref>
*[[Ole Bull State Park]] in the [[Susquehannock State Forest]] is on the original site chosen for Bull's colony. The unfinished Ole Bull Castle is maintained by the park and can be visited by hikers. A monument to honor Ole Bull was placed in the park on the 150th anniversary of New Norway in 2002.
*[[Mammoth Cave]] in [[Kentucky]] has a room called Ole Bull's Concert Hall where he once gave performances.
*[[Loring Park]] in [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]] is the site of a [[Jacob Fjelde|bronze statue]] memorializing Ole Bull.
*Ole Bull Cottage, originally purchased to be a school for music by Ole Bull and his wife, is at [[Green Acre Baháʼí School]] in [[Eliot, Maine]]. Erected in 1896, the Ole Bull Cottage currently serves as the school library building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bahai-library.com/essays/greenacre.html |title=''Ole Bull Cottage'' (An Intro to the History of the Green Acre Baháʼí School in Eliot, Maine) |publisher=Bahai-library.com |access-date=2013-04-07}}</ref>
*[[Ole Bull Academy]] (''Ole Bull Akademiet'') in [[Voss, Norway]] is a music education institution founded in 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snl.no/Ole_Bull_Akademiet |title=''Ole Bull Akademiet'' (Store norske leksikon) |publisher=Snl.no |date=2013-02-27 |access-date=2013-04-07}}</ref>
*Ole Bull Scene is a stage for cabaret, music and theater at the Ole Bull Plass in Bergen, Norway.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olebullscene.no/ |title=Ole Bull Scene |publisher=Olebullscene.no |date=2012-10-16 |access-date=2013-04-07 |archive-date=2013-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321041043/http://olebullscene.no/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Ole Bull - [[Gasparo da Salò]] violin, a wonderful decorated masterpiece of the famous Italian maker that the virtuoso used for 40 years of world tours. Now is in the Vestlandske Kunstindustrimuseum in Bergen.
*In 2006, director [[Aslak Aarhus]] released a motion picture titled ''Ole Bull—The Titan'', the story of Bull's exploits and the impact it had on his French wife and children, who remained neglected in Bergen.
*In 2010 the Norwegian record label 2L released world premiere recordings of Ole Bull's violin concertos and his Spanish fantasy ''La Verbena de San Juan'' and a previously unknown version for violin and strings of ''A Sæterbesøg''. The performers on the disc are [[Annar Follesø]], violin, and the [[Norwegian Radio Orchestra]] conducted by [[Ole Kristian Ruud]].
*The violin played by Ole Bull in concert in Wilmington, DE c.1847 is in the Sanderson Museum in Chadds Ford, PA. www.sandersonmuseum.org.  A sworn affidavit of provenance states:  After Bazel Graves of West Chester, PA. purchased it from Bull in 1847, it was inherited by Graves' stepson Jefferson Shaner in 1855. Shaner subsequently sold it to Christian Carmack Sanderson in 1922 for $125. The violin is a copy of a Stainer  model and was recently restored to concert condition in 2015 by luthier Teal Wintsch in Wilmington, DE.
*Around the turn of the 20th century, a commercial signature line of Ole Bull violins was manufactured in Germany. 
*The [[Wisconsin Historical Society]] owns a posthumous, full-length portrait of [https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/museum/exhibits/framed/olebull.asp Ole Bull] with violin painted by James Reeve Stuart (1834–1915).
*The subject of Chapter 24 of the Life of [[Rasmus Anderson]] is his encounter with Ole Bull.

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*Bjørnstad, Ketil (2005) ''Flammeslukeren Ole Bull - en livshistorie'' (Aschehoug)  {{ISBN|9788203188923}} 
*[[Sara Chapman Bull|Bull, Sara C.]] (1883) ''Ole Bull: A Memoir by Sara C. Bull''; with Ole Bull's "Violin Notes," and Dr. A. B. Crosby's ''Anatomy of the Violinist''  (Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1886 ed. reissued by Da Capo Press, New York, 1981)  {{ISBN|0-306-76120-3}}
**Other editions: London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1886 / Boston: Longwood Press, 1978 / ''Ole Bull, der Geigerkönig. Ein Künstlerleben'' (German version by L. Ottman. Stuttgart, 1886)
*[[Einar Haugen|Haugen, Einar]] (1993)  ''Ole Bull: Norway's Romantic Musician and Cosmopolitan Patriot'' (University of Wisconsin Press) {{ISBN|978-0299132507}}
*Heimel, Paul W. (2002)  ''Oleana: The Ole Bull Colony'' (Knox Books) {{ISBN|978-0965582421}}
*[[Knut Hendriksen |Hendriksen, Knut]] (2000) ''Ole Bull''  (Cappelen) {{ISBN|978-8202195472}}
*Indahl, Trond  (2010) ''Ole Bull's Villa '' (Bodoni Forlag)  {{ISBN|9788271285647}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ole Bull}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Bull, Ole Bornemann}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Ole Bull}}
*[http://vestraat.net/TNG/getperson.php?personID=I38280&tree=IEA Family Genealogy] (vestraat.net)
* [http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/download.php?Number=611398 Google Earth placemark of Lysoen]
* [http://www.olebull2010.no/english Official Ole Bull 200 year anniversary page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420122640/http://www.olebull2010.no/english |date=2012-04-20 }}
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/bergen_public_library/collections/72157617121880335/ Ole Bull pictures on flickr commons by Bergen Public Library]
'''Memorials'''
* [http://www.pbase.com/image/42751689 Ole Bull statue in Bergen]
*[http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3129/2629238822_76778f7f53_z.jpg Ole Bull statue in Minneapolis]
*[https://thepennsylvaniarambler.blogspot.com/2011/07/ole-bull-state-park.html Ole Bull monument] at [[Ole Bull State Park]]
'''Music'''
*[http://imslp.org/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Ole_Bull List of compositions by Ole Bull]
* {{IMSLP|id=Bull%2C_Ole|cname=Ole Bull}}
* {{ChoralWiki}}
* [http://hdl.handle.net/1802/4422 Ole Bull's melodie La mélancolie arranged for violin and piano by Hurstinen] Score from Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bull, Ole}}
[[Category:1810 births]]
[[Category:1880 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Norwegian classical composers]]
[[Category:19th-century classical violinists]]
[[Category:19th-century Norwegian male musicians]]
[[Category:Norwegian male classical violinists]]
[[Category:Composers from Bergen]]
[[Category:Norwegian classical violinists]]
[[Category:Norwegian male classical composers]]
[[Category:Norwegian Romantic composers]]
[[Category:People educated at the Bergen Cathedral School]]
[[Category:People from Lebanon, Maine]]
[[Category:People from Osterøy]]
[[Category:Bull family|Ole]]