View source for Osteoglossomorpha

{{Short description|Superorder of fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Late Jurassic|Recent}}
| image = Arapaima (Arapaima gigas).jpg
| image_caption = [[Arapaima]] (''Arapaima gigas'')
| taxon = Osteoglossomorpha
| authority = Greenwood, Rosen, Weitzman & Myers, 1966
| subdivision_ranks = Orders
| subdivision = * [[Hiodontiformes]]
* [[Osteoglossiformes]]
* {{extinct}}[[Lycopteriformes]]
and see text
}}

'''Osteoglossomorpha''' is a group of [[bony fish]] in the [[Teleostei]].

==Notable members==
A notable member is the [[arapaima]] (''Arapaima gigas''), the largest [[freshwater]] fish in [[South America]] and one of the largest bony fishes alive. Other notable members include the bizarre [[freshwater elephantfish]]es of family Mormyridae.

==Systematics==
Most osteoglossomorph lineages are [[extinct]] today. Only the somewhat diverse "bone-tongues" ([[Osteoglossiformes]]) and two [[species]] of [[mooneye]]s (Hiodontiformes) remain.<ref name="Nelson">{{cite book|last1=Nelson|first1=Joseph S.|last2=Grande|first2=Terry C.|last3=Wilson|first3=Mark V. H.|year=2016|title=Fishes of the World|edition=5th|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=9781118342336}}</ref><ref name="mikko">{{cite web|website=Mikko's Phylogeny Archive|last=Haaramo|first=Mikko|year=2007|title=Osteoglossomorpha – bony-tongue fishes and relatives |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/actinopterygii/osteoglossomorpha/osteoglossomorpha.html |access-date= 30 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="van der Laan">{{cite journal|last=van der Laan|first=Richard|year=2016|title=Family-group names of fossil fishes|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303911230}}</ref>

The [[ichthyodectiform]] fishes from the [[Jurassic]] and [[Cretaceous]] periods were once classified as osteoglossomorphs, but are now generally recognized as [[stem group|stem]] [[teleost]]s.<ref name="Nelson" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hilton |first=Eric J. |year=2003 |title=Comparative osteology and phylogenetic systematics of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes (Actinopterygii, Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha) |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=137 |pages=1–100 |doi=10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00032.x|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<div float="left">{{col-begin|width=70%}}
{{col-1-of-2}}
'''[[Basal (evolution)|Basal]] and ''[[incertae sedis]]''''' (Extinct)
* Genus †''[[Coriops]]'' <small>Estes, 1969</small> (possible hiodontid affinities)
* Genus †''[[Harenaichthys]]'' <small>Kim ''et al.'', 2022</small>
* Genus †''[[Paralycoptera]]'' <small>Chang & Chou, 1977</small>
* Genus †''[[Jinanichthys]]'' <small>Ma & Sun 1988</small>  [''[[Liaoxiichthys]]'' <small>Su 1992</small>]
* Genus †''[[Joffrichthys]]'' <small>Li & Wilson 1996</small> (possibly an osteoglossid)
* Genus ?†''[[Kokuraichthys]]'' <small>Yabumoto 2013</small>
* Genus ?†''[[Nierrkunia]]'' <small>Su 1992</small>
* Genus ?†''[[Shuleichthys]]'' <small>Murray, You & Peng 2010</small>
* Genus ?†''[[Suziichthys]]'' <small>Su 1992</small>
* Genus ?†''[[Wilsonichthys]]'' <small>Murray, Newbrey, Neumand & Brinkmand 2016</small>
* Family †[[Jiaohichthyidae]] <small>Ma 1983</small>
** Genus †''[[Jiaohichthys]]'' <small>Ma 1983</small>
* Family †[[Kuyangichthidae]] <small>Liu, Ma & Liu, 1982</small>
** Genus †''[[Kuyangichthys]]'' <small>Liu, Ma & Liu 1982</small>
** Genus †''[[Pulinia]]'' <small>Ma 1983</small>
'''Order''' †'''[[Lycopteriformes]]''' <small>Chang & Chou 1977</small>
* Family †[[Juiquanichthyidae]] <small>Ma, 1984</small>
** Genus †''[[Jiuquanichthys]]'' <small>Ma 1984</small>
** Genus †''[[Changma (fish)|Changma]]'' <small>Ma 1984</small>
** Genus †''[[Qilianichthys]]'' <small>Ma 1984</small>
* Family †[[Lycopteridae]] <small>Liu, Su, Huang & Chang, 1963</small>
** Genus †''[[Aokiichthys]]'' <small>Yabumoto 1994</small>
** Genus †''[[Changichthys]]'' <small>Su 1991</small>
** Genus †''[[Manchurichthys]]'' <small>Saito 1936</small>
** Genus †''[[Neolycoptera]]'' <small>Dolgopol de Saez 1939</small>
** Genus †''[[Pingolepis]]'' <small>Chang & Chow 1974</small>
** Genus †''[[Tongxinichthys]]'' <small>Ma 1980</small>
** Genus †''[[Yixianichthys]]'' <small>Wu 2003</small>
** Genus †''[[Yungkangichthys]]'' <small>Chang & Chou 1977</small>
** Genus †''[[Lycoptera]]'' <small>Liu et al. 1963</small> [''[[Asiatolepis]]'' <small>Takai 1944</small>; ''[[Sungarichthys]]'' <small>Takai 1944</small>] 
'''Order [[Hiodontiformes]]''' <small>McAllister 1968 sensu Taverne 1979</small>
* Genus †''[[Chetungichthys]]'' <small>Chang & Chou, 1977</small>
* Genus †''[[Plesiolycoptera]]'' <small>Zhang & Zhou 1976</small>
* Genus †''[[Yanbiania]]'' <small>Li 1987</small>
* Family [[Hiodontidae]] <small>Valenciennes 1846 sensu stricto</small> (mooneyes)
** Genus †''[[Eohiodon]]'' <small>Cavender 1966</small>
** Genus ''[[Hiodon]]'' <small>Lesueur 1818</small>
{{col-2-of-2}}
'''Order [[Osteoglossiformes]]''' <small>Regan 1909 sensu Zhang 2004</small>
* Genus †''[[Lopadichthys]]'' <small>Murray, Zelenitsky, Brinkman & Neuman, 2018</small>
* Genus †''[[Tanolepis]]'' <small>Jin 1994</small> [''[[Tanichthys]]'' <small>Jin 1991 non Lin 1932</small>]
* Genus †''[[Wilsonichthys]]'' <small>Murray, Newbrey, Neuman & Brinkman, 2016</small>
* Genus †''[[Xixiaichthys]]'' <small>Zhang 2004</small>
* Family †[[Huashiidae]] <small>Chang & Chou, 1977</small>
** Genus †''[[Kuntulunia]]'' <small>Liu, Ma & Liu 1982</small>
** Genus †''[[Huashia]]'' <small>Chang & Chou 1977</small>
* '''Suborder Pantodontoidei'''
** Family [[Pantodontidae]] <small>Peters 1876</small> (freshwater butterflyfishes)
*** Genus ''[[Pantodon]]'' <small>Peters 1877</small>
* '''Suborder [[Osteoglossoidei]]''' <small>Regan 1909</small>
** Genus †''[[Genartina]]'' <small>Frizzell & Dante 1965</small>
** Genus †''[[Monopteros]]'' <small>Volta 1796</small>
** Genus †''[[Musperia]]'' <small>Sanders 1934</small>
** Genus †''[[Phareoides]]'' <small>Taverne, 1973</small>
** Genus †''[[Chauliopareion]]'' 
** Family †[[Brychaetidae]] <small>Bonde 1966</small>
*** Genus †''[[Brychaetus]]'' <small>Woodward 1901</small>
** Family †[[Singididae]] <small>Greenwood & Patterson 1967</small>
*** Genus †''[[Singida (fish)|Singida]]'' <small>Greenwood & Patterson 1967</small>
** Family [[Phaerodontidae]] <small>Jordan 1925a</small>
*** Genus †''[[Phareodusichthys]]'' <small>Gayet 1991</small>
*** Genus †''[[Cretophareodus]]'' <small>Li 1996</small>
*** Genus †''[[Phareodus]]'' <small>Leidy 1873</small>
** Family [[Osteoglossidae]] <small>Bonaparte 1832 sensu lato</small> (arowanas)
* '''Suborder [[Notopteroidei]]''' <small>Greenwood 1973</small>
** Family †[[Ostariostomidae]] <small>Schaeffer, 1949</small>
*** Genus †''[[Ostariostoma]]'' <small>Schaeffer 1949</small>
** '''Superfamily Notopteroidea'''
*** Family †[[Wakinoichthiidae]] <small>Yabumoto 1994</small>
**** Genus ''[[Wakinoichthys]]'' <small>Yabumoto 1994 corrig.</small>
*** Family †[[Kipalaichthyidae]] <small>Benveniste 1998</small>
**** Genus †''[[Kipalaichthys]]'' <small>Casier 1965</small>
**** Genus †''[[Paradercetis]]'' <small>Casier 1965</small>
*** Family [[Notopteridae]] <small>Bleeker 1851</small> (Brown knifefish; featherbacks)
** '''Superfamily Mormyroidea'''
*** Family [[Gymnarchidae]] <small>Bleeker 1859</small> (Aba, African Knifefish)
*** Family [[Mormyridae]] <small>Bonaparte 1832</small> (freshwater elephantfishes)
{{col-end}}
</div>

==Phylogeny==
Phylogeny based on the following works:<ref name="Deepfin">{{cite web|website=[[Deepfin]]|author=Betancur-Rodriguez, R.|display-authors=etal|year=2016|title=Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/guilleorti/classification-v-4 |access-date= 30 December 2016}}</ref><ref>Lavoué, S., Sullivan J. P., & Hopkins C. D. (2003): ''Phylogenetic utility of the first two introns of the S7 ribosomal protein gene in African electric fishes (Mormyroidea: Teleostei) and congruence with other molecular markers.'' Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 78, 273-292. [http://mormyrids.lifedesks.org/files/mormyrids/biological_journal_of_the_linnean_society_2003_lavoue-1.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030120407/http://mormyrids.lifedesks.org/files/mormyrids/biological_journal_of_the_linnean_society_2003_lavoue-1.pdf |date=2014-10-30 }}</ref><ref>Sullivan, J. P., Lavoué S., & Hopkins C. D. (2000): ''Molecular systematics of the African electric fishes (Mormyroidea: Teleostei) and a model for the evolution of their electric organs.'' Journal of Experimental Biology. 203, 665-683. [http://mormyrids.lifedesks.org/files/mormyrids/journal_of_experimental_biology_2000_sullivan.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030121109/http://mormyrids.lifedesks.org/files/mormyrids/journal_of_experimental_biology_2000_sullivan.pdf |date=2014-10-30 }}</ref>

{{clade |style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%
|label1=Osteoglossomorpha
|1={{clade
  |label1='''[[Hiodontiformes]]'''
  |1=[[Hiodontidae]]
  |label2='''Osteoglossiformes'''
  |2={{clade
    |label1=Pantodontoidei
    |1=[[Pantodontidae]]
    |2={{clade
      |label1=Osteoglossoidei
      |1=[[Osteoglossidae]]
      |label2=[[Notopteroidei]]
      |2={{clade
        |label1=Notopteroidea
        |1=[[Notopteridae]]
        |label2=Mormyroidea
        |2={{clade
          |1=[[Gymnarchidae]]
          |2=[[Mormyridae]]
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

<!-- move in line {{aut|Haaramo, Mikko}} (2008): [[Mikko's Phylogeny Archive]] &ndash; [http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/actinopterygii/osteoglossomorpha/osteoglossomorpha.html Osteoglossomorpha]. Version of 2008-MAR-11. Retrieved 2008-NOV-20.
*[http://www.geocities.jp/ancientfishtree/Osteoglossum_Eng.html Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of the osteoglossomorphs] -->

{{commons category}}

{{Actinopterygii}}
{{diversity of fish}}
{{Osteoglossomorpha|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q868468}}

[[Category:Osteoglossomorpha| ]]
[[Category:Fish superorders]]
[[Category:Extant Late Jurassic first appearances]]