View source for Oramics

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{short description|Drawn sound technique}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2017}}
__NOTOC__
[[Image:Oramics Machine - details 2-2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|User interface of an Oramics composition machine, showing a set of [[35mm movie film|35 mm films]], a drawing board (centre), [[film scanner]]s (left label) and [[photomultiplier]] amplifiers (rear units) which convert shapes on the films into signals that [[CV/Gate|control]] the [[pitch (music)|pitch]], [[timbre (music)|timbre]], [[amplitude]], etc. of the generated sound.]]
[[File:Oramics.ogg|thumb|Excerpt from ''Fanfare of Graphs,''  composed by Daphne Oram using Oramics.]]
[[File:Oramics_-_Two_waveform_slides_painted_by_Daphne_Oram,_1965-80.jpg|thumb|Two waveform slides painted by Daphne Oram, on display at [[Goldsmiths, University of London]].]]

'''Oramics''' is a [[drawn sound]] technique designed in 1957 by musician [[Daphne Oram]]. The machine was further developed in 1962 after receiving a grant from the [[Gulbenkian Foundation]].  The technique involves drawing on 35mm film strips to control the sound produced. Oramics was also the name used by Oram to refer to her studio and business interests generally.

Oram's composition machine consisted of a large rectangular metal frame, providing a table-like surface traversed by ten synchronised strips of clear, sprocketed 35mm film. The musician drew shapes on the film to create a mask, which modulated the light received by photocells. Although the output from the machine was monophonic, the sounds could be added to multitrack tapes to provide more texture and create [[polyphony]].

The original machine was exhibited at the [[Science Museum (London)|Science Museum]] in London between 2011 and 2015.<ref>
{{citation
 | title     = Daphne Oram's Oramics Machine to go on display
 | url       = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12953859
 | journal   = BBC News 
 | date      = 4 April 2011
 | accessdate = 29 May 2011
}}</ref><ref>
{{citation
 | title     = Oramics to Electronica: Revealing Histories of Electronic Music
 | url       = http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/oramics
 | publisher = [[Science Museum (London)]]
}}</ref>

== Related techniques ==
The Oramics machine, which creates music from graphic elements uses similar principles to the various methods of [[Graphical sound]] production appearing in the 1930s, e.g. [[Yevgeny Sholpo]]'s "[[Variophone]]", which produces sound by reading shapes cut into and drawings on cardboard. Canadian filmmakers [[Norman McLaren]] and [[Evelyn Lambart]] have made films that feature sounds created by drawing or printing various patterns, such as triangles and circles, along the optical soundtrack area of the film.

In 2016 Tom Richards, a PhD Student at [[Goldsmiths, University of London]], re-imagined and built a working Mini-Oramics machine.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fry |first1=Phoenix |last2=Cox |first2=Sarah |title=Student builds Daphne Oram's unfinished 'Mini-Oramics' |url=https://www.gold.ac.uk/news/mini-oramics/ |website=Goldsmiths, University of London |accessdate=2 February 2019 |date=26 May 2016}}</ref>

{{clear}}

== See also ==
[[File:Oramics_Machine_-_front_right-.jpg|thumb|Oram's machine on display at the [[Science Museum, London]].]]
* [[ANS synthesizer]]
* [[Variophone]]
* [[RCA Synthesizer]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{citation
   | author    = Daphne Oram
   | year      = 1972
   | title     = An Individual Note: Of Music, Sound And Electronics
   | url       = 
   | publisher = Galliard
   | isbn      = 978-0-8524-9109-6
  }}

== External links ==
{{Commons and category|Oramics}}
* {{citation
   | title     = Oramics
   | url       = http://daphneoram.org/oramarchive/oramics/
  }}
* {{citation
   | title     = Daphne Oram Collection
   | url       = http://www.gold.ac.uk/ems/oram/
  }}
* {{citation
   |author= Hugh Davies 
   |year=2003 |title=Daphne Oram: a tribute to a pioneer 
   |url=http://www.sonicartsnetwork.org/Oram/oram.html |url-status=unfit   
   |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210194050/http://www.sonicartsnetwork.org/Oram/oram.html |archivedate=10 February 2006 }} ({{Find sources multi/g|https://web.archive.org/web/20060210194050/http://www.sonicartsnetwork.org/Oram/oram.html|display=find archive}})
* {{citation
   | title     = Daphne Oram and 'Oramics' (1959)
   | url       = http://www.120years.net/machines/oramics/index.html
   | publisher = 120years.net
   | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120618154920/http://www.120years.net/machines/oramics/index.html
   | archive-date = 18 June 2012
  }}  

*[https://www.gold.ac.uk/news/mini-oramics/ Mini Oramics machine]

;Video
* {{cite AV media
   | title     = Oramics (2009)
   | url       = http://vimeo.com/21310959
  }} 
* {{cite AV media
   | title     = Oramics to Electronica
   | url       = http://vimeo.com/29318062
  }}

;BBC News
* {{citation
   | title     = Daphne Oram, the unsung pioneer of techno
   | url       = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2669735.stm
   | date      = 23 January 2003
  }}
* {{citation
   | title     = How Daphne Oram's Oramic machine changed electro music
   | url       = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12956702
   | date      = 4 April 2011
  }}

[[Category:Graphical sound]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]