View source for P-700 Granit

{{Disputed|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox weapon
 | is_missile        = yes
 | name              = P-700&nbsp;''Granit''<br><small>([[NATO reporting name]]: SS-N-19 'Shipwreck')</small>
 | image             = [[File:P-700-Granit sketch.svg|300px|alt=P-700 Granit]]
 | caption           = 
 | origin            = [[Soviet Union]]/Russia
 | type              = Long-range [[Anti-ship missile|anti-ship]] [[cruise missile]]<br>Surface or [[Submarine-launched cruise missile|submarine launched]]
 | used_by           = Soviet Union, Russia
 | wars              = 
 | designer          = OKB-52/[[NPO Mashinostroyeniya]], [[Vladimir Chelomey]]
 | design_date       = 1970s
 | manufacturer      = 
 | unit_cost         = 
 | propellant        = 
 | production_date   = 1985–1992 
 | service           = Since 1983
 | engine            = [[turbojet]] and [[ramjet]] probable
 | engine_power      = 
 | weight            = {{convert|7000|kg|lb|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}
 | length            = {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}}
 | height            = 
 | diameter          = {{convert|0.85|m|in|abbr=on}}
 | wingspan          = 
 | speed             = [[Mach number|Mach]] 1.6 (low altitude)<br>Mach 2.5+ (high altitude)
 | vehicle_range     = {{convert|300|mi|km|0|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Rus-Cruise-Missiles.html#mozTocId109867|title=Soviet/Russian Cruise Missiles|author=Dr C Kopp|date=6 August 2009|pages=1|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref>
 | ceiling           = 
 | altitude          = 
 | filling           = [[High explosive]] or [[thermonuclear weapon|nuclear]]
 | filling_weight    = {{convert|750|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
 | detonation        = 
 | accuracy          = 
 | yield             = 500&nbsp;[[TNT equivalent#Kiloton and megaton|kt]]
 | guidance          = [[Inertial guidance]], [[active radar homing]] with [[home-on-jam]], and [[Legenda (satellite system)|Legenda satellite targeting system]] (believed to be nonfunctional after the fall of the USSR)
 | launch_platform   = [[Oscar-class submarine]]s<br/>[[Kirov-class battlecruiser]] & [[Kuznetsov-class aircraft carrier]]
}}

The '''P-700 ''Granit''''' ({{langx|ru|П-700 "Гранит"}}; {{langx|en|[[granite]]}}) is a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Military of Russia|Russian naval]] [[anti-ship missile|anti-ship]] [[cruise missile]]. Its [[GRAU]] designation is '''3M45''', its [[NATO reporting name]] '''SS-N-19 ''Shipwreck'''''. It comes in [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] and [[Submarine-launched cruise missile|submarine-launched]] variants, and can also be used against ground targets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vpk-news.ru/news/33014|title=АПЛ "Смоленск" выполнила стрельбу крылатой ракетой по мишени на Новой Земле - Еженедельник "Военно-промышленный курьер"|website=vpk-news.ru|language=ru|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-date=23 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523173237/https://vpk-news.ru/news/33014|url-status=dead}} (erroneous citation)</ref><ref name="navyreco13july17">[http://navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2017/july-2017-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/5386-video-russia-s-oscar-ii-ssn-tomsk-launches-cruise-missile-against-coastal-target.html Video: Russia’s Oscar-II SSN Tomsk launches cruise missile against coastal target] - Navyrecognition.com, 13 July 2017 (erroneous citation)</ref>

==Design and building==
The P-700 was designed in the 1970s to replace the [[P-70 Ametist]] and [[P-120 Malakhit]], both effective missiles but with too short a range in the face of improving weapons of [[U.S. Navy]] [[carrier battle group]]s. The missile was partially derived from the [[P-500 Bazalt]].

Built by [[Vladimir Chelomei|Chelomei]]/[[NPO Mashinostroenia]], the bulging 10&nbsp;m missile has swept-back wings and tail, weighs around 7,000 kilograms and can be fitted with either a 750&nbsp;kg [[High explosive|HE]] [[warhead]], a [[fuel-air explosive|FAE]] warhead, or a 500 [[kiloton|kt]] [[H-bomb|thermonuclear]] warhead. A stubby cylindrical solid-fuel rocket is fitted to the rear for launch; this booster stage is released when the missile enters sustained flight. For many years it was believed that this missile used a turbojet engine during the sustained flight; after Russian and Western media gained access to its performance characteristics, it was understood that its propulsion system was a [[ramjet]].<ref>Scott, Richard [http://911-truth.net/10_Sept_2001_Russia%27s_%27Shipwreck%27_missile_enigma_solved.pdf Russia's 'Shipwreck' missile enigma solved] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216232203/http://911-truth.net/10_Sept_2001_Russia%27s_%27Shipwreck%27_missile_enigma_solved.pdf |date=16 December 2022 }} Jane's Naval Forces News. 10 September 2001</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last1=Fry |first1=Ronald S.  |url=http://bemil.chosun.com/brd/files/BEMIL064/upload/Ronald%20Ramjet%20review%20p27.pdf |title=A Century of Ramjet Propulsion Technology Evolution |publisher= Johns Hopkins University |location=Columbia, Maryland  |journal=Journal of Propulsion and Power |volume=20 |number= 1 |date= January–February 2004 |pages=27–58 |doi=10.2514/1.9178 }}</ref>

The P-700 has a distinctive annular air intake in the nose. Maximum speed is believed to be between Mach 1.6 and Mach 2.5.<ref>[http://www.pa-strela.com/index.php/en/products/military-goods/granit Antiship cruise missile "Granit"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615124833/http://www.pa-strela.com/index.php/en/products/military-goods/granit |date=15 June 2013 }}</ref> Range has been estimated at 400&nbsp;km,<ref>[http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/kuznetsov/ Kuznetsov Class (Type 1143.5) Aircraft Carrier, Russia] - Naval-Technology.com</ref> 500&nbsp;km,<ref name="navyreco13july17"/> and 550–625&nbsp;km.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/ss-n-19-specs.htm |title=P-700 3M-45 Granat SS-N-19 Shipwreck |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |access-date=8 February 2014}}</ref> The guidance system is mixed-mode, with [[inertial guidance]], terminal [[active radar homing]] guidance and also [[Anti-radiation missile|anti-radar homing]]. [[Mid-course correction]] is probable.

It is widely claimed that the missile, when fired in a swarm (group of 4–8) has a unique guidance mode. One of the weapons climbs to a higher altitude and designates targets while the others attack. The missile responsible for target designation climbs in short pop-ups, so as to be harder to intercept. The missiles are linked by data connections, forming a network. If the designating missile is destroyed the next missile will rise to assume its purpose. Missiles are able to differentiate targets, detect groups and prioritize targets automatically using information gathered during flight and types of ships and battle formations pre-programmed in an onboard computer. They will attack targets in order of priority, highest to lowest: after destroying the first target, any remaining missiles will attack the next prioritized target.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vectorsite.net/twcruz_7.html |title=[7.0&#93; Soviet-Russian Naval Cruise Missiles / Chinese Cruise Missiles |publisher=Vectorsite.net |date=13 August 2000 |access-date=8 February 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604110652/http://www.vectorsite.net/idx_smap.html |archive-date=2011-06-04}}{{Self-published source|date=April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/granit/granit.shtml |title=Крылатая противокорабельная ракета П-700 Гранит (3М-45) &#124; Ракетная техника |publisher=New-factoria.ru |date=30 July 2010 |access-date=8 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224124608/http://www.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/granit/granit.shtml |archive-date=24 December 2008 |df=dmy-all|language=ru }}</ref> Such description received some doubts.<ref>NAVAL&MERCHANT SHIPS 2012 May issue</ref> The missile has a means of countering the attacking anti-missiles. Also, the on-board computer carries data designed to counter an enemy's electronic warfare and to evade counter-measures.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.npomash.ru/press/ru/podrobnee190713.htm?l=0 |title=ВПК "НПО машиностроения" - Новости |publisher=Npomash.ru |date=19 July 1983 |access-date=8 February 2014 |archive-date=29 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729003953/http://www.npomash.ru/press/ru/podrobnee190713.htm?l=0 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Сафронов|first1=Дмитрий|title=Тайна оружия АПЛ "Курск"|url=http://kursk.strana.ru:80/dossier/990767784.html|website=strana.ru|access-date=22 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040310200610/http://kursk.strana.ru/dossier/990767784.html|archive-date=10 March 2004|date=2001|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The P-700 was derived from the [[P-500 Bazalt]] missile with a turbojet.<ref>[http://pa-strela.com/index.php/en/products/military-goods/bazalt] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615124503/http://pa-strela.com/index.php/en/products/military-goods/bazalt |date=15 June 2013 }}</ref>{{Inconsistent|date=November 2022}} The P-700 was in turn developed into the [[P-800 Oniks]], which uses ramjet propulsion, and the [[BrahMos]] missile, a joint Indian/Russian modernization of the P-800.

==Deployment==
[[Image:SS-N-19.jpg|thumb|right|SS-N-19 launchers on the {{sclass|Kirov|battlecruiser}} ''[[Russian battlecruiser Admiral Lazarev|Frunze]]''.]]
Initial deployment was aboard the cruiser ''[[Soviet battlecruiser Kirov|Kirov]]'' (now the ''Admiral Ushakov'') in 1980 and the missile entered service on 19 July 1983.<ref name="auto"/>

Unusually for an aircraft carrier, the [[Kuznetsov-class aircraft carrier|''Kuznetsov''-class]] also carried 12 Granit launchers. This gave the [[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov|''Admiral Kuznetsov'']] an additional primary attack capability,<ref>{{Cite news
  |title=Russia says new UK aircraft carrier 'a convenient target'   |newspaper=[[BBC News Online]]  |date=29 June 2017   |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-40442058 }}</ref> but also had the political advantage of classing the vessel as an [[aircraft cruiser]] instead.{{efn-lr|See [[Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits#Aircraft carriers|Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits § Aircraft carriers]]}} Unconfirmed reports say that the missiles were removed in 2000, to provide more aircraft hangar space.
[[File:Smolensk shoots P-700.jpg|thumb|Launch of P-700 Granit from K-410 ''Smolensk'', 2016]]
It is currently in service with the Russian Northern Fleet on the {{sclass|Kirov|battlecruiser}}s ''[[Russian battlecruiser Admiral Nakhimov|Admiral Nakhimov]]'' and ''[[Russian battlecruiser Petr Velikiy|Pyotr Velikyi]]'', and with the Russian Northern and Pacific fleets as the main weapon of the {{sclass|Oscar|submarine|0}} cruise missile [[submarine]]s.

The ''[[Russian submarine Kursk (K-141)|Kursk]]'' carried 24 missiles [[Kursk submarine disaster|when it sank]] following a torpedo explosion during an exercise on 12 August 2000. The Russian navy was extremely concerned about possible NATO attempts to recover a missile and guarded the site of the wreck throughout the recovery effort. The missiles were recovered intact following a $65&nbsp;million salvage operation.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Сафронов|first1=Дмитрий|title=Тайна оружия АПЛ "Курск"|url=http://kursk.strana.ru:80/dossier/990767784.html|website=strana.ru|access-date=22 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040310200610/http://kursk.strana.ru/dossier/990767784.html|archive-date=10 March 2004|date=2001|language=ru|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=recovery-paper-2003>{{cite journal|url=http://www.largeassociates.com/kurskpaper.pdf |title=The Recovery of the Russian Federation Nuclear Powered Submarine Kursk |author=Peter Davidson, Huw Jones, [[John H. Large]] |publisher=[[Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers]] |journal=World Maritime Technology Conference, San Francisco |date=October 2003 |access-date=13 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206224817/http://www.largeassociates.com/kurskpaper.pdf |archive-date= 6 February 2012 }}</ref><ref name=ssgnkursk>{{cite web|title=Russian Submarine Kursk Catastrophe|url=http://www.yenra.com/russian-submarines/kursk/|access-date=31 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108160102/http://www.yenra.com/russian-submarines/kursk/|archive-date=8 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=bbc1010>{{cite news|title=Kursk reaches harbour|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1591392.stm|access-date=19 February 2014|newspaper=BBC News|date=10 October 2001|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227064235/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1591392.stm|archive-date=27 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The size of the missile limits the platforms on which it can operate and be launched from.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.testpilot.ru/orenburg/s_list.htm |script-title=ru:Продукция ПО «Стрела» |language=ru |publisher=Testpilot.ru |access-date=8 February 2014}}</ref> It has only been deployed from ''Oscar''-class submarines, ''Kirov''-class battlecruisers, and the ''Admiral Kuznetsov'' aircraft carrier. Ships of all three types will have their Granit missiles replaced with new launch cells to carry smaller Oniks and [[3M-54 Klub|Kalibr]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2017/july-2017-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/5386-video-russia-s-oscar-ii-ssn-tomsk-launches-cruise-missile-against-coastal-target.html|title = Video: Russia's Oscar-II SSN Tomsk launches cruise missile against coastal target| date=13 July 2017 }}</ref> cruise missiles in greater numbers.

==P-1000 Vulkan deployment==
The P-1000 missile was partially derived from the [[P-500 Bazalt|P-500]] and P-700.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cruiser-moskva.info/arms/p1000.htm|title=Противокорабельный ракетный комплекс П-500 "Базальт" / П-1000 "Вулкан"|access-date=8 October 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003015443/http://www.cruiser-moskva.info/arms/p1000.htm|archive-date=3 October 2015|df=dmy-all |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pa-strela.com/index.php/ru/2009-03-18-08-48-39/2009-03-19-09-14-50/2013-09-16-07-38-07|title=Противокорабельная крылатая ракета "Вулкан"|author=Administrator|access-date=8 October 2015|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115051754/http://www.pa-strela.com/index.php/ru/2009-03-18-08-48-39/2009-03-19-09-14-50/2013-09-16-07-38-07|archive-date=15 November 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.testpilot.ru/russia/chelomei/p/1000/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040606051531/http://www.testpilot.ru/russia/chelomei/p/1000/index.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2004|title=П-1000 "Вулкан"|access-date=8 October 2015|language=ru}}</ref> Its maximum speed is claimed to be between Mach 1.5 - Mach 2.5 depending on altitude, and its range is claimed to be between 700 and 1000&nbsp;km (800).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvzvezda.ru/news/forces/content/201601050731-ddon.htm|title=Никому в мире и не снилось: почему ракете "Вулкан" до сих пор нет равных на планете|first=Редакция|last=tvzvezda.ru|date=5 January 2016|language=ru}}</ref> Warhead: 500&nbsp;kg. Years of production 1985–1992.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.testpilot.ru/orenburg/s_list.htm|title=Продукция ПО "Стрела"|access-date=8 October 2015 |language=ru}}</ref> The body of the missile resembles that of the P-500, but it has the ability of the P-700 to overcome defensive countermeasures. Long range missile can achieve the target only at low altitudes (up to 25 meters or lower) approximation (in which case the maximum range is less than 500&nbsp;km).

===Substitution in 2018===
Officially - are being replaced by the [[Zircon (missile)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rg.ru/2017/04/15/reg-ufo/rossijskaia-raketa-cirkon-dostigla-vosmi-skorostej-zvuka.html|title=Российская ракета "Циркон" достигла восьми скоростей звука|date=15 April 2017|language=ru}}</ref>

== Operators==
; Current operator
*{{flag|Russia}}
**{{navy|Russia}}
;Former operators
*{{flag|Soviet Union}}
**{{navy|Soviet Union}}

==See also==
*[[List of missiles]]
*[[List of NATO reporting names for surface-to-surface missiles]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist-lr}}

<references responsive />

* ''Jane's Underwater Weapon Systems 2006–2007''

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070208050141/http://www.dtig.org/docs.asp dtig.org] Russian/Soviet Sea-based Anti-Ship Missiles (pdf)

{{Russian and Soviet missiles|SSM}}

[[Category:Cruise missiles]]
[[Category:Anti-ship cruise missiles of the Soviet Union|P-700]]
[[Category:Cold War anti-ship cruise missiles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Ramjet-powered missiles]]
[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1980]]
[[Category:NPO Mashinostroyeniya products]]