View source for Pamphylia

{{Short description|Ancient maritime district of southern Anatolia, in present Turkey}}
{{Infobox
| bodyclass  = geography
| abovestyle = background:#DEB887;
| subheader  = Ancient Region of Anatolia
| above     = Pamphylia (Παμφυλία)
| image     = [[File:Nympheaum of Hadrian (Perge) 02.jpg|300px]]
| caption  = Ruins of the main street in Perga, capital of Pamphylia
| label1  = Location
| data1   = Southern [[Anatolia]] (modern-day [[Turkey]])
| label2  = State existed:
| data2   =  -
| label3  = Nation
| data3   =  Pamphylians, Pisidians, Greeks
| label4  = Historical capitals
| data4   =  [[Perga]] ([[Aksu, Antalya|Aksu]]), [[Antalya|Attaleia]] ([[Antalya]])
| label5  = [[Roman provinces|Roman province]]
| data5   =  Pamphylia
| data8   = [[File:Asia Minor in the Greco-Roman period - general map - regions and main settlements.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Anatolia]]/[[Asia Minor]] in the Greco-Roman period. The classical regions, including Pamphylia, and their main settlements.]]
}}

'''Pamphylia''' ({{IPAc-en|p|æ|m|ˈ|f|ɪ|l|i|ə}}; {{langx|grc|Παμφυλία}}, ''Pamphylía'' {{langx|tr|Pamfilya}}) was a region in the south of [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]] in [[West Asia|Western Asia]], between [[Lycia]] and [[Cilicia]], extending from the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] to [[Mount Taurus]] (all in modern-day [[Antalya province]], [[Turkey]]). It was bounded on the north by [[Pisidia]] and was therefore a country of small extent, having a coast-line of only about 120&nbsp;km (75 miles) with a breadth of about 50&nbsp;km (30 miles). Under the Roman administration the term Pamphylia was extended so as to include Pisidia and the whole tract up to the frontiers of [[Phrygia]] and [[Lycaonia]], and in this wider sense it is employed by [[Ptolemy]].<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Pamphylia |volume=20 |page=662 |inline=1}}</ref>
{{anchor|Etymology}}

== Name ==
The name ''Pamphylia'' comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] Παμφυλία,<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D*pamfuli%2Fa Παμφυλία], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> itself from {{langx|grc|πάμφυλος}} (''pamphylos''), literally "of mingled tribes or races",<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpa%2Fmfulos πάμφυλος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> a compound of πᾶν (''pan''), neuter of πᾶς (''pas'') "all"<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpa%3Ds1 πᾶς], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> + φυλή (''phylē''), "race, tribe".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dfulh%2F φυλή], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> Herodotus derived its etymology from a [[Dorians|Dorian]] tribe, the Pamphyloi (Πάμφυλοι), who were said to have colonized the region.<ref>Herodotus, ''The Histories'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:abo:tlg,0016,001:5:68&lang=original 5.68]</ref> The tribe, in turn, was said to be named after [[Pamphylus (mythology)|Pamphylos]] (Greek: Πάμφυλος), son of [[Aegimius|Aigimios]].<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0072%3Aentry%3D*pa%2Fmfulos Πάμφυλος], William J. Slater, ''Lexicon to Pindar'', on Perseus</ref><ref>George Grote : ''A History of Greece''. p. 286; Irad Malkin : ''Myth and Territory in the Spartan Mediterranean''. Cambridge U Pr, 2003. p. 41.</ref>

== Origins of the Pamphylians ==
According to [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], the Pamphylians were “a mixture of [[Anatolian peoples|aboriginal inhabitants]], immigrant [[Cilicia|Cilicians]] ({{langx|el|Κίλικες}}) and [[Greeks]]”.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440504/Pamphylia Pamphylia], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> However, [[Herodotus]] and [[Strabo]] record that the Pamphylians were descended from Greeks who came with [[Calchas]] and [[Amphilochus I of Argos|Amphilochos]] after the [[Trojan War]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Colvin|first=Stephen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kJOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT84|title=A Brief History of Ancient Greek|date=2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-61072-5|pages=84|language=en|quote=Herodotus and Strabo record the story that the Pamphylians were the descendants of Greeks who arrived with the seers Calchas and Amphilochos after the Trojan War.}}</ref> Additionally, [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] states that they were a Greek race.<ref>Pausanias, [[Description of Greece]], 7.3.7 "Καρῶν δὲ κατὰ φιλίαν ἐκ παλαιοῦ πρὸς Μίνω, Παμφύλων δὲ ὅτι γένους μέτεστιν Ἑλληνικοῦ καὶ τούτοις"</ref> Theopompus, as well, informs us that Pamphylia was inhabited by Greeks.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pin|first=Louis Ellies Du|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NSVFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA112|title=The Universal Library of Historians; the Oriental, Greek, Latin, French, German, Spanish, Italian, English, and Others: Containing an Account of Their Lives and a Catalogue of the Several Editions of Their Works.|date=1709|publisher=R. Bonwicke|pages=112|language=en|quote=He [Theopompus] describes how Pamphylia was inhabited by Greeks.}}</ref> Some modern scholars suggest that they migrated to Pamphylia from [[Arcadia (regional unit)|Arcadia]] and generally the [[Peloponnese]] in the 12th century BC.<ref>Ahmad Hasan Dani, Jean-Pierre Mohen, J. L. Lorenzo, and V. M. Masson, ''History of Humanity-Scientific and Cultural Development: From the Third Millennium to the Seventh Century B.C (Vol II)'', UNESCO, 1996, p.425</ref> The significance of the Greek contribution to the origin of the Pamphylians can be attested alike by tradition and archaeology,<ref>[[Arnold Hugh Martin Jones]], ''The cities of the eastern Roman provinces'', Clarendon Press, 1971, p.123</ref> and Pamphylia can be considered a Greek country from the early [[Iron Age]] until the early [[Middle Ages]].<ref>John D. Grainger, ''The cities of Pamphylia'', Oxbow Books, 2009, p.27</ref>

There can be little doubt that the Pamphylians and Pisidians were the same people, though the former had received colonies from Greece and other lands, and from this cause, combined with the greater fertility of their territory, had become more civilized than their neighbours in the interior.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} But the distinction between the two seems to have been established at an early period. Herodotus, who does not mention the Pisidians, enumerates the Pamphylians among the nations of Asia Minor, while [[Ephorus]] mentions them both, correctly including the one among the nations on the coast, the other among those of the interior.<ref name=EB1911/>

[[File:Roman empire map - pamphylia.PNG|thumb|A map showing Pamphylia's location within the Roman Empire]]
[[File:15th century map of Turkey region.jpg|thumb|15th-century map showing Pamphylia]]
[[File:Stater slinger Aspendos MBA Lyon.jpg|thumb|Slinger standing left, [[triskelion]] to right; reverse of a silver [[stater]] from Aspendos, Pamphylia]]
A number of scholars have distinguished in the [[Pamphylian Greek|Pamphylian dialect]] important [[isoglosses]] with both Arcadian and Cypriot ([[Arcadocypriot Greek]]) which allow them to be studied together with the group of dialects sometimes referred to as [[Achaeans (tribe)|Achaean]] since it was settled not only by Achaean tribes but also colonists from other Greek-speaking regions, Dorians and [[Aeolians]].<ref>A.-F. Christidis, ''A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity'', Cambridge University Press, 2007, p.427</ref> The legend related by Herodotus and Strabo, which ascribed the origin of the Pamphylians to a colony led into their country by [[Amphilochus (brother of Alcmaeon)|Amphilochus]] and [[Calchas]] after the [[Trojan War]], is merely a characteristic myth.<ref name=EB1911/>

== History ==
===Late Bronze Age===
During the [[Late Bronze Age]], the region was on the western edge of the [[Hittite Empire|Hittite]] sphere of influence. A treaty between the Hittite king [[Tudḫaliya IV]] and his vassal, the king of [[Tarḫuntašša]], defined the latter's western border at the city [[Parha]] in later Pamphylia and the [[Aksu_River_(Turkey)|Kastaraya River]].<ref>{{cite book|author=G. Beckman| title=Hittite diplomatic texts |location= Atlanta | year=1996}}, no. 18C</ref>  West of Parha were the [[Lukka lands]].<ref>{{cite journal | journal=British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan |volume=14 | title=The Arzawa letters in recent perspective |author=J. David Hawkins | year=2009 |pages=73–83}}, 75</ref>

===Iron Age===
In the historical era, the region's population spoke [[Pamphylian Greek|Pamphylian]], an idiosyncratic dialect of [[Ancient Greek language|Greek]] seemingly influenced by [[Anatolian languages]] spoken nearby. On Cyrus's defeat of Croesus, Pamphylia passed to the Persian Empire. Darius included it in his first tax-district alongside Lycia, Magnesia, Ionia, Aeolia, Mysia, and Caria.<ref>{{cite book| title=Histories | url=https://archive.org/details/histories00hero_1 |author=Herodotus| year=1907 }}</ref> At some point between 468 and 465 BC, the Athenians under Cimon fought the Persians at the [[Battle of the Eurymedon|Eurymedon]], and won; thus adding Pamphylia to their "Delian League" empire. Toward the end of the [[Peloponnesian War]], the Athenians were weakened enough that the Persians were able to retake it.<ref>Jona Lendering - Livius.org, https://www.livius.org/articles/place/pamphylia/?</ref>

Upon [[Alexander the Great]]'s defeat of [[Darius III]], Pamphylia passed back to Greek rule, now Macedonians. After the defeat of [[Antiochus III the Great|Antiochus III]] in 190 BC they were included among the provinces annexed by the Romans to the dominions of [[Eumenes of Pergamum]]; but somewhat later they joined with the Pisidians and Cilicians in piratical ravages, and [[Side, Turkey|Side]] became the chief centre and slave mart of these freebooters. Pamphylia was for a short time included in the dominions of [[Amyntas of Galatia|Amyntas]], king of [[Galatia]], but after his death lapsed into a district of a Roman province.<ref name=EB1911/>

As of 1911, the district was largely peopled with recently settled Ottoman Muslims from Greece, Crete, and the Balkans, as a result of the long-term consequences of the [[Congress of Berlin]] and the collapse of the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name=EB1911/>
[[File:PAMPHYLIA, Aspendos. Circa 465-430 BC.jpg|thumb|Coin of [[Aspendos]], Pamphylia, circa 465-430 BC]]

==Notable people from Pamphylia==
*[[Diodorus of Aspendos]], Pythagorean philosopher (4th century BC)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1021.html |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 1015 (v. 1) |publisher=Ancientlibrary.com |access-date=2013-09-03 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102132156/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1021.html |archive-date=2012-11-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9awAYifECXcC&q=Diodoros+of+Aspendos&pg=PA287 |title=Die Fragmente Der Griechischen Historiker, Continued - Google Boeken |isbn=9004113037 |access-date=2013-09-03|last1=Jacoby |first1=Felix |last2=Bollansée |first2=Jan |last3=Schepens |first3=Guido |year=1998 |publisher=BRILL }}</ref>
*[[Apollonius of Perga]], astronomer, mathematician (c. 262 - c. 190 BC)
*Artemidorus of Perga, [[proxenos]] in [[Oropos]] (c. 240 -180 BC)<ref>Epigr. tou Oropou 148</ref>
*Aetos (son of Apollonius) from Aspendos, Ptolemaic commander, founder of [[Arsinoe (Cilicia)]] (c. 238 BC)<ref>SEG 39:1426 - The Hellenistic Monarchies: Selected Papers
[https://books.google.com/books?id=DC0QP77vIP4C&pg=PA264&dq=Aetos++Aspendos&sig=_TkPUKL8SuVEwkkZLgILPDUXcFs Page 264]  By Christian Habicht {{ISBN|0-472-11109-4}}</ref>
*Mnaseas (son of Artemon) from [[Side, Turkey|Side]], sculptor (end 3rd century BC)<ref>IK Side I 1</ref>
*Orestas (son of Erymneus) from [[Aspendos]], [[proxenos]] in [[Dreros]] (Crete), (end 3rd - beginning 2nd century BC)<ref>BCH 1936:280,1</ref>
*Thymilus of [[Aspendos]], [[Stadion (ancient sports)|stadion]] (distance of 180–190 m) running race victor (winner) in Olympics 176 BC <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.attalus.org/names/t/thymilus.html |title=links to Greek and Latin Authors in the web |publisher=Attalus |access-date=2013-09-03}}</ref>
*Apollonios (son of Koiranos) from Aspendos, Ptolemaic commander, [[proxenos]] in [[Argyroupoli (Rethymno)|Lappa]] and [[Aptera, Greece|Aptera]] (Crete) (1st half - 2nd century BC)<ref>SEG 23:573 R.S. Bagnall (1976) The Administration of the Ptolemaic Possessions outside Egypt, p. 124. Brill Archive.</ref>
*Asclepiades (son of Myron) from Perga, physician honoured by the people of [[Seleucia (Pamphylia)|Seleucia]] (3rd - 2nd century BC)<ref>Epigr.Anat. 11:104,5 [http://aroonchande.com/files/AM/Inscriptions%20for%20Physicians.pdf Inscriptions for Physicians ]</ref>
* [[Plancia Magna]] from Perga, influential citizen, benefactress, high-priestess of Artemis (1st and 2nd century AD)<ref>[[Elaine Fantham]], [[Helene Peet Foley]], [[Natalie Boymel Kampen]], [[Sarah B. Pomeroy]] & H. Alan Shapiro (1995) ''Women in the Classical World: Image and Text'', Oxford University Press</ref>
*Menodora (daughter of Megacles) from [[Sillyon]], magistrate and benefactor (c. 2nd century AD)<ref>Riet van Bremen: Women and Wealth Chapter 14, p. 223 in "Images of Women in Antiquity" [https://books.google.com/books?id=96gd90oDpwC&pg=PA223&dq=of+Sillyon&sig=RXGEJQLOfYhiW3RaKYLHi8BO5X4 Page 223] Editors Averil Cameron, [[Amélie Kuhrt]] {{ISBN|0-415-09095-4}}</ref>
* Zenon (son of Theodorus) from [[Aspendos]], architect of the Aspendos theatre (2nd century AD)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aspendosproject.com/about.html#Structures |title=Aspendos Archaeological Project |publisher=Aspendosproject.com |access-date=2013-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724033226/http://aspendosproject.com/about.html#Structures |archive-date=2013-07-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Apollonius of Aspendos (son of Apollonius), poet (2nd/early 3rd century AD)<ref>IG VII 1773 - The Context of Ancient Drama
[https://books.google.com/books?id=3DGXKt0IpIMC&pg=PA192&dq=Apollonios++of+Aspendos&sig=AQry3iFBWyFfDfq10HL3fvAUOuU#PPA192,M1 Page 192]  By Eric Csapo, William J. Slater {{ISBN|0-472-08275-2}}</ref>
* [[Aurelia Paulina]] from Perga, prominent noblewoman of Syrian origin, donator, high-priestess of Artemis (2nd and 3rd century AD)
* [[Andronicus, Probus, and Tarachus|Probus]] from Side, martyr (died c. 304 AD)
* [[Philip of Side]], historian (c. 380 - after 431)
* [[Matrona of Perge]], saint, abbess of Constantinople, (late 5th - early 6th century AD)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/matrona.asp |title=Internet Medieval Sourcebook |publisher=Fordham.edu |access-date=2013-09-03}}</ref>
* [[Antony I of Constantinople|Antony I Kassymatas]] from Sillyon, patriarch of Constantinople (c. 780 - 837)

== Archaeological sites ==
* [[Antalya]]
* [[Aspendos]]
* [[Etenna]]
* [[Eurymedon Bridge (Aspendos)|Eurymedon Bridge]] at [[Aspendos]], a [[Roman bridge]] which was reconstructed by the Seljuks and follows a zigzag course over the river
* [[Eurymedon Bridge (Selge)|Eurymedon Bridge]] at [[Selge, Pisidia|Selge]], a Roman bridge
* [[Perga]]
* [[Side, Turkey|Side]]
* [[Sillyon]]

== See also ==
* [[Ancient regions of Anatolia]]
* [[Myth of Er]]
* [[Pamphylian Greek]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Pamphylia}}
* [https://www.livius.org/paa-pam/pamphylia/pamphylia.html Livius.org: Pamphylia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229042028/https://www.livius.org/paa-pam/pamphylia/pamphylia.html |date=2012-12-29 }}
* [http://www.asiaminorcoins.com/gallery/index.php?cat=17 Asia Minor Coins: Pamphylia] ancient Greek and Roman coins from Pamphylia

{{History of Anatolia|state=expanded}}
{{Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia}}
{{Historical regions of Anatolia}}
{{Anatolian peoples}}
{{Roman provinces AD 117}}
{{Late Roman Provinces}}

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{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pamphylia| ]]
[[Category:Geography of ancient Greece]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey]]
[[Category:Historical regions of Anatolia]]
[[Category:History of Antalya]]
[[Category:Praetorian prefecture of the East]]
[[Category:Lycia et Pamphylia]]