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{{Short description|Political ideology emphasising unity of Iranian peoples}}
{{See also|Iranian nationalism|Greater Iran}}

'''Pan-Iranism''' ({{langx|fa|پان‌ایرانیسم}}) is a nationalist ideology that espouses the necessity of socio-cultural intimacy between all [[Iranian peoples]].

According to the ''Routledge Handbook of Persian Gulf Politics'': <blockquote>"One important point distinguishing the radical nationalism of pan-Iranism from [[pan-Arabism|pan-Arab]] or [[pan-Turkism|pan-Turk]] orientations in the region is the fact that the Iranian version currently does not seem to include [[irredentism|irredentist]] plans in its political program. Rather than demanding the return the lands separated from [[Iran]] in the past, such as [[Afghanistan]], [[Tajikistan]], the [[Azerbaijan|Republic of Azerbaijan]], [[Bahrain]], or the [[Kurdistan|Kurdish areas]] of [[Iraq]] and [[Turkey]], the [[Pan-Iranist Party]] emphasizes the cultural integration of the [[Greater Iran|Iranian civilizational basin]]."<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Kamrava |editor1-first=Mehran |title=Routledge Handbook of Persian Gulf Politics |date=2020 |chapter=Nationalism in Iran|author-last=Ahmadi|author-first=Hamid|pages=265–279|publisher=Routledge}}</ref></blockquote>

However, there are some streams of this form of [[pan-nationalism]] that promote irredentist views and ambitions, namely by demanding the territorial unification of all Iranian-inhabited lands in [[West Asia]], the [[South Caucasus]], [[Central Asia]], and [[South Asia]]. More specifically, radical pan-Iranists typically take the view that the historic boundaries of Iran, such as those of the ancient [[Achaemenid Empire]], must be revived to the extent where Iranian peoples are brought closer together under one state.<ref> Leonard, Binder, ed. (1999). Ethnic conflict and international politics in the Middle East. University Press of Florida. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-4039-8141-7. Pan-Iranism had a brief ideological life among a small group of Iranian fascists, but has fizzled and seems unlikely to gain new life. Like pan-Turkism, its essential aims are irremediably irredentist, evoking images of Nazi-era expansionism.”</ref>

== Origins and ideology ==
[[File:Flag_of_Pan-Iranist-Party.svg|right|thumb|Flag of the [[Pan-Iranist Party]]]]
Iranian political scientist [[:fa:محمود_افشار_یزدی|Mahmoud Afshar]] developed the Pan-Iranist ideology in the early 1920s in opposition to [[Pan-Turkism]] and [[Pan-Arabism]], which were seen as potential threats to the territorial integrity of Iran.<ref name="Ashraf">AHMAD ASHRAF, "IRANIAN IDENTITY IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES", Encyclopedia Iranica.  Also accessible here:[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v13f5/v13f5009d.html]{{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}.  Excerpt: "Afšār, a political scientist, pioneered systematic scholarly treatment of various aspects of Iranian national identity, territorial integrity, and national unity. An influential nationalist, he also displayed a strong belief in the nationalist character of Iranian people throughout the country's long history. He was the first to propose the idea of Pan-Iranism to safeguard the unity and territorial integrity of the nation against the onslaught of Pan-Turkism and Pan-Arabism (Afšār, p. 187)"</ref>  He also displayed a strong belief in the nationalist character of Iranian people throughout the country's long history.<ref name="Ashraf"/>

On the eve of World War I, [[pan-Turkist]]s focused on the Turkic-speaking lands of Iran, Caucasus and Central Asia.<ref name="RecastingAtabaki">Touraj Atabaki, "Recasting Oneself, Rejecting the Other: Pan-Turkism and Iranian Nationalism" in Van Schendel, Willem(Editor). Identity Politics in Central Asia and the Muslim World: Nationalism, Ethnicity and Labour in the Twentieth Century. London, GBR: I. B. Tauris & Company, Limited, 2001.  Actual Quote: {{blockquote|As far as Iran is concerned, it is widely argued that Iranian nationalism was born as a state ideology in the Reza Shah era, based on philological nationalism and as a result of his innovative success in creating a modern nation-state in Iran. However, what is often neglected is that Iranian nationalism has its roots in the political upheavals of the nineteenth century and the disintegration immediately following the Constitutional revolution of 1905– 9. It was during this period that Iranism gradually took shape as a defensive discourse for constructing a bounded territorial entity – the 'pure Iran' standing against all others. Consequently, over time there emerged among the country's intelligentsia a political xenophobia which contributed to the formation of Iranian defensive nationalism. It is noteworthy that, contrary to what one might expect, many of the leading agents of the construction of an Iranian bounded territorial entity came from non Persian-speaking ethnic minorities, and the foremost were the Azerbaijanis, rather than the nation's titular ethnic group, the Persians.

....

In the middle of April 1918, the Ottoman army invaded Azerbaijan for the second time.

...

Contrary to their expectations, however, the Ottomans did not achieve impressive success in Azerbaijan. Although the province remained under quasi-occupation by Ottoman troops for months, attempting to win endorsement for pan-Turkism ended in failure.

...

The most important political development affecting the Middle East at the beginning of the twentieth century was the collapse of the Ottoman and the Russian empires. The idea of a greater homeland for all Turks was propagated by pan-Turkism, which was adopted almost at once as a main ideological pillar by the Committee of Union and Progress and somewhat later by other political caucuses in what remained of the Ottoman Empire. On the eve of World War I, pan-Turkist propaganda focused chiefly on the Turkic-speaking peoples of the southern Caucasus, in Iranian Azerbaijan and Turkistan in Central Asia, with the ultimate purpose of persuading them all to secede from the larger political entities to which they belonged and to join the new pan-Turkic homeland. It was this latter appeal to Iranian Azerbaijanis which, contrary to pan-Turkist intentions, caused a small group of Azerbaijani intellectuals to become the most vociferous advocates of Iran's territorial integrity and sovereignty. If in Europe 'romantic nationalism responded to the damage likely to be caused by modernism by providing a new and larger sense of belonging, an all-encompassing totality, which brought about new social ties, identity and meaning, and a new sense of history from one's origin on to an illustrious future',(42) in Iran after the Constitutional movement romantic nationalism was adopted by the Azerbaijani Democrats as a reaction to the irredentist policies threatening the country's territorial integrity. In their view, assuring territorial integrity was a necessary first step on the road to establishing the rule of law in society and a competent modern state which would safeguard collective as well as individual rights. It was within this context that their political loyalty outweighed their other ethnic or regional affinities. The failure of the Democrats in the arena of Iranian politics after the Constitutional movement and the start of modern state-building paved the way for the emergence of the titular ethnic group's cultural nationalism. Whereas the adoption of integrationist policies preserved Iran's geographic integrity and provided the majority of Iranians with a secure and firm national identity, the blatant ignoring of other demands of the Constitutional movement, such as the call for formation of society based on law and order, left the country still searching for a political identity.}}</ref>  The ultimate purpose was to persuade these populations to secede from the larger political entities to which they belonged and join the new pan-Turkic homeland.<ref name="RecastingAtabaki"/>  It was the latter appeal to [[Iranian Azerbaijanis]], which, contrary to [[Pan-Turkist]] intentions, caused a small group of Azerbaijani intellectuals to become the strongest advocates of the territorial integrity of Iran.<ref name="RecastingAtabaki"/>  After the constitutional revolution in Iran, a romantic nationalism was adopted by Azerbaijani Democrats as a reaction to the pan-Turkist irredentist policies threatening Iran's territorial integrity.<ref name="RecastingAtabaki"/>  It was during this period that Iranism and linguistic homogenization policies were proposed as a defensive nature against all others.<ref name="RecastingAtabaki"/>  Contrary to what one might expect, foremost among innovating this defensive nationalism were Iranian Azerbaijanis.<ref name="RecastingAtabaki"/>  They viewed that assuring the territorial integrity of the country was the first step in building a society based on law and a modern state.<ref name="RecastingAtabaki"/>  Through this framework, their political loyalty outweighed their ethnic and regional affiliations.<ref name="RecastingAtabaki"/>  The adoption of these integrationist policies paved the way for the emergence of the titular ethnic group's cultural nationalism.<ref name="RecastingAtabaki"/>

Geographically and culturally, Greater Iran is generally acknowledged to include the entire [[Iranian plateau]] and its bordering [[plain]]s,<ref name="IRAN i. LANDS OF IRAN">{{cite web|title=Iran i. Lands of Iran|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-i-lands-of-iran}}</ref> extending from [[Mesopotamia]] and the [[South Caucasus]] in the west, to the [[Indus River]] in the east, and from the [[Amu Darya|Oxus River]] in the north to the [[Persian Gulf]] and [[Gulf of Oman|Sea of Oman]] in the south.

==History==
[[File:1953 Iranian coup d'état - Tehran rally.jpg|thumb|Pan-Iranist flags seen during Pro-[[Mosaddegh]] rallies in Tehran on 16 August 1953]]
With the collapse of the [[Qajar dynasty]], which had descended into corruption, and the rise of [[Reza Shah Pahlavi]] in 1925, who began introducing secular reforms limiting the power of the [[Shi'a|Shia]] clergy, Iranian nationalist and socialist thinkers had hoped that this new era would also witness the introduction of [[democracy|democratic]] reforms. However, such reforms did not take place. This culminated in the gradual rise of a loosely organized [[grass roots]] Pan-Iranist movement made up of nationalist writers, teachers, students, and activists allied with other pro-democracy movements.

In the 1940s, following the [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]], the Pan-Iranist movement gained momentum and popularity as a result of the widespread feeling of insecurity among Iranians who saw the king, [[Reza Shah]], powerless against such foreign presence in the country. There were soldiers from [[Russia]], [[England]], [[India]], [[New Zealand]], [[Australia]] and later on, [[United States|America]], present in the country, especially in the capital, [[Tehran]].<ref name="50years">{{cite book | first=Naser | last=Engheta | year=2001 | title=50 years history with the Pan-Iranists | publisher=Ketab Corp | location=Los Angeles, CA | isbn=978-1-883819-56-9}}</ref> The Allied occupation influenced a series of student movements in 1941. One of these new groups was an underground nationalist guerrilla group called the [[Revenge group]], also known as the Anjoman.<ref name="50years"/> The [[Pan-Iranist Party]] was founded later on by two of the members of the Revenge group and two other students in the mid-to-late 1940s in [[Tehran University]]. Though the pan-Iranist movement had been active throughout the 1930s, it had been a loosely organized [[grass roots]] alliance of [[nationalist]] writers, teachers, students, and activists. The party was the first organization to officially adopt the pan-Iranist position, which believed in the solidarity and reunification of the [[Iranian peoples]] inhabiting the [[Iranian plateau]]. In 1951, the party leaders [[Mohsen Pezeshkpour]] and [[Dariush Forouhar]] came to a disagreement as to how the party should operate, and a division occurred. The two factions greatly differed in their organizational structure and practice. The Pezeskpour faction, which retained the party name, believed in working within the system of [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]]. The Forouhar faction, which adopted a new name, [[Mellat Iran]] (''Nation of Iran Party''), believed in working against the system.<ref name="50years"/>

==''Iran-e Bozorg''==
{{Langx|fa|ایران بزرگ|translit=Irān-e Bozorg|lit=[[Greater Iran|Great Iran]]}} was the name periodical published in the city of [[Rasht]] by the Armenian political activist [[Gregory Yeghikian]] ({{langx|hy|Գրիգոր Եղիկյան}}). It advocated the unification of Iranian peoples (e.g., [[Afghanistan|Afghans]], [[Kurds]], etc.) including the [[Armenians]]. Yaqikiān believed that, with education and the rising of the levels of people's awareness, such a goal was feasible through peaceful means. The journal benefited from the contributions of a number of leading intellectuals of the time, including Moḥammad Moʿin and ʿAli Esfandiāri ([[Nima Yooshij|Nimā Yušij]]), and carried articles, poetry, a serialized story, and some news. It also published articles in support of the [[Kurds]] who had risen in rebellion in [[Turkey]], which caused the protest of the Turkish counsel in [[Rasht]] and led to the banning of the paper by the order of the minister of court. Yaqikiān tried, without success, to have the ban removed and eventually moved to [[Tehran]], where he published the paper [[Irān-e Konuni]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-e-kabir |title=IRAN-E KABIR – Encyclopaedia Iranica |publisher=Iranicaonline.org }}</ref>

== Pan-Iranist organizations ==

=== Iran ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Organization
!Founding year
!Parliament<br>(only for political parties)
|-
|[[Pan-Iranist Party]]<br>[[File:Flag_of_Pan-Iranist-Party.svg|border|34x34px]] [[File:Flag_of_Pan-Iranist-Party_alt.svg|border|35x35px]]
|1941
|'''1967:'''<br>{{Composition bar|5|219|hex={{party color|Nationalist Movement Party}}}}
'''1968:'''{{Composition bar|20|1068|hex={{party color|Nationalist Movement Party}}}}
|-
|[[Aria Party]]
|1946
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Nation Party of Iran]]<br>[[File:Flag_of_Pan-Iranist-Party_alt.svg|border|35x35px]]
|1951
|'''1979:'''<br>{{Composition bar|0|73|border-color=|background-color=}}'''1980:'''{{Composition bar|0|290|border-color=|background-color=}}
|-
|[[SUMKA]]<br>[[File:Flag_of_SUMKA.svg|border|34x34px]]
|1952
|{{n/a}}
|}
'''Tajikistan'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Organization
!Founding year
!Parliament<br>(only for political parties)
|-
|[[Democratic Party (Tajikistan)|Democratic Party]]
|1990
|'''2015:'''{{Composition bar|1|63|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}}}'''2020:'''{{Composition bar|1|63|hex={{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}}}
|}

==See also==
{{commons|Pan-Iranian flags}}
* [[List of ancient Iranian peoples]]
* [[Greater Iran]]
* [[Iranian peoples]]
* [[Iranian languages]]
* [[Persian Empire]]
* [[History of Iran]]
* [[Persianization]]

==Further reading==
* ''Hezbe Pan Iranist'' by Ali Kabar Razmjoo ({{ISBN|964-6196-51-9}})
* Engheta, Naser (2001). 50 years history with the Pan-Iranists. Los Angeles, CA: Ketab Corp. {{ISBN|1-883819-56-3}}.
*Gnoli, Gh. "Iranic Identity as a historical problem: the beginnings of a national awareness under the Achaemenians." The East and the Meaning of History (1992): 147-167.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://pan-iranism.com/ Pan-Iranism.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914185250/http://pan-iranism.com/ |date=2017-09-14 }}
* [http://english.paniranist.org/ Official Pan-Iranist Party website]
{{Irredentism}}
{{Pan-nationalist concepts}}

[[Category:Culture of Iran]]
[[Category:Iranian nationalism]]
[[Category:Nationalism in Iran]]
[[Category:Nationalist movements in Asia]]
[[Category:Pan-nationalism|Iranism]]
[[Category:Politics of Iran]]
[[Category:Iranian irredentism]]