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{{Infobox historic site
| name = Paklenica National Park
| native_name = Nacionalni park Paklenica
| native_language = Croatian
| image = Canyon_of_Paklenica.jpg
| caption = Velika Paklenica
| locmapin = Croatia
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| coordinates = {{coord|44|22|N|15|26|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Zadar County]], {{CRO}}
| area = 95 km<sup>2</sup>
| elevation =
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| governing_body = [http://www.paklenica.hr/ Paklenica National Park]
| designation1 = Croatia Natural
| designation1_offname = Nacionalni park Paklenica
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The '''Paklenica''' [[karst]] river [[canyon]] is a [[national park]] in [[Croatia]]. It is near [[Starigrad, Zadar County|Starigrad]], northern [[Dalmatia]], on the southern slopes of [[Velebit]] mountain, not far from [[Zadar]]. It contains two canyons, Mala (Small) and Velika (Big) Paklenica.

==History==
The area of South Velebit has been inhabited since prehistoric times. It is believed that, during the last ice age, the area was probably inhabited by small groups of [[Paleolithic]] hunters/gatherers, as elsewhere in the Mediterranean. Sea level must have been {{Convert|120|m}} lower than today, and the [[Velebit Channel]] was a wide valley with a river flowing through it. The highest parts of the Velebit were covered with glaciers. When sea level began to rise in the late ice age, people moved to higher, hilly areas. The earliest records of humans in Velebit – [[Mesolithic]] flint tools found in Vaganačka Cave under [[Veliko Rujno]] – date back to this era.

Approximately eight thousand years ago, the first cattle breeders and farmers arrived in the area, bringing wheat, domestic goats and sheep, as well as the knowledge of their breeding. Hunter-gathering lost its importance, and livestock-rearing began on Velebit. Plenty of material evidence, such as bones of domestic animals, tools and equipment used by prehistoric shepherds and decorated clay tableware, was found in the caves that served as shelter for people and cattle.
[[Image:Nationalpark Paklenica Schlucht.JPG|thumb|250px|left|Velika Paklenica gorge]]
[[File:Paklenica National Park 41811745730.jpg|thumb|left|An underground military complex in Paklenica was built between 1950 and 1953, at the height of tensions between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, and remained a closely guarded secret until 1991. Since 2016, it is a visitor center open to the public, and dedicated to [[mountain climbing]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://np-paklenica.hr/en/what-to-visit-en/visiting-centre|title=Visitor Center "Underground Secrets of Paklenica"|work=np-paklenica.hr|publisher=Paklenica National Park|access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>]]
During the last two thousand years BC, during the [[Bronze Age]], the first fortifications and stone buildings were erected by [[Liburnians|Liburian peoples]]. They could serve as shelter to the population from the surrounding villages in case of danger, and some of them may have been permanent settlements where the local rulers had their seats. In addition, they oversaw important cattle and trade routes leading to Velebit and further to [[Lika]] via Paklenica or Rujan. Some of them served to oversee navigation. They are now destroyed, but ring-shaped mounds (''"gromila"'', pl. ''"gromile"'') up to several meters in height can still be seen in some places. In the immediate vicinity of the fortifications, casket heaps – deposits of large round stone under which former rulers were buried in caskets made of stone tablets – have been found. Most of them have been dug out and the graves robbed, but they are still visible, as in the area of hamlet Ljubotić in [[Tribanj]].

Over the last two thousand years BC, the east coast of the Adriatic was gradually conquered by the Roman legions. After the [[Roman province of Dalmatia]] was founded in the early 1st century AD, permanent Roman reign was established. [[Starigrad, Zadar County|Starigrad]] (Roman name: Argyruntum) was established at the time, and it soon developed into an important trading center. In the 4th century AD, Emperor [[Tiberius]] had it fortified with walls and towers. The town cemetery was situated by the road that led southwest of the town.  Plenty of archaeological findings were collected from approximately 400 explored graves – jewelry, glassware and metalware, weapons and tools. The most interesting finding is certainly the ancient glass collection – as many as 146 vessels of different forms (bowls, glasses, bottled) – kept in the [[Zadar|Zadar Museum of Archeology]].

Life in Argyruntum came to a standstill in the early 4th century AD. The era of peace was interrupted by attacks of tribal peoples that contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire in the west. In an attempt to bring the Adriatic coast back into the Empire, East Roman Emperor [[Justinian]] built a system of fortifications to secure navigation and protect the local population. The ruins of forts and towers above Modrič and near Sveta Trojica in Tribanj are parts of this defensive system that briefly postponed the final decline of the ancient world in the Adriatic.
[[Image:Starigrad Paklenica Velebit.JPG|thumb|250px|right|Paklenica seen from Ražanac]]
[[Image:Paklenica Buljma.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Paklenica interior]]

The arrival of Croats in this area began in the [[early Middle Ages]]. The earliest preserved traces of their presence are the chapels, St. George (Sv. Juraj) in Rovanjska, St. Peter (Sv. Petar) in Starigrad, and St. Mary Magdalene (Sv. Marija Magdalena or Trstenica) built from the 9th or 12th century AD.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jurić|first1=Radomir|last2=Škoro|first2=Iva|date=2017-12-15|title=SREDNJOVJEKOVNA ARHEOLOŠKA NALAZIŠTA U PODGORJU|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/191114|journal=Senjski Zbornik: Prilozi Za Geografiju, Etnologiju, Gospodarstvo, Povijest I Kulturu|language=hr|volume=44|issue=1|pages=129–148|doi=10.31953/sz.44.1.8|issn=0582-673X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Two forts – Večka Kula and Paklarić – were probably erected in the late Middle Ages (14th–16th century).

[[File:Anića kuk (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|right|Anića kuk (712 m/2350 ft) has some of the best-known [[big wall climbing|big wall]] routes in the canyon]]
On 27 June 1938, Dragutin Brahm died during an attempted ascent of Anića kuk.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=June 1941 |first=Josip |last=Plaček |title=† Dragutin Brahm |page=150 |magazine=Hrvatski planinar |issn=0354-0650 |volume=37 |issue=5–6 |url=https://www.hps.hr/hp-arhiva/194105.pdf |language=hr}}</ref>

In 1940, [[Marijan Dragman]] and [[Slavo Brezovečki]] successfully climbed Brahm's route up Anića kuk, naming it ''D. Brahm'' (5c).<ref>{{harvnb|Čujić|2001|p=182}}; {{harvnb|NPP|2020}}</ref>

Near the entrance to the Velika Paklenica is an artificial tunnel complex built for [[Josip Broz Tito]] during the tension between [[Yugoslavia]] and the [[USSR]] in the late 1940s and early 1950s.

Rock climbing at Paklenica resumed in 1955.<ref>{{harvnb|NPP|2020}}</ref>

On 17 July 1957, Boris Kulić and [[Boris Kambič]] of ''[[HPD Mosor]]'' ascended ''Mosoraški'' (5c) on Anića kuk, with only ropes untied from their mothers' clothes lines and homemade pitons as protection.<ref>{{harvnb|Čujić|2001|p=181}}; {{harvnb|NPP|2020}}</ref>

The 1st Yugoslav alpine climbing gathering in Anića luka was held on [[Labor Day]] in 1959.<ref>{{harvnb|NPP|2020}}</ref>

On 4–5 October 1961, [[Davor Ribarović]], [[Nedjeljko Jakić]], and [[Matija Mlinac]] of ''[[PDS Velebit]]'' ascended ''Velebitaški'' (6a+) on Anića kuk.<ref>{{harvnb|Čujić|2001|p=181}}; {{harvnb|NPP|2020}}</ref>

On 4–8 October 1966, [[Miroslav Pleško]], [[Stanislav Gilić]], and Nedjeljko Jakić of ''PDS Velebit'' ascended ''Klin'' (6c+) on Anića kuk. The ascent took 5 days.<ref>{{harvnb|Čujić|2001|p=181}}; {{harvnb|NPP|2020}}</ref>

From 26 April through 3 May 1973, [[Borislav Aleraj]] and [[Marijan Čepelak]] ascended the {{convert|350|m|ft}} ''Brid Klina''{{efn|Also known as ''Kant Haka''}} (7b+) on Anića kuk. The multi-pitch climb took them 8 days (then a regional record), and made national news. With an [[Aid climbing#Original A-grades|aid climbing grade]] of A3/A4, it was also the hardest routes in the region. Its first repeat came in 1986, by [[Srečo Rehberger]] and {{ill|Tadej Slabe|sl|Tadej Slabe}}. It was repeated again in 1987 by Czechs P. Čermák and Z. Konečný. Other well-known repeaters include [[Boris Čujić]] and [[Martina Čufar Potard]].{{efn|Women's lead champion at the [[2001 UIAA Climbing World Championships]], who climbed it with a strong partner. An article about the ascent appeared in ''Góry'' ({{ISSN|0867-8324}}).}} The climb to the base of the ''Klin'' is an easy 4/5. The first pitch along the ''Brid'' is a long 7b that can be separated into multiple pitches (7b, 6c+, 6b, 6a, 5c). A 6b/7a pitch follows. The next two pitches are both 7b+ and make up the [[crux (climbing)|crux]] of the route. The ''Klin'' is then abandoned for a 4c top out.<ref>{{harvnb|Marcisz|2008}}; {{harvnb|NPP|2020}}</ref>

The [[first ascent]] of ''Šaleški smjer'' (4c) on Anića kuk was made by D. Kukovec and J. Resnik. At one point, {{ill|Franc Knez|lt=Franček Knez|sl|Franc Knez}} set a speed record of 11&nbsp;min on the route.<ref>{{harvnb|Čujić|2001|p=183}}; {{harvnb|Čujić|2020|p=26,27}}</ref> Knez was very active in Paklenica in the 1970s, climbing approximately 40 routes, including some of the hardest [[free climbing|free ascents]] at the time, such as ''Kača'' (6a) on Anića Kuk, which he climbed together with Jože Zupan.<ref>{{harvnb|Čujić|2001|p=182}}; {{harvnb|NPP|2020}}</ref> One time when Boris Čujić was climbing the {{convert|120|m|ft}} ''Domžalski smjer'' (6a), Knez was overtook him. While he was about {{convert|10|m|ft}} below, Knez asked Čujić, "is it going [well]?" ({{langx|sh|jel' ide?}}), to which Čujić replied it was ({{langx|sh|ide}}); Knez followed up with, "the important thing is that it is going" ({{langx|sh|glavno da ide}}), now {{convert|10|m|ft}} above.<ref>{{harvnb|Čujić|2020|p=27}}</ref>

The climbing school of ''PDS Velebit'' used to take place in Paklenica during the gathering. It was during one such school on the Labor Day of 1980 that [[Boris Čujić]], later one of the canyon's most prolific first ascenders, first climbed in Paklenica. Anića luka was full of tents, as it was the 22nd Yugoslav alpine climbing gathering,<ref>{{harvnb|NPP|2020}}</ref> and camping there was still allowed in those days. Many climbers were camping in the [[rock shelter]]s along the path, as the meadow itself would fill up, sometimes with over a hundred tents. That year, the ''Velebitaši''{{efn|Members of ''PDS Velebit''}} followed [[Belgrade]] climbers up ''Brid Klina'' on Anića Kuk. Back at camp, stories of Franček Knez and Jan Sabolek's ascents took preeminence, as the best climbers in attendance.<ref>{{harvnb|Čujić|2020|p=25,26}}</ref>

In 1984, [[Silvo Karo]], {{ill|Janez Jeglič|sl|Janez Jeglič}} made the first ascent of the {{convert|350|m|ft}} long ''Spomin'' (8c) on Anića kuk, whose current route was modified with the addition of a direct exit in 1985 when joined by Franček Knez. Its first free ascent was by [[Luka Krajnc (climber)|Luka Krajnc]] on 10 May 2017 after 27 days of [[redpointing]], with Ena Vrbek as his partner. To date, no one has climbed the full overhang of the ''Klin''; ''Spomin'' being the closest yet. Krajnc rated the most difficult pitch 8c, the second most difficult 8b+, two 8a+, and the rest of the route reaches 7b+.<ref>{{harvnb|AOC|2017}}; {{harvnb|Krajnc|2017}}; {{harvnb|Mikša|2017}}; {{harvnb|NPP|2020}}</ref> Later, on 10 May, Lindič would complete a free ascent of the {{convert|350|m|ft}} ''Mjesečina'' (7c+).<ref>{{harvnb|AOC|2009c}}</ref>

In 1987, [[Maurizio Zanolla]] climbed ''Il Maratoneta'' (8b+), which remains Paklenica's most difficult sport route, repeated only thrice as of 2020.<ref>{{harvnb|NPP|2020}}</ref>

In 1989, Paklenica's most difficult aid route was climbed by Miha Praprotnik and Matjažt Ravhekar, ''Jogananda'' (7c), at the time given the grade A4.<ref>{{harvnb|Čujić|2016}}; {{harvnb|NPP|2020}}</ref>

In 1990, [[Yves Remy|Yves]] and [[Claude Remy]] visited Paklenica, climbing ''Rajna'' (7a) and ''Wellcome'' (7b+).<ref>{{harvnb|NPP|2020}}</ref>

In 1998, Boris Čujić and Ivica Matković renovated the climbing route equipment and bolted a number of new routes on behalf of the National Park Paklenica.<ref>{{harvnb|Čujić|2001|p=148}}</ref>

On 12 April 2009, Luka Lindič completed the first free ascent of the {{convert|240|m|ft}} ''Tango vertikal'' (7a+), first aid climbed by S. Karo and Silvo Karo in the mid-1980s. Karo was Lindič's partner when he climbed the route in 2009. He had just completed the first free ascent of the {{convert|250|m|ft}} route ''Življenje'' (7a) on the 10th, likewise with Karo as his partner.<ref>{{harvnb|AOC|2009a}}; {{harvnb|AOC|2009b}}; {{harvnb|Urednik|2009}}; {{harvnb|NPP|2020}}</ref>

== Geological features ==
[[File:National park Paklenica in 2014 (16).JPG|thumb|250px|right|Vodarica cave in Mala Paklenica]]
[[File:Anića kuk - Paklenica.JPG|thumb|250px|left]]
The most attractive and most valuable parts of South Velebit are surely the impressive [[canyon]]s of [[Velika Paklenica]] and [[Mala Paklenica]]. Velika Paklenica canyon is 14&nbsp;km long and 500–800 m wide. In its narrowest part around the Bunkers, the canyon is only 50 m wide. Vertical cliffs rise above both sides of the canyon up to a height of over 700 m. The most attractive part is the area around the steep drop of the stream downstream from Anića luka, where steep cliffs rise directly above the stream, forming the narrowest part of the canyon between Anića luka and the parking lot. Mala Paklenica Canyon is of lesser dimension, and the torrent running through it is much less powerful. It is 12&nbsp;km long and 400–500 m wide. In its narrowest part, it is only 10 m wide, while the surrounding cliffs rise up to a height of 650 m.

The central part of the Park is distinctive for the relief complex of Borovnik and Crni vrh, with the valley of Mala Močila and Velika Močila nearby. In terms of relief, Velika Močila is a very interesting bowl-shaped valley at an altitude 850 m asl, surrounded by Crni vrh (1 110 m asl), Škiljina kosa (1 015 m asl) and Zeleni brig (842 m asl), while Borovnik, named after the black pine forest, stretches along the south edge.

The east part of the Park is very differentiated geomorphologically, inaccessible and wild. Further to the east, this zone of wilderness transforms into an area of milder forms around Malo Libinje and Veliko Libinje, [[Karst topography|karstic]] plateaus with numerous pits, the bottoms of which were mostly treated.

The highest area of Paklenica National Park is the narrow ridge of Velebit, 1 to 3&nbsp;km wide. The highest peak of Velebit – Vaganski vrh (1 757 m asl) is also here. The area of Paklenica National Park is one of the most completely explored areas in Croatia in terms of speleology. 76 speleological objects are known and have been explored in the Park, namely 39 pits and 37 caves. We will mention some of the most interesting speleological objects in the National Park.  Vodarica Pit is the longest cave in Velebit at 300 meters, Precipice on Bunovac (534 m) is the deepest object in Central and South Velebit.

Watertight sediments are situated beneath very porous karstic deposits of carbonate rock in the extended part of Velika paklenica, Brezimenjača, and in the spring parts of Mala paklenica and the occasional flow of Orljača. This is why Paklenica National Park has several permanent or occasional flows and many permanent springs. The permanent [[Spring (hydrosphere)|springs]] of high-quality drinking water are Stražbenica, Kontinovo vrilo, Crno vrilo, Velika Močila and Pećica.

Today there is no water flowing through Mala Paklenica.

==Flora==

The wealth of flora is reflected in the list of 1,000 plant species and subspecies recorded to date, 79 of them endemic. The great diversity, the presence of relict, endemic, rare, statutorily protected species make the Park a very valuable floristic area, not just in Croatia, but in Europe and the world as well.

The forest phenomenon is one of the main reasons why the South Velebit area was proclaimed a national park.  Areas of oak and oriental hornbeam forests, beech forest, black pine forests, and fern forest, can all be found in the park.
In 2017, the beech forests within the national park were added to the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] known as [[Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe]] because of their testimony to the ecological history of forest dynamics within Europe since the [[Quaternary glaciation|last Ice Age]].<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1133 |title = Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 3 September 2022}}</ref> 
[[Image:Paklenica4.jpg|thumb|250px|right]]

==Fauna==

The diverse habitats in Paklenica and the vertical stratification provide home to a diverse fauna. Invertebrates are relatively poorly explored, attractive insects like diurnal butterflies are well explored.  Over 40 species of amphibians and reptiles are found, the endangered [[Vipera ursinii|Orsini's viper]] is a highlight.

Birds are the most numerous group of vertebrates, with 230 species recorded to date. The world of birds is represented by 102 species of nesting birds found in the broader park area. The nesting bird group includes a community of birds inhabiting rocks and cliffs in the canyons of Velika Paklenica and Mala Paklenica, with 24 bird species. A special value is added to the park by the endangered and rare bird species such as the [[golden eagle]], [[peregrine falcon]], [[short-toed eagle]] and [[northern goshawk|goshawk]]. Forest areas are rich with woodpeckers, the rarest among them being the [[white-backed woodpecker]] and [[middle spotted woodpecker]].

There are also 53 species of mammals at the park, the [[roe deer]] and [[chamois]] are highlights, while the [[brown bear]] is the biggest predator.  In the caves there is a host of interesting underground animals such as crabs, mites, Nematodes, aquatic worms, spiders, pseudoscorpion, beetles and bats.

==Tourism==
[[Image:Paklenica valley 2.JPG|thumb|250px|right|A Trail in Paklenica]]
[[Hiking]] is the only way to really get to know Paklenica. The Park area contains 150–200&nbsp;km of trails and paths, from those intended for tourists, leading from Velika Paklenica Canyon to Manita peć cave, Lugarnica forest cottage and the mountain hut, to those intended for mountaineers, leading to the highest peaks of Velebit. The trails in the Park are marked with boards and mountaineering signs.

Paklenica National Park is the most visited climbing site in Croatia, and the largest in Southeast Europe. The close proximity of seawater gives this climbing site a special charm, making Paklenica Riviera an ideal place to combine [[climbing]] and water sports. Today, there are over 360 equipped and improved routes of various difficulty levels and lengths within Paklenica's climbing sites, so each climber can find to their liking. The main climbing season begins in spring and goes on until late autumn.

===Mountain huts===
In the 1935–1936 season, the mountain shelter on ''Struge'', at {{convert|1320|m|ft}} in elevation, saw 25 visitors.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=1936 |orig-date=1936-05-15 |first=Josip |last=Plaček |title=Izvještaj tajnika |pages=212–245 |magazine=Hrvatski planinar |issn=0354-0650 |volume=32 |issue=7–8 |url=https://www.hps.hr/hp-arhiva/193607.pdf |language=hr}}</ref>{{rp|224}} In the 1936–1937 season, no data was released, but it was open year-round,<ref>{{cite magazine |date=1937 |orig-date=1937-05-05 |first=Josip |last=Plaček |title=Izvještaj tajnika |pages=221–252 |magazine=Hrvatski planinar |issn=0354-0650 |volume=33 |issue=7–8 |url=https://www.hps.hr/hp-arhiva/193707.pdf |language=hr}}</ref>{{rp|243}} as in the 1937–1938 season.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=1938 |orig-date=1938-05-05 |first=Josip |last=Plaček |title=Izvještaj tajnika |pages=222–254 |magazine=Hrvatski planinar |issn=0354-0650 |volume=34 |issue=7–8 |url=https://www.hps.hr/hp-arhiva/193807.pdf |language=hr}}</ref>{{rp|243}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Sources==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |date=2020 |first=Boris |last=Čujić |publisher=Libricon |title=Zlatne godine |isbn=978-953-8017-12-4 |location=Zagreb |language=sh |trans-title=Golden Years}}<!--expand article with this-->
* {{cite web |date=2020 |author=NPP |title=History of Rock Climbing in Paklenica |url=https://np-paklenica.hr/en/climbing-en/history-of-rock-climbing-in-paklenica |website=Nacionalni park Paklenica |archive-date=2020-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922070913/https://np-paklenica.hr/en/climbing-en/history-of-rock-climbing-in-paklenica}}
* {{cite web |date=2017-09-02 |first=Peter |last=Mikša |title=Luka Krajnc opravil 1. prosto ponovitev smeri Spomin (8c) v Paklenici |url=https://www.friko.si/alpinizem/kranjc-opravil-1pp-smeri-spomin-8c-v-paklenici |website=Friko: Slovenski plezalni portal |archive-date=2017-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905150544/https://www.friko.si/alpinizem/kranjc-opravil-1pp-smeri-spomin-8c-v-paklenici}}
* {{cite web |date=2017-08-30 |first=Luka |last=Krajnc |title=The Memory Lessons: Luca Krajnc’s First Free Ascent of Spomin |url=https://www.patagonia.com/stories/spomin-the-memory-lessons/story-32974.html |website=Patagonia |archive-date=2020-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812041857/https://www.patagonia.com/stories/spomin-the-memory-lessons/story-32974.html}}
* {{cite web |date=2017 |author=AOC |title=Spomin: Luka Krajnc |url=http://aocelje.org/vzpon_prikazi.php?pid=16723 |website=Alpinistični odsek Celje |archive-date=2025-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250827213528/https://aocelje.org/vzpon_prikazi.php?pid=16723}}
* {{cite web |date=2016 |first=Boris |last=Čujić |title=The short history of climbing in Paklenica |url=https://www.paklenica-croatia.com/paklenica-climbing-guide/the-short-history-of-climbing-in-paklenica |website=Paklenica-Croatia |archive-date=2016-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614004908/https://www.paklenica-croatia.com/paklenica-climbing-guide/the-short-history-of-climbing-in-paklenica}}<!--expand article with this-->
* {{cite web |date=2009-05-13 |author=Urednik |title=Psihaška vijest... |url=https://wordpresshosting.hr/demo-marulianus/psihacka-vijest |website=SPK Marulianus |archive-date=2025-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250827221917/https://wordpresshosting.hr/demo-marulianus/psihacka-vijest}}
* {{cite web |date=2009c |author=AOC |title=Mjesečina: Luka Lindič |url=http://www.aocelje.org/vzpon_prikazi.php?pid=6258 |website=Alpinistični odsek Celje |archive-date=2010-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620204659/http://www.aocelje.org/vzpon_prikazi.php?pid=6258}}
* {{cite web |date=2009b |author=AOC |title=Tango vertikal: Luka Lindič |url=http://www.aocelje.org/vzpon_prikazi.php?pid=6166 |website=Alpinistični odsek Celje |archive-date=2020-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806225407/http://www.aocelje.org/vzpon_prikazi.php?pid=6166}}
* {{cite web |date=2009a |author=AOC |title=Življenje: Luka Lindič |url=http://www.aocelje.org/vzpon_prikazi.php?pid=6164 |website=Alpinistični odsek Celje |archive-date=2025-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250827222901/https://www.aocelje.org/vzpon_prikazi.php?pid=6164}}
* {{cite web |date=2008-10-29 |first=Andrzej |last=Marcisz |title=Brid Klina – perła Adriatyku na Anica Kuk |url=https://wspinanie.pl/2008/10/brid-klina-perla-adriatyku-na-anica-kuk |website=Wspinanie |archive-date=2025-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711065625/https://wspinanie.pl/2008/10/brid-klina-perla-adriatyku-na-anica-kuk |language=pl}}
* {{cite book |date=2001 |first=Boris |last=Čujić |publisher=Astroida |chapter=Paklenica |pages=148–190 |title=Croatia: Penjački vodič |edition=4th |isbn=953-97271-7-0 |location=Zagreb |language=sh |trans-title=Croatia: Climbing guide}}<!--expand article with this-->
* {{cite book |date=February 1959 |first=Željko |last=Poljak |chapter=Paklenica |page=16 |title=Kazalo za "Hrvatski planinar" i "Naše planine" 1898—1958 |series=Naše planine |issn=0354-0650 |volume=XI |issue=1–2 |url=https://www.hps.hr/hp-arhiva/195901.pdf}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Paklenica}}
* [https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/paklenica Paklenica] at enciklopedija.hr {{in lang|hr}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111129001010/http://www.paklenica.hr/ Paklenica national park]
* National park Paklenica – Web [http://www.pljusak.com/hrmh_show_image.php?file=paklenica_webcam1.jpg camera]

{{National parks of Croatia}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Croatia}}
{{Hydrography of Croatia}}
{{Landmarks in Dalmatia}}

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[[Category:National parks of Croatia]]
[[Category:Landforms of Zadar County]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Zadar County]]
[[Category:Primeval Beech Forests in Europe]]