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{{Short description|Elite strike force of the Haganah in Mandatory Palestine}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Palmach
| native_name = {{No bold|{{Script/Hebrew|פלמ״ח}}}}
| image = Palmach.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Symbol of the Palmach
| country = {{flag|Mandatory Palestine}} (before 14 May 1948)<br>{{flag|Israel}} (after 14 May 1948)
| type = Combined strike forces
| role = [[Aerial reconnaissance]]<br>[[Aerial warfare]]<br>[[Amphibious warfare]]<br>[[Anti-tank warfare]]<br>[[Artillery observer]]<br>[[Bomb disposal]]<br>[[Clandestine operation]]<br>[[Close air support]]<br>[[Close-quarters combat]]<br>[[Combined arms]]<br>[[Counterintelligence]]<br>[[Covert operation]]<br>[[Desert warfare]]<br>[[Direct action (military)|Direct action]]<br>[[Fire support]]<br>[[Force protection]]<br>[[HUMINT]]<br>[[Indirect fire]]<br>[[Internal security]]<br>[[Irregular warfare]]<br>[[Long-range penetration]]<br>[[Maneuver warfare]]<br>[[Military engineering]]<br>[[Military intelligence]]<br>[[Mountain warfare]]<br>[[Naval boarding]]<br>[[Parachuting]]<br>[[Patrolling]]<br>[[Raid (military)|Raiding]]<br>[[Reconnaissance]]<br>[[SIGINT]]<br>[[Special operations]]<br>[[Special reconnaissance]]<br>[[Tracking (Scouting)|Tracking]]<br>[[Underwater demolition]]<br>[[Urban warfare]]
| dates = 1941–1948
| command_structure = [[File:Haganah Symbol.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert|15px]] [[Haganah]]
| motto = "Always at your command"<br>"לפקודה תמיד אנחנו"
| notable_commanders = [[Yitzhak Sadeh]],<br> [[Yigal Allon]], [[Yitzhak Rabin]], [[Moshe Dayan]]
}}

The '''Palmach''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: {{Script/Hebrew|פלמ״ח}}, acronym for {{Script/Hebrew|פלוגות מחץ}}, ''Plugot Maḥatz'', "Strike Phalanges/Companies") was the elite combined strike forces and [[sayeret]] unit of the [[Haganah]], the main paramilitary organization of the [[Yishuv]] (pre-1948 Jewish community in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]) during the period of the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate]]. The Palmach was established in May 1941. By the outbreak of the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], it consisted of over 2,000 men and women in three fighting brigades and auxiliary aerial, naval and intelligence units. With the creation of Israel's army, the three Palmach Brigades were disbanded. This and political reasons compelled many of the senior Palmach officers to resign in 1950.<ref>{{cite book|first=Yoram|last=Peri|title=Between battles and ballots – Israeli military in politics|publisher=CUP|date=1983|isbn=0-521-24414-5|ref=p. 61|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/betweenbattlesba0000peri}}</ref>

The Palmach contributed significantly to Israeli culture and ethos, well beyond its military contribution. Its members formed the backbone of the [[Israel Defense Forces]] high command for many years, and were prominent in Israeli politics, literature and culture.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

== Background ==
[[File:German squad.jpg|thumb|right|"The German squad" of the Palmach on a training march.]]
The Palmach was established by the [[Haganah]] High Command in May 1941. Its aim was to defend the Palestinian Jewish community against two potential threats. Firstly the occupation of Palestine by the [[Axis powers|Axis]] in the event of their victory over the British in [[North African campaign|North Africa]]. Secondly, if the British army were to retreat from Palestine, Jewish settlements might come under attack from the Arab population. [[Yitzhak Sadeh]] was named as Palmach commander.<ref>Yigal Allon, ''Shield of David'', {{ISBN|978-0-297-00133-1}}, 1970. p. 117</ref> Initially the group consisted of around one hundred men. In the early summer of 1941 the British military authorities agreed to joint operations against [[Vichy France|Vichy French]] forces in [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]].  The first action was a sabotage mission ([[Operation Boatswain]]) against oil installations at [[Tripoli, Lebanon]].<ref>Stephen Russell Cox (2015) Britain and the origin of Israeli Special Operations: SOE and PALMACH during the Second World War, Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, 8:1, 60-78, DOI:10.1080/17467586.2014.964741</ref>  Twenty-three Palmach members and a British liaison officer set out by sea but were never heard of again.<ref>Allon, pp. 118, 119.</ref> On 8 June mixed squads of Palmach and Australians began [[Syria–Lebanon Campaign|operating in Lebanon and Syria]].  The success of these operations led the British GHQ to fund a sabotage training camp for three hundred men at [[Mishmar HaEmek]]. Since the Palmach consisted of unpaid volunteers, the funding was used to cover the needs of twice that number of men.<ref>Allon, p. 121.</ref> When the British ordered the dismantling of Palmach after the Allied victory at the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]] in 1942, the organization went underground.

==Underground==
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2021}}
[[File:Almog IL8 Betkeshet.jpg|thumb|[[Beit Keshet]], First Palmach outpost, 1944]]

Since British funding had stopped, [[Yitzhak Tabenkin]], head of the kibbutz union [[HaKibbutz HaMeuhad]], suggested the Palmach could be self-funding by having its members work in the kibbutzim. Each kibbutz would host a Palmach [[platoon]] and supply them with food, homes and resources. In return the platoon would safeguard the kibbutz and carry out work such as [[agriculture|agricultural]] work.<ref>Allon, pp. 126, 127.</ref> The proposal was accepted in August 1942, when it was also decided that each month Palmach members would have eight training days, 14 work days and seven days off. The program of combined [[military]] training, [[agriculture|agricultural]] work and Zionist education was called "Hach'shara Meguyeset" הכשרה מגויסת (meaning "Drafted/Recruited Training"). Later, Zionist youth movements offered members aged 18–20 an opportunity to join core groups ([[gar'in]]) for agricultural settlement that became the basis for the [[Nahal]].

Basic training included [[physical fitness]], [[small arms]], [[mêlée]] and [[KAPAP]], basic [[marine training]], [[topography]], [[first aid]] and [[squad operations]].  Most of the Palmach members received advanced training in one or more of the following areas: [[sabotage]] and [[explosive]]s, [[reconnaissance]], [[sniper|sniping]], [[communication]]s and [[radio]], light and medium [[machine gun]]s, and operating [[2-inch mortar|2-inch]] and [[Ordnance ML 3 inch mortar|3-inch mortars]].  Platoon training included long marches, combined live-fire drills with artillery support and machine guns and mortars.

The Palmach put great emphasis on training independent and broadminded [[Palmach#The image of the Hebrew commander in the Palmach|field commanders]] who would take the initiative and set an example for their troops.  It trained squad commanders and company commanders.  The major commanders training course was in the Palmach and many [[Haganah]] commanders were sent to be trained in the Palmach.  The Palmach commanders' course was the source for many field commanders, who were the backbone of [[Haganah]] and, later, the [[Israel Defense Forces]].

==Postwar operations==
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 20707 The Palmach.jpg|thumb|Small arms training of B Company]]
{{Main|Jewish insurgency in Palestine}}
For seven months after the assassination of [[Lord Moyne]] by [[Lehi (militant group)|Lehi]] in 1944, members of the Palmach under the command of [[Shimon Avidan]] were involved in the [[The Hunting Season|Saison activities]], in which they cooperated with the British in an attempt to crush the [[Irgun]] and Lehi.<ref>Eric Silver, ''Begin, A Biography''. 1984, {{ISBN|0-297-78399-8}}. p. 51.</ref> However, with [[David Ben-Gurion]]'s decision, 1 October 1945, to launch an armed struggle against the British, the Palmach entered an alliance with the dissident groups, called [[Jewish Resistance Movement|The Hebrew Resistance Movement]].<ref name="auto">Silver, p. 64.</ref> On 10 October 1945 a force led by [[Yitzhak Rabin]] [[Atlit detainee camp|raided the prison at Atlit]] freeing 208 Jewish prisoners.  The first joint operation took place on [[Night of the Trains|31 October 1945]] when the Palmach sank three British patrol boats, 2 in Haifa and one in Jaffa, and were involved in 153 bomb attacks on bridges and culverts of the railway system.<ref>Silver, p. 64; {{cite book|first=Edward|last= Horne|title=A Job Well Done, A History of the Palestine Police Force 1920–1948|date=1982|ref=p. 289}}</ref>

On the night of 22 February 1946, the Palmach attacked the police [[Tegart fort]] at [[Shefa-'Amr]] with a 200-pound bomb; in the firefight that followed, the Palmach suffered casualties.<ref>Horne, pp. 295–96. Also note the author's comment that the Palestine Police found the Palmach easier to penetrate than the Irgun. p. 298.</ref> In June 1946 the Palmach blew up ten of the eleven [[Night of the Bridges|bridges]] connecting Palestine to its neighbouring countries. Fourteen Palmach members were killed during the attack on [[Az-Zeeb|Achziv Bridge]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Night of the Bridges – Fallen soldiers – First Battalion|date=17 June 1948|url=http://www.palmach.org.il/show_item.asp?itemId=8519&levelId=42855&itemType=0|website=www.palmach.org.il|access-date=17 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601071247/http://www.palmach.org.il/show_item.asp?itemId=8519&levelId=42855&itemType=0|archive-date=1 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

The alliance was never completely under Haganah control and the Irgun launched a series of ever more ruthless attacks<ref>Silver, p. 64: 27 December 1946 – 10 British servicemen killed; 25 February 1946 – 20 RAF planes destroyed; 26 April 1946 – 6 paratroopers killed in their beds at their Tel Aviv barracks.</ref> culminating in the [[King David Hotel bombing]].  This attack was the Irgun's response to a British crackdown, "[[Operation Agatha|Black Sabbath]]", launched on 29 June 1946.  A combination of the crackdown and the Jewish civilian leadership's outrage at the King David attack led Ben-Gurion to call off further Palmach operations.<ref>Silver, p. 68: Weizmann threatened to resign "I demand you stop all operations by all three underground groups." 17 July 1946. (before the King David bomb). p. 73: Ben-Gurion acquiesced in a return to diplomacy.</ref>

===Retaliation raids===
{{Main|1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine}}
After a gap of over ten months the Palmach resumed operations. The one weapon of which there was no shortage was locally produced explosives.<ref>{{cite book|title=The faithful city: the siege of Jerusalem, 1948|first=Dov|last=Joseph|author-link=Dov Yosef|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=1960|lccn=60-10976|oclc=266413|url=https://archive.org/details/thefaithfulcity0000unse/page/8/mode/2up|url-access=registration|page=8|quote=For example, all the land mines used against Rommel came from Jewish factories in Palestine.}}</ref> On 20 May 1947 they blew up a coffee house in [[Fajja]], specifically in retaliation for the murder of two Jews in nearby [[Petah Tikva]].<ref>Walid Khalidi, ''All That Remains''. 1992. {{ISBN|0-88728-224-5}}. p. 240.</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Benny|last=Morris|title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem|date=1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-33028-9|ref=p. 156|url=https://archive.org/details/birthofpalestini00morr}}</ref> Following the escalation of violence after the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|UN Partition Resolution]] the scale of the retaliation operations increased.

On 18 December 1947, in an operation approved by Palmach commander [[Yigal Allon]], several houses were blown up in [[al-Khisas]], near the Lebanese border; a dozen civilians were killed.<ref>Khalidi, p. 465. Including 4 children.</ref><ref>Morris, pp. 33, 34.</ref> On 31 December 1947 170 men from the Palmach launched an attack on [[Balad al-Sheikh]], [[Haifa]], in retaliation for the killing of 47 Jews at the [[Haifa Oil Refinery massacre|Haifa oil refinery]]. Several dozen houses were destroyed and 60-70 villagers were killed.<ref>Morris, pp. 43, 156. Puts the number killed at the refinery as 70.</ref><ref>Khalidi, p. 154.</ref>

Around [[Jaffa]], Palmach units destroyed houses in [[Yazur]] and [[Salama, Jaffa|Salama]]. An order dated 3 January 1948 said "The aim is ... to attack northern part of the village of Salama ... to cause deaths, to blow up houses and to burn everything possible."<ref>Morris, p. 157.</ref> In the Upper Galilee, the Palmach's third Battalion commanded by [[Moshe Kelman]], attacked [[Sa'sa']], 15 February, and blew up ten houses, killing 11 villagers.<ref>Khalidi, pp. 195, 196. Quotes ''New York Times'' 16 February 1948 five small children.</ref>{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} Further north, they raided [[al-Husayniyya, Safad|al-Husayniyya]], 16 March 1948, in retaliation for a land mine, they blew up five houses and killed "30 Arab adults".<ref>Morris, p. 56.</ref><ref>Khalidi, p. 456.</ref> In the Northern [[Negev]], 4 April 1948, a Palmach unit in two armoured cars destroyed "nine bedouin lay-bys and one mud hut" after a mine attack on a Jewish Patrol.<ref>Morris, p. 159.</ref>

During this period, in the event known as the [[Convoy of 35]], the Palmach lost 18 men (along with 17 other Haganah fighters) on their way to reinforce the garrison at [[Kfar Etzion]] after they were attacked by hundreds of Arab locals and militias.<ref>Morris, p. 220.</ref><ref>The Palmach memorial site records all 35 as members of the Palmach</ref> The bodies of the Palmach and Haganah fighters were mutilated to the point that some of them could not be recognized.<ref>Raz, Simcha (1976). ''A Tzaddik in Our Time: The life of Rabbi Aryeh Levin''. Spring Valley, New York: Philipp Feldheim Inc. {{ISBN|0-87306-986-2}}</ref>

===A change in objectives===
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2014}}
[[File:sappers in a destroyed village.jpg|thumb|right|Palmach sappers in the ruins of a village, 1948]]
On 20 February 1948 the Palmach launched an operation in [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]], North of [[Tel Aviv]], in which they demolished 30 houses, six were left standing due to lack of explosives. {{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} The objective was to prevent them being occupied by British troops as a base against illegal immigrants. {{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} [[Yitzhak Rabin]] opposed the attack. Although occupied by Arabs the buildings were Jewish owned.<ref>Morris, p. 54. Describes it as "the first pre-planned expulsion of an Arab community by Haganah in 1948".</ref>{{failed verification|date=July 2014}}

With the activation of [[Plan D]] and its sub-operations Palmach units were used to demolish villages {{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} with the objective of preventing them being used by [[Army of the Holy War|Palestinian irregulars]] or the [[Arab Liberation Army]] (ALA) as bases.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}

===Operation Nachshon===
{{Main|Operation Nachshon}}
Following the attempt to clear the road to Jerusalem, Palmach units "more or less systematically leveled the villages of [[Al-Qastal, Jerusalem|al-Qastal]], [[Qalunya|Qalinya]], [[Khuda]] and largely or partly destroyed [[Beit Surik]], [[Biddu]], [[Shu'fat]], [[Beit Iksa]], [[Bayt Mahsir|Beit Mahsir]] and [[Sheikh Jarrah]] ([[Jerusalem]])".<ref>Morris, p. 158.</ref><ref>Khalidi, p. 309, quotes Harry Levin's eyewitness account; p. 278., 41 houses destroyed in Bayt Naqquba; p. 276, gives the size of Sixth Battalion as 400–500 men.</ref>

On 9 April a Palmach unit with mortars took part in the Irgun attack on [[Deir Yassin]].<ref>Khalidi, p. 290.</ref><ref>Silver, p. 88.</ref>

===Mishmar Ha'amek===
{{Main|Battle of Mishmar HaEmek}}
Following the failed ALA attack on the Haganah base at Mishmar Ha'amek, and the Haganah's refusal of an offer of a truce, Haganah and Palmach troops counterattacked. Between 8 and 14 April, ten villages came under Palmach's control. Within two weeks they were leveled.<ref>Morris, pp. 158, 159. "systematically destroyed".</ref><ref>Khalidi. For example: p. 142, Abu Shushe, 155 houses in 1945 survey; p. 143, Abu Zurayq, 30 houses blown up; p. 160, al Ghubbayya, 38 houses; p. 169, al Kafrayn "blown up completely", 95 houses; Al Mansi "all houses blown up", 98 houses.</ref>

===Operation Yiftach and the conquest of Safad===
{{Main|Operation Yiftach}}
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 21036 The Palmach.jpg|thumb|150px|Palmach soldier on guard]]On 2 May, the Palmach 3rd Battalion, commanded by [[Moshe Kelman]], attacked [[Ein al-Zeitun]] with a [[Davidka]], two [[Ordnance ML 3-inch Mortar|3-inch mortars]] and eight [[2-inch mortar]]s. During the following two days Palmach sappers blew up and burned all the houses.<ref>Morris, p. 103. Also Morris, p. 122: 5 May, Palmach sappers blew up 50 houses in [[al-Zanghariyya]] and other villages in the area.</ref><ref>Khalidi, p. 436. 1933 census counts 127 houses in 'Ayn al-Zaytun.</ref> In the aftermath of the capture of this village Battalion Commander Kelman ordered the execution of seventy prisoners.<ref>Khalidi, p. 436.</ref>

On 6 May the Palmach launched an attack on Safad. It failed to capture the citadel and the Palmach had to withdraw. The defenders offered a cease-fire, which Allon refused. A second attack was launched on 9 May. This was preceded by a "massive concentrated barrage" using mortars and Davidkas. The empty Arab quarter of Safad was occupied on 11 May. Between 12,000 and 15,000 refugees had been created.<ref>Morris, p. 104.</ref>

The Palmach suffered 69 killed during Operation Yiftah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.palmach.org.il/show_item.asp?itemId=8519&levelId=42855&itemType=0 |title=Fallen soldiers – Operations |publisher=Palmach.org.il |access-date=17 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601071247/http://www.palmach.org.il/show_item.asp?itemId=8519&levelId=42855&itemType=0 |archive-date=1 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In May 1948 the Palmach had 2,200 permanently mobilised members.<ref>Morris, p. 22.</ref><ref>Eric Silver, ''Begin, A Biography''. 1984, {{ISBN|0-297-78399-8}}. p. 87: "Mid 1947 ... full-time Palmach, with 3,100 men and women".</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The faithful city: the siege of Jerusalem, 1948|first=Dov|last=Joseph|author-link=Dov Yosef|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=1960|lccn=60-10976|oclc=266413|url=https://archive.org/details/thefaithfulcity0000unse/page/28/mode/2up|page=29|quote=2,100 fighters and 1,000 reserves}}</ref> A different source puts the size of the Palmach as 3,000 at the end of November 1947, and, following the mobilization of 3,000 reserves, five battalions were formed by May 1948, consisting of 5,000 fighters of whom 1,200 were women.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kimche|first1=Jon|last2=Kimche|first2=David|year=1960|title=A Clash of Destinies. The Arab-Jewish War and the Founding of the State of Israel|publisher=Frederick A. Praeger|lccn=60-6996|oclc=1348948|page=77}} (Authors use "girls" rather than "women".)</ref>

Palmach units took a major part in the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]]. At the beginning of the war, Palmach units were responsible for holding Jewish settlements (such as [[Gush Etzion]], [[Kfar Darom]] and [[Revivim]]) against Arab [[militia]]s. Although inferior in numbers and arms, Palmach soldiers held out long enough to allow the Haganah to mobilise the Jewish population and prepare for war.

===The creation of the Israeli Army===
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 20809 The Palmach.jpg|thumb|right|The 9th Battalion of the [[Negev Brigade]] after the [[Battle of Beersheba (1948)|conquest of Beersheba]]]]
[[File:Palmach Negev.jpg|thumb|right|A Palmach patrol in the Negev]]
The Palmach's last operation as an independent unit was against the Irgun, in the [[Altalena Affair]]. On 22 June 1948 the Irgun moored the Altalena, loaded with weapons, off Tel Aviv. Ben-Gurion ordered the Palmach to prevent the arms being landed. In an operation commanded by [[Yigal Allon]], with [[Yitzhak Rabin]] as his deputy, a cannon was used to sink the ship. One member of the Palmach and fourteen members of the Irgun were killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palmach.org.il/show_item.asp?itemId=8519&levelId=42855&itemType=0|title=פלמ״ח|website=www.palmach.org.il|access-date=17 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601071247/http://www.palmach.org.il/show_item.asp?itemId=8519&levelId=42855&itemType=0|archive-date=1 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Silver, pp. 107, 108.</ref>

After the establishment of the [[Israeli Defence Forces|Israeli army]], the Palmach was reorganised into three IDF brigades—the [[Negev Brigade]], the [[Yiftach Brigade]], and the [[Harel Brigade]]. The Negev and Yiftah Brigades fought in the [[Negev]] against the [[Egyptian army]] and managed to stop and later repulse it into the [[Gaza Strip]] and [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]. The Yiftah Brigade was later transferred to the north. The Harel Brigade was centered on Jerusalem. The merging of the Palmach into the Israeli army involved a series of power struggles with Ben-Gurion, known as [[The Generals' Revolt]]. In 1949 many senior members of the Palmach resigned from the army.

In total, the Palmach lost 1,187 fighters during the war of independence and in the years prior to Israel's creation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.palmach.org.il/show_item.asp?itemId=8519&levelId=42855&itemType=0 |title=פלמ״ח |publisher=Palmach.org.il |access-date=17 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601071247/http://www.palmach.org.il/show_item.asp?itemId=8519&levelId=42855&itemType=0 |archive-date=1 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Casualties===
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 21221 The Palmach.JPG|thumb|Palmach [[M4 Sherman]] tank leading a convoy]]
The Palmach memorial site records 37 deaths of Palmach members between May 1941 and May 1945. Thirty-one are described as killed in action, six were killed while serving in the British Army and six were killed in the "Struggle against the British Government".

A further 39 members of the Palmach died between the May 1945 and November 1947. Twenty-one are recorded as killed in action and one killed in battle, fourteen being killed during the attempt to blow up the Achziv Bridge during the [[Night of the Bridges]]. Twenty-eight died in the struggle against the British.

Between the beginning of December 1947 and the end of May 1948, when the Israeli army was created, 574 deaths are listed, of whom 524 were killed in action or in battle; 77 while on convoy duty or securing roads; 59 during [[Operation Yevusi]], including 34 at [[Nabi Samwil|Nabi Samuel]]; 20 during [[Operation Nachshon]], all at al-Qastal; 68 during [[Operation Yiftach]]; 12 at [[Mishmar HaEmek]]. By district 171 members of the Palmach were killed in Jerusalem and the surrounding area, 104 in and around [[Gush Etzion]], 103 in the Galilee and 81 in the Negev.

From June 1948 to December 1949, during which time the Palmach was absorbed into the army, 527 members died, 452 killed in action or in battle; 101 were killed during [[Operation Danny]], including 45 at [[Shilta|Khirbet Kurikur]]; 53 during [[Operation Yoav]]; 44 in [[Operation Horev]] and 22 during [[Operation Death to the Invader]]. By district 234 died in the Negev and Southern Plain; 62 in Jerusalem and surrounds; 44 around Latrun; 42 in the Gaza Strip and 41 in the Central Plain and Coastal Strip.

By Brigade, 313 members of the Harel Brigade were killed, 312 from the Negev and 274 from the Yiftach. One of the dead is listed as also being a member of the [[Lehi (militant group)|Lehi]].

The Palmach memorial site records the death of 34 female members, seventeen killed in action or in battle.

Around 520 of the fatalities had been born in Palestine; of whom 117 were from Tel Aviv, 97 from Jerusalem and 56 from Haifa. Over 550 had been born in Europe and Russia; with 181 from Poland, 99 from Germany and 95 from Romania. Another 131 of the dead originated from Arab and Muslim countries; 32 from Turkey, 23 from Syria and 21 from the Yemen. Of the remainder 13 had been born in the USA.

Of the dead, 633 were aged between 18 and 22 years, 302 were between 22 and 25, 138 were 26 and over, and 91 were under 18 years of age.

== Military organization ==
The Palmach was organised into regular companies (12 in total), later merged into battalions, and five or six special units.<ref>[https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6204 The Palmach Companies]</ref>
The companies were enumerated by the consecutive letters of the [[Hebrew alphabet]] and when translating into English some enumerated them by numbers and some by the consecutive Latin letters:
*Pluga Aleph (Company One or A)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6205 | title=מושגים }}</ref>
*Pluga Beth (Company Two or B)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6206 | title=מושגים }}</ref>
*Pluga Gimel (Company Three or C)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6207 | title=מושגים }}</ref>
*Pluga Daled (Company Four or D)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6208 | title=מושגים }}</ref>
*Pluga He (Company Five or E)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6209 | title=מושגים }}</ref>
*Pluga Vav (Company Six or F)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6210 | title=מושגים }}</ref>
*Pluga Zayin (Company Seven or G, sometimes one may see "Company Z", from "Zayin")<ref>{{cite web | url=https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6211 | title=מושגים }}</ref>
*Pluga Het (Company Eight or H)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6212 | title=מושגים }}</ref>
*Pluga Tet (Company Nine or I)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6213 | title=מושגים }}</ref>
*Pluga Yud – Hapluga Hayamit (Company Ten or J – the Naval Company, see [[Palyam]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=8413 | title=מושגים }}</ref>
*Pluga Yud-Alef (Company Eleven or K)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6214 | title=מושגים }}</ref>
*Pluga Yud-Beit (Company Twelve or L)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6215 | title=מושגים }}</ref>
Palmach special units included:
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 782 Women of the PALMACH at Ein Gedi בנות הפלמ'ח בעין גדי.jpg|thumb|Women of the Palmach at [[Ein Gedi]], 1942]]
[[File:Palmach Sapper.jpg|thumb|Palmach sapper preparing explosives under bridge in Wadi Serer, 1948.]]
[[File:Negev Beasts.jpg|thumb|right|Negev Beasts]]
* '''Ha-Machlaka Ha-Germanit''': the  {{ill|German Platoon|he|המחלקה הגרמנית}} (aka the Middle East Commando) performed covert operations and sabotage operations against [[Nazism|Nazi]] infrastructure in the [[Middle East]] and the [[Balkans]].<ref>Wendtorf, Dirk. “The German Platoon of the Palmach: the First German-Jewish Fighting Unit in the Second World War and the Unsung Story of Heroism.” ''Journal of Modern Jewish Studies''. 5 Nov. 2020. [https://DOI:%2010.1080/14725886.2020.1840041 https://DOI: 10.1080/14725886.2020.1840041] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711094433/http://doi/ |date=11 July 2013 }}. Retrieved 9 November 2020.</ref>
* '''Ha-Machlaka Ha-Aravit''': the {{ill|Arab Platoon|he|המחלקה הערבית}} performed covert operations and espionage missions against Arab militias, which frequently attacked Jewish settlements. It was the base for the Israeli Defense Forces's and the Israeli Border Police's [[Mista'arvim]] units.
* '''[[Palyam]]''' (Sea Companies): the naval force of the Palmach was formed in 1943, attached to the Palmach's Staff Battalion (the 4th Battalion). They were in charge of underwater demolition and maritime activity units. The majority of their activities were related to the escorting of ships of [[Aliyah Bet]], immigration ships (66 of them in all) bringing Jewish refugees from [[Europe]] by boat, despite the British [[White Paper of 1939]], which introduced restrictions on Jewish immigration to Palestine.
* '''[[Palavir]]''' (The Air Companies): made up of Jewish pilots, the Palmach air force was incorporated into the [[Sherut Avir]] (predecessor of the [[Israeli Air Force]]) upon the Sherut's foundation in late 1947. Eighteen [[Taylorcraft Auster]] Mk V aircraft and two Mk IIIs were purchased by Aviron from RAF scrapheap at Tel Nof 14 January 1947, with at least 13 aircraft restored to flying condition. First delivered late Feb 1948, these were used by the Palavir's, Tel Aviv, Galilee and Negev Squadrons for supply, reconnaissance and light attack roles.
* '''Sabotage Units''': explosives experts who became the basis for the [[Israeli Engineering Corps]] in the IDF.

The Palmach put an emphasis on training field commanders (מפקדי שטח) and formed the basis for the Israeli army.

During the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]] the Palmach was expanded to form three infantry brigades commanded by Yigal Allon:

* [[Negev Brigade]], March 1948, with four battalions (2nd, 7th, 8th and 9th)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6190 | title=מושגים }}</ref> The 9th one had jeep mounted company nicknamed "Negev Beasts"<ref>[https://zionism-israel.com/IDF_Negev_Beasts/Joining_negev_beasts.html Joining the IDF Negev Beasts,  1948], an  from the book, ''Eyes of the Beholder'' by  {{ill|David Teperson|he|דוד טפרסון}}</ref>
* [[Harel Brigade]], April 16, 1948; with three battalions operating (4th, 5th and 6th) in the Jerusalem area commanded by [[Yitzhak Rabin]] (then age 26)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6192 | title=מושגים }}</ref>
* [[Yiftach Brigade]], end of 1948 with three battalions operating in Eastern Galilee (1st and 3rd and later 2nd, moved from the Negev Brigade)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6191 | title=מושגים }}</ref>

The Command Battalion controlled naval, air and commando companies.

The [[battle cry]] of the Palmach commander was "!אחרי" (''Aharai''), which literally means "after me!" or "follow me!". It refers to the commander leading his troops instead of sending them out and staying behind.

== In politics==
[[File:Allon at Iraq Suwaydan.jpg|thumb|right|Yigal Allon, Commander of Southern Front, watches the bombardment of [[Iraq Suwaydan]], 9 November 1948]]
[[File:Palmach ii.jpg|thumb|Members of 3rd Battalion gathered in [[Safed]] prior to the dissolution of the Palmach in 1949]]
The Palmach was a broad spectrum [[left-wing nationalism|left-wing nationalist]] organisation, associated with [[socialist]] parties. Its members trained and lived in [[kibbutz]]im. The political tendencies of its leaders such as [[Yigal Allon]] and [[Yitzhak Sadeh]] was towards [[Mapam]], a left-wing party in opposition to [[David Ben-Gurion]] and the [[Mapai]] ruling party. In 1944 a major split had occurred in [[Yishuv|Palestine's Jewish community's]] dominant party, Mapai, led by David Ben-Gurion. The breakaway group [[Ahdut HaAvoda]], which evolved into Mapam, were inspired by [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin's]] regime in the [[Soviet Union]], and had a strong following in the kibbutz movement. Since most of the Palmach's members came from the kibbutzim, the Mapam dominated the Palmach, with a majority of its officers being members.<ref>Peri, p. 47. Five Brigade Commanders and its Commanding Officer Yigal Allon were members.</ref> After 1948 Ben-Gurion, Prime Minister and Minister of Defence of the new state, had a series of confrontations with leaders of the Haganah and the Palmach. In a process that Ben-Gurion described as de-politicizing the army, the three Palmach brigades were disbanded and in 1950 most of the Mapam officers resigned. Those Palmach members who had been in Mapam and remained in the army had to endure several years on the margins. The effect of the de-politicizing was that all senior army posts were held by Mapai members or Ben-Gurion loyalists.<ref>Peri, p. 62. Those who stayed: Yitzhak Rabin, Haim BarLev, David Elazar.</ref> After demobilization many Palmach members founded new kibbutzim. In 1949 they set up [[Bar'am]], [[Beit Guvrin, Israel|Beit Guvrin]], [[Nir Yitzhak]] (named in honour of Yitzhak Sadeh), [[Palmachim]], [[Re'im]], [[Rosh HaNikra (kibbutz)|Rosh HaNikra]], [[Re'im]] and [[Yir'on]]. Palmach members were not, however, a unified, homogeneous collective with a single ideology. In the early years of the state of Israel they could be found in all political parties.

Yigal Allon, considered by many to be the representative of the Palmach generation, never reached a position of national leadership although he was Prime Minister for a few days between [[Levi Eshkol|Eshkol's]] death and [[Golda Meir|Meir's]] appointment in 1969. He died in 1980.

==In culture==
Besides military contributions, the Palmach had great influence over the Israeli "[[Sabra (person)|Tzabar]]" culture. 

Palmach activities included "Kumzitz" (sitting around a fire at night, eating, passing a "finjan" with coffee around, talking and having fun, as immortalized in the song {{ill|The Finjan|he|הפינג'אן}}, lyrics by [[Haim Hefer]]), public singing, and cross-country walking trips.<ref>[https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=5489 Culture and Folklore]</ref> These often took on mythical proportions and have become favorite activities for Israelis.

The Palmach also contributed many anecdotes, jokes, "chizbat" (short funny tales, often based on exaggerations; a Palmach entertainment band [[Chizbatron]] took the name from this word), songs and even books and stories.

Notable Palmach cultural figures include:
* [[Yehuda Amichai]] – poet
* [[Dahn Ben-Amotz]] – writer, journalist
* [[Gad Avigad]] – scientist
* [[Netiva Ben-Yehuda]] – journalist, writer, radio host
* [[Haim Hefer]] – poet, writer
* [[Haim Gouri]] – poet, writer
* [[Shaike Ophir]] – actor
* [[Moshe Shamir]] – writer, playwright
* [[Hannah Szenes]] (Senesh) – poet
* [[Vidal Sassoon]] – British hairdresser

=== Palmach song ===
Full text of the song:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hebrewsongs.com/?song=shirhapalmach|title=Lyrics of the song}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|D0GqLBlgErU|Palmach song performed by an Israeli orchestra}}</ref>

{|class=wikitable
|-
![[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] original
![[English language|English]] translation
|-
|<poem dir=rtl>מסביב יהום הסער,
אך ראשינו לא ישח
לפקודה תמיד אנחנו,
תמיד אנו, אנו הפלמ״ח.

ממטולה עד הנגב,
מן הים עד המדבר
כל בחור וטוב – לנשק
כל בחור על המישמר!

נתיב לנשר בשמיים,
שביל לפרא בין הרים,
מול אויב דרכנו יעל,
בין ניקרות ובין צורים.

ראשונים תמיד אנחנו,
לאור היום ובמחשך
לפקודה תמיד אנחנו,
תמיד אנו, אנו הפלמ״ח.</poem>
|''<poem>Though the storm is ever mounting
Still, our heads remain unbowed.
We are ready to obey all commands,
The Palmach will win – we've vowed.

From Metulla to the Negev,
From the desert to the plain,
All our youth defend the homeland,
Till we bring it peace again.

In the eagle's path, we follow,
Over mountain tracks, we go,
Among stony heights and caverns
We are seeking out the foe.

When you summon us to battle,
We will be there first by day or night,
We are ready when you give the command,
The Palmach will march in might.</poem>''
|}

=== Palmach Museum ===
The [[Palmach Museum]], located on [[Chaim Levanon]] Street in [[Tel Aviv]], near the [[Eretz Israel Museum]], explores the Palmach legacy through the stories of individuals and groups. Visitors to the museum join the group of young Palmach recruits from its establishment, and advanced through the story of the Palmach until the end of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.

== Notable Palmachniks ==
{{also|:Category:Palmach members}}
;High command:
* [[Eliyahu Golomb]] – general commander of [[Haganah]]
* [[Yitzhak Sadeh]] – first general commander of Palmach
* [[Yigal Allon]] – second general commander of Palmach (1945–1948)
* [[Giora Shanan]] – lieutenant general deputy commander of the Palmach
* [[David Nameri]] – lieutenant general commander of the Palmach
* [[Yohanan Ratner]] – strategy officer
* [[Moshe Bar-Tikva]] – training officer
* [[Yitzhak Rabin]] – brigade commander; Allon's second in command
* [[Moshe Kelman]] – 3rd Battalion commander
;Special units commanders:
* [[Shimon Avidan]] – commander of the "German Department"
* [[Israel Ben-Yehuda]] – commander of the "Arab Department"
* [[Yigal Allon]] – commander of the "Syrian Department"
;[[Company (military unit)|Company]] commanders (as of 1943):
* [[Yigal Allon]], [[Zalman Mars]] – Pluga Aleph commanders
* [[Moshe Dayan]], [[Meir Davidson]], [[Uri Brenner]] – Pluga Beth commanders
* [[Uri Yafeh]] – Pluga Gimel commander
* [[Benjamin Goldstein Tzur]] – Pluga Dalet commander
* [[Abraham Negev]] – Pluga Hey commander
* [[Israel Livertovski]], [[Shimon Avidan]] – Pluga Vav commander
* [[Maccabi Mutzery-Mani]] – Plugat Shomrei-Ha'Hof (Coastal Watch) – north
* [[Eugene Jean (Jacob) Salamon|Jacob Salomon]] – Plugat Shomrei-Ha'Hof (Coastal Watch) – south
* [[Yehuda. L. Ben-Tzur]] – Palyam commander
* [[Shmuel Tankus]]
* [[Shmuel Yanai]] – Palyam commander
* [[Rafael Eitan]] – 4th Battalion, Company A. 1948

;Other
*[[Meir Har-Zion]], soldier, described by Chief of Staff [[Moshe Dayan]] as "the finest of our commando soldiers, the best soldier ever to emerge in the IDF".<ref>Morris, Benny (1993) ''Israel's Border Wars, 1949–1956. Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the Countdown to the Suez War''. Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-827850-0}}</ref>
*[[Bracha Fuld]] (1926–1946), Palmach squad commander
*[[Arie Gill-Glick]] (1930–2016), Israeli Olympic runner
*[[Amitai Etzioni]], author of ''Diary of a Commando Soldier'' (1952)
* [[Amos Horev]] (born 1924), IDF Major-General, nuclear scientist, and President of [[Technion – Israel Institute of Technology]]
*[[Eliezer Rafaeli]] (born 1926), founding President of the [[University of Haifa]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|first=Uri|last=Brener|title=The Palmach – Its Warriors and Operation|publisher= special edition for Palmach national convention|date=1978}}
* {{cite book|title=Palmach: Plugot Hamahatz shel Hahaganah, 1941–1949|first1=Meir|last1= Pa'il|first2= Avraham|last2= Zohar|first3= Azriel|last3= Ronen|language=he}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Zohar|first1=Avraham|title=The Naval Palmach (PalYam)|last2=Pail|first2=Meir|publisher=the Ministry of Defence, Israel and the Galili Center for Defence Studies|year=2001|isbn=9650510826|location=Israel|language=he}}
* {{cite book|first=Benny|last=Morris|title=1948: A History of the First Arab-israeli War|publisher= Yale University Press|date=17 April 2009|language=en|isbn= 978-0300151121}}
* {{cite book|first=Benny|last=Morris|title=Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict 1881–2001|publisher=Vintage|date=August 2001|language=en|isbn=0679744754|url=https://archive.org/details/righteousvictims00morr_0}}
* {{cite book|first=Uri|last=Bel-Eliezer|title=The Making of the Israeli Military|publisher=Indiana University Press|date=1 June 1998|language=en|isbn=0253333873|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofisraelim00bene}}
* {{Cite book|title=Palmach Special Ground Units|last=Markovitzki|first=Yaakov|publisher=Ministry Defence, Israel|year=1989|location=Israel|language=he}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Guard on the Shore|last=Goffer|first=Haim|publisher=TAG Publishing House|year=1995|isbn=965-487-023-1|location=Israel|language=he}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links |wikt=IDF |commons=Category:Israel Defense Forces |b=no |n=no |q=no |s=no |v=no |species=no}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928141558/http://www.palmach.org.il/show_item.asp?itemId=8572&levelId=42850&itemType=0 Official Website of the Palmach in English]
* [http://www.palyam.org/indexEn Official Website of the Palyam in English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501063731/http://www.palyam.org/indexEn |date=1 May 2008 }}
* [http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=palmach&Search_Code=SUBJ_&PID=21583&SEQ=20060429214057&CNT=25&HIST=1 Library of Congress (U.S.) subject tracings]
*[http://www.archives.mod.gov.il/sites/English/Exhibitions/Pages/The-Palmach-convention.aspx The Palmach convention, October 1949, Exhibition in the IDF&Defense establishment archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806024139/http://www.archives.mod.gov.il/sites/English/Exhibitions/Pages/The-Palmach-convention.aspx |date=6 August 2020 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palmach}}
[[Category:Palmach| ]]
[[Category:1948 Arab–Israeli War]]
[[Category:Haganah]]
[[Category:Yishuv during World War II]]
[[Category:Militant Zionist groups]]
[[Category:National liberation movements]]
[[Category:Resistance movements]]
[[Category:National liberation armies]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of Mandatory Palestine in World War II]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1941]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1948]]
[[Category:Stay-behind organizations]]
[[Category:Yigal Allon]]