View source for Orchitis

{{Short description|Inflammation of the testicles}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name            = Orchitis
| synonyms        = Orchiditis
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| pronounce       = {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɔr|ˈ|k|aɪ|t|ɪ|s}}, {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɔr|k|ɪ|ˈ|d|aɪ|t|ɪ|s}}
| field           = [[Urology]]
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'''Orchitis''' is [[inflammation]] of the [[testicle]]s.<ref>{{DorlandsDict|six/000075643|orchitis}}</ref> It can also involve swelling, pains, and frequent infection, particularly of the [[epididymis]], as in [[epididymitis]]. The term is from the Ancient Greek [[wikt:ὄρχις#Ancient Greek|ὄρχις]] meaning "testicle"; same root as ''[[orchid]]''.

==Signs and symptoms==
[[Symptom]]s of orchitis are similar to those of [[testicular torsion]]. These can include:{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}
* [[hematospermia]] (blood in the [[semen]])
* [[hematuria]] (blood in the [[urine]])
* severe [[pain]]
* visible [[Swelling (medical)|swelling]] of a testicle or testicles and often the inguinal [[lymph node]]s on the affected side.

==Causes==
Orchitis can be related to [[epididymitis]] infection that has spread to the [[testicles]] (then called "epididymo-orchitis"), sometimes caused by the [[sexually transmitted infection]]s [[Chlamydia infection|chlamydia]] and [[gonorrhea]].  It has also been reported in cases of males infected with [[brucellosis]].<ref>''Brucellosis in Humans and Animals'' World Health Organization Publication number WHO/CDS/EPR/2006.7 [https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/Brucellosis.pdf]{{page needed|date=November 2014}}</ref> Orchitis can also be seen during active [[mumps]], particularly in adolescent boys and girls.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

[[Ischemic]] orchitis may result from damage to the blood vessels of the [[spermatic cord]] during [[Hernia repair|inguinal herniorrhaphy]], and may in the worst event lead to [[testicular atrophy]].<ref>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al |title=European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients |journal=Hernia |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=343–403 |date=August 2009  |pmid=19636493 |pmc=2719730 |doi=10.1007/s10029-009-0529-7}}</ref>

==Diagnosis==
[[File:Ultrasonography of orchitis.jpg|thumb|[[Doppler ultrasound]] of the scrotum, in the [[axial plane]], showing orchitis (as part of [[epididymo-orchitis]]) as [[hypoechogenic]] and slightly heterogenic left testicular tissue (right in image), with an increased blood flow. There is also swelling of peritesticular tissue.]]
* Blood – ESR high
* Urine – Cultural & Sensitivity test
* Ultrasound scanning

==Treatment==
In most cases where orchitis is caused by epididymitis, treatment is an oral antibiotic such as [[cefalexin]] or [[ciprofloxacin]] until the infection clears up. In both causes [[non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] such as [[naproxen]] or [[ibuprofen]] are recommended to relieve pain. Sometimes stronger pain medications in the [[opiate]] category are called for and are frequently prescribed by experienced [[emergency department]] physicians.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

== Other animals ==
Orchitis is not rare in [[bull]]s and [[sheep|rams]].{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} It has also been described in [[rooster]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Monleon R, Martin MP, John Barnes H |title=Bacterial orchitis and epididymo-orchitis in broiler breeders |journal=Avian Pathology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=613–7 |date=December 2008  |pmid=19023758 |doi=10.1080/03079450802499134|s2cid=41011955 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal  |vauthors=Lefort C, Thoumas D, Badachi Y, etal |date=July 2001 |title=Orchites ischémiques: À propos de 5 cas diagnostiqués en écho-Doppler couleur |trans-title=Ischemic orchiditis: review of 5 cases diagnosed by color Doppler ultrasonography |language=French |journal=Journal de Radiologie |volume=82 |issue=7 |pages=839–42 |pmid=11507447 |id={{INIST|1080037}} |url=http://www.masson.fr/masson/MDOI-JR-07-2001-82-07-0221-0363-101019-ART4}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Chung JJ, Kim MJ, Lee T, Yoo HS, Lee JT |date=September 1997 |title=Sonographic findings in tuberculous epididymitis and epididymo-orchitis |journal=Journal of Clinical Ultrasound |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=390–4 |pmid=9282805 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-0096(199709)25:7<390::AID-JCU7>3.0.CO;2-5|s2cid=23653479 }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Fong Y, Wantz GE |date=May 1992 |title=Prevention of ischemic orchitis during inguinal hernioplasty |journal=Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics |volume=174 |issue=5 |pages=399–402 |pmid=1570618}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Beard CM, Benson RC, Kelalis PP, [[Lila Elveback|Elveback LR]], Kurland LT |date=January 1977 |title=The incidence and outcome of mumps orchitis in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935 to 1974 |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=3–7 |pmid=609284}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Bigazzi PE, Kosuda LL, Hsu KC, Andres GA |date=February 1976 |title=Immune complex orchitis in vasectomized rabbits |journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine |volume=143 |issue=2 |pages=382–404  |pmid=129498 |pmc=2190126 |doi=10.1084/jem.143.2.382}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Lynch VP, Eakins D, Morrison E |date=August 1968 |title=Granulomatous orchitis |journal=British Journal of Urology |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=451–8 |pmid=5678169 |doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.1968.tb11832.x}}
* {{cite journal |author=Dreyfuss W |date=April 1954 |title=Acute granulomatous orchiditis |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=483–7 |pmid=13152871|doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(17)67813-3 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Lambert B |year=1951 |title=The frequency of mumps and of mumps orchitis and the consequences for sexuality and fertility |journal=Acta Genetica et Statistica Medica |volume=2 |issue=Suppl. 1 |pages=1–166 |pmid=15444009}}
* {{cite journal |author=Grünberg H |year=1926 |title=Three unusual cases of chronic orchitis clinically resembling tumors of the testis |journal=Frankfurt Z Pathol |volume=33 |pages=217–27}}

==External links==
{{Medical resources
 | DiseasesDB     = 4342
 | ICD10          = {{ICD10|N|45||n|40}}
 | ICD9           = {{ICD9|604}}
 | ICDO           =
 | OMIM           =
 | MedlinePlus    = 001280
 | eMedicineSubj  = emerg
 | eMedicineTopic = 344
 | MeshID         = D009920
}}

{{Male diseases of the pelvis and genitals}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Testicle disorders]]
[[Category:Mumps]]
[[Category:Men's health]]