View source for PARRY

{{Short description|Early example of a chatbot}}
{{Other uses|Parry (disambiguation)}}

'''PARRY''' was an early example of a [[chatbot]], implemented in 1972 by psychiatrist [[Kenneth Colby]].

==History==
PARRY was written in 1972 by psychiatrist [[Kenneth Colby]], then at [[Stanford University]].<ref name="Güzeldere">{{cite web| url=http://web.stanford.edu/group/SHR/4-2/text/dialogues.html| title=dialogues with colorful personalities of early ai| author=Güven Güzeldere|author2=Stefano Franchi| work=Stanford Humanities Review, SEHR, volume 4, issue 2: Constructions of the Mind| date=1995-07-24| publisher=[[Stanford University]]| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628054037/http://web.stanford.edu/group/SHR/4-2/text/dialogues.html| accessdate=2008-02-17| archive-date=2014-06-28}}</ref> While [[ELIZA]] was a simulation of a [[Person-centered therapy|Rogerian]] therapist, PARRY attempted to simulate a person with [[paranoid schizophrenia]].<ref name="Güzeldere"/> The program implemented a crude model of the behavior of a person with paranoid schizophrenia based on concepts, conceptualizations, and beliefs (judgements about conceptualizations: accept, reject, neutral). It also embodied a conversational strategy, and as such was a much more serious and advanced program than ELIZA. It was described as "ELIZA with attitude".{{sfn|Boden|2006|p=370}}

PARRY was tested in the early 1970s using a variation of the [[Turing Test]].  A group of experienced psychiatrists analysed a combination of real patients and computers running PARRY through [[teleprinter]]s. Another group of 33 psychiatrists were shown transcripts of the conversations. The two groups were then asked to identify which of the "patients" were human and which were computer programs.{{sfn|Colby|Hilf|Weber|Kraemer|1972|p=220}} The psychiatrists were able to make the correct identification only 48 percent of the time — a figure consistent with random guessing.<ref name="SayginCicekliAkman2000">{{citation|last1=Saygin|last2=Cicekli|last3=Akman|year=2000|journal=Minds and Machines|title=Turing Test: 50 years later|volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=463–518|doi=10.1023/A:1011288000451|url=http://sayginlab.ucsd.edu/files/2015/01/MMTT.pdf|hdl=11693/24987|s2cid=990084 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

PARRY and ELIZA (also known as "the Doctor"<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-9707/msg00059.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613072047/http://www.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-9707/msg00059.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=2008-06-13| title=<nettime> Important Documents from the Early Internet (1972)| author=Alan J. Sondheim| publisher=nettime.org| accessdate=2008-02-18}} – transcript of the 1972 document shows programs DOCTOR (an eliza-type program) at [[BBN Technologies|Bolt Beranek and Newman]] and PARRY at [[Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory]]</ref>) interacted several times.<ref name="Güzeldere"/><ref>{{cite IETF |rfc=439 |title=PARRY encounters the DOCTOR |author=V. Cerf |author-link=Vint Cerf |date=21 January 1972 |publisher=[[Internet Engineering Task Force|IETF]]}} – Transcript of a session between Parry and Eliza. (This is ''not'' the dialogue from the ICCC, which took place October 24–26, 1972, whereas this session is from September 18, 1972.)</ref><ref name="comphis">{{cite web| url=http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_70s.html| title=Computer History Museum – Exhibits – Internet History – 1970's| publisher=[[Computer History Museum]]| accessdate=2008-02-18}}</ref> The most famous of these exchanges occurred at the [[International Conference on Computer Communications|ICCC 1972]], where PARRY and ELIZA were hooked up over [[ARPANET]] and responded to each other.<ref name="comphis"/>

==See also==

*[[History of natural language processing]]

==Notes and references==

{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Citation | last = Boden | first = Margaret A. | author-link = Margaret A. Boden | year = 2006 | title = Mind As Machine: A History of Cognitive Science | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | isbn = 978-0-19-924144-6 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/mindasmachinehis0001bode }}
* {{Citation | last1 = Colby | first1 = K. M. | last2 = Hilf | first2 = F. D. | last3 = Weber | first3 = S. | last4 = Kraemer | year = 1972 | title = Turing-like indistinguishability tests for the validation of a computer simulation of paranoid processes | journal = [[Artificial Intelligence (journal)|Artificial Intelligence]] | volume = 3 | pages = 199–221 | doi = 10.1016/0004-3702(72)90049-5 | first4 = H.}}

==External links==

* [http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/ai-repository/ai/areas/classics/parry/ Parry's Source Code] The original [[LISP]] code for Parry.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parry}}
[[Category:Chatbots]]
[[Category:History of artificial intelligence]]
[[Category:Schizophrenia]]