View source for Pachisi

{{EngvarB|date=December 2022}}
{{Short description|Board game that originated in medieval India}}

{{Infobox game
 |title         = Pachisi
 |italic title  = no
 |image_link    = Pachisi-real.jpg
 |image_caption = A game of Pachisi on a cloth board
 |years         = [[Ancient India]] to present
 |genre         = {{ubl|[[Board game]]|[[Cross and circle game]]|[[Race game]]|[[Mind sport]]}}
 |players       = 2–4
 |ages          = 4+ 
 |setup_time    = Negligible
 |playing_time  = 30–60 minutes 
 |random_chance = Medium ([[Dice game|dice rolling]])
 |skills        = [[Strategy game|Strategy]], tactics, [[counting]], [[probability]]
 |AKA           = Twenty-Five  
 |footnotes     = 
}}

'''Pachisi''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|tʃ|iː|z|i}} {{respell|pə|CHEE|zee}}, {{IPA|hns|pəˈtʃiːsiː|lang}}) is a [[Cross and circle game|cross and circle]] [[board game]] that originated in [[History of India|Ancient India]]. It is described in the ancient text ''[[Mahabharata]]'' under the name of "Pasha".<ref>Finkel 2004, citing Falkener (1892, p 257) as the originator of the term.</ref> It is played on a board shaped like a symmetrical cross. A player's pieces move around the board based upon a throw of six or seven [[cowrie]] shells as [[Binary lot|lots]], with the number of shells resting with the aperture upward indicating the number of spaces to move.

The name of the game is derived from the [[Hindi language|Hindi]] word {{Transliteration|hi|paccīs}}, meaning 'twenty-five', the largest score that can be thrown with the cowrie shells; thus this game is also known by the name ''Twenty-Five''. There are other versions of this game where the largest score that can be thrown is thirty.

In addition to [[chaupar]],<ref name="unicef1">{{cite book|last=Swiss Committee for UNICEF|title=Games of the World|year=1982|publisher=National Committees for UNICEF|pages=28–29}}</ref> there are many versions of the game. {{Interlanguage link|Barjis|lt=Barjis|ar|برجيس}} (barsis) is popular in the [[Levant]], mainly [[Syria]], while [[Parchís]] is another version popular in Spain and northern [[Morocco]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Parcheesi in Tangier Morocco |author=John Lux |date=11 August 2014 |url=http://tangierhotels.net/blog/parcheesi-tangier-morocco/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041130/http://tangierhotels.net/blog/parcheesi-tangier-morocco/ |archive-date=2017-12-01 }}</ref> [[Parqués]] is its [[Colombia]]n variant. [[Parcheesi]], Patchesi, [[Sorry! (game)|Sorry!]], and [[Ludo (board game)|Ludo]] are among the many [[Western world|Westernised]] commercial versions of the game. The {{lang|fr|[[jeu des petits chevaux]]}} ('game of little horses') is played in France, and {{lang|de|[[Mensch ärgere Dich nicht]]}} is a popular German variant. It is also possible that this game led to the development of the Korean board game {{lang|ko-Latn|[[Yunnori]]}}, through the ancient kingdom {{lang|ko-Latn|[[Baekje]]|italic=no}}.

==History==
Games similar to chaupar with different colour schemes along with dice have been identified from the [[Iron Age]] during the [[Painted Grey Ware culture|Painted Grey Ware]] period from sites in [[Mathura]] and Noh (1100–800 BC).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lal |first=B.B |title=The Painted Grey Ware culture of the Iron age |url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_I%20silk%20road_the%20painted%20grey%20ware%20culture%20of%20the%20iron%20age.pdf |journal=Silk Road |volume=I |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519224534/https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_I%20silk%20road_the%20painted%20grey%20ware%20culture%20of%20the%20iron%20age.pdf |archive-date=2021-05-19 |url-status=live |pages=426–427 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadkarni |first=M. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCklDwAAQBAJ&q=chaupar+painted+grey+ware&pg=PA225 |title=The Bhagavad-Gita for the Modern Reader: History, Interpretations and Philosophy |date=2016-10-04 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-315-43899-3 |language=en }}</ref> Cruciform boards have been depicted from art reliefs of [[Chandraketugarh]] dated to 2nd–1st century BC. A 6th- or 7th-century representation of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] said to be playing [[Chaupar]] (a closely related game)<ref>Murray 1913, p 50.</ref> in fact depicts only dice and not the distinctive board.<ref name="Parlett 1999, p 43">Parlett 1999, p 43.</ref> In a similar period, a board identical to pachisi was discovered in the [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]] cave system. A [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279) document referencing the Chinese game [[Chupu]] ({{lang-zh |c=[[:zh:樗蒲|樗蒲]] |p=chūpú }}),<ref name="cult1">{{cite web |title=Chupu Game |url=http://www.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/html/en/11Kaleidoscope2132.html |publisher=Cultural China |access-date=2 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207123104/http://www.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/html/en/11Kaleidoscope2132.html |archive-date=7 December 2011 }}</ref> "invented in western India and spread to China in the time of the [[Cao Wei|Wei dynasty]] (AD 220–265)"<ref>Murray 1952, p 36.</ref> may relate to Chaupar, but the actual nature of the Chinese game (which may be more closely related to [[backgammon]]) is uncertain. Speculation that Pachisi derived from the earlier game of [[Ashtapada]] is plausible but unsubstantiated.<ref name="Parlett 1999, p 43"/>

[[File:The pachisi court.JPG|thumb|Large ancient garden version – [[Fatehpur Sikri]] – India; marked squares can just be made out under the shadows of the onlookers.]]
[[Louis Rousselet]] wrote:

<blockquote>The game of Pachisi was played by [[Akbar]] in a truly regal manner. The Court itself, divided into red and white squares, being the board, and an enormous stone raised on four feet, representing the central point. It was here that Akbar and his courtiers played this game; sixteen young slaves from the harem wearing the players' colours, represented the pieces, and moved to the squares according to the throw of the dice. It is said that the Emperor took such a fancy to playing the game on this grand scale that he had a court for pachisi constructed in all his palaces, and traces of such are still visible at [[Agra]] and [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]].<ref>Falkener 1892, pp. 257–58; quoting Louis Rousselet: ''India and Its Native Princes'', 1876.</ref></blockquote>

[[Irving Finkel]] adds:

<blockquote>To date, these grandiose boards still represent the earliest secure evidence for the existence of the game in India. The game's role in the history of India still remains to be investigated. It is often assumed that the gambling game that plays so significant a role in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', the classical literary epic, is ''pachisi'', but the descriptions, such as they are, do not tie in with the game, and this conclusion is perhaps erroneous.<ref>Finkel 2004, p. 47.</ref></blockquote>

In 1938, the American toy and game company [[Transogram]] introduced a mass market [[board game]] version called ''Game of India'',<ref name="harvard">{{cite web |url=https://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/lehman/company.html?company=transogram_company_inc |title=Transogram Company, Inc. |publisher=[[Harvard Business School]], Lehmann Brothers Collection — Contemporary Business Archives |access-date=December 14, 2017 |archive-date=May 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502184825/https://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/lehman/company.html?company=transogram_company_inc |url-status=dead }}</ref> later marketed as ''Pa-Chiz-Si: The Game of India''.<ref name="biggame">{{cite web |url=http://thebiggamehunter.com/company-histories/transogram/ |title=Transogram |first=Bruce |last=Whitehill |date=April 2013 |publisher=TheBigGameHunter.com |access-date=December 16, 2017 }}</ref>

==Players==
[[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art jly 1129.7.jpg|thumb|Pachisi pieces in enamelled gold with [[precious stones]], 18th century Mughal India, [[Khalili Collection of Islamic Art]]]]
Pachisi is a game for two, three, or four players,<ref>Mohr 1997, p. 68.</ref> four usually play in two teams. One team has yellow and black pieces, the other team has red and green. The team which moves all its pieces to the finish first wins the game.

==Traditional equipment==
Each player has four [[beehive (beekeeping)|beehive]]-shaped pieces (this can be increased to up to 16 pieces on each side in some versions). The pieces of one player are distinguishable from another by their colours: black, green, red, and yellow.

Six [[Cowry|cowrie shells]] are used to determine the amount to move the players' pieces. The shells are thrown from the player's hand and the number of cowries which fall with their openings upwards indicate how many spaces the player may move:

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Cowries <br />facing up!!Value !!Earns <br />another turn? !! Chance of occurring
|-
|0 || 25 || Yes || 1.6%
|-
|1 || 10 || Yes||9.4%
|-
|2 || 2  || No ||23.4%
|-
|3 || 3  || No||31.2%
|-
|4 || 4  || No ||23.4%
|-
|5 || 5  || No||9.4%
|-
|6 || 6  || Yes || 1.6%
|}

In some versions, seven [[Cowry|cowrie shells]] are used:

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Cowries <br />facing up!!Value !!Name!!Earns <br />another turn?
|-
|0 || 7 || Sat || Yes
|-
|1 || 10 || Dus || Yes
|-
|2 || 2  || Dooga || No
|-
|3 || 3  || Teeni || No
|-
|4 || 4  || Chari || No
|-
|5 || 25  || Pachees || Yes
|-
|6 || 35  || Paintees || Yes
|-
|7 || 14  || Chaudah || Yes
|}

The board is usually [[Embroidery|embroidered]] on cloth. The playing area is [[cruciform]]. There is a large square in the centre, called the Charkoni, which is the starting and finishing position of the pieces. The four arms are divided into three columns of eight squares. The players' pieces are moved along these columns during play.

Twelve squares are specially marked as castle squares. Four of these are positioned at the end of the middle columns of each arm; the other eight are four squares inwards from the end of the outer columns on each arm. A piece may not be captured by an opponent while it lies on a castle square.

==Gameplay==
[[File:TCMI beaded board game 1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|A beaded Pachisi game, [[The Children's Museum of Indianapolis]]]]
[[File:Dhaayam play.JPG|thumbnail|Pachisi being played in Tamil Nadu with tamarind seeds and stones]]

Each player's objective is to move all four of their pieces completely around the board, counter-clockwise, before their opponents do. The pieces start and finish on the Charkoni.

The playing order is decided by each player throwing the cowries. The player with the highest score starts, and turns continue counter-clockwise around the board. In some versions, each player throws the cowrie shells and pieces cannot move until a 2, 3, or 4 is thrown.

If a 6, 10, or 25 is thrown, the player gets a ''grace'', which enables the player to introduce one of their pieces from the Charkoni onto the board. The player then repeats their turn. In other versions, this includes 10, 25, or 35 to introduce another of their pieces. The newly introduced pawn will be landed on square number 1, which is the very first square for every respective player: here, it is said that on throwing 10 or 25, or 35, you will introduce your new pawn at square number 1, and then you will add the second throw numbers that will be appeared on your cowries and 7, 14 as a ''grace'' without the introduction of pieces (here, it should be clear to players that on throwing 7 or 14, you can not introduce your new pawn, you only get an extra turn). A player needs to have at least one piece on the board to be able to throw a 7 or 14.

Simply put, on throwing 10 or 25, or 35, you cannot introduce your new pawn directly to 10 or 25, or 35 number square directly, you have to land the new pawn on square number 1 and then add your remaining numbers. Once your all pawns have entered the game, throwing 10 or 25, or 35 allows you to move the respective numbers ahead.

Each player's first piece may leave the Charkoni on any throw after it has been introduced onto the board. Each player moves their pieces down the centre column of their own arm of the board, then counter-clockwise around the outside columns.

A player may have any number of pieces on the board at one time. Only one piece may be moved with a single throw, or if the player chooses, they can decline to move any piece on a throw. In some versions, a player can move any number of their pieces with a single throw. Also, if the player casts a value higher than they are eligible to move in a single throw, then the player automatically loses that turn.

More than one piece of the same team may occupy a single square (not true for all squares in some versions). However, a piece may not move onto a castle square that is already occupied by an opponent's piece.

If a piece lands on a square (other than a castle square) occupied by any number of the opponent's pieces, those pieces are ''captured''/''killed'' and must return to the Charkoni. Captured pieces may only enter the game again with a grace throw. A player making a capture is allowed another turn (not true in some versions).

In some versions, a player cannot take their pieces back to the Charkoni/home, unless they have captured/killed at least one of the opponent's pieces. Some versions have a rule where if, for example, two players are playing against each other, and Player 1 captures a piece of Player 2, then Player 2, in their immediate turn after being captured for the first time, captures the same piece Player 1 just used to capture, in the same square where the capture took place, then Player 1's capture/kill is invalidated. Player 1 will need to recapture Player 2's piece again to be able to go back to the Charkoni, but Player 2 is free to go ahead to their respective Charkoni unless the above repeats.

A piece completes its trip around the board by moving back up its central column. Returning pieces may be placed on their side in order to distinguish them from pieces that have just entered. A piece can only return to the Charkoni by a direct throw.

Four of the castle squares are placed so they are exactly 25 moves from the Charkoni. A common strategy is for returning pieces to stay on these squares, where they are safe from capture until a 25 is thrown. The pieces can then finish the game directly. This is where the name of the game comes from.

In some versions, where more emphasis is put on the throwing of the cowries, experienced players can cause cowries to land in a specific way, so there are certain other rules to make the game more exciting.

# If a player has their pieces closer to the end, and does not need a higher value throw, there are ways to nullify the higher value throw.
## If the player casts a 10, 25, or 30, the player needs to consecutively throw either 10, 25, or 30 three times (including the original throw) to nullify the higher value throw.
## If the player casts a 7, the player must consecutively cast a 7 only 3 times (including the original throw) to nullify the throw.
## If the player casts a 14, the player must consecutively cast a 14 only 3 times (including the original throw) to nullify the throw.
# Since throwing three consecutive throws of 10, 25, or 30 in a single turn nullifies them, players can instead throw a 7 or 14 in between to keep their turn going. EX: A player can throw the following in a single turn: 25, 25, 14, 10, 30, 7, 25, 30, 7, 10, 14, 25, 3.
# Once all of the player's pieces are introduced onto the board, every time a player throws a 10, 25, or 30, the player must move their piece one additional square, which is known as PYADA. EX: A player casts 25, 25, 3 in their turn, and their pieces can move a total of 53 squares. However, when all the player's pieces have already been introduced onto the board, the player can then move a total of 55 squares (25+25+3+1+1), meaning 2 pyadas extra.

==See also==
* [[Ashta Chamma (board game)|Ashta Chamma]]
* [[Ashte kashte]]—a game with similar rules
* [[Chaupur]]
* [[Patolli]]
* [[Parqués]]
* [[Mensch ärgere Dich nicht]]
* [[Aggravation (board game)|Aggravation]] 
* [[Ludo (board game) | Ludo]]
* [[Sorry! (game)]]
* [[Trouble (board game)|Trouble]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== General bibliography ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book
 |last=Falkener
 |first=Edward
 |author-link=Edward Falkener
 |year=1961
 |orig-year=1892
 |title=Games Ancient and Oriental and How to Play Them
 |edition=rpt. New York: Dover Publications
 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Company
 |location=London
 |url=https://archive.org/details/gamesancientorie00falkuoft}}
*{{cite book
 |last=Finkel
 |first=Irving
 |year=2004
 |contribution=Round and Round the Houses: The Game of ''Pachisi''
 |editor-last=Mackenzie
 |editor-first=Colin
 |editor2-last=Finkel
 |editor2-first=Irving
 |title=Asian Games: The Art of Contest
 |publisher=Asia Society
 |pages=46–57
 |isbn=0-87848-099-4}}
*{{cite book
 |last=Mohr
 |first=Merilyn Simonds
 |title=The New Games Treasury
 |url=https://archive.org/details/newgamestreasury0000mohr
 |url-access=registration
 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company 
 |year=1997
 |isbn=1-57630-058-7}}
*{{cite book
 |last=Murray
 |first=H. J. R.
 |author-link=H. J. R. Murray
 |year=2002
 |orig-year=1913
 |title=A History of Chess
 |edition=Reprint Oxford: Oxbow Books
 |publisher=Oxford University Press
 |location=Oxford
 |isbn=0-19-827403-3}}
*{{cite book
 |last=Murray
 |first=H. J. R.
 |author-link=H. J. R. Murray
 |year=2002
 |orig-year=1951
 |title=A History of Board-Games Other Than Chess
 |publisher=Oxbow Books
 |location=Oxford
 |isbn=0-19-827401-7}}
*{{cite book
 |last=Parlett
 |first=David
 |author-link=David Parlett
 |title=The Oxford History of Board Games
 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofb0000parl
 |url-access=registration
 |year=1999
 |publisher=Oxford University Press
 |location=Oxford
 |isbn=0-19-212998-8}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Bell
 |first=R. C.
 |author-link=Robert Charles Bell
 |title=Board and Table Games From Many Civilizations
 |edition=Revised 
 |volume=I
 |pages=9–12
 |publisher=Dover Publications
 |year=1979 
 |orig-year=1960, Oxford University Press, London
 |isbn=0-671-06030-9
 |url=https://archive.org/details/B-001-002-771/page/n5/mode/2up}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Pachisi}}
*{{bgg|2136|Pachisi}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Pachisi|short=x}}

[[Category:Cross and circle games]]
[[Category:Traditional board games]]
[[Category:Indian board games]]