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{{Short description|Chinese Han dynasty general (died 219)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pang De
| native_name = 龐德 / 龐悳
| image = Pang De Portrait.jpg
| image_size = 
| caption = A [[Qing dynasty]] illustration of Pang De at the [[Battle of Fancheng]]
| alt = 
| office = General Who Establishes Righteousness<br>(立義將軍)
| term_start = {{Start date|216}}
| term_end = {{End date|219}}
| monarch = [[Emperor Xian of Han]]
| chancellor = [[Cao Cao]]
|office1 = General of the Household (中郎將)<br><small>(under [[Ma Teng]])</small>
|term_start1 = 202
|term_end1 = ?
|monarch1 = [[Emperor Xian of Han]]
| office2 = Assistant Officer (從事)
| term_start2 = ?
| term_end2 = ?
|monarch2 = [[Emperor Ling of Han]]
| birth_date = Unknown
| birth_place = [[Longxi County]], [[Gansu]]
| death_date = 219
| death_place = [[Xiangyang]], [[Hubei]]
| relatives = Pang Rou (cousin)
| children = {{unbulleted list|Pang Hui|''three other sons''}}
| occupation = Military general
| blank1 = [[Courtesy name]]
| data1 = Lingming (令明)
| blank2 = [[Posthumous name]]
| data2 = Marquis Zhuang (壯侯)
| blank3 = Peerage
| data3 = Marquis of Guanmen Village (關門亭侯)
}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Pang (surname)|Pang]]|lang=Chinese}}

'''Pang De''' ({{audio|Pang De.ogg|pronunciation}}) (died 219), [[courtesy name]] '''Lingming''', was a Chinese military general who lived during the late [[Eastern Han dynasty]]. He started his career under the warlord [[Ma Teng]], who was based in [[Liang Province]]. In 211, Ma Teng's son [[Ma Chao]], along with a coalition of warlords from Liang Province, started a rebellion against the Han central government, which was controlled by the warlord [[Cao Cao]]. After Cao Cao defeated Ma Chao and the coalition at the [[Battle of Tong Pass (211)|Battle of Tong Pass]], Ma Chao fled to [[Hanzhong|Hanzhong Commandery]] and took shelter under the warlord [[Zhang Lu (Han dynasty)|Zhang Lu]]. Pang De accompanied him to Hanzhong. When Ma Chao defected from Zhang Lu's side in order to join the warlord [[Liu Bei]], Pang De remained in Hanzhong and eventually came to serve Cao Cao after Cao Cao defeated Zhang Lu at the [[Battle of Yangping]] and took over Hanzhong. In 219, Pang De fought at the [[Battle of Fancheng]] under [[Cao Ren]]'s command against Liu Bei's forces led by [[Guan Yu]]. Pang De was captured in battle and eventually executed by Guan Yu when he refused to surrender.{{sfnp|de Crespigny|2007|p=685}}

== Biography ==
Pang De was from Huandao County ({{lang|zh|狟道縣}}), Nan'an Commandery ({{lang|zh|南安郡}}), [[Liang Province]], which is located east of present-day [[Longxi County, Gansu]]. In his youth, he served as an Assistant Officer ({{lang|zh|從事}}) in the local commandery office.

=== Early military career ===
During the Chuping era (190–193) in the reign of [[Emperor Xian of Han|Emperor Xian]], the [[Liang Province Rebellion]] broke out. Pang De joined the warlord [[Ma Teng]] in suppressing the revolts by the [[Qiang (historical people)|Qiang]] and [[Di (Wu Hu)|Di]] tribes, and was promoted to Colonel ({{lang|zh|校尉}}) for his contributions in battle.<ref>(龐德字令明，南安狟道人也。少為郡吏州從事。初平中，從馬騰擊反羌叛氐。數有功，稍遷至校尉。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 18.</ref>

In 202, the warlord [[Cao Cao]], who controlled the Han central government, led his forces to attack rival warlords [[Yuan Tan]] and [[Yuan Shang]] at the [[Battle of Liyang]]. When Yuan Tan ordered his subordinates [[Guo Yuan (Yuan Shang's subordinate)|Guo Yuan]] and [[Gao Gan]] to lead a separate force to attack [[Hedong Commandery]], Cao Cao ordered [[Zhong Yao]] to recruit forces from Liang Province to deal with Guo Yuan and Gao Gan. Ma Teng responded to Zhong Yao's call and sent his son [[Ma Chao]] and Pang De to assist Zhong Yao in attacking Guo Yuan and Gao Gan at Pingyang County (平陽縣; west of present-day [[Linfen]], [[Shanxi]]). Pang De led the vanguard, slew Guo Yuan in the midst of battle and took his head, without knowing that the man he killed was Guo Yuan. After the battle, when Zhong Yao's men searched the battlefield, they found Guo Yuan's headless body. Shortly after, Pang De went to meet Zhong Yao and he threw Guo Yuan's head in front of him. Zhong Yao cried when he recognised Guo Yuan's head because Guo was actually his maternal nephew. Pang De immediately apologised to Zhong Yao, who replied, "Even though Guo Yuan was my nephew, he was an enemy of the state. Why do you apologise?"<ref>(魏略曰：德手斬一級，不知是援。戰罷之後，眾人皆言援死而不得其首。援，鍾繇之甥。德晚後於鞬中出一頭，繇見之而哭。德謝繇，繇曰：「援雖我甥，乃國賊也。卿何謝之？」) ''Weilue'' annotation in ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 18.</ref> For his contributions, Pang De was appointed as a General of the Household ({{lang|zh|中郎將}}) and made a Marquis of a Chief Village ({{lang|zh|都亭侯}}).<ref>(建安中，太祖討袁譚、尚於黎陽，譚遣郭援、高幹等略取河東，太祖使鍾繇率關中諸將討之。德隨騰子超拒援、幹於平陽，德為軍鋒，進攻援、幹，大破之，親斬援首。 ... 拜中郎將，封都亭侯。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 18.</ref>

Later, Pang De followed Ma Teng to suppress a rebellion by Zhang Baiqi ({{lang|zh|張白騎}}) at Yao County (殽縣; present-day [[Luoning County]], Henan). He was famous for his bravery in Ma Teng's army as Pang De recorded always personally charged inside the enemy formation during battles.<ref name="三國志集解 65卷">{{cite book |author1=陳壽 |author2=裴松之 |author3=盧弼 |title=三國志集解 65卷 |date=1955 |publisher=藝文印書館 |page=492 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yaiAAAAAIAAJ |access-date=15 January 2022 |language=zh |format=ebook |quote= 《三國志》：後張白騎叛於弘農，德復隨騰徵之，破白騎於兩餚間。每戰，常陷陳卻敵，勇冠騰軍。後騰徵為衞尉，德留屬超。}}</ref> When Ma Teng was recalled to the imperial capital, Xu (許; present-day [[Xuchang]], Henan), to serve as Minister of the Guards ({{lang|zh|衛尉}}), Pang De remained behind in Liang Province with Ma Chao.<ref>(後張白騎叛於弘農，德復隨騰征之，破白騎於兩殽間。每戰，常陷陳卻敵，勇冠騰軍。後騰徵為衛尉，德留屬超。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 18.</ref>

=== Battle of Tong Pass & submitting to Cao Cao ===

Around 211, [[Ma Chao]] started a rebellion against the Han central government and led a coalition of warlords from [[Liang Province]] to attack [[Cao Cao]], leading to the [[Battle of Tong Pass (211)|Battle of Tong Pass]]. Cao Cao defeated Ma Chao and his allies at the battle and caused the coalition to break up. Despite his defeat, Ma Chao, with assistance from the [[Qiang (historical people)|Qiang]] tribes and the warlord [[Zhang Lu (Han dynasty)|Zhang Lu]] in [[Hanzhong|Hanzhong Commandery]], continued to ravage the lands in Liang Province and even seized control of the provincial governorship at one point. However, he was eventually driven out of Liang Province and forced to take shelter under Zhang Lu in Hanzhong. Pang De accompanied Ma Chao to Hanzhong and became one of Zhang Lu's subordinates.<ref>(太祖破超於渭南，德隨超亡入漢陽，保冀城。後復隨超奔漢中，從張魯。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 18.</ref>

Around 214, Ma Chao defected to the warlord [[Liu Bei]] and aided him in [[Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province|seizing control]] of [[Yi Province]] (covering present-day [[Sichuan]] and [[Chongqing]]) from its provincial governor, [[Liu Zhang (warlord)|Liu Zhang]]. Pang De remained in Hanzhong with Zhang Lu. In 215, Cao Cao led his forces to attack Hanzhong and defeated Zhang Lu at the [[Battle of Yangping]]. Pang De joined Zhang Lu in surrendering to Cao Cao. As Cao Cao had heard of Pang De's valour, he immediately recruited Pang De as his subordinate and appointed him as General Who Establishes Righteousness ({{lang|zh|立義將軍}}). Pang De was also enfeoffed as the Marquis of Guanmen Village ({{lang|zh|關門亭侯}}) and given 300 taxable households to form his marquisate.<ref>(太祖定漢中，德隨眾降。太祖素聞其驍勇，拜立義將軍，封關門亭侯，邑三百戶。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 18.</ref>

=== Battle of Fancheng & death ===
{{main|Battle of Fancheng}}

In 219, when Hou Yin ({{lang|zh|侯音}}) and Wei Kai ({{lang|zh|衛開}}) started a rebellion in Wan (宛; present-day [[Wancheng District]], [[Nanyang, Henan|Nanyang]], [[Henan]]), Cao Cao sent Pang De and [[Cao Ren]] to quell the uprising.<ref name="三國誌三十列傳 讀三國志也能如三國演義一樣輕鬆">{{cite book |title=三國誌三十列傳 讀三國志也能如三國演義一樣輕鬆 |date=2015 |publisher=谷月社 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JX_CCAAAQBAJ&dq=%E3%80%81%E8%A1%9B%E9%96%8B%E7%AD%89%E4%BB%A5%E5%AE%9B%E5%8F%9B%EF%BC%8C%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%87%E6%89%80%E9%A0%98%E8%88%87%E6%9B%B9%E4%BB%81%E5%85%B1%E6%94%BB%E6%8B%94%E5%AE%9B%EF%BC%8C&pg=PT187 |access-date=15 January 2022 |language=zh |quote=本祖定漢中,德隨眾降。太祖素聞其騙,拜立義將軍,封關門亭侯,邑三百戶。侯音、衛開等以宛叛,德將所領與曹仁共攻拔宛,斬音、開,遂南屯樊,討關羽。樊下諸將以德兄在漢中,頗疑之。魏略日:德從兄名柔,時在蜀。德常日:「我受國恩,義在效死。我欲身自擊羽。}}</ref> After accomplishing their mission, they garrisoned at Fan (樊; also called Fancheng, in present-day [[Fancheng District]], [[Xiangyang]], [[Hubei]]) to defend Cao Cao's territories in northern [[Jing Province]] from advances by Liu Bei's general [[Guan Yu]], who guarded Liu Bei's territories in southern Jing Province.<ref name="三國誌三十列傳 讀三國志也能如三國演義一樣輕鬆" /> As [[Ma Chao]] (Pang De's previous lord) and Pang Rou (龐柔; Pang De's cousin) both served under [[Liu Bei]], many of Cao Cao's other subordinates were suspicious of Pang De's allegiance towards their lord.<ref>(魏略曰：德從兄名柔，時在蜀。) ''Weilue'' annotation in ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 18.</ref><ref>(侯音、衛開等以宛叛，德將所領與曹仁共攻拔宛，斬音、開，遂南屯樊，討關羽。樊下諸將以德兄在漢中，頗疑之。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 18.</ref> Pang De often said, "I've received grace from the State and I'm willing to serve the State with my life in the name of righteousness. I'll personally slay [[Guan Yu]]. If I don't kill Guan Yu within this year, he'll kill me."

As Pang De arrived in Fan, he battled the rebel forces and managed to slay the rebel leaders under Hou Yin (侯音) and Wei Kai (衛開) who conspired with Guan Yu.<ref name="Ulrich Theobald enciclopaedia Pang De" /> As Pang De often rode [[gray horse]] during the battle, so Guan Yu's men nicknamed him as "white-horse general" (baima jiangjun 白馬將軍), which he famous for,<ref name="Ulrich Theobald enciclopaedia Pang De">{{cite encyclopedia |title= Pang De 龐悳 |encyclopedia= ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art  |year=2000 |last=Theobald |first=Ulrich   |publisher=Ulrich Theobald  |location=University of Tübingen, Germany |url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/personspangde.html |access-date=11 January 2022 }}</ref> and feared him.<ref>(德常曰：「我受國恩，義在效死。我欲身自擊羽。今年我不殺羽，羽當殺我。」後親與羽交戰，射羽中額。時德常乘白馬，羽軍謂之白馬將軍，皆憚之。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 18.</ref> Pang De later engaged Guan Yu in battle and fired an arrow which hit Guan's forehead at one time, nearly killing the Shu general.

[[Cao Ren]] ordered Pang De to set up a separate camp ten ''[[Li (unit)|li]]'' north of Fan. At the time, there were heavy rains for more than ten days and the [[Han River (Yangtze River tributary)|Han River]] next to Fan burst its banks, with the water level reaching up to five-six ''[[Zhang (unit)|zhang]]''. Pang De and his subordinates retreated to the top of a dam. Guan Yu then led his marines to attack Fan and fired arrows from their warships at the dam. Pang De donned his armour, armed himself with a bow and arrows, and returned fire at the enemy, with not a single arrow missing its target. When Dong Heng ({{lang|zh|董衡}}) and Dong Chao ({{lang|zh|董超}}), two of Pang De's colleagues, wanted to surrender to Guan Yu, Pang De executed them on the spot. The battle dragged on from morning until afternoon, with Guan Yu's attacks increasing in intensity as time passed. By afternoon, Pang De and his men had expended all their arrows but they continued to engage the enemy in [[close quarters combat]] with short weapons. Pang De told his subordinate Cheng He ({{lang|zh|成何}}), "I heard a good general doesn't fear death, nor does he hope to be spared. A martyr won't violate his principles for the sake of preserving his life. Today is the day I die." The battle raged on as the water level rose higher. By then, many of Pang De's men had surrendered, leaving Pang with only three men. They boarded a small boat and attempted to escape and return to Cao Ren's main camp.<ref>(仁使德屯樊北十里，會天霖雨十餘日，漢水暴溢，樊下平地五六丈，德與諸將避水上堤。羽乘船攻之，以大船四面射堤上。德被甲持弓，箭不虛發。將軍董衡、部曲將董超等欲降，德皆收斬之。自平旦力戰至日過中，羽攻益急，矢盡，短兵接戰。德謂督將成何曰：「吾聞良將不怯死以苟免，烈士不毀節以求生，今日，我死日也。」戰益怒，氣愈壯，而水浸盛，吏士皆降。德與麾下將一人，五伯二人，彎弓傅矢，乘小船欲還仁營。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 18.</ref> However, the boat capsized and Pang De fell into the water. While grabbing on to the boat to stay afloat, he was surrounded and captured by Guan Yu's soldiers.

When brought before Guan Yu, he refused to kneel down and surrender. Guan Yu told Pang De, "Your cousin is serving in Hanzhong, and I want to recruit you as a subordinate. Why don't you surrender now?" Pang De retorted angrily, "Mean fellow, what is surrender? The King of Wei has thousands of troops and his might trembles the Empire. Liu Bei is an inferior man. How can he hope to resist (the King of Wei)? I'd rather be a ghost of the State than be a servant of my enemy." An angered Guan Yu then had Pang De executed.<ref>(水盛船覆，失弓矢，獨抱船覆水中，為羽所得，立而不跪。羽謂曰：「卿兄在漢中，我欲以卿為將，不早降何為？」德罵羽曰：「豎子，何謂降也！魏王帶甲百萬，威振天下。汝劉備庸才耳，豈能敵邪！我寧為國家鬼，不為賊將也。」遂為羽所殺。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 18.</ref>

[[Cao Cao]] was deeply grieved when he learnt of Pang De's death and he shed tears. In 220, after [[Cao Pi]] – Cao Cao's son and successor – forced [[Emperor Xian of Han|Emperor Xian]] to abdicate the throne to him and established the state of [[Cao Wei]], he granted Pang De the [[Posthumous name|posthumous title]] "Marquis Zhuang", which literally means "robust marquis". He ordered an emissary to read out the imperial edict at Pang De's tomb.<ref>(太祖聞而悲之，為之流涕， ... 文帝即王位，乃遣使就德墓賜諡，策曰：「昔先軫喪元，王蠋絕脰，隕身徇節，前代美之。惟侯式昭果毅，蹈難成名，聲溢當時，義高在昔，寡人愍焉，諡曰壯侯。」) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 18.</ref> According to the ''Shu Ji'' (蜀記; ''Records of Shu'') by Wang Yin ({{lang|zh|王隱}}), when the state of [[Shu Han]] (founded by [[Liu Bei]]) was [[Conquest of Shu by Wei|conquered]] by the state of Cao Wei in 263, the Wei general [[Zhong Hui]] had Pang De's body transported from Shu to [[Ye (ancient China)|Ye]] (鄴; in present-day [[Handan]], [[Hebei]]) in Wei territory. Pang De seemed alive inside the tomb.<ref>(王隱蜀記曰：鍾會平蜀，前後鼓吹，迎德屍喪還葬鄴，冢中身首如生。) ''Shu Ji'' annotation in ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 18.</ref> However, [[Pei Songzhi]], who annotated Pang De's biography in the ''Sanguozhi'', dismissed this account as nonsense. He wrote: "Pang De died in Fancheng. After Cao Pi ascended the throne, he sent an emissary to read out an imperial edict at Pang De's tomb, so Pang's body should not be in Shu. What Wang Yin wrote was nonsense."<ref>(臣松之案德死於樊城，文帝即位，又遣使至德墓所，則其屍喪不應在蜀。此王隱之虛說也。) Pei Songzhi's annotation in ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 18.</ref>

== Appraisal ==
[[Chen Shou]], the author of [[Records of the Three Kingdoms]], has likened Pang De defiance towards Guan Yu with Zhou Kao, a minister of [[Liu Bang]], who stands and defying [[Xiang Yu]] even when he facing death.

According to [[Fu Xuan]], [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasty]] historian and politician, there is record that before the battle of Tong Pass, or more known as battle of Weinan, against Cao Cao, Ma Chao and Pang De broke into a stable which contained hundred horses.<ref name="Taiping Yulan wikisource" /> Pang De were said taking the low quality horse while Ma Chao taken the finest horse, which caused Pang De being laughed at. However, it is said that Pang De horse were the fastest running during the battle of Tong Pass.<ref name="Taiping Yulan wikisource">{{Wikisourcelang|zh|太平御覽/0897}}太平御覽·卷897Taiping Yulan·Volume 897</ref>

According to [[Longxi County]] Chronicle and Shanxi tong zhi (chronicle of Shanxi), there are "White Horse General Temple" on the top of Chishan Mountain which commemorate the bravery of two Chinese warrior, the first were [[Li Guang]] and the second are Pang De, whose bravery were praised well during the battle of Fancheng against Guan Yu.<ref name="Yuan Yiping">{{cite book |last1=Yiping |first1=Yuan |title=中华名联：名声追踪风景、生活 |trans-title=All-China Federation of Fame: Fame Tracks Landscape, Life |date=2018 |publisher=EIJING BOOK CO. INC. |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nU7oDwAAQBAJ&dq=%E9%BE%90%E5%BE%B7+++%E7%99%BD%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D%E5%BB%9F&pg=PT127 江陵县余烈山牌坊联(牌坊后是祭祀关羽和白马将军庙)欣赏本联写关羽与庞德交战,先败后胜,反映广大群众渴望和平的心情。附注:将军白马:三国时魏国大将庞德,善战、骑白马,曾射箭射中关羽额头, ...] |isbn=9787554923122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nU7oDwAAQBAJ |access-date=4 February 2022 |language=zh |format=ebook |quote=乾隆《隴西縣誌·拾遺》記載：“白馬將軍廟，舊在城東赤山頂，世傳將軍為漢之 李廣，凡巫祝必祀之，小兒有疾病，祈禳輒驗，雨踢亦禱[dǎo]。”縣誌纂修者徵引民間説法以為該廟奉祀李廣，但也沒有加以肯定。}}</ref><ref name="Shanxi chronicles">{{cite book |title=Shanxi tong zhi Volume 15 |date=1811 |publisher=the Bavarian State Library |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=doViAAAAcAAJ&dq=%E9%BE%90%E5%BE%B7+++%E7%99%BD%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D%E5%BB%9F&pg=PP100 100]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doViAAAAcAAJ |access-date=4 February 2022 |language=zh}}</ref>

==Descendants==
After Pang De's death, two of his sons were granted marquis titles in recognition of their father's contributions. When Cao Pi ascended the throne, he granted the title of a Secondary Marquis ({{lang|zh|關內侯}}) to each of Pang De's four sons and gave them each 100 taxable households as their marquisates.<ref>(... 封其二子為列侯。 ... 又賜子會等四人爵關內侯，邑各百戶。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 18.</ref> The names of Pang De's sons were not recorded in history, except for one – Pang Hui ({{lang|zh|龐會}}).

Pang Hui resembled his father in personality and served as a general in the [[Cao Wei]] state. The highest position he reached was Commandant-General of the Capital ({{lang|zh|中尉將軍}}). He was also enfeoffed as a marquis.<ref>(會勇烈有父風，官至中尉將軍，封列侯。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 18.</ref> The ''Shu Ji'' ({{lang|zh|蜀記}}) recorded that he participated in the [[Conquest of Shu by Wei|conquest]] of Wei's rival state, [[Shu Han]], in 263. After the fall of Shu, he exterminated [[Guan Yu]]'s family and descendants to avenge his father.<ref>(蜀記曰：龐德子會，隨鍾、鄧伐蜀，蜀破，盡滅關氏家。) ''Shu Ji'' annotation in ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 36.</ref>

==In popular culture==
[[File:Pang De.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Pang De, as he appears in ''[[Dynasty Warriors 5]]''.]]

===In ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms''===
Pang De appears as a character in the 14th-century historical novel ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'', which romanticises the historical events before and during the [[Three Kingdoms]] period.

==== Serving under Ma Chao ====
Pang De made his first appearance in chapter 58 as a trusted general under [[Ma Teng]]. At that time, Ma Teng had left [[Liangzhou (ancient China)|Liang Province]] and travelled to the imperial capital Xu (許; present-day [[Xuchang]], Henan) while Ma Chao remained in the province. One night, Ma Chao had a dream about being attacked by a pack of tigers in a snowy land so he consulted his subordinates about it. Pang De told him that it was not a good omen. Later, Ma Chao received news that his father Ma Teng was lured into a trap in Xu and had been killed by Cao Cao's men.<ref>''Sanguo Yanyi'' ch. 58.</ref> This led to the Battle of Tong Pass, but in the novel, the order of events related to the battle had been reversed and some fictional stories were included.{{efn|See [[Battle of Tong Pass (211)#In fiction]] for details.}}

Later, According to Zhang Chaoju,{{efn|Zhang Chaoju is a modern self-taught historian and professor of finance who served as lecturer in University of Queensland and Harvard. He authored a trilogy of books as a biography for the historical Cao Cao, and the biography of the Sima family which were involved in the [[War of the Eight Princes]].}} Pang De participated in Cao Cao campaign against Shu, where faced against Shu general named [[Wei Yan]].<ref name="Zhang Caoju">{{cite book |last1=Chaoju |first1=Zhang |title=曹操3：铜雀春深 Volume 3 |date=2019 |publisher=百花洲文艺出版社 |isbn=9787550031944 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcDUDwAAQBAJ |format=ebook |access-date=10 January 2022 |language=Chinese}}</ref> Pang De managed to overpower Wei Yan in this battle and forced the latter to retreat.<ref name="Zhang Caoju" />

====Battle of Fancheng====
Pang De's role in the [[Battle of Fancheng]] (mentioned in chapter 70) was largely exaggerated for dramatic effect. Prior to the battle, Pang De volunteered to lead the vanguard of a reinforcement army to relieve [[Cao Ren]]'s forces, who were besieged in Fan by [[Guan Yu]]'s army. [[Cao Cao]] was delighted and he granted Pang De the post. However, when others advised Cao Cao against granting Pang De command of the vanguard due to Pang's past associations with [[Ma Chao]] (who had become one of the [[Five Tiger Generals]] under [[Liu Bei]]), Pang knelt down in front of Cao and [[kowtow]]ed until his face was covered in blood. Cao Cao was moved by Pang De's sincerity and he no longer doubted Pang's allegiance towards him, so he appointed Pang as the vanguard. Pang De later ordered a wooden coffin to be built and he told his men to place Guan Yu's body inside if he succeeded in killing Guan, or place his body inside if he died in battle.

Before Pang De left to fight at the [[Battle of Fancheng]], he told his wife to take care of their son, Pang Hui, and said that if he died, his son would avenge him in the future.<ref>(德喚其妻李氏與其子龐會出，謂其妻曰：「吾今為先鋒，義當效死疆場。我若死，汝好生看養吾兒。吾兒有異相，長大必當與吾報讎也。」) ''Sanguo Yanyi'' ch. 74.</ref>

Pang De later engaged [[Guan Ping]] in a duel and neither of them managed to defeat his opponent after fighting for 30 rounds. The following day, he fought with Guan Yu but neither of them won after duelling for more than 100 rounds. Pang De later duelled with Guan Yu again and he feigned defeat and retreated after about 50 rounds. When Guan Yu pursued him, he suddenly turned around and fired an arrow, which hit Guan in the left arm. Pang De wanted to use the opportunity to attack but [[Yu Jin]] (who was his superior) stopped him.

The descriptions of Pang De's final moments at the Battle of Fancheng were generally similar to those mentioned in his historical biography. He attempted to flee towards Cao Ren's main camp on a small boat, but his boat was knocked over by a large raft steered by Guan Yu's subordinate [[Zhou Cang]]. Pang De's boat capsized and he fell into the water and was captured by Zhou Cang, who was a good swimmer. Before his death, Pang De refused to kneel before Guan Yu and he firmly rejected surrender, and was thus executed on Guan's order. Guan Yu later pitied Pang De and had the latter properly buried.<ref>''Sanguo Yanyi'' ch. 70.</ref>

=== Modern era depiction ===
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Pang De is featured as a playable character in [[Koei]]'s ''[[Dynasty Warriors]]'' and ''[[Warriors Orochi]]'' video game series.

Pang De appears in [[Total War: Three Kingdoms]], serving under [[Ma Teng]]'s faction.

==See also==
* [[Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms]]

== Bibliography ==

=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== References ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Primary & secondary sources ===
* [[Chen Shou|Chen, Shou]] (3rd century). ''[[Records of the Three Kingdoms]]'' (''Sanguozhi'').
* {{cite book|last=de Crespigny|first=Rafe|author-link=Rafe de Crespigny|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD|date=2007|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=9789004156050}}
* [[Luo Guanzhong|Luo, Guanzhong]] (14th century). ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'' (''Sanguo Yanyi'').
* [[Pei Songzhi|Pei, Songzhi]] (5th century). ''[[Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms]]'' (''Sanguozhi zhu'').
* [[Sima Guang|Sima, Guang]] (1084). ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]''.

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[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:219 deaths]]
[[Category:3rd-century executions]]
[[Category:Chinese duellists]]
[[Category:Executed Han dynasty people]]
[[Category:Executed people from Gansu]]
[[Category:Generals under Cao Cao]]
[[Category:People executed by the Han dynasty]]
[[Category:People from Tianshui]]