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{{Short description|English composer and keyboard player (1583–1625)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2021}}
<!-- Before adding an infobox, please consult [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Composers#Biographical infoboxes]] and seek consensus on this article's talk page. -->
[[File:Orlando Gibbons.jpg|thumb|alt=Portrait of Orlando Gibbons|17th-century copy of a lost original portrait by an unknown artist.{{refn|This portrait is kept at Faculty of music and [[Bate Collection of Musical Instruments|The Bate Collection of Musical Instruments]] at the [[University of Oxford]] and is only known to be a "copy from a lost original once in the possession of a Mrs. Fussell."{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=287}}|group=n}}
[[File:Orlando Gibbons' Signature (vect).svg|center|frameless|upright|alt=signature written in ink in a flowing script]]]]

'''Orlando Gibbons''' ([[baptism|bapt.]]&nbsp;25 December 1583 – 5 June 1625) was an English [[composer]] and keyboard player who was one of the last masters of the [[English Virginalist School]] and [[English Madrigal School]]. The best known member of a musical family dynasty, by the 1610s he was the leading composer and organist in England, with a career cut short by his untimely death in 1625. As a result, [[List of compositions by Orlando Gibbons|Gibbons's ''oeuvre'']] was not as large as that of his contemporaries, like the elder [[William Byrd]],{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=55}} but he made considerable contributions to many genres of his time. Musicologists characterize his music as exemplifying [[Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music|the transition]] from the [[Renaissance music|Renaissance]] to the [[Baroque music|Baroque]] periods.

Gibbons was born into a musical family where his father was a [[wait (musician)|wait]], his brothers—[[Edward Gibbons|Edward]], [[Ellis Gibbons|Ellis]] and Ferdinand—were musicians and Orlando was expected to follow the tradition. It is not known under whom he studied, although it may have been with Edward or Byrd, but he almost certainly studied the keyboard in his youth. Irrespective of his education, he was musically proficient enough to be appointed an unsalaried member of the [[Chapel Royal]] in May 1603 and a full-fledged [[gentleman of the Chapel Royal]] as junior organist by 1605. By 1606 he had graduated from [[King's College, Cambridge]] with a [[Bachelor of Music]] degree.

Throughout his professional career, Gibbons maintained good relations with many important people of the English court. [[James VI and I|King James I]] and [[Charles I of England|Prince Charles]] were supportive patrons and others, such as [[Christopher Hatton (died 1619)|Sir Christopher Hatton]], even became close friends. Along with Byrd and [[John Bull (composer)|John Bull]], Gibbons was the youngest contributor to the first printed collection of English keyboard music, [[Parthenia (music)|''Parthenia'']], and published other compositions in his lifetime, notably, the ''First Set of Madrigals and Motets'' (1612) which includes the best known English madrigal: ''[[The Silver Swan (madrigal)|The Silver Swan]]''. Other important compositions include "[[This is the Record of John]]", the 8-part full anthem "O Clap Your Hands Together" and 2 settings of [[Evening Prayer (Anglican)|Evensong]]. The most important position achieved by Gibbons was his appointment in 1623 as the [[List of Westminster Abbey organists|organist]] at [[Westminster Abbey]] which he held for 2 years until his death.

Gibbons developed Byrd's foundations of the English [[madrigal]], full and verse anthems, and by doing so he exerted significant influence on [[List of English Baroque composers|subsequent English composers]]. This generation included his oldest son [[Christopher Gibbons|Christopher]], who would teach [[John Blow]], [[Pelham Humfrey]] and [[Henry Purcell]], the English pioneer of the Baroque era. After his death he was primarily remembered a composer of [[sacred music]].{{sfn|Harper|2008|loc="2. Works"}} Since the [[early music revival]] however, increased attention has come to his other compositions, with his keyboard works championed by [[Glenn Gould]], while his madrigals and viol fantasies are popular among early music ensembles. By the 21st-century almost all of his music has been published and recorded.{{sfn|Turbet|2016|loc="Introduction"}}
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==Life and career==
===Birthplace and background===
[[File:The first St Martin’s Church 1822.jpg|thumb|[[James Sargant Storer]]'s drawing of, Orlando Gibbons's baptism place, [[St Martin's Church, Oxford]], dated sometime before its renovations in 1820]]
Orlando Gibbons was born in [[Oxford]].{{sfn|Harper|2008|loc="Introduction"}} Until the early 20th century he was believed to have been born in [[Cambridge]].{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|pp=32–33}}{{refn|See early accounts in {{harvtxt|Hawkins|1853|p=573}}, {{harvtxt|Fétis|1866|p=1}}, {{harvtxt|Maitland|1889}} and {{harvtxt|Bridge|1920|p=34}} for instance, where Gibbons is said to be born in Cambridge without noting any doubt.|group=n}} This was accepted as fact by his contemporaries, stated in multiple early biographies and even recorded on his memorial monument in [[Canterbury Cathedral]], erected soon after his death.{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=32}} It is even possible that Gibbons himself thought that he was born in Cambridge, since he spent most of his life there and only the first four to five years of his life in Oxford.{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=32}}{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=7}} Matters are made more confusing as his father had lived in Cambridge for at least ten years before the birth of Gibbons.{{sfn|Harley|1999|pp=5–9}} Therefore, even though 17th-century biographer [[Anthony Wood (antiquary)|Anthony Wood]] discovered a record of an "Orlando Gibbons" being baptised in [[St Martin's Church, Oxford]],{{sfn|Wood|1692|p=406}} it was assumed that Gibbons was born in Cambridge but baptized in Oxford.{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=32}} Modern historians have proved the claim that he was born in Cambridge to be incorrect. Not only was the baptismal record shown to be authentic, but it was discovered that Orlando's parents both resided in Oxford at the time of his birth, confirming that Orlando was born in Oxford and baptized at St. Martin's, Oxford.{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=33}}{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=9}}

The Gibbons family can be traced back to Richard Gibbons ({{Abbr|d.|died}} 1577),{{refn|{{harvtxt|Thewlis|1940}} first brought Richard's existence to the attention of scholars.{{sfn|Howard|1951|p=160}} {{harvtxt|Harley|1999|p=3}} noted that Richard is assumed to be a descendent of the Gibbons family, as no surviving Oxford records list any other freeman of the time whose surname was Gibbons. {{harvtxt|Harley|1999|p=3}} nevertheless characterises the connection as "fairly certain".|group=n}} who was a [[glove]]r active in Oxford; by 1549/50 he became a [[:wikt:hanaster|hanaster]].{{sfn|Harley|1999|pp=3–4}} Richard's son William was probably born in 1540 and at some point married Mary, whose maiden name is unknown.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=5}} By 1567, William became [[wait (musician)|wait]] at Cambridge by 1567.{{sfn|Harley|1999|pp=5, 7}} From 1580 to 1588 he lived in Oxford, where he was a [[Oxford City Council|city councillor]] and head of the town waits there.{{sfn|Harper|2008|loc="Introduction"}}{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=17}}

===Early life===
While in Oxford, William and Mary had Orlando as probably the seventh of nine surviving children.{{refn|The birthdates of two of his sisters, Thomasine and Elizabeth, are uncertain leading to the possibility of Gibbons being the eighth or youngest surviving sibling. Their first child, Richard, died as an infant.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=7}}|group=n}} There is no surviving record of the date of his birth, but he is recorded as being baptised at St. Martin's on Christmas Day 1583.{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=33}} It would be consistent with the normal practice of the time that Gibbons was born no more than a week before his baptism.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=24}} Gibbons's father had previously lived in Cambridge where he was also the head of the town waits and around 1588, when Orlando was 4–5 years old, the Gibbons family moved back to Cambridge and William resumed his previous post there.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=11}}{{sfn|Turbet|2016|loc="Introduction"}}

[[File:Cambridge town centre (Braun and Hogenberg).jpg|thumb|16th-century Cambridge (Map by [[Georg Braun|Braun]] and [[Frans Hogenberg|Hogenberg)]]]]
Orlando was born into a musical family: not only was his father a musician, but his oldest brother, [[Edward Gibbons|Edward]], was a composer and [[choirmaster|master]] of the [[Choir of King's College, Cambridge]].{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=28}}{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=18}} His second brother, [[Ellis Gibbons|Ellis]], was a promising composer but died prematurely, and his third brother, Ferdinando, eventually took their father's place as a wait.{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=29–31}}{{sfn|Harley|1999|pp=16–17}} Not much else is known about Orlando Gibbons's youth, but being born into a musical family he was almost certainly instructed on a keyboard instrument and perhaps the [[viol]].{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=24}}{{refn|His future appointments as a keyboardist mean that he almost certainly received early instruction in [[organ (music)|organ]] and/or the [[virginal]]. His idiomatic writing for [[viol]] later in life suggests he studied it as well.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=24}}|group=n}} At the age of 12, he became a member of Edward's Choir of King's on 14 February 1596.{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=34–35}} He was a regular member of the choir until some time in the [[Michaelmas term]] of 1598. In the [[Easter term]] (summer term) of the same year he enrolled at [[King's College, Cambridge]] as a [[sizar]],{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=35}} meaning he paid reduced fees but had to do various menial tasks.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=24}} From 1598–99 Gibbons's name appeared sporadically in the chorus member logs, suggesting that, if not a clerical error, he continued to sing from time to time, perhaps for special occasions.{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=33}}{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=24}}

Gibbons's composition teacher is also unknown.{{sfn|Turbet|2016|loc="Introduction"}} It is possible he continued study with Edward, though there is no record of this.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=24}} Another possible composition teacher is [[William Byrd]], who was at least 40 years his senior and the most respected English composer at the time.{{sfn|Turbet|2016|loc="Introduction"}} Gibbons and Byrd along with the composer [[John Bull (composer)|John Bull]] later collectively published music and since Bull was a student of Byrd's, Gibbons may very well also have been.{{sfn|Turbet|2016|loc="Introduction"}} Regardless of how his musical education came about, Gibbons was known to be composing music by the end of his time at the choir in 1599, at age 15–16.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=24}} There is nothing known of Gibbons from then until 1603.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=75}}

===Early career and marriage===
[[File:James I of England Schloss Ambras.jpg|thumb|left|Employer of Orlando Gibbons, [[James I of England|James I]], who raised the annual salary of Gentleman of the Chapel Royal from [[Pound sterling|£]]30 to [[Pound sterling|£]]40 in 1604{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=29}}]]
Gibbons's abilities had reached the point to allow him become a musician of the [[Chapel Royal]] by at least 19 May 1603.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=24}} The Chapel Royal was a sizable group of priests and musicians who attended to the Monarch and [[royal household]] and Gibbons name appears at this time in a cheque book of the Chapel.{{sfn|Harley|1999|pp=27–28}} Gibbons was a Gentleman Extraordinary (unpaid substitute) awaiting the vacancy of a paid position.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=28}} Earlier that year King [[James VI and I|James I]] had ascended to the throne; in all likelihood Gibbons took part in the [[hymn]]s and [[anthem]]s of the 25 July [[coronation of James I|coronation]].{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=29}} 1603 was a year of mixed fortunes: he received his first position as a professional musician, but in the same year both his mother and his brother Ellis died.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=24}} The plague may have been what his brother Ellis succumbed to.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=16}}{{refn|The [[verse anthem]] ''How hath ye City sate solitary'' by their brother Edward may have been a tribute a to the victims of the plague.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=21}}|group=n}} Eventually Gibbons's awaited vacancy occurred with the death of Arthur Cook in January 1605,{{sfn|Huray|2001}} and on 21 March 1605 he secured the prestigious position of [[Gentleman of the Chapel Royal]], as the junior chapel organist.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=29}} Edward Gibbons's friendship with the former organist, Arthur Cook, and the senior chapel organist, John Bull, may have helped his younger brother secure this position.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=30}}{{sfn|Harper|2008}} Gibbons kept the position until the end of his life.{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=35}}{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=31}}

In 1606 Gibbons married Elizabeth Patten on 17 February.{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=35}}{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=32}} Her father, John Patten, was a [[yeoman]] of the [[vestry]] in the Chapel Royal, and probably well acquainted with Gibbons, which would have helped to bring about the marriage.{{sfn|Harley|1999|pp=32–33}} When John Patten died in 1623, he made Gibbons his sole heir, [[residuary estate|residuary legatee]] and left 200 pounds for his children.{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=36}} Later in 1606, Orlando graduated from Cambridge with the degree of Bachelor in Music.{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=36}}{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=33}} Gibbons and his wife lived in Woolstaple (now [[Bridge Street, Cambridge|Bridge Street]]) which was in the [[parish]] of [[St Margaret's, Westminster]], the church where Gibbons's seven children—James, Alice, Christopher, Ann, Mary, Elizabeth and Orlando—would be baptised.{{sfn|Harley|1999|pp=35–36}}{{sfn|Huray|2001}}

===Publishing and patronage===
By the 1610s Gibbons had become a composer of high repute and the most outstanding organist in England.{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=37}} He became a close friend of [[Christopher Hatton (died 1619)|Sir Christopher Hatton]],{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=38}} the second cousin and heir of the more famous [[Christopher Hatton]], [[favourite]] of Queen [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]].{{sfn|Harper|2008}} Though Hatton was a minor figure in court,{{sfn|Harper|2008|loc="Early career and marriage"}} he became an important [[patron]] to Gibbons.{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=38}} The next few years saw the publishing of various works by Gibbons, firstly his 1612 ''First Set of Madrigals and Motets'' from the patronage of Hatton.{{sfn|Huray|2001}} One of the Madrigals in the set was ''[[The Silver Swan (madrigal)|The Silver Swan]]'', often considered the most famous English [[madrigal]].{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=55}} Gibbons dedicated the entire set of works to Hatton: "[The songs] were most of them composed in your {{Not a typo|owne}} [''[[sic]]''] house, and {{Not a typo|doe}} therefore properly belong unto you, as Lord of the {{Not a typo|Soile}}; the language they speake you provided them, I {{Not a typo|onely}} furnished them with Tongues to utter the same name".{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=37}} The English musician [[Frederick Bridge]] interpreted this as implying that Hatton wrote some or all of the poems that Gibbons set to music in his ''Madrigals and Motets''.{{sfn|Bridge|1920|p=35}} However, the [[musicologist]] [[Edmund Fellowes]] noted that it is unlikely Gibbons was an actual resident of Hatton's household, although their friendship suggests that Hatton may have set a room aside for him to compose.{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=39}} The death of King James's son, Prince [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales|Henry Frederick]], was a considerable shock to the English, as many considered him a promising heir to the Kingdom.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=39}} James in particular went into a deep depression; many wrote works to mourn Henry's death, including writers [[Ben Jonson]] and [[George Chapman]] as well as composers [[John Coperario]] and the retired Byrd.{{sfn|Harley|1999|pp=39–40}} Among these was probably Gibbons's ''Nay let me weep'' from the recently published ''First Set of Madrigals and Motets''.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=40}} It is also possible that the full anthem ''I am the resurrection'' was for Prince Henry's burial, though there is no firm evidence for this.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=40}}

{{multiple image|total_width=350
|image1=William Byrd.jpg
|image2=John Bull (composer).jpg
|footer=Along with Gibbons, [[William Byrd]] (left) and [[John Bull (composer)|John Bull]] (right) were the most important composers in England during the early 17th-century. They collectively worked in the service of [[James I of England|James I]] and published ''[[Parthenia (music)|Parthenia]]''.}}
In 1613 Gibbons had six works published in the first printed collection of English keyboard music, ''[[Parthenia (music)|Parthenia]]'', which included works by the older composers, Byrd and Bull.{{sfn|Harper|2008|loc="Career in court music"}} This publication was to celebrate the marriage of the Princess [[Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia|Elizabeth Stuart]] to [[Frederick V of the Palatinate]].{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=43}} Gibbons's compositions written around the time of ''Parthenia'' include various anthems dedicated to senior nobles and clergy: the [[pavane]] ''Lord Salisbury'' for [[Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]], the wedding anthem ''Blessed are all they'' for the [[Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset|Earl of Somerset]], as well as anthems for [[Godfrey Goodman]], [[William Laud]] and [[Anthony Maxey]]. Such works suggest that he was well associated throughout the court and that he was aiming for a permanent post.{{sfn|Harper|2008|loc="Career in court music"}} Frederick returned to [[Heidelberg]] with Elizabeth in 1613 and the couple was accompanied by a vast entourage, including Coperario and the harpist Daniel Callinder.{{sfn|Huray|2001|loc="1. Life"}} A list of attendants includes "Gibbons", which presumably refers to Orlando Gibbons, meaning that the composer spent some time in the capital of the [[Electoral Palatinate]].{{sfn|Dart|1970|p=31}} Gibbons seems to have taken Bull's place, who was in financial jeopardy.{{sfn|Dart|1970|p=31}}

In 1614 [[William Leighton]] published ''The Teares and Lamentatacions of a Sorrowfull Soule'' with 2 contributions by Gibbons, ''O Lord how do my woes increase'' and ''O Lord, I lift my heart to Thee''.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=51}} Although he possibly started as early as 1605, Gibbons was the joint organist of the Royal Chapel with [[Edmund Hooper (organist)|Edmund Hooper]] by at least 1615.{{sfn|Huray|2001|loc="1. Life"}} The same year he received two grants from King James I, worth 150 pounds total.{{sfn|Huray|2001|loc="1. Life"}}{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|pp=37–38}} These grants were: "For and in consideration of the good and faithful service heretofore done unto ourself by Orlando Gibbons our organist, and divers other good causes and considerations us thereunto moving".{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|pp=37–38}} Gibbons continued writing for James I, composing the anthem ''Great King of Gods'' and the court song ''Do not repine, fair sun'' in celebration of the King's 1617 visit to Scotland.{{sfn|Huray|2001|loc="1. Life"}}

===Late career===
[[File:Charles I (Prince of Wales).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Portrait of [[Charles I of England|Charles]], employer of Gibbons, as Prince of Wales after [[Daniel Mytens]], c. 1623]]
By the late 1610s Gibbons was undoubtedly the most important musician and composer at court as Byrd had been long-retired in [[Essex]] and Bull had left for the [[Low Countries]] in late 1614.{{sfn|Turbet|2016|loc="Introduction"}}{{sfn|Huray|2001|loc="1. Life"}} In 1617 Gibbons gained the position as keyboard player in an ensemble, organised by [[John Cooper (composer)|John Cooper]], for the privy chamber of Prince Charles (later [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]]).{{sfn|Huray|2001|loc="1. Life"}}{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=58}} Gibbons was the only keyboardist in a group of 17 musicians which included [[Alfonso Ferrabosco the younger]], [[Thomas Ford (composer)|Thomas Ford]], [[Robert Johnson (English composer)|Robert Johnson]] and [[Thomas Lupo the elder|Thomas Lupo]].{{sfn|Harley|1999|pp=58–59}} The Prince himself was thought to have occasionally joined on either the [[Viol|Bass-Viol]] or Viol da Gamba.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=59}} It is likely that Gibbons, along with Coperario, was able to write for this ensemble and had pieces premiered by it.{{sfn|Huray|2001|loc="1. Life"}} In addition to this, Gibbons probably gained a 3rd position in September 1619, attending the royal privy chamber of James I.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=62–63}} His next major work, ''Fantasies of Three Parts'' was published around 1620 and dedicated it to Edmund Wray. This seemingly random dedication has provoked much speculation. It may be because Wray could secure Gibbons a better post, or it may be an action of gratitude for having already secured him the post for the royal privy chamber of the King.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=63}}

While once assumed to be fact, there is now much doubt whether Gibbons received a Doctorate of Music in May 1622. In 1692, Wood stated:

{{blockquote|"On the 17th of May, Orlando Gibbons, one of the organists of his majesty's chapel, did supplicate the venerable congregation that he might accumulate the degrees in music; but whether he was admitted to the one, or license to proceed in the other, it appears not."|source={{harvtxt|Wood|1692|p=406}}}}

This uncertainty has continued until the present day. Gibbons’s 8-part full anthem, ''O clap your hands'' was sung on 17 May 1622 at the degree ceremony for [[William Heather]].{{sfn|Bridge|1920|p=42}}{{sfn|Mateer|2008}} Heather had financially supported [[William Camden]]'s creation and maintenance of the [[Camden Professor of Ancient History]] chair, and in return the university awarded him the honorary degrees of bachelor in music and doctor of music, even though he was not known to be a musician.{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=39}}{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=65}} The author [[John Hawkins (author)|Sir John Hawkins]] and musicologists Fellowes and David Mateer state unequivocally that Gibbons was awarded a doctorate along with Heather, and cite ''O clap your hands'' as the composer’s qualifying exercise for the degree.{{sfn|Hawkins|1853|p=573}}{{sfn|Mateer|2008}}{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=39}} Other musicologists—Peter Le Huray, John Harper and John Harley—express some doubt whether Gibbons received a doctorate.{{sfn|Huray|2001|loc="1. Life"}}{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=64–66}} Specifically, Harley cites a record in the Cheque book of the Chapel Royal that refers to William Heather as "doctor" but Gibbons as "senior organist."{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=66}} The same writer refers to a letter from Camden to William Piers from 18 May 1622 that says Gibbons is a Doctor of Music.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=65}} Harley suggests that the authenticity of the letter is uncertain, since the original does not survive; he suggests that Camden could have written something such as "G––––s," which an editor assumed to mean Gibbons.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=66}} The most convincing piece of evidence is thought to be the absence of mention of the supposed doctorate of music on Gibbons's Cambridge monument, erected in his memory when he died.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=65}} Although the existing evidence seems to support the conclusion that he never achieved a doctorate in music, there is no indisputable evidence to confirm it.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=66}}

===Final years and death===
[[File:Orlando Gibbons memorial (15885885885).jpg|thumb|upright|Gibbons' memorial in Canterbury Cathedral designed by [[Nicholas Stone]].]]
Some time in 1623, [[George Wither]] published ''Hymnes and Songs of the Church'' in which Gibbons provided the tunes for most of the songs.{{sfn|Bridge|1920|p=43}}{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=67}} The same year he succeeded [[John Parsons (organist)|John Parsons]] as the [[List of Westminster Abbey organists|organist]] at [[Westminster Abbey]], with [[Thomas Day (musician)|Thomas Day]] as junior organist.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=68}} This was probably the most important position Gibbons had taken in his career thus far and on 7 May 1625 he officiated at the funeral of King James I.{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=40}}

During late May 1625, the English court was preparing to receive [[Henrietta Maria of France|Queen Henrietta Maria]], whom the now King Charles I of England had [[Proxy marriage|married through proxy]] in France on 1 May.{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=41}} Gibbons and other Chapel Royal members had begun travelling to [[Canterbury]] on 31 May when Gibbons suddenly succumbed to an illness, probably a [[brain haemorrhage]].{{sfn|Huray|2001|loc="1. Life"}}{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=44}} He died at age 41 in Canterbury and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral.{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=44}} His death was a shock to his peers and brought about a post-mortem, although the cause of death aroused less comment than the haste of his burial and his body's not being returned to London.{{sfn|Huray|2001}}{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=45}} His wife Elizabeth died a little over a year later, in her mid-30s, leaving Orlando's eldest brother, Edward to care for the orphaned children.{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=50}}

==Character==
[[File:Bust of Orlando Gibbons, Westminster Abbey.jpg|thumb|Bust of Gibbons in [[Westminster Abbey]], London<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/orlando-and-christopher-gibbons#i15204|title=Orlando and Christopher Gibbons|website=Westminster Abbey|access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref>]]
There is little known about Gibbons's personality or character.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=75}} Harley names this, along with the period between his time in the Choir of King's and his appointment at the Chapel Royal (1599–1603), as the largest gaps in the modern understanding of Gibbons.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=75}} The lives of his contemporaries Byrd and Bull make Gibbons's life seem comparably dull.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=75}} Byrd frequently found himself in court—once even against Gibbons's father William{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=12}}—in disputes over property or accusations that he was Catholic in post-[[English Reformation|Reformation]] England.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=75}} Bull on the other hand had to flee the country while chief organist of the Chapel Royal on charges of adultery.{{sfn|Neighbour|Jeans|2001|loc="3. In the southern Netherlands, 1613–28"}} One incident in Gibbons's life, however, is described by Harley as "the most bizarre event of Gibbons's career".{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=57}} A complaint in 1620 reported that Henry Eveseed, a yeoman of the vestry, assaulted Gibbons, the report saying: he "did violently and sodenly without cause runne uppon Mr Gibbons took up and threw him doune uppon a standard... and withall he tare his band from his neck".{{sfn|Harley|1999|pp=57–58}}{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=38}}{{refn|{{harvtxt|Fellowes|1970|p=38}} reports this complaint as being filed in 1602, not 1620 like {{harvtxt|Harley|1999|pp=57–58}}. Fellowes's account is almost certainly a typo. Immediately before Fellows's account he discusses events of 1619, and immediately after events of 1621.{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|pp=38–39}} Additionally, Eveseed became a yeoman in 1611,{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=57}} after Fellow's supposed date of 1602.|group=n}}{{refn|{{harvtxt|Harper|2008|loc="Death and posthumous reputation"}} speculates that the attack by Eveseed perhaps influenced Gibbons later death from a brain haemorrhage.|group=n}} Other than this, the relative normality of Gibbons's life suggests he maintained good relations with his employers and fellow musicians.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=75}} His patron Hatton seems to have become a close friend.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=75}} In fact, Hatton and his wife, Alice Fanshawe, were probably the namesakes of Gibbons's two eponymous children.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=37}}{{sfn|Harper|2008}} Other close acquaintances throughout his life included Wray, his father-in-law John Patten and his older brother Edward.{{sfn|Harley|1999|pp=75–76}} It is also possible Gibbons had a particularly close relationship with Prince Charles; Gibbons's death's "formal observation, investigation, and reporting, perhaps suggests how close he may have been to the new king."{{sfn|Harper|2008|loc="Death and posthumous reputation"}}

Gibbons's music may give some insight into his character.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=76}} His career was primarily centered around court,{{sfn|Harper|2008|loc="Career in court music"}} where he seems to have been increasingly successful.{{sfn|Harley|1999|pp=75–76}} Indeed Gibbons's Chapel Royal posts at age 19, and then 21, would have been an impressive feat, comparable to Byrd becoming the organist and choirmaster of the [[Lincoln Cathedral]] in his early twenties.{{sfn|Fellowes|1970|p=35}}{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=31, 75}} Each of the four positions he held centered around his ability as a keyboardist.{{sfn|Harper|2008|loc="2. Works"}} Contemporary accounts hold him in high regard in this respect; during a 1624 visit from the French ambassador, [[John Hacket]] said upon entering Westminster Abbey that "At the entrance, the organ was touched by the best finger of that age, Mr. Orlando Gibbons."{{sfn|Huray|2001|loc="1. Life"}} [[John Chamberlain (letter writer)|John Chamberlain]] stated in a letter to Sir [[Dudley Carleton, 1st Viscount Dorchester|Dudley Carleton]] on Gibbons's death that he had "the best hand in England".{{sfn|Vining|1977|p=415}}

==Music==
{{listen|type=music
 | filename     = Orlando Gibbons (bap.1583-1625) - Fantasia à4, No.1 for Treble, Tenor & Bass Viols with Great Bass.oga
 | title        = Fantasia à4, VdGS No.1GB, Oxford. Christ Church, Mss.732-35 (ca.1630)
 | filename2     = Orlando Gibbons (bap.1583-1625) - Fantasia à3, No.3 for Treble & Bass Viols with Great Bass.ogg
 | title2        = Fantasia à3, VdGS No.3GB, Oxford. Christ Church, Mss.732-35 (ca.1630)
 | filename3     = Orlando Gibbons (bap.1583-1625) - Fantasia à2, VdGS No.3 for 2 Treble Viols.ogg
 | title3        = Fantazia à2, VdGS No.3, Cambridge. King's College, Rowe Mss.112-13 (ca.1620)
 | description3  = Performed by Phillip W. Serna, Treble, Tenor & Bass [[Viol]]s with [[Violone]]
}}
{{See also|List of compositions by Orlando Gibbons}}
His ''oeuvre'' as a whole suggests he was comfortable composing in the genres he had established himself in, rarely adventuring to unexplored genres.{{sfn|Harley|1999|p=76}}

Gibbons wrote a large number of keyboard works, around thirty [[Fantasia (music)|fantasias]] for [[viol]]s, a number of [[madrigal]]s (the best-known being "[[The Silver Swan (madrigal)|The Silver Swan]]"), and many popular [[verse anthem]]s, all to English texts (the best known being "Great Lord of Lords"). Perhaps his best-known verse anthem is "[[This is the Record of John]]", which sets an [[Advent]] text for solo [[countertenor]] or [[tenor]], alternating with full chorus. The soloist is required to demonstrate considerable technical facility, and the work expresses the text's rhetorical force without being demonstrative or bombastic. He also produced two major settings of [[Evening Prayer (Anglican)|Evensong]], the Short Service and the Second Service, an extended composition combining verse and full sections. Gibbons's full anthems include the expressive ''O Lord, in thy wrath'', and the [[Feast of the Ascension|Ascension Day]] anthem "O clap your hands together" (after Psalm 47) for eight voices.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Gibbons's surviving keyboard output comprises some 45 pieces. The polyphonic fantasia and dance forms are the best represented genres. Gibbons's writing exhibits a command of three- and four-part counterpoint. Most of the fantasias are complex, multi-sectional pieces, treating multiple subjects imitatively. Gibbons's approach to melody, in both his fantasias and his dances, features extensive development of simple musical ideas, as for example in ''Pavane in D minor'' and ''Lord Salisbury's Pavan and Galliard''.{{sfn|Apel|1997|pp=320–323}}

==Legacy==
In the 20th century, the Canadian pianist [[Glenn Gould]] championed Gibbons's music, and named him as his favourite composer.{{sfn|Gould|Cott|2005|p=65}} Gould wrote of Gibbons's hymns and anthems: "ever since my teen-age years this music ... has moved me more deeply than any other sound experience I can think of."{{sfn|Gould|1990|p=438}}

In one interview, Gould compared Gibbons to [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] and [[Anton Webern|Webern]]:
{{blockquote|...despite the requisite quota of scales and shakes in such half-hearted virtuoso vehicles as the ''Salisbury Galliard'', one is never quite able to counter the impression of music of supreme beauty that lacks its ideal means of reproduction. Like Beethoven in his last quartets, or Webern at almost any time, Gibbons is an artist of such intractable commitment that, in the keyboard field, at least, his works work better in one's memory, or on paper, than they ever can through the intercession of a sounding-board.|source={{harvtxt|Payzant|1986|pp=82–83}} }}

Gibbons's death, on 5 June 1625, is regularly marked in [[King's College Chapel, Cambridge]], by the singing of his music at Evensong.<ref name=KingsColl /> A number of Gibbons's church anthems were included in the ''[[Oxford Book of Tudor Anthems]]''.{{sfn|Morris|1978|p=}}

Musicologist and composer, [[Frederick Ouseley]], dubbed him to be the "English [[Giovanni Palestrina|Palestrina]]."<ref>Grove 1900, pp. 71</ref>{{refn|The "English [[Giovanni Palestrina|Palestrina]] is an epitaph also given to Byrd.<ref>{{cite ODNB|first = F. H. |last = Shera |others= Revised by David J. Golby |article = Hadow, Sir (William) Henry (1859–1937) |title = Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |date = May 2006 |doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/33631 |url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33631 |access-date = 20 October 2017}}</ref>|group=n}}  Gibbons paved the way for a future generation of [[Chronological list of English classical composers|English composers]] by perfecting Byrd's foundations of the [[English Madrigal School|English madrigal]] as well as both full and verse anthems, and especially by teaching music to his oldest son, [[Christopher Gibbons|Christopher]], who in turn taught [[John Blow]], [[Pelham Humfrey]] and most notably [[Henry Purcell]], the English pioneer of the [[Baroque music|Baroque era]].{{sfn|Turbet|2016|loc="Introduction"}} The modern music critic [[John Rockwell]] claimed that the oeuvre of Gibbons: "all attested not merely to a significant figure in music's past but to a composer who can still speak directly to the present."{{sfn|Rockwell|1984}}

=== In popular culture ===
English model and actor [[Orlando Bloom]] was named after Gibbons.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-08 |title=Orlando Bloom - Biography |url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/profiles/20091008590/orlando-bloom/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=HELLO! |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-01 |title=Orlando Bloom : People.com |url=http://www.people.com/people/orlando_bloom/0,,,00.html |access-date=2025-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701201944/http://www.people.com/people/orlando_bloom/0,,,00.html |archive-date=1 July 2012 }}</ref>

== References ==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=n}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=KingsColl>{{cite web|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/choir/about/history.html |title=The Choir of King's College, Cambridge » History of the Choi|website=www.kings.cam.ac.uk|access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref>

}}

===Sources===
====Early====
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Bridge |first=Sir Frederick |author-link=Frederick Bridge |year=2009 |orig-year=1920 |title=Twelve Good Musicians: From John Bull to Henry Purcell |publisher=[[Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-112-52076-1 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/39935/39935-h/39935-h.htm#chap05 |ref={{sfnRef|Bridge|1920}} }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Fétis |first=François-Joseph |author-link=François-Joseph Fétis |year=1866 |edition=2nd |encyclopedia=[[Biographie universelle des musiciens]] |volume=4  |title=Gibbons—Kazynski |language=French |publisher=[[Firmin Didot Frères]] |location=Paris |url=https://vmirror.imslp.org/files/imglnks/usimg/5/56/IMSLP90944-PMLP47766-Fetis_4.pdf |via=[[IMSLP]] }}
* {{cite book |last=Hawkins |first=Sir John |author-link=John Hawkins (author) |editor-last=Novello |editor-first=Joseph Alfred |editor-link=Alfred Novello |year=1963 |orig-year=1853 |title=A General History of the Science and Practice of Music |volume=II |edition=4th |publisher=[[Dover Publications|Dover]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-486-21049-0 |url=https://archive.org/stream/generalhistoryof1963hawk/generalhistoryof1963hawk_djvu.txt |ref={{sfnRef|Hawkins|1853}} }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Maitland |first=John Alexander Fuller |authorlink=John Alexander Fuller Maitland |year=1889 |encyclopedia=[[Dictionary of National Biography|Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |title=Gibbons, Orlando |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |doi= 10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.10598 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.001.0001/odnb-9780192683120-e-10598 }} {{ODNBsub}}
* {{cite book |last=Walker |first=John |author-link=John Walker (biographer) |year=1714 |title=An attempt towards recovering an account of the numbers and sufferings of the clergy of the Church of England |publisher=Knaplock |location=London |oclc=79528970 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=781DAAAAcAAJ}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Wood |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Wood (antiquary) |editor-last=Bliss |editor-first=Phillip |editor-link=Philip Bliss (academic) |year=1815 |orig-year=1692 |title=Athenae Oxonienses |volume=II |edition=3rd |publisher=Printed for F.C. and J. Rivington |location=London |oclc=847943279 |url-access=limited |url=https://archive.org/details/athenaeoxoniense02wooduoft/mode/2up |ref={{sfnRef|Wood|1692}} }}
{{Refend}}

====Modern====
;Books
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Apel|first=Willi |title=The History of Keyboard Music to 1700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRvj70n4yY0C|year=1997|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-21141-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Fellowes |first=Edmund H. |author-link=Edmund Fellowes |year=1970 |orig-year=1951 |title=Orlando Gibbons and His Family: The Last of the Tudor School of Musicians |edition=2nd |publisher=Archon Books |location=Hamden |isbn=978-0-208-00848-0 |url-access=registration  |url=https://archive.org/details/orlandogibbonshi0000fell }}
* {{cite book|last=Gould|first=Glenn |authorlink=Glenn Gould|editor=Tim Page|title=The Glenn Gould Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUsdQQAACAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=978-0-679-73135-1}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gould|first1=Glenn |authorlink1=Glenn Gould|last2=Cott|first2=Jonathan |title=Conversations with Glenn Gould|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKCdsOq3X4sC|year=2005|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-11623-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Harley |first=John |year=1999 |title=Orlando Gibbons and the Gibbons Family of Musicians |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-840-14209-9 }}
* {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Christopher |title=The Oxford Book of Tudor Anthems: 34 Anthems for Mixed Voices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2gJAQAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Oxford University Press, Music Department|isbn=978-0-19-353325-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Payzant|first=Geoffrey |title=Glenn Gould: Music & Mind|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YPCcXr7tFVoC|year=1986|publisher=Formac |isbn=978-0-88780-145-7}}
{{Refend}}

;Journal and encyclopedia articles
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author=((The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica))|year=2020 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Orlando Gibbons |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=Chicago |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Orlando-Gibbons |ref={{sfnRef|''Britannica''}} }}
* {{cite journal |last=Anderton |first=H. Orsmond |author-link=:ca:Howard Orsmond Anderton |date=1912 |title=Orlando Gibbons |journal=[[The Musical Times]] |volume=53 |issue=832 |pages=367–369 |jstor=907324 |doi=10.2307/907324 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Dart |first=Thurston |author-link=Thurston Dart |date=January 1970 |title=Two English Musicians at Heidelberg in 1613 |journal=The Musical Times |volume=111 |issue=1523 |pages=29+31–32 |jstor=952296 |doi=10.2307/952296 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Duffin |first=Ross W. |date=March 1993 |title=Princely Pastimes, or a Courtly Catch, being the History of Another Musical Fragment at Case Western Reserve University |journal=[[Notes (journal)|Notes]] |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=911–924 |jstor=898924 |doi=10.2307/898924 }}<!--Secular info here-->
* {{cite journal |last=Harper |first=John |date=December 1983 |title=Orlando Gibbons: The Domestic Context of His Music and Christ Church MS 21 |journal=The Musical Times |volume=124 |issue=1690 |pages=767–770 |jstor=962243 |doi=10.2307/962243 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Harper |first=John |year=2008 |encyclopedia=[[Dictionary of National Biography|Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |title=Gibbons, Orlando (bap. 1583, d. 1625), composer and keyboard player |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/10598 |isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-10598 }} {{ODNBsub}}
* {{cite journal |last=Howard |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Howard (musician) |date=April 1951 |title=Orlando Gibbons |journal=The Musical Times |volume=92 |issue=1298 |pages=160–164 |jstor=935033 |doi=10.2307/935033 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Huray |first=Peter Le |others=Revised by John Harper |year=2001 |encyclopedia=[[Grove Music Online]] |title=Gibbons, Orlando |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11092 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription  |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000011092 }} {{Grove Music subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Josephson |first=Nors S. |date=1998–2002 |title=Interrelationships between the London Street Cry Settings |journal=[[Musica Disciplina]] |publisher=[[American Institute of Musicology]] Verlag Corpusmusicae, GmbH |volume=52 |pages=139–180 |jstor=20532424 }}<!--Secular info here-->
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Mateer |first=David |year=2008 |encyclopedia=[[Dictionary of National Biography|Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |title=Heather, William (c. 1563–1627), musician and benefactor |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/12849 |isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-12849 }} {{ODNBsub}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Neighbour |first1=Oliver |author-link=Oliver Neighbour |last2=Jeans |first2=Susi |author-link2=Susi Jeans |year=2001 |encyclopedia=[[Grove Music Online]] |title=Bull [Boul, Bul, Bol], John |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.04294 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000004294 }} {{Grove Music subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Thewlis |first=George A. |date=January 1940 |title=Oxford and the Gibbons Family |journal=Music & Letters |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=31–33 |jstor=727619 |doi=10.1093/ml/XXI.1.31 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Turbet |first=Richard |date=January–March 2000 |title=Orlando Gibbons: Music in Printed Editions 1625—1925 |journal=Fontes Artis Musicae |publisher=[[International Association of Music Libraries, Archives and Documentation Centres]] |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=42–47 |jstor=23509038 }}<!--Secular info here-->
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Turbet |first=Richard |year=2016 |encyclopedia=[[Oxford Bibliographies Online|Oxford Bibliographies]] |title=Orlando Gibbons |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/OBO/9780199757824-0172 |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199757824/obo-9780199757824-0172.xml |url-access=subscription}} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite journal |last=Vining |first=Paul |date=October 1977 |title=Orlando Gibbons: The Portraits |journal=[[Music & Letters]] |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=415–429 |doi=10.1093/ml/58.4.415 |jstor=733988 }}
{{Refend}}

;Online
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite web |last=Rockwell |first=John |author-link=John Rockwell |date=11 May 1984 |title=Music: Orlando Gibbons |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=23 April 2020 |url-access=limited |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/11/arts/music-orlando-gibbons.html }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
''See {{harvtxt|Turbet|2016}} for an extensive bibliography''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Vining |first=Paul |date=November 1983 |title=Gibbons and His Patrons |journal=[[The Musical Times]] |volume=124 |issue=1689 |pages=707–709 |jstor=961451 |doi=10.2307/961451 }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{commons}}

;Free scores
* {{IMSLP|id=Gibbons, Orlando}}
* {{ChoralWiki}}
* [http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?Composer=GibbonsO Free scores] by Orlando Gibbons at the [[Mutopia Project]]
* {{DIAMM|pid=910|pname=Gibbons, Orlando}}

;Miscellaneous
* {{librivox author|Orlando+Gibbons}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-culture}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Parsons (organist)|John Parsons]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Westminster Abbey organists|Organist]] of [[Westminster Abbey]]
|years=1623–1625}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Thomas Day (organist)|Thomas Day]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Orlando Gibbons}}
{{English Virginalist School}}
{{Renaissance music}}
{{Baroque music}}
{{Portal bar|Classical music|England|Biography|Music}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gibbons, Orlando}}
[[Category:16th-century births]]
[[Category:1583 births]]
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[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:English Baroque composers]]
[[Category:Burials at Canterbury Cathedral]]
[[Category:English classical composers of church music]]
[[Category:Composers for harpsichord]]
[[Category:16th-century English composers]]
[[Category:English madrigal composers]]
[[Category:English male classical composers]]
[[Category:English Renaissance composers]]
[[Category:English classical organists]]
[[Category:Gentlemen of the Chapel Royal]]
[[Category:Master of the Choristers at Westminster Abbey]]
[[Category:Musicians from Oxford]]
[[Category:17th-century English classical composers]]
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