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{{Short description|Disclosing an LGBTQ person's identity without their consent}}
{{Other uses}}
{{LGBTQ sidebar}}
'''Outing''' is the act of disclosing an [[LGBTQ]] person's [[sexual orientation]] or [[gender identity]] without their consent. It is often done for malicious reasons, either to instrumentalize [[homophobia]], [[biphobia]], and/or [[transphobia]] in order to discredit someone, or to combat homophobia, [[heterosexism]], and/or [[cissexism]] by revealing that a prominent or respected individual is homosexual and/or transgender. Historical examples of outing include the [[Krupp affair]], the [[Eulenburg affair]], the [[Röhm scandal]], [[George Michael]]'s April 1998 arrest, [[Ricky Martin]]'s 2000 interview with [[Barbara Walters]], and the [[Larry Craig scandal]].

Generally, outing someone in a personal context is thought to be unethical and tends to be frowned upon. When it comes to public figures, the ethics of outing are highly contested as it can often have a negative effect on the target's personal life or career. Some LGBTQ activists argue that gay individuals who oppose LGBTQ rights do not enjoy a [[right to privacy]] because of their perceived hypocrisy. In an attempt to pre-empt being outed, an LGBTQ public figure may decide to [[coming out|come out]] publicly first, although controlling the conditions under which one's LGBTQ identity is revealed is only one of the numerous motives for coming out.

==Terminology==
It is hard to pinpoint the first use of outing in the modern sense. In a 1982 issue of ''[[Harper's Magazine|Harper's]]'', [[Taylor Branch]] predicted that "outage" would become a political tactic in which the [[closeted]] would find themselves trapped in a crossfire. The article "Forcing Gays Out of the Closet" by [[William A. Henry III]] in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' (January 29, 1990) introduced the term "outing" to the general public.<ref>Johansson & Percy, p.&nbsp;4</ref>

==History==
{{see also|Krupp affair|Eulenburg affair|Röhm scandal}}

The [[Eulenburg affair]] of 1907–1909 was the first public outing scandal of the twentieth century. [[Left-wing]] journalists opposed to [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]]'s policies outed a number of prominent members of his cabinet and inner circle &mdash; and by implication the Kaiser &mdash; beginning with [[Maximilian Harden]]'s indictment of the aristocratic diplomat [[Philipp Prince zu Eulenburg-Hertefeld|Prince Eulenburg]]. Harden's accusations incited other journalists to follow suit, including [[Adolf Brand]], founder of ''[[Der Eigene]]''.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} Many activists of the [[first homosexual movement]] denounced outing as "the way over corpses".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bösch |first1=Frank |title=Öffentliche Geheimnisse: Skandale, Politik und Medien in Deutschland und Großbritannien 1880-1914 |date=2011 |publisher=Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag |isbn=978-3-486-70746-5 |page=116 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1524/9783486707465.43/html |language=en |chapter=Homosexualität als Skandalon|doi=10.1524/9783486707465.43 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mancini |first1=Elena |title=Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom: A History of the First International Sexual Freedom Movement |date=2010 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-11439-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eaJhAQAAQBAJ&dq=%22Weg+%C3%BCber+Leichen%22&pg=PT152 |language=en}}</ref> In 1928, [[Kurt Hiller]] argued that it would be permissible to out a member of a cabinet preparing an anti-homosexual law, arguing: "Our solidarity with the homosexuals of all classes and political viewpoints extends very far; but it does not include traitors to their own cause."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herzer |first1=Manfred |title=Communists, Social Democrats, and the Homosexual Movement in the Weimar Republic |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |date=1995 |volume=29 |issue=2–3 |page=213 |doi=10.1300/J082v29n02_08|pmid=8666755 }}</ref>

Left-wing journalists outed [[Adolf Hitler]]'s closest ally [[Ernst Röhm]] in 1931 and 1932. In response, Brand wrote, "when someone&nbsp;— as teacher, priest, representative, or statesman&nbsp;— would like to set in the most damaging way the intimate love contacts of others under degrading control&nbsp;— in that moment his own love-life also ceases to be a private matter and forfeits every claim to remain protected hence-forward from public scrutiny and suspicious oversight."<ref>Brand, Adolph. ''Political Criminals: A Word About the Röhm Case'' (1931) Reprinted in ''Homosexuality and Male Bonding in Pre-Nazi Germany'', edited by Harry Oosterhuis, 235–240. New York, Haworth, 1991.</ref> Left-wing journalist [[Kurt Tucholsky]] disagreed, writing in ''[[Die Weltbühne]]'', "We fight the scandalous [[§175]], everywhere we can, therefore we must not join the choir of those among us who want to banish a man from society because he is homosexual."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tamagne |first1=Florence |title=A History of Homosexuality in Europe, Vol. I & II: Berlin, London, Paris; 1919-1939 |date=2006 |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=978-0-87586-356-6 |page=289 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ne6ZRjhMrvQC&dq=%22everywhere+we+can,+therefore+we+must+not+join+the+choir+of+those+among+us+who+want+to+banish+a+man+from+society+because+he+is+homosexual.%22&pg=PA289 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Marhoefer|2015|p=169}}

===United States===
In the 1950s during the [[Lavender Scare]], [[Tabloid journalism|tabloid publication]]s like ''[[Confidential (magazine)|Confidential]]'' emerged, specializing in the revelation of scandalous information about entertainment and political celebrities. Among the political figures targeted by the magazine were former Under Secretary of State [[Sumner Welles]]<ref>Benjamin Welles, ''Sumner Welles: FDR's Global Strategist: A Biography'' (NY: St. Martin's Press, 1997),370-1</ref> and [[Arthur H. Vandenberg Jr.]], who had briefly served as President Eisenhower's [[Secretary to the President of the United States#Appointments Secretary|Appointments Secretary]].<ref>{{cite web|work = The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower, Volume 18|publisher = [[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|year = 1966|title = Document 48: Eisenhower To Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (February 23, 1957)|access-date = August 16, 2013|url = http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/presidential-papers/second-term/documents/48.cfm|url-status = dead|archive-date = May 15, 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070515212540/http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/presidential-papers/second-term/documents/48.cfm}}</ref>

Outing may be found to be [[Defamation|libel]] by a court of law. For example, quite paradoxically, in 1957, American pianist [[Liberace]] successfully sued the ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' for merely insinuating that he was gay.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lovece|first=Frank|work=[[Newsday]]|title=Michael Douglas plays pianist Liberace in HBO film|url=http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/movies/michael-douglas-plays-pianist-liberace-in-hbo-film-1.3238287|access-date=28 August 2012|date=11 October 2011|quote=The highly popular Liberace, who died in 1987 at the age of 67 of AIDS-related causes, publicly denied being gay or bisexual.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.ukpressonline.co.uk/ukpressonline/getDocument?fileName=DMir_1956_09_26_006&fileType=PDF|title = Yearn-Strength Five|newspaper = [[Daily Mirror]]|date = 26 September 1956|page = 6|first = William|last = Connor|author-link = William Connor}}</ref>  The newspaper responded that columnist [[William Connor]]{{'s}} words (written under his byline 'Cassandra') did not imply that Liberace was gay.  Their defence contended that there was no libel as no accusation had been made, rather than arguing that the accusation was true.<ref>{{cite news |title=High Court Of Justice; Queen's Bench Division, "I Don't Care What My Readers Think", Liberace V. Daily Mirror Newspapers Ltd |date=June 12, 1959 |page=16 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |url=http://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/keywordsearch.arc?queryKeywords=High+Court+Of+Justice |ref=CS268786892 |quote=They all say that this deadly, winking, sniggering, snuggling, chromium-plated, scent-impregnated, luminous, quivering, giggling, fruit-flavoured, mincing, ice-covered heap of mother love has had the biggest reception and impact on London since Charlie Chaplin arrived at the same station, Waterloo, on September 12, 1921.}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>   Following Liberace's death from an AIDS-related illness in 1987, the paper asked for the award to be refunded.<ref>{{cite news |agency=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-02-11-mn-1861-story.html |title=How About Refund? Tabloid Says of Liberace Libel Award |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=1999-10-09 |access-date=2013-11-02}}</ref>  In a 2011 interview, actress and close friend [[Betty White]] stated that Liberace was gay, and that she often served as a [[Beard (companion)|beard]] to counter rumors of the musician's homosexuality.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-wTJ2hQCK8   |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/i-wTJ2hQCK8| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=Betty White: Bea Arthur was not fond of me |work=CNN|date=4 May 2011 |access-date=May 23, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

{{rquote|right|I outed [[Rosie O'Donnell|Rosie]] and [[Ellen DeGeneres|Ellen]], and it's hard to even ''imagine'' now that they ever were in the closet.  You have to educate the new people and say, 'Guess what, they were in the closet at one point.'  It's hard to believe that Rosie was doing this delicate dance on her talk show where she was the 'Queen of Nice' and the single mother who had a crush on [[Tom Cruise]] and I was pointing out the absurdity of it.|[[Michael Musto]], one of the original journalists outing celebrities.<ref>[[n:An interview with gossip columnist Michael Musto on the art of celebrity journalism|Interview with Michael Musto]], David Shankbone, ''[[Wikinews]]'', October 7, 2007.</ref>}}
After the [[Stonewall riots]] of 1969, [[Gay lib|gay-liberationists]] came out in the 1970s, crying out: "Out of the closets, Into the streets!"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://beltmag.com/queer-resistance-stonewall/ |title="Out of the Closets and Into the Streets" |last=Howard |first=Annie |date=June 28, 2019 |website=Belt Magazine |access-date=May 23, 2021}}</ref>

[[Oliver Sipple]], who helped save the life of United States President Gerald Ford during an [[Gerald Ford assassination attempt in San Francisco|assassination attempt]], was outed by gay activists, most prominently [[Harvey Milk]]. The negative impact the outing had on Sipple's life later provoked opposition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbez.org/shows/radiolab/oliver-sipple/3022e3dc-c854-493c-b26e-3dae0273a3bc|title=Radiolab, Oliver Sipple|date=September 22, 2017|website=[[WBEZ|WBEZ 91.5]] [[Chicago]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922232947/https://www.wbez.org/shows/radiolab/oliver-sipple/3022e3dc-c854-493c-b26e-3dae0273a3bc|archive-date=September 22, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://allthatsinteresting.com/oliver-sipple |title=Meet Oliver Sipple, The Vietnam Veteran Who Saved President Ford's Life - And Was Punished For It |last=Ishak |first=Natasha |date=April 27, 2020 |website=All That's Interesting |access-date=May 23, 2021}}</ref>

Some political [[conservatism|conservatives]] opposed to increased public acceptance of homosexuality engaged in outing in this period as well, with the goal of embarrassing or discrediting their ideological foes.  Conservative commentator [[Dinesh D'Souza]], for example, published the letters of gay fellow students at [[Dartmouth College]] in the campus newspaper he edited (''[[The Dartmouth Review]]'') in 1981; a few years later, succeeding ''Review'' editor [[Laura Ingraham]] had a meeting of a campus gay organization secretly tape-recorded, then published a transcript along with attendees' names as part of an editorial denouncing the group as "cheerleaders for latent campus sodomites."<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=Rory |title=Laura Ingraham: Right-Wing Radio's High Priestess of Hate |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/rory-oconnor/laura-ingraham-right-wing_b_106034.html |website=Huffington Post |access-date=11 June 2018 |date=10 June 2008}}</ref>

In the 1980s, the [[AIDS]] pandemic led to the outing of several major entertainers, including [[Rock Hudson]].

One of the first outings by an activist in the United States occurred in February 1989. [[Michael Petrelis]], along with a few others, alleged that [[Mark Hatfield]], a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[United States Senate|Senator]] from [[Oregon]], was gay.<ref>{{cite book  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8IoG84QtfNIC&q=Mark+Hatfield++Michael+Petrelis&pg=PA86 |title=Queer in America: Sex, the Media, and the Closets of Power |last=Signorile |first=Michelangelo |year=2003 |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |isbn=9780299193744 |access-date=May 23, 2021}}</ref> They did this because he supported homophobic legislation such as the [[Helms Amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act|Helms Amendment]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Neumann |first=Caryn E. |date=2004 |title=Outing |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/outing_S.pdf |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=GLBTQ, Inc.}}</ref> At a fundraiser in a small town outside of [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], the group stood up and outed him in front of the crowd. Petrelis later tried to make news by standing on the [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]] steps and reading the names of "twelve men and women in politics and music who ... are secretly gay." Though the press showed up, no major news organization published the story.<ref>Gross, p.&nbsp;85</ref> Potential libel suits deterred publishers.

[[Michelangelo Signorile]], an editor of ''OutWeek'', outed the recently deceased [[Malcolm Forbes]] in March 1990.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://outweek.net/pdfs/ow_38.pdf | last = Signorile | first = Michelangelo | author-link = Michelangelo Signorile | title = The Other Side of Malcolm | magazine = [[OutWeek]] | issue = 38 | pages = 40–45 | date = March 18, 1990}}</ref> His column "Gossip Watch" became a hot spot for outing the rich and famous. Both praised and lambasted for his behavior, he garnered responses to his actions as wide-ranging as "one of the greater contemporary gay heroes," to "revolting, infantile, cheap name-calling."<ref>Johansson & Percy, p.&nbsp;183</ref>

Other people who have been outed include [[Fannie Flagg]], [[Pete Williams (journalist)|Pete Williams]], [[Chaz Bono]], [[Richard Chamberlain (actor)|Richard Chamberlain]], and [[Sherman Hemsley]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Gay the Jeffersons actor on the show and Sherman Hemsley's legacy | url=https://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/damon-evans-jeffersons-sherman-hemsley }}</ref>

In 2004, [[LGBTQ rights in the United States|gay rights]] activist [[Michael Rogers (blogger)|Michael Rogers]] outed [[Edward Schrock]], a Republican [[United States Congress|Congressman]] from [[Virginia]]. Rogers posted a story on his website alleging that Schrock used an interactive [[phone sex]] service to meet other men for sex. Schrock did not deny this, and announced on August 30, 2004, that he would not seek re-election.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://buffalonews.com/news/ex-buffalo-activist-is-d-c-s-most-feared-man-mike-rogers-a-founder-of/article_42477f7c-af99-5c75-839f-9bbed74d17f5.html |title=Ex-Buffalo Activist is D.C.'s 'Most Feared Man' Mike Rogers, a Founder of Gay Men's Chorus, 'Outs' Closeted Conservatives on his Blog |last=Zremski |first=Jerry |date=September 9, 2007 |website=The Buffalo News |access-date=May 23, 2021}}</ref> Rogers said that he outed Schrock to punish him for his hypocrisy in voting for the [[Marriage Protection Act]] and signing on as a co-sponsor of the [[Federal Marriage Amendment]].

[[New Jersey]] Governor [[Jim McGreevey]] announced that he was a "gay American" in August 2004.  McGreevey had become aware that he was about to be named in a [[sexual harassment]] suit by [[Golan Cipel]], his former security advisor, with whom it was alleged McGreevey had a sexual relationship. McGreevey resigned, but unlike Schrock, McGreevey decided not to step out of public life.  [[John McCain]]'s Presidential Campaign removed images of Alabama Attorney General [[Troy King]] from its website after he was outed in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pensitoreview.com/2008/07/11/homohating-alabama-attorney-general-and-chair-of-mccain-campaign-outed-as-gay/ |title=McCain's Alabama Chairman Reportedly Outed – Attorney General Troy King Has a Record of Homophobic Rhetoric |first=Jon |last=Ponder |date=July 11, 2008 |website=Pensito Review |access-date=May 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714101528/http://www.pensitoreview.com/2008/07/11/homohating-alabama-attorney-general-and-chair-of-mccain-campaign-outed-as-gay/ |archive-date=July 14, 2008}}</ref>

Some activists argue that outing is appropriate and legitimate in some cases&nbsp;— for example, if the individual is actively working against [[LGBTQ rights]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Doug Ireland |url=http://www.laweekly.com/ink/04/44/news-ireland.php |title=THE OUTING &#124; David Dreier and his straight hypocrisy |publisher=Laweekly.com |date=2004-09-23 |access-date=2013-11-02 |archive-date=2008-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907131707/http://www.laweekly.com/ink/04/44/news-ireland.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> United States Congressman [[Barney Frank]] argued during the 2006 [[Mark Foley scandal]], "I think there's a right to privacy. But the right to privacy should not be a right to [[hypocrisy]]. And people who want to demonize other people shouldn't then be able to go home and close the door and do it themselves."<ref>{{cite web| title = "Episode Guide – episode 86" HBO's ''Real Time with Bill Maher''| publisher = [[HBO]]| date = October 20, 2006 | url = http://www.hbo.com/billmaher/episode/2006_10_20_ep86.html| access-date = 2008-02-26}}</ref>

=== ''Outrage'' film ===
{{Main|Outrage (2009 film){{!}}''Outrage'' (2009 film)}}
In 2009, [[Kirby Dick]]'s documentary ''Outrage'' argued that several American political figures have led closeted gay lives while supporting and endorsing legislation that is harmful to the [[gay community]].<ref name=Filmmaker>{{cite journal |url=http://filmmakermagazine.com/1367-kirby-dick-outrage/ |title=Kirby Dick, ''Outrage'' |date=May 8, 2009 |last=Dawson |first=Nick |journal=Filmmaker |access-date=April 12, 2013}}</ref><ref name=NYT>{{cite news |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2009/05/08/movies/08outr.html?_r=0 |title=Secret Lives in the Age of Gay Rights |last=Scott |first=A. O. |date=May 7, 2009 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=April 12, 2013}}</ref><ref name=DallasObserver>{{cite news |url=http://www.dallasobserver.com/2009-06-11/film/outrage-peers-behind-the-closet-door-at-washington-s-not-so-secret-gays/full/ |title=Outrage peers behind the closet door at Washington's not-so-secret gays |last=Foundas |first=Scott |date=June 11, 2009 |newspaper=Dallas Observer |access-date=April 12, 2009 |archive-date=February 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209111738/http://www.dallasobserver.com/2009-06-11/film/outrage-peers-behind-the-closet-door-at-washington-s-not-so-secret-gays/full/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Variety>{{cite web |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117940124/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927083352/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117940124/ |archive-date=September 27, 2012 |date=April 25, 2009 |title=Film Reviews: Outrage (Documentary) |last=Anderson |first=John |website=Variety |access-date=April 12, 2013}}</ref><ref name=RollingStone>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/outrage-20090507 |title=Outrage |first=Peter |last=Travers |author-link=Peter Travers |date=May 7, 2009 |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=April 12, 2013}}</ref>  The film was based on the work of Michael Rogers and BlogActive.com. The film focused particular attention on [[Idaho]] [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Larry Craig]], an outspoken opponent of [[LGBTQ rights in the United States|gay rights]] who in 2007 pleaded guilty to disorderly conduct for soliciting sex from an undercover police officer in a public bathroom.<ref name=NYT/>  ''Outrage'' featured interviews with several people who claim that [[Governor of Florida]] [[Charlie Crist]] has led a private gay life while publicly opposing [[gay marriage]] and [[gay adoption]].<ref name=SFGate>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Outrage-takes-on-closeted-gay-politicians-3162299.php |title='Outrage' takes on closeted gay politicians |last=Guthmann |first=Edward |date=May 10, 2009 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |publisher=SFGate.com |access-date=April 12, 2013}}</ref><ref name=PittsburghPostGazette>{{cite news |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/ae/movie-reviews/outrage-documentary-opens-the-closet-door-on-gay-politicians-346252/ |title='Outrage': Documentary opens the closet door on gay politicians |last=Paris |first=Barry |date=June 18, 2009 |newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |access-date=April 12, 2013}}</ref>

Other politicians discussed in the film include former [[Virginia]] [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] [[Ed Schrock]], [[California]] [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] [[David Dreier]], former [[New York City]] [[Mayor of New York City|mayor]] [[Ed Koch]], and former [[Louisiana]] [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] [[Jim McCrery]].<ref name=NYT/><ref name=DallasObserver/><ref name=Variety/><ref name=SFGate/><ref name=PittsburghPostGazette/><ref name=LA>{{cite web |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/the_big_picture/2009/04/outraged-kirby-dick-kicks-open-washingtons-closet-door-.html |title='Outrage': Kirby Dick kicks open Washington's closet door |first1=Patrick |last1=Goldstein |first2=James |last2=Rainey |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=April 23, 2009 |access-date=May 23, 2021}}</ref>

The film argues that the [[mass media]] is reluctant to discuss issues involving gay politicians despite the many comparable news stories about heterosexual politicians and scandals.  ''Outrage'' describes this behavior as a form of institutionalized homophobia that has resulted in a tacit policy of self-censorship when reporting on these issues.<ref name=Salon>{{cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/2009/05/07/kirby_dick/ |title=Behind Washington's closet door |last=O'Hehir |first=Andrew |date=May 7, 2009 |work=Salon  |access-date=April 12, 2013}}</ref><ref name=Advocate>{{cite news |url=http://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/film/2009/04/27/kirby-dick-outraged |title=Kirby Dick Is Outraged! |last=Milvy |first=Erika |date=April 27, 2009 |work=Advocate |publisher=Here Media |access-date=April 12, 2013}}</ref>

==Motives==
{{POV section|Presents Signorile's moral postulates in support of outing LGBTQ individuals as factual.|date=July 2025}}

[[Gabriel Rotello]], once editor of ''OutWeek'', explained outing as "equalizing", stating: "what we have called 'outing' is a primarily journalistic movement to treat homosexuality as equal to heterosexuality in the media".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rotello |first1=Gabriel |title=Why I Oppose Outing |work=OutWeek |date=May 29, 1991}}</ref>

Signorile described OutWeek's aim as an awareness raiser of the presence of gay people and political issues. The goal would be that being [[gay]] and [[lesbian]] is not "so utterly grotesque that it should never be discussed." (Signorile, p.&nbsp;78) Signorile posits that outing is not the airing of private details.<ref name="Signorile, p. 80">Signorile, p.&nbsp;80</ref>

Richard Mohr noted, "Some people have compared outing to [[McCarthyism]]..such outing feeds gays to the wolves, who thereby are made stronger....But the sort of outing I have advocated does not invoke, mobilize, or ritualistically confirm anti-gay values; rather it cuts against them." Thus Mohr argues that outing is "both permissible and an expected consequence of living [[morally]]."<ref>Mohr, Richard. ''Gay Ideas: Outing and Other Controversies'', Boston: Beacon Press, 1992.</ref>

In the context of [[Killing of Ali Fazeli Monfared|Ali Fazeli Monfared's murder]], Tara Far, a human rights investigator in [[Iran]] and [[Kuwait]], has described outing as "dangerous" within societies where the LGBTQ community is not protected by law, or families that do not accept the individual. Shadi Amin described the military exemption card as a danger to Monfared in her petition to the Iranian government to remove the sexuality information.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gay Iranian man dead in alleged 'honor killing,' rights group says |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/gay-iranian-man-dead-alleged-honor-killing-rights-group-says-n1266995 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=NBC News |date=11 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

There is no widely agreed definition of '''"fair outing"'''. Warren Johansson and William Percy describe least four intermediate positions have been described to justify outing:<ref>Johansson & Percy, p.&nbsp;228</ref>
<blockquote>
# Only the dead;
# [[Hypocrite]]s only, and only when they actively oppose gay rights and interests;
# Outing passive accomplices who help run homophobic institutions;
# Prominent individuals whose outing would shatter [[stereotype]]s and compel the public to reconsider its attitude on homosexuality.
</blockquote>
Assessing to which degree the outer goes allows insight into the goal striven towards. Most outers target those who support decisions and further policy, both [[religious]] and [[secular]], which discriminate against gay people while they themselves live a [[wikt:clandestine|clandestine]] gay existence. A "truism to people active in the gay movement [is] that the greatest impediments to homosexuals' progress often [are] not heterosexuals, but closeted homosexuals," said [[San Francisco]] journalist [[Randy Shilts]].<ref>Johansson & Percy, p.&nbsp;226</ref><blockquote>[[United Kingdom|British]] activist [[Peter Tatchell]] says "The lesbian and gay community has a right to defend itself against public figures who abuse their power and influence to support policies which inflict suffering on homosexuals." In 1994 Tatchell's activist group [[OutRage!]] alleged that fourteen bishops of the [[Church of England]] were homosexual or bisexual and named them, accusing them of hypocrisy for upholding the Church's policy of regarding homosexual acts as [[sinful]] while not observing this prohibition in their personal lives.
"Outing is [[queer]] self-defence," Tatchell said in a 1995 speech to the [[Lesbian and Gay Christian Movement]] conference. "Lesbians and gay men have a right, and a duty, to expose hypocrites and homophobes. By not outing gay Bishops who support policies which harm homosexuals, we would be protecting those Bishops and thereby allowing them to continue to inflict suffering on members of our community. Collusion with hypocrisy and homophobia is not ethically defensible for Christians, or for anyone else."<ref>{{cite web |last=Tatchell |first=Peter |date=28 April 1995 |title=Outing Is A Catalyst For Social Change |url=https://www.petertatchell.net/lgbt_rights/outing/catalyst/ |access-date=15 January 2020 |work=petertatchell.net}}</ref></blockquote>

== Outing as a form of political repression  ==
=== Belarus ===
In [[Belarus]], forced outing has been used as a tool of [[political repression]], especially following the [[2020–2021 Belarusian protests]]. Individuals detained for their alleged political activity have been coerced into participating in so-called "[[Forced confession videos in Belarus|forced confession videos]]", where they are made to disclose personal details under duress, including their [[sexual orientation]].

In some instances, [[gay]] men were forced not only to out themselves on camera but also to reveal the names of their partners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mediazona.by/article/2021/10/11/apologize-2|title=«Наряди змагара». Как эволюционировал жанр извинений перед камерой|author=Евгения Бровкина|website=Mediazona Belarus|date=2021-10-11|language=ru|access-date=2023-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603103146/https://mediazona.by/article/2021/10/11/apologize-2|archive-date=2023-06-03|url-status=live}}</ref> These videos were disseminated through pro-government [[Telegram (software)|Telegram channels]] and, later, on state television. The outing was frequently combined with other forms of [[humiliation]], including forced disclosures of psychiatric diagnoses, labeling individuals with opposition symbols like the [[white-red-white flag]], and emphasizing stigmatized characteristics such as mental health status, [[body shaming|body type]], or social status.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://mediaiq.info/pokayannye-sjuzhety-kak-novyj-format-provlastnoj-zhurnalistiki-chast-2|title=«Покаяния» как новый формат провластной журналистики. Часть 2|author=Ирина Сидорская|website=MediaIQ|date=2023-08-23|language=ru|access-date=2023-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208013420/https://mediaiq.info/pokayannye-sjuzhety-kak-novyj-format-provlastnoj-zhurnalistiki-chast-2|archive-date=2023-12-08|url-status=live}}</ref>

Such actions have been condemned by human rights organizations as violations of [[privacy]], [[human dignity]], and international norms prohibiting [[Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment|inhuman or degrading treatment]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spring96.org/ru/news/109185|title="Покаянные" видео: что они нарушают и как воздействуют на человека|website=[[Viasna Human Rights Centre]]|date=2022-09-26|language=ru|access-date=2023-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202141901/https://spring96.org/ru/news/109185|archive-date=2022-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Impact and effectiveness==

Signorile argues that the outing of journalist [[Pete Williams (journalist)|Pete Williams]] "and its aftermath did indeed make a big dent in the military's policy against gays. The publicity generated put the policy on the front burner in 1992, thrusting the issue into the presidential campaign," with every Democratic candidate and independent Ross Perot publicly promising to end the ban.<ref>Signorile, p.&nbsp;161</ref>

==Outing in the military==
{{Main|Sexual orientation and military service}}
{{See also|Don't ask, don't tell}}
The [[military|military forces]] of the world have differing approaches to the enlistment of [[homosexual]] and [[bisexual]] individuals. Some have open policies, others prohibit, and some are ambiguous.  The armed forces of most developed countries have now removed policies excluding [[non-heterosexual]] individuals (with strict policies on [[sexual harassment]]).

Nations that permit gay people to serve openly in the military include 3 of the 5 permanent members of the UN Security Council (United States, United Kingdom and France), the [[Republic of China]] (Taiwan), [[Australia]], [[Israel]], [[Argentina]], and all [[NATO]] members except [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Singer |first=Peter |date=June 15, 2010 |website=Brookings |access-date=May 23, 2021 |url=http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/0607_dont_ask_dont_tell_singer.aspx |title=What Our Military Allies Can Tell Us About The End of Don't Ask, Don't Tell |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615185318/http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/0607_dont_ask_dont_tell_singer.aspx |archive-date=June 15, 2010}}</ref>

In the United Kingdom the Ministry of Defence policy since the year 2000 is to allow [[gay men]], lesbians and [[transgender]] personnel to serve openly, and discrimination on a sexual orientation basis is forbidden.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.queer.de/detail.php?article_id=10083 |title=Queer:Argentinien und die Philippinen beenden Homo-Verbot im Militär (German) |publisher=Queer.de |access-date=2013-11-02}}</ref> It is also forbidden for someone to pressure LGBTQ people to [[come out]].

In the United States lesbian, gay, and bisexual people are allowed to serve openly in the [[United States]] military. As of 2021, transgender individuals are allowed to serve openly, and to transition during their service.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/03/31/983118029/pentagon-releases-new-policies-enabling-transgender-people-to-serve-in-the-milit |title=Pentagon Releases New Policies Enabling Transgender People To Serve In The Military |author=Laurel Wamsley|website=NPR |date=31 March 2021 }}</ref> The Trump administration however has taken steps to exclude trans people from the military in 2025. Those attempts are currently being litigated in US courts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-supreme-court-lets-trumps-transgender-military-ban-take-effect-2025-05-06/ |title=US Supreme Court lets Trump's transgender military ban take effect |author=Andrew Chung |website=Reuters |date=6 May 2025 }}</ref>
Military policy and legislation had previously entirely prohibited gay individuals from serving, and subsequently from serving openly, but these prohibitions were ended in September 2011 after the United States Congress voted to repeal the policy. The first time homosexuals were differentiated from non-homosexuals in the military literature was in revised army mobilization regulations in 1942. Additional policy revisions in 1944 and 1947 further codified the ban. Throughout the next few decades, homosexuals were routinely discharged, regardless of whether they had engaged in sexual conduct while serving. In response to the [[LGBTQ movements in the United States|gay rights movements]] of the 1970s and 1980s, the Department of Defense issued a 1982 policy (DOD Directive 1332.14) stating that homosexuality was clearly incompatible with military service. Controversy over this policy created political pressure to amend the policy, with [[liberalism in the United States|socially liberal]] efforts seeking a repeal of the ban and [[conservatism in the United States|socially conservative]] groups wishing to reinforce it by statute.

==Criticism==
Outing can be damaging or life-threatening to those with unsupportive families.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-22 |title=Transgender youth: 'Forced outing' bills make schools unsafe |url=https://apnews.com/article/transgender-students-pronouns-names-ec0b2c5de329d82c563ffb95262935f3 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Austen |first1=Andrea |last2=Wellington |first2=Adrian Alex |date=January 1995 |title=Outing: The Supposed Justifications |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-journal-of-law-and-jurisprudence/article/abs/outing-the-supposed-justifications/289C8A8E92263623E2B1F64764D114F8 |journal=Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=83–105 |doi=10.1017/S084182090000309X |s2cid=157003926 |issn=0841-8209|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In response to a North Carolina bill that could out children to parents under the school system, various mental health experts warned of the potential damage, which could be life-threatening.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-02 |title=Experts warn NC bill could harm LGBTQ youth mental health |url=https://apnews.com/article/sex-education-north-carolina-health-schools-cdebec08a9a508ca5ca1218d367841a9 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref>

After several Moroccans were outed from using gay dating apps, the [[Human Rights Watch]] requested that the Moroccan government do more to protect their LGBTQ community, as many of them were facing abuse and discrimination.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-04-27 |title=Gay men abused in Morocco after photos spread online |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52446170 |access-date=2023-05-12}}</ref>

Outing is dangerous in various Islamic countries where the LGBTQ community faces discrimination or death from outings, resulting in many LGBTQ refugees to Western countries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kligerman |first=Nicole |date=March 28, 2007 |title=Homosexuality in Islam: A Difficult Paradox |journal=Macalester Islam Journal |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=53–64}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kakissis |first=Joanna |date=January 5, 2018 |title=Chechnya's LGBT Muslim Refugees Struggle To Cope In Exile |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2018/01/05/572985673/chechnyas-lgbt-muslim-refugees-struggle-to-cope-in-exile |access-date=May 12, 2023 |website=NPR}}</ref>

Roger Rosenblatt argued in his January 1993 ''[[New York Times Magazine]]'' essay "Who Killed Privacy?" that, "The practice of 'outing' homosexuals implies contradictorily that homosexuals have a right to private choice but not to private lives."<ref name="Signorile, p. 80" /> In March 2002, singer [[Will Young]] revealed he was gay, pre-empting a tabloid newspaper (reportedly ''[[News of the World]]'') that was preparing to out him.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Boggan|first1=Steve|title=A pop idol, a rumour and why he felt he had to come out|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/a-pop-idol-a-rumour-and-why-he-felt-he-had-to-come-out-9210510.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/a-pop-idol-a-rumour-and-why-he-felt-he-had-to-come-out-9210510.html |archive-date=2022-05-24 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=18 March 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 March 2002}}</ref>

[[Christine Jorgensen]], [[Beth Elliott]], [[Renée Richards]], [[Sandy Stone (artist)|Sandy Stone]], [[Billy Tipton]], [[Alan L. Hart]], [[April Ashley]], [[Caroline Cossey]] ("Tula"), [[Jahna Steele]],  were outed as transsexuals by European or American media or, in the case of Billy Tipton, by his [[coroner]]. In many cases, being outed had an adverse effect on their personal lives and their careers.

In some cases well-known celebrities have been outed as [[transgender]] or [[intersexuality|intersex]] when no proof to substantiate the claims was presented, e.g., [[Jamie Lee Curtis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/movies/actors/jamie.htm |title=Jamie Lee Curtis rumor |date=6 April 2001 |publisher=snopes.com |access-date=2013-11-02}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Doxing]], revealing generic personally identifiable information through the internet

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Cory, Donald Webster. ''The Homosexual in America: A Subjective Approach.'' New York: Greenfield, 1951.
* Gross, Larry. ''Contested Closets: The Politics and Ethics of Outing''. University of Minnesota Press, 1993  {{ISBN|0-8166-2179-9}}
* Johansson, Warren & Percy, William A. [http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/index.php/Portal:Books#Outing:Shattering_the_Conspiracy_of_Silence  Outing: Shattering the Conspiracy of Silence]. Harrington Park Press, 1994.
*{{cite book |last1=Marhoefer |first1=Laurie |title=Sex and the Weimar Republic: German Homosexual Emancipation and the Rise of the Nazis |date=2015 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |isbn=978-1-4426-1957-9 |language=en}}
* Signorile, Michelango (1993). ''Queer In America: Sex, Media, and the Closets of Power.'' {{ISBN|0-299-19374-8}}.
* Stramel, James (1996). "Gay Virtue: The Ethics of Disclosure." Dissertation, University of Southern California.

{{LGBTQ|culture=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1980s neologisms]]
[[Category:LGBTQ terminology]]
[[Category:LGBTQ and society]]
[[Category:Journalism ethics]]