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{{short description|Joint programme for an integrated anti-air warfare system}}
{{Redirect|Sea Viper|the steel roller coaster at Sea World in Australia|Sea Viper (roller coaster)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
[[File:Caio Duilio D554.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Italian Horizon-class destroyer {{ship|Italian destroyer|Caio Duilio|D 554|2}} equipped with the PAAMS(E) integrated anti-aircraft warfare system]]

The '''Principal Anti-Air Missile System''' ('''PAAMS''') is a joint programme developed by [[France]], [[Italy]], and the [[United Kingdom]] for an integrated anti-aircraft warfare system. The prime contractor is EUROPAAMS, a joint venture between [[Eurosam]] (66%) and [[UKAMS]] (33%). In the United Kingdom, PAAMS has been given the designation '''Sea Viper'''.<ref name="seaviper">{{cite press release |title=Who dares wins - Royal Navy's newest warship arrives at her Portsmouth home |url=http://www.bvtsurfacefleet.com/bvt/media/releases/2009pr/2009-01-28/ |publisher=BVT Surface Fleet |date=28 January 2009 |access-date=28 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615112926/http://www.bvtsurfacefleet.com/bvt/media/releases/2009pr/2009-01-28/ |archive-date=15 June 2009 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

The system equips the {{sclass2|Horizon|destroyer|1}}s in [[French Navy|French]] and [[Italian Navy|Italian]] service as well as the [[Royal Navy|British]] [[Type 45 destroyers]].

==Background==
{{Further|Aster (missile family)|SAMPSON|S1850M}}
[[File:Operations Room HMS Daring MOD 45149880.jpg|thumb|The [[Combat information center|Operations Room]] aboard HMS ''Daring'', 2009]]
PAAMS was originally intended to be deployed in the 'Common New Generation Frigate' (also known as the {{sclass2|Horizon|frigate|1}}) for the navies of the United Kingdom, France, and Italy.<ref name="ftscupper">{{cite news|first=Alexander |last=Nicoll|title= National differences scupper frigate project|work= Financial Times |date=27 April 1999}}</ref> The French [[Délégation Générale pour l'Armement|DGA]] placed a contract with EUROPAAMS on 11 August 1999 for the development and initial production of the PAAMS warfare system along with the associated Long Range Radar (LRR) system. The contract included one PAAMS system and one LRR for each of the first British, French, and Italian new class of warships. Irreconcilable differences in the design requirements and workshare disagreements led to the United Kingdom leaving the 'Common New Generation Frigate' project in October 1999. After withdrawing, Britain instead decided to pursue a national warship design, designated the [[Type 45 destroyer]]. The United Kingdom remained committed to the PAAMS project.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sampson flexes its muscles |newspaper=Electronics Times |date=7 June 1999}}</ref> As a result of efforts to achieve [[economies of scale]], the PAAMS command and control system shares common architecture between the Horizon class and Type 45 destroyers. In 2009, PAAMS(S) was given the service name 'Sea Viper' by the Royal Navy.<ref name="seaviper"/>

===PAAMS components===
*PAAMS(S) &mdash; British variant with [[SAMPSON]] Multi-Function Radar (MFR)
*PAAMS(E) &mdash; French/Italian variant with [[EMPAR]] Multi-Function Radar
*Automatic [[Command and Control (Military)|command and control]] system
*Consoles running [[Windows 2000]] operating system
*[[Sylver Vertical Launching System]]
*[[Aster (missile family)|Aster]] missiles:
**Aster 15, range; {{cvt|1.7|-|30|km}}
**Aster 30, range; {{cvt|3|-|120|km}}
Both variants of the PAAMS operate in conjunction with the [[S1850M]] Long Range Early Warning Radar.

==Capabilities==
[[File:Defence Imagery - Missiles 19.jpg|thumb|upright|HMS ''Diamond'' firing Sea Viper surface-to-air missile for the first time]]
[[File:HMS Defender Sea Viper.jpg|thumb|{{HMS|Defender|D36|6}} firing an Aster missile.]]
PAAMS is designed to track, target and destroy a variety of high-performance air threats, including [[saturation attack]]s of [[Sea skimming|very low altitude]], supersonic [[cruise missile]]s, [[fighter aircraft]], and [[UAV]]s. PAAMS can launch eight missiles in under ten seconds with its Sylver Vertical Launching System, and simultaneously guide up to 16 missiles.<ref name="eurosam.com">[http://www.eurosam.com/products/naval-systems/ Eurosam: Naval Systems - Aster 15 & 30/PAAMS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810203808/http://www.eurosam.com/products/naval-systems/ |date=10 August 2017 }} (Official Eurosam website), Retrieved February 2014.</ref> The PAAMS(S) variant consists of both the SAMPSON and S1850M long-range radars and is capable of tracking in excess of 1,000 targets at ranges of up to 400&nbsp;km. [[BAE Systems]] also claims that its SAMPSON radar has "excellent detection of stealth aircraft and missiles".<ref>{{cite news |date=2011 |title=Sampson Next Generation Multi-function Radar |publisher=BAE Systems |url=http://www.baesystems.com/en/download-en/20151124115534/1434555682228.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=5 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820195501/http://www.baesystems.com/en/download-en/20151124115534/1434555682228.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2016}}</ref> Like the later baselines of the US [[Aegis Combat System]], the PAAMS can engage multiple targets simultaneously.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lockheed contracts for two solid state radar SPY-7 sets for Aegis Ashore Japan |url=https://www.upi.com/Defense-News/2019/11/21/Lockheed-contracts-for-two-solid-state-radar-SPY-7-sets-for-Aegis-Ashore-Japan/5151574361029/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=UPI |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027111707/https://www.upi.com/Defense-News/2019/11/21/Lockheed-contracts-for-two-solid-state-radar-SPY-7-sets-for-Aegis-Ashore-Japan/5151574361029/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/02/03/hms-dauntless-royal-navy-falklands_n_1252548.html|title=PICTURES: The Royal Navy's £1bn Falklands Deterrent|editor-first=Paul|editor-last=Vale|date=3 February 2012|work=huffingtonpost.co.uk|access-date=4 August 2016|archive-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630174225/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/02/03/hms-dauntless-royal-navy-falklands_n_1252548.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Defense-News/2019/11/21/Lockheed-contracts-for-two-solid-state-radar-SPY-7-sets-for-Aegis-Ashore-Japan/5151574361029/|title=Lockheed contracts for two solid state radar SPY-7 sets for Aegis Ashore Japan|access-date=27 October 2021|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027111707/https://www.upi.com/Defense-News/2019/11/21/Lockheed-contracts-for-two-solid-state-radar-SPY-7-sets-for-Aegis-Ashore-Japan/5151574361029/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Testing===
*During its first major warfare sea exercise aboard {{HMS|Daring|D32|6}}, the ship's Combat Management System crashed while under simulated air attack due to a power failure, and the ship lost use of its combat management system; the ship's crew reverted to use of binoculars to spot incoming airborne threats until the CMS had been restarted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/building-britains-ultimate-warship/episode-guide/series-1/episode-1|title=Building Britain's Ultimate Warship - Episode Guide - All 4|work=channel4.com|access-date=4 August 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063145/http://www.channel4.com/programmes/building-britains-ultimate-warship/episode-guide/series-1/episode-1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*In 2009, two test firings of PAAMS in the British configuration from the Longbow trials barge failed due to "failures in the terminal phase of the engagement." It was believed that "production weaknesses" in a batch of Aster 30 missiles imported from France were to blame.<ref name="vipertesting">{{cite news |title=MBDA Prepares For Further Sea Viper Testing |first=Douglas |last=Barrie |newspaper=Aerospace Daily & Defense Report |date=7 May 2010}}</ref>
*Beginning with {{HMS|Dauntless|D33|6}} in September 2010, all of the [[Royal Navy]]'s Type 45 destroyers have successfully intercepted [[Mirach 150|Mirach]] drones with Aster missiles at the [[Benbecula]] ranges off the [[Outer Hebrides]], Scotland. Mirach is a {{cvt|13|ft}} jet that flies at speeds of up to {{cvt|600|mph}} at altitudes as low as {{cvt|10|ft}} or as high as {{cvt|14,000|ft|km}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=HMS Daring fires Sea Viper for first time|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hms-daring-fires-sea-viper-for-first-time|access-date=5 August 2016|agency=Ministry of Defence|publisher=www.gov.uk|date=19 May 2011|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306084754/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hms-daring-fires-sea-viper-for-first-time|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=HMS Diamond fires Sea Viper missile for first time|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hms-diamond-fires-sea-viper-missile-for-first-time|access-date=5 August 2016|agency=Ministry of Defence|publisher=www.gov.uk|date=1 May 2012|archive-date=20 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920192150/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hms-diamond-fires-sea-viper-missile-for-first-time|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Defender ready to live up to her name after successful first Sea Viper firing|url=https://navynews.co.uk/archive/news/item/10525|access-date=5 August 2016|agency=Navy News|publisher=navynews.co.uk|date=16 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017202909/https://navynews.co.uk/archive/news/item/10525|archive-date=17 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*In April 2012, the {{sclass2|Horizon|frigate|1}} {{ship|French frigate|Forbin||2}} of the [[French Navy]] downed an American [[GQM-163 Coyote]] target simulating a sea-skimming supersonic anti-ship cruise missile travelling at Mach 2.5 ({{cvt|3000|kph|disp=comma}}) with an altitude of fewer than {{convert|5|m}}. It was the first time a European missile defence system destroyed a supersonic sea-skimming "missile". The trial was described as a "complex operational scenario".<ref name="Aster 30 hits sea-skimming target at supersonic speeds">{{cite news|title=Interception d'une cible supersonique évoluant au ras de l'eau.|url=http://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/articles/interception-d-une-cible-supersonique-evoluant-au-ras-de-l-eau.|access-date=31 July 2016|agency=French Ministry of Defence|publisher=defense.gouv.fr|date=5 April 2012|archive-date=19 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419083738/http://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/articles/interception-d-une-cible-supersonique-evoluant-au-ras-de-l-eau.|url-status=live}}</ref>
*In September 2013, HMS ''Daring'' of the Royal Navy demonstrated the ability of her Sea Viper system to detect and track at considerable range two [[medium-range ballistic missile]]s at the [[Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site]] in the [[Marshall Islands]], US.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-23 |title=Sampson radar - UK pursues at-sea missile defence capabilities |url=https://www.naval-technology.com/analysis/featuresampson-radar-uk-pursues-at-sea-missile-defence-capabilities-4323886/ |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=Naval Technology |language=en-US |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926024637/https://www.naval-technology.com/analysis/featuresampson-radar-uk-pursues-at-sea-missile-defence-capabilities-4323886/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/uk-complex-weapons/sea-viper-aster/ |title=Sea Viper (ASTER) |website=thinkdefence.co.uk |access-date=6 April 2020 |archive-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530014232/https://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/uk-complex-weapons/sea-viper-aster/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*In May 2019, {{HMS|Defender|D36|6}} successfully used her Sea Viper system to destroy an incoming drone target as part of Exercise Formidable Shield.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2019/may/20/190520-defender-sea-viper |title="HMS DEFENDER SHOWS HER POWER WITH MISSILE FIRING" |date=20 May 2019 |website=royalnavy.mod.uk |publisher=Royal Navy |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210162103/https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2019/may/20/190520-defender-sea-viper |url-status=live }}</ref>
*In May 2019, the French frigate ''[[French frigate Bretagne|Bretagne]]'' destroyed a supersonic missile flying at more than Mach 2 ({{cvt|2400|km/h|disp=comma}}) with one of her Aster 15s during exercise Formidable Shield.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/actu-marine/tir-aster-15-la-fremm-bretagne-intercepte-une-cible-supersonique |title=Tir Aster 15 : la FREMM Bretagne intercepte une cible supersonique |publisher=Marine Nationale |date=16 May 2019 |access-date=18 June 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=23 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523204655/https://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/actu-marine/tir-aster-15-la-fremm-bretagne-intercepte-une-cible-supersonique }}</ref>

== Operational history ==
* {{flag|France}}
** On 9 December 2023, the French Navy Ship FREMM Type Frigate [[French frigate Languedoc|''Languedoc'']] shot down two UAVs heading towards the vessel in the [[Red Sea]] with Aster 15 missiles. A further drone, threatening a Norwegian tanker, was shot down on 11 December.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vavasseur |first=Xavier |date=2023-12-12 |title=French Frigate Languedoc Intercepts Yet Another Drone from Yemen |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/12/french-frigate-languedoc-intercepts-yet-another-drone-from-yemen/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>
*{{Uk}}
** On the night of 15 December 2023, the Royal Navy Type 45 Destroyer [[HMS Diamond (D34)|HMS ''Diamond'']] shot down a UAV targeting commercial shipping in the [[Red Sea]] with a single Sea Viper (Aster).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapps |first=Rt Hon Grant |title=Confirmation of Sea Viper shooting down drone (Secretary of State for Defence) |url=https://twitter.com/grantshapps/status/1735979682854826175}}</ref> The UAV is believed to have been launched by [[Houthi rebels]] in Yemen and marks the first time a Royal Navy ship has fired at an aerial target in anger since the Gulf War in 1991.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}
** On the night of 9 January 2024, the Royal Navy Type 45 Destroyer [[HMS Diamond (D34)|HMS ''Diamond'']] engaged numerous UAVs targeting her and commercial shipping in the [[Red Sea]] with Sea Viper (Aster) missiles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapps |first=Grant |date=10 January 2023 |title=Statement on Red Sea Attacks |url=https://x.com/grantshapps/status/1744987885747445995?s=20 |access-date=10 January 2023 |website=X}}</ref> The UAVs were reported to have been launched by [[Houthi movement|Houthi rebels]] in Yemen. The action was taken as part of a wider international operation to defend commercial shipping in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-01 |title=Red Sea: UK defence secretary says British forces will repel Houthi attacks |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-67855304 |access-date=2024-01-10 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
** On Wednesday 24 April 2024, HMS ''Diamond'' used a single Sea Viper (Aster) missile to shoot down a ballistic missile which had been launched from Houthi-controlled areas of [[Yemen]] and which according to American sources was likely targeting a container ship. It was the first time since the Gulf War of 1991 that the Royal Navy had intercepted any kind  of missile in combat, when [[HMS Gloucester (D96)|HMS ''Gloucester'']] shot down an Iraqi [[Silkworm (missile)|Silkworm]] cruise missile. It is also the first time that the Royal Navy's Sea Viper system has shot down a [[ballistic missile]] in combat.<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-04-25 |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2024/april/25/240425-hms-diamond-shoots-down-a-houthi-missile |title=HMS Diamond shoots down Houthi missile |website=royalnavy.mod.uk |access-date=2024-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2024-04-25 |url=https://www.navylookout.com/hms-diamond-makes-first-sea-viper-anti-ballistic-missile-kill-in-action-in-the-red-sea/ |title=HMS Diamond makes first Sea  Viper anti-ballistic missile kill in action in the Gulf of Aden |work=Navy Lookout |access-date=2024-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Culley |first=Jeremy |date=2024-04-26 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-68901467 |title=Royal Navy destroyer HMS Diamond shoots down missile fired by Houthis in Yemen |access-date=2024-04-30}}</ref>

==Operators==

===Current operators===
[[File:PAAMS operators.png|thumb|400px|Map with PAAMS operators in blue]]

;{{flag|Algeria}}
* {{navy|ALG}}
** ''[[Algerian amphibious transport dock Kalaat Béni Abbès|Kalaat Béni Abbès]]'' class [[amphibious transport dock]] – one ship
;{{flag|Egypt}}
* {{navy|EGY}}
** {{sclass|Aquitaine|frigate|1}}s (FREMM) – one ship
** {{sclass|Bergamini|frigate|1}}s (FREMM) – two ships
;{{flag|France}}
* {{navy|FRA}}
** {{sclass|Charles de Gaulle|aircraft carrier|1}}s – one ship
** {{sclass2|Horizon|frigate|1}}s – two ships
** {{sclass|Aquitaine|frigate|1}}s (FREMM) – eight ships
;{{flag|Italy}}
* {{navy|ITA}} 
** {{sclass|Cavour|aircraft carrier|1}}s – one ship
** {{sclass2|Orizzonte|frigate|1}}s – two ships
** [[FREMM multipurpose frigate|''Bergamini''-class frigates]] (FREMM) – eight ships
** {{sclass|Thaon di Revel|offshore patrol vessel|1}}s – three ships
;{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
* {{navy|SAU}}
** {{sclass|Al Riyadh|frigate|1}}s – 3 ships
;{{flag|United Kingdom}}
* {{navy|UK}}
** [[Type 45 destroyer]]s – six ships

=== Future operators ===
;{{flag|France}}
* {{navy|FRA}}
** [[Frégate de défense et d'intervention|FDI HN frigates]] – five ships
;{{flag|Greece}}
* {{navy|GRE}}
** {{sclass|Kimon|frigate|1}}s – three ships (+ 1 in option)
;{{flag|Italy}}
* {{navy|ITA}} future fleet
** {{sclass|Trieste|landing helicopter dock|1}}s – one ship
** [[FREMM multipurpose frigate|''Bergamini''-class frigates]] (FREMM multiruolo +)  – two ships
** [[FREMM multipurpose frigate|''Bergamini''-class frigates]] (FREMM EVO) - two ships
** [[Thaon di Revel-class offshore patrol vessel|''Thaon di Revel'' class]] – four ships

=== Potential operators ===
;{{flag|Greece}}
* {{navy|GRE}}
** {{sclass|Kimon|frigate|1}}s – one ship in option

==See also==
*[[Anti-aircraft warfare]]
* [[ForceShield]], French all-weather fully integrated system of Air Defence

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141028221659/http://navy-matters.beedall.com/paams.htm Navy Matters on PAAMS]
*[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmselect/cmdfence/779/779ap09.htm UK's Parliamentary Defence Select Committee: Session 2001/02 Update on weapons programmes.]
*[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmselect/cmdfence/694/694we05.htm UK's Parliamentary Defence Select Committee: Session 2002/03 Update on Type 45, PAAMS, and other surface ships.]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paams}}
[[Category:21st-century surface-to-air missiles]]
[[Category:Naval surface-to-air missiles]]
[[Category:Naval weapons of the United Kingdom]]