View source for Olinda

{{Short description|Municipality in Pernambuco, Brazil}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Other uses}}
<!-- Infobox begins -->{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Olinda
| official_name      = Municipality of Olinda
| settlement_type    = [[Municipalities of Brazil|Municipality]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image|total_width=300px|perrow=2/2/2|border=infobox
| image1                          = Convento de São Francisco - Olinda - Pernambuco - Brasil.jpg
| image2                          = Olinda e Recife.jpg
| image3                          = Mosteiro de São Bento (3766027903).jpg
| image4                          = Church of Carmel, Olinda20150715-DSC05360.JPG
| image5                          = Palácio dos Governadores (prefeitura) - Olinda, Pernambuco, Brasil.jpg
| image6                          = Museu de Arte Contemporânea de Pernambuco 02.jpg
| image7                          = Igreja de São Salvador do Mundo (Igreja da Sé) (8738837902).jpg
}}
| image_flag         = Bandeira de Olinda.png
| image_seal         = Brasão de Olinda PE.png
| pushpin_map        = Brazil
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Brazil
| coordinates        = {{coord|8|0|32|S|34|51|18|W|display=inline}}
| image_map1         = Brazil Pernambuco Olinda location map.svg
| map_caption        = Location in the [[Pernambuco|State of Pernambuco]]
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Regions of Brazil|Region]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[States of Brazil|State]]
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Brazil}}
| subdivision_name1  = [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]]
| subdivision_name2  = {{flag|Pernambuco}}
| leader_title       = Mayor
| leader_name        = Lupércio Carlos do Nascimento ([[Solidariedade]])
| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = March 12, 1535
| established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] (as village)
| established_date2  = 1537
| established_title3 = Incorporated (as city)
| established_date3  = 1676
| area_total_km2     = 43.55
| area_total_sq_mi   = 27.1
| area_metro_km2     = 2768
| area_metro_sq_mi   = 1068.7 ;)
| population_as_of   = 2022 <ref>[https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/pe/olinda/panorama IBGE 2022]</ref>
| population_total   = 349,976
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
| population_metro   = 3768902
| timezone           = [[Time in Brazil|BRT]]
| utc_offset         = &minus;3
| elevation_m        = 16
| blank_name         = '''[[Human Development Index|HDI]]''' (2010)
| blank_info         = 0.735  – <span style="color:#090">high</span><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.pnud.org.br/arquivos/ranking-idhm-2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708233352/http://www.pnud.org.br/arquivos/ranking-idhm-2010.pdf |archive-date=July 8, 2014 |access-date=August 1, 2013 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP)
}}</ref>
| website            = {{URL|http://www.olinda.pe.gov.br}}
| map_caption1       = Location in Pernambuco
}}
'''Olinda''' ({{IPA|pt|ɔˈlĩdɐ}}) is a historic city in [[Pernambuco]], Brazil, in the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast Region]]. It is located on the country's northeastern [[Atlantic Ocean]] coast, in the [[Recife metropolitan area|Metropolitan Region]] of [[Recife]], the state capital.<ref name="b"/> It has a population of 349,976 people, covers {{convert|41.681|km2|mi2}}, and has a population density of {{Convert|9437|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}}. It is noted as one of the best-preserved colonial cities in Brazil<ref name="ibge2016"/> and has been inhabited since 1535.

As the former capital of the [[Captaincy of Pernambuco]] during the [[Colonial Brazil|colonial era]], Olinda has many historical buildings—the center was declared a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in 1982—and a rich culture. The [[Brazilian Carnival|Carnaval]] of Olinda, a popular street party, is very similar to traditional Portuguese carnivals, with the addition of African influenced dances, reflecting the history of the Northeast. All the festivities are celebrated on the streets with no bleachers or roping, and, unlike in other cities, admission is free. There are hundreds of small musical groups (sometimes featuring a single performer) in many genres.

==History==
[[File:Olinda-SBento-MainChapel.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Main altar of Saint Benedict Church.]]
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| WHS         = Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda
| Image       = Mosteiro de São Bento - Olinda - Pernambuco - Brasil.jpg
| Caption     = View of Olinda
| Criteria    = Cultural: ii, iv
| ID          = 189
| Year        = 1982
| Area        = 120 ha
| Buffer_zone = 920 ha
}}
Several indigenous tribes occupied the coast of Northeastern Brazil for several thousand years, and the hills of the present day municipality of Olinda had settlements of [[Caeté people|Caetés]] and [[Tupinambá people|Tupinambá]] tribes, which were frequently at war. French mercenaries are thought to be the first Europeans to reach the region, but the Portuguese exploited intertribal rivalries and managed to build a stronghold on the former Caeté village on a high hill. Recent studies by the [[Federal University of Pernambuco]] have uncovered new evidence of the pre-colonial population of the area.

The settlement of Olinda was founded in 1535 by [[Duarte Coelho|Duarte Coelho Pereira]], from Portugal; it was elevated to a town on March 12, 1537.<ref name="b" /> It was made the seat of the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Territorial Prelature of Pernambuco]] in 1614, becoming the Diocese of Olinda in 1676. The economy of the region was dominated by the production of [[sugarcane]]. This, combined with the importing of [[Slavery in Brazil|slaves]] from Africa to support cultivation made Olinda a colonial stronghold.

Olinda was the capital of the Portuguese hereditary [[captaincy of Pernambuco]], but was burned by Dutch invaders. The Portuguese built their town on the hill, for practical purposes (eg, sewers) and to make it easier to defend. In the 17th century the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] was united with Spain (the 1580-1640 [[Iberian Union]]). Taking advantage of this period of Portuguese weakness, the area around Olinda and [[Recife]] was occupied by the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] who gained access to the Portuguese [[sugarcane]] plantations.<ref name="ibge2016" /> [[John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen]] was appointed as the governor of the Dutch possessions in Brazil in 1637 by the Dutch West India Company on recommendation of Frederick Henry. He landed at [[Recife]], the [[Recife port|port]] of Pernambuco and the chief stronghold of the Dutch, in January 1637. By a series of successful expeditions, he gradually extended the Dutch possessions from Sergipe on the south to [[São Luís, Maranhão|São Luís de Maranhão]] in the north. He likewise conquered the Portuguese possessions of Saint George del Mina, Saint Thomas, and [[Luanda]], [[Angola]], on the west coast of Africa. After the dissolution of the [[Iberian Union]] in 1640, Portugal would reestablish its authority over the lost territories of the [[Portuguese Empire]], including the former Dutch Brazil. Sugarcane plantation slavery would continue to be a source of wealth in Olinda until the [[Lei Áurea]] ("Golden Law") abolished slavery in an [[Independence of Brazil|independent Brazil]] in 1888.

Olinda declined in importance after the Dutch invasion. Recife became the capital of Pernambuco in 1827, and Olinda is part of the greater [[Recife metropolitan area]]. Due to the historic position of the city, its cathedral, a [[World Heritage Site]], called São Salvador do Mundo, remains the primary seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Olinda e Recife|Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Olinda and Recife]],<ref name="b" /> with a [[co-cathedral]] in Recife. Olinda also has a [[Minor Basilica]], again a World Heritage Site (Minor): Basílica Abacial do Mosteiro de São Bento de Olinda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/olin0.htm|title=Archdiocese of Olinda e Recife, Brazil}}</ref>

Besides its natural beauty, Olinda is also one of Brazil's main cultural centers: in 1982 it was declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]]. The city relives the magnificence of the past every year during the large [[Carnival]], to the rhythms of ''[[frevo]]'', ''[[maracatu]]'' and other northeast music and dances.

== Geography ==
Olinda is located on the coast of the state of [[Pernambuco]], six kilometers north of the center of [[Recife]]. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the municipality of [[Paulista]] to the north, and Recife to the south and west. It is part of the [[Recife metropolitan area|Metropolitan Region of Recife]] (RMR). 

The average elevation is 16 m above sea level. The landscapes is made of plains and hills, some of them steep. Olinda is mostly drained by the [[Paratibe River]] (55.13% of the territory), with the remainder drained by the [[Capibaribe River]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=OLINDA|first=SECOM-SECRETARIA DE COMUNICAÇÃO DE|title=Olinda em Dados|url=https://www.olinda.pe.gov.br/a-cidade/olinda-em-dados/|access-date=2021-04-17|website=Prefeitura de Olinda, Mais Conquistas para Todos|language=pt-br}}</ref> The municipality is in the [[Atlantic Forest]] ecoregion.

Olinda has a [[Tropical monsoon climate|tropical monsoon]] type climate ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen-Geiger]]: [[Tropical monsoon climate|Am]]'')'', typical of the eastern section of the northeastern Brazilian coast, with average monthly temperatures consistently above 18 °C, little [[Diurnal temperature variation|diurnal variation]] in temperature, abundant rainfall most of the year, and high [[Humidity|relative humidity]].<ref>{{Cite web|title="OS MORROS DA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DO RECIFE"|url=http://www2.condepefidem.pe.gov.br/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=98ef7a5b-d679-42b6-87e6-5942ff8744b6&groupId=19941|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402161140/http://www2.condepefidem.pe.gov.br/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=98ef7a5b-d679-42b6-87e6-5942ff8744b6&groupId=19941|archive-date=2015-04-02|access-date=2014-05-01|website=Agência Estadual de Planejamento e Pesquisas de Pernambuco (CONDEPE/FIDEM)}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{See also|List of cities in Brazil by population}}
[[File:Encontro de Bonecos Gigantes de Silvio Botelho.jpg|thumb|260px|right|Giant Dolls at the Olinda Carnival.]]
[[Image:Church of Our Lady of the Snows, Saint Roch Chapel and San Francisco Convent - Olinda, Pernambuco, Brazil.jpg|thumb|260px|right|Church of Our Lady of the Snows, Saint Roch Chapel and San Francisco Convent.]]

The main economic activities in Olinda are based in tourism, commerce, transportation industry and artcraft. The tourist sector has a boom every Carnival when thousands of people are in the old historic town center.

===Economic indicators===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Population 
! [[GDP]] x(1000 R$).<ref>[http://www.ibge.com.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2003_2007/tab01.pdf Olinda 2007 GDP IBGE page 31] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001818/http://www.ibge.com.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2003_2007/tab01.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>
! [[GDP per capita|GDP pc]] (R$)
! [[Pernambuco|PE]]
! [[Recife metropolitan area|RMR]]
|-
| 397,268
| 2,179,183
| 5,567
| 3.54%
| 5.39%
|-
|}
'''Economy by Sector'''

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! [[Primary sector]] 
! [[Secondary sector]]
! [[Service sector]] 
|-
| 0.17%
| 18.70%
| 81.13%
|-
|}

== Gallery ==
=== Historic Center ===
<gallery>
File:Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda-109015.jpg|One of the roads of the historic center
File:Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda-109016.jpg|A church in the historic center
File:Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda-109017.jpg|Distant view of historic center with sea behind
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[List of municipalities in Pernambuco]]
* [[List of museums in Pernambuco]]

==References==

{{reflist|2|refs=

<ref name="b">{{cite encyclopedia |title= Olinda |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|location= Chicago, Ill. |url=http://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/57024}}</ref>

<ref name="ibge2016">{{cite web |url=http://cod.ibge.gov.br/27O |title=Pernambuco, Olinda |language=pt |publisher=Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística |date=2016 |access-date=2016-08-12 }}</ref>

}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Olinda}}
*[http://www.olinda.pe.gov.br Official website of the ''prefeitura'']
*[https://www.olinda.pe.leg.br/ Official website of the ''Câmara Municipal'']
*[https://artsandculture.google.com/story/historic-centre-of-the-town-of-olinda/kgIC4y0vr4VcJg Explore the Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda in the UNESCO collection on Google Arts and Culture]
*https://web.archive.org/web/20130407002251/http://olindavirtual.org/
*https://web.archive.org/web/20060614045202/http://www.olinda.com.br/ Commercial site
* Video Olinda, Pernambuco (PT) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j2yI9Pq8YXs]
* Video Olinda street Carnival [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ogib_1KWLg4]

{{World Heritage Sites in Brazil}}
{{Municipalities of Pernambuco}}
{{coord|8|00|S|34|53|W|type:city|display=title}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Olinda| ]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1535]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Brazil]]
[[Category:Historic districts]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Pernambuco]]
[[Category:1535 establishments in Brazil]]
[[Category:Municipalities in Pernambuco]]
[[Category:1630 establishments in the Dutch Empire]]
[[Category:Populated places established by the Dutch West India Company]]