View source for Panthéon

{{short description|Mausoleum in Paris for the most distinguished French people}}
{{distinguish|Pantheon, Rome}}
{{Other uses of|Pantheon}}
{{Infobox building
| name             = Panthéon
| native_name      =
| image            = File:Pantheon of Paris 007.JPG
| caption          =
| former_names     = {{lang|fr|Église Sainte-Geneviève|italic=no}}
| alternate_names  =
| map_type         =
| building_type    = [[Mausoleum]]
| architectural_style = [[Neoclassicism]]
| structural_system =
| cost             =
| location         = [[Place du Panthéon]]<br />[[Paris]], France
| client           =
| owner            =
| current_tenants  =
| landlord         =
| coordinates      = {{coord|48|50|46|N|2|20|45|E|region:FR_type:landmark|display=title,inline}}
| altitude         =
| start_date       = 1758
| completion_date  = 1790
| inauguration_date =
| demolition_date  =
| height           =
| diameter         =
| website          = https://www.paris-pantheon.fr/en/
| other_dimensions =
| floor_count      =
| floor_area       =
| main_contractor  =
| architect        = [[Jacques-Germain Soufflot]]<br />[[Jean-Baptiste Rondelet]]
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
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| other_designers  =
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| mapframe-stroke-width = 2
| embedded         = {{Designation list
 | embed = yes
 | designation1 = monument historique
 | designation1_date = 1920
 | designation1_number = PA00088420
 }}
}}

The '''Panthéon''' ({{IPA|fr|pɑ̃.te.ɔ̃|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-Benoît Prieur-Panthéon.wav}}, {{ety|grc|''πάνθειον'' (pántheion)|[temple] to all the gods}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Pantheon definitions |url=https://www.definitions.net/definition/pantheon |website=definitions.net |access-date=2020-05-13 }}</ref> is a monument in the [[5th arrondissement of Paris]], France. It stands in the [[Latin Quarter, Paris|Latin Quarter]] (Quartier Latin), on the {{lang|fr|[[Montagne Sainte-Geneviève]]|italic=no}}, in the centre of the {{lang|fr|[[Place du Panthéon]]|italic=no}}, which was named after it. The edifice was built between 1758 and 1790, from designs by {{lang|fr|[[Jacques-Germain Soufflot]]|italic=no}}, at the behest of King [[Louis XV]]; the king intended it as a church dedicated to [[Genevieve|Saint Genevieve]], Paris's patron saint, whose relics were to be housed in the church. Neither Soufflot nor Louis XV lived to see the church completed.

By the time the construction was finished, the [[French Revolution]] had started; the [[National Constituent Assembly (France)|National Constituent Assembly]] voted in 1791 to transform the Church of Saint Genevieve into a [[mausoleum]] for the remains of distinguished French citizens, modelled on the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] in [[Rome]] which had been used in this way since the 17th century. The first {{lang|fr|panthéonisé}} was {{lang|fr|[[Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau]]|italic=no}}, although his remains were removed from the building a few years later. The Panthéon was twice restored to church usage in the course of the 19th century—although Soufflot's remains were transferred inside it in 1829—until the [[French Third Republic]] finally decreed the building's exclusive use as a mausoleum in 1881. The placement of [[Victor Hugo]]'s remains in the crypt in 1885 was its first entombment in over 50 years.

The successive changes in the Panthéon's purpose resulted in modifications of the [[pedimental sculpture]]s and the capping of the dome by a cross or a flag; some of the originally existing windows were blocked up with masonry in order to give the interior a darker and more funereal atmosphere,<ref>{{cite book|title=Tales of Two Cities: Paris, London and the Birth of the Modern City|first=Jonathan|last=Conlin|year=2013|publisher=Atlantic Books |isbn=978-1782390190|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hG7yb-Z9dzUC&pg=PT165}}</ref> which compromised somewhat Soufflot's initial attempt at combining the lightness and brightness of the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] cathedral with classical principles.<ref>{{cite book|title=Nineteenth Century Art: A Critical History|first1=Stephen|last1=Eisenman|first2=Thomas E.|last2=Crow|year=2007|page=163|publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0500286500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yYQ0AQAAIAAJ}}</ref> The architecture of the Panthéon is an early example of [[Neoclassicism]], surmounted by a [[dome]] that owes some of its character to [[Donato Bramante|Bramante]]'s {{lang|it|[[San Pietro in Montorio|Tempietto]]}}.

In 1851, [[Léon Foucault]] conducted a demonstration of [[diurnal motion]] at the Panthéon by suspending a pendulum from the ceiling, a [[Foucault pendulum|copy of which is still visible today]]. As of December 2021 the remains of 81 people (75 men and six women) had been transferred to the Panthéon.<ref name=gbaker>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/22/josephine-baker-to-become-first-black-woman-to-enter-frances-pantheon|title=Josephine Baker to become first Black woman to enter France's Pantheon|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=August 22, 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]|quote=Of the 80 figures in the Panthéon, only five are women}}</ref> More than half of all the {{lang|fr|panthéonisations}} were made under [[Napoleon]]'s rule during the [[First French Empire|First Empire]].

==History==
===Site and earlier buildings===
The site of the Panthéon had great significance in Paris history, and was occupied by a series of monuments. It was on Mount Lucotitius, a height on the Left Bank where the forum of the Roman town of [[Lutetia]] was located. It was also the original burial site of [[Saint Genevieve]], who had led the resistance to the [[Huns]] when they threatened Paris in 451. In 508, [[Clovis I|Clovis]], King of the Franks, constructed a church there, where he and his wife were later buried in 511 and 545. The church, originally dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul, was rededicated to Saint Genevieve, who became the patron saint of Paris. It was at the centre of the [[Abbey of Saint Genevieve]], a centre of religious scholarship in the Middle Ages. Her relics were kept in the church, and were brought out for solemn processions when dangers threatened the city.<ref>{{harvnb|Lebeurre|2000|p=3}}</ref>

===Construction===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180">
File:Premier projet du Panthéon Soufflot (1756).png|Soufflot's original plan for the Church of Sainte Genevieve (1756)
File:Panthéon Soufflot - élevation principale.png|Soufflot's final plan: the principal façade (1777)
File:Coupe-Panthéon-Coupoles-Paris-France-1881.jpg|Soufflot's plan of the three domes, one within another
File:Panthéon de Paris 2012-10-11 n1.jpg|Looking upward at the first and second domes
File:Coupe-Panthéon-Armatures-Paris-France-1881.jpg|Iron rods were used to give greater strength and stability to the stone structure (1758–90)
</gallery>

King [[Louis XV]] vowed in 1744 that if he recovered from his illness he would replace the dilapidated church of the [[Abbey of St Genevieve]] with a grander building worthy of the patron saint of Paris. He did recover, but ten years passed before the reconstruction and enlargement of the church was begun. In 1755 the director of the King's public works, [[Abel-François Poisson, marquis de Marigny]], chose [[Jacques-Germain Soufflot]] to design the church. Soufflot (1713–1780) had studied classical architecture in Rome over 1731–38. Most of his early work was done in Lyon. Saint Genevieve became his life's work; it was not finished until after his death.<ref>{{cite book|first=Moshe|last=Sluhovsky|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T71rv5GwI0QC&q=King+Louis+XV+1744+St+Genevieve&pg=PA142 |title=Patroness of Paris: Rituals of Devotion in Early Modern France |publisher=Brill|date=1998|isbn=9004108513 }}</ref>

His first design was completed in 1755, and was clearly influenced by the work of [[Bramante]], which he had studied in Italy. It took form of a [[Greek cross]], with four naves of equal length, and monumental dome over the crossing in the centre, and a classical portico with [[Corinthian columns]] and a [[peristyle]] with a triangular pediment on the main façade.<ref>{{harvnb|Oudin|1994|p=479}}</ref> The design was modified five times over the following years, with the addition of a [[narthex]], a choir, and two towers. The design was not finalised until 1777.<ref>{{harvnb|Lebeurre|2000|p=9}}</ref>

The foundations were laid in 1758, but due to economic problems work proceeded slowly. In 1780, Soufflot died and was replaced by his student [[Jean-Baptiste Rondelet]]. The re-modelled Abbey of St. Genevieve was finally completed in 1790, shortly after the beginning of the [[French Revolution]].

The building is 110 metres long by 84 metres wide, and 83 metres high, with the crypt beneath of the same size. The ceiling was supported by isolated columns, which supported an array of [[barrel vaults]] and [[transverse arch]]es. The massive dome was supported by [[pendentives]] rested upon four massive pillars. Critics of the plan contended that the pillars could not support such a large dome. Soufflot strengthened the stone structure with a system of iron rods, a predecessor of modern reinforced buildings. The bars had deteriorated by the 21st century, and a major restoration project to replace them was carried out between 2010 and 2020.<ref>{{harvnb|Lebeurre|2000|pp=9–10}}</ref>

The dome is actually three domes, fitting within each other. The first, lowest dome, has a coffered ceiling with rosettes, and is open in the centre. Looking through this dome, the second dome is visible, decorated with the fresco ''The Apotheosis of Saint Genevieve'' by [[Antoine Gros]]. The outermost dome, visible from the outside, is built of stone bound together with iron cramps and covered with lead sheathing, rather than of carpentry construction, as was the common French practice of the period. Concealed [[buttresses]] inside the walls give additional support to the dome.<ref>{{harvnb|Lebeurre|2000|pp=12–13}}</ref>

===The Revolution – The "Temple of the Nation"===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180">
File:Tomb of Jean-Jacques Rousseau (01).jpg|The Tomb of [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]
File:Panthéon 1795.jpg|The Panthéon in 1795. The façade windows were bricked up to make the interior darker and more solemn.
File:Tombeau et statue de Voltaire, Paris 8 juin 2014.jpg|Tomb and statue of [[Voltaire]]
File:Malapeau Claude-Nicolas Translation de Voltaire au Panthéon.jpg|Transfer of ashes of [[Voltaire]] to the Pantheon (1791)
</gallery>

The Church of Saint Genevieve was nearly complete, with only the interior decoration unfinished, when the [[French Revolution]] began in 1789. In 1790, the Marquis de Vilette proposed that it be made a temple devoted to liberty, on the model of the Pantheon in Rome. "Let us install statues of our great men and lay their ashes to rest in its underground recesses."<ref name="Lebeurre 2000, p. 16">{{harvnb|Lebeurre|2000|p=16}}</ref> The idea was formally adopted in April, 1791, after the death of the prominent revolutionary figure, [[Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau|The Comte de Mirabeau]], the President of the [[National Constituent Assembly (France)|National Constituent Assembly]] on April 2, 1791. On April 4, 1791, the Assembly decreed "that this religious church become a temple of the nation, that the tomb of a great man become the altar of liberty." They also approved a new text over the entrance: "A grateful nation honors its great men." On the same day the declaration was approved, the funeral of Mirabeau was held in the church.<ref name="Lebeurre 2000, p. 16"/>

The ashes of [[Voltaire]] were placed in the Panthéon in a lavish ceremony on 11 July 1791, followed by the remains of several revolutionaries, including [[Jean-Paul Marat]], replacing Mirabeau, and of the philosopher [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]. In the rapid shifts of power of the Revolutionary period, two of the first men honored in Pantheon, Mirabeau and Marat, were declared enemies of the Revolution, and their remains were removed. Finally, the new government of the [[French Convention]] decreed in February, 1795, that no one should be placed in the Pantheon who had not been dead at least ten years.<ref name="Lebeurre 2000, p. 17">{{harvnb|Lebeurre|2000|p=17}}</ref>

Soon after the church was transformed into a mausoleum, the Assembly approved architectural changes to make the interior darker and more solemn. The architect [[Quatremère de Quincy]] bricked up the lower windows and frosted the glass of the upper windows to reduce the light, and removed most of the ornament from the exterior. The architectural lanterns and bells were removed from the façade. All of the religious friezes and statues were destroyed in 1791; it was replaced by statuary and murals on patriotic themes.<ref name="Lebeurre 2000, p. 17"/>

===Temple to church and back to temple (1806–1830)===
[[File:Antoine-Jean Gros 005.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Design for the cupola by [[Antoine-Jean Gros]] (1812). Napoleon is at the bottom right. (Now in the [[Carnavalet Museum]])]]

[[Napoleon Bonaparte]], when he became First Consul in 1801, signed a Concordat with the Pope, agreeing to restore former church properties, including the Panthéon. The Panthéon was under the jurisdiction of the canons of the Cathedral of [[Notre Dame de Paris]]. Celebrations of important events, such as the victory of Napoleon at the [[Battle of Austerlitz]], were held there. However, the crypt of the church kept its official function as the resting place for illustrious Frenchmen. A new entrance directly to the crypt was created via the eastern porch (1809–1811). The artist [[Antoine-Jean Gros]] was commissioned to decorate the interior of the cupola. It combined the secular and religious aspects of the church; it showed The Apotheosis of Saint Genevieve, conducted to heaven by angels, in the presence of great leaders of France, from [[Clovis I]] and [[Charlemagne]] to Napoleon and the [[Empress Josephine]].

During the reign of Napoleon, the remains of forty-one illustrious Frenchmen were placed in the crypt. They were mostly military officers, senators and other high officials of the Empire, but also included the explorer [[Louis-Antoine de Bougainville]] and the painter [[Joseph-Marie Vien]], the teacher of Napoleon's official painter, [[Jacques-Louis David]].<ref>{{harvnb|Lebeurre|2000|pp=26–27}}</ref>

[[File:La Mort.jpg|thumb|upright|Painting on the Pendentive, depicting ''Death'' by [[François Gérard]] (1821–1837)]]

During the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]] which followed the fall of Napoleon, in 1816 [[Louis XVIII]] restored the entire Panthéon, including the crypt, to the Catholic Church. The church was also at last officially consecrated in the presence of the King, a ceremony which had been omitted during the Revolution. The sculpture on the pediment by [[Jean Guillaume Moitte]], called ''The Fatherland crowning the heroic and civic virtues'' was replaced by a religious-themed work by [[David d'Angers]]. The reliquary of Saint Genevieve had been destroyed during the Revolution, but a few relics were found and restored to the church (They are now in the neighboring Church of [[Saint-Etienne-du-Mont]]). In 1822 [[François Gérard]] was commissioned to decorate the pendentives of the dome with new works representing Justice, Death, the Nation, and Fame. [[Jean-Antoine Gros]] was commissioned to redo his fresco on the inner dome, replacing Napoleon with Louis XVIII, as well as figures of Louis XVI and [[Marie Antoinette]]. The new version of the cupola was inaugurated in 1824 by [[Charles X of France|Charles X]]. As to the crypt where the tombs were located, it was locked and closed to visitors.<ref>{{harvnb|Lebeurre|2000|pp=26–29}}</ref>

===Under Louis Philippe I, the Second Republic and Napoleon III (1830–1871)===
[[File:Alphonse-Louis Poitevin, The Pantheon, 1842.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Daguerreotype by [[Alphonse Louis Poitevin]], 1842]]

The [[French Revolution of 1830]] placed [[Louis Philippe I]] on the throne. He expressed sympathy for Revolutionary values, and on 26 August 1830, the church once again became the Pantheon. However, the crypt remained closed to the public, and no new remains were added. The only change made was to the main pediment, which had been remade with a radiant cross; it was remade again by D'Angers with a patriotic work called ''The Nation Distributing Crowns Handed to Her by Liberty, to Great Men, Civil and Military, While History Inscribes Their Names.''

Louis Philippe was overthrown in 1848 and replaced by the elected government of the [[Second French Republic]], which valued revolutionary themes. The new government designated the Pantheon "The Temple of Humanity", and proposed to decorate it with sixty new murals honouring human progress in all fields. In 1851 the [[Foucault Pendulum]] of astronomer [[Léon Foucault]] was hung beneath the dome to illustrate the rotation of the earth. However, on complaints from the Church, it was removed in December of the same year.

[[Napoleon III|Louis Napoléon]], nephew of the Emperor, was elected President of France in December 1848, and in 1852 staged a coup-d'état and made himself Emperor. Once again the Pantheon was returned to the church, with the title of "National Basilica". The remaining relics of Saint Genevieve were restored to the church, and two groups of sculpture commemorating events in the life of the Saint were added. The crypt remained closed.

===The Third Republic (1871–1939)===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180">
File:Puvis de Chavannes - Sainte Geneviève bringing supplies to Paris a.jpg|''Saint Genevieve bringing supplies to Paris'' by [[Puvis de Chavannes]] (1874)
File:Panthéon mosaïque abside.JPG|''Christ Showing the Angel of France the Destiny of Her People'', mosaic by Antoine-Auguste-Ernest Hébert
File:F3709 Paris V Pantheon statue rwk.jpg|''The National Convention'' by François-Léon Siccard (1921)
File:Vers la Gloire tryptique.jpg|''Victory leading the Armies of the Republic'' by [[Edouard Detaille]] (1905)
</gallery>

The Basilica suffered damage from German shelling during the 1870 [[Franco-Prussian War]]. During the brief reign of the [[Paris Commune]] in May 1871, it suffered more damage during fighting between the Commune soldiers and the French Army. During the early years of the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]], under conservative governments, it functioned as a church, but the interior walls were largely bare. Beginning in 1874, the interior was redecorated with new murals and sculptural groups linking French history and the history of the church, by notable artists including [[Puvis de Chavannes]] and [[Alexandre Cabanel]], and the artist Antoine-Auguste-Ernest Hébert, who made a mosaic under the vault of the apsidal chapel called ''Christ Showing the Angel of France the Destiny of Her People''.<ref name="Lebeurre 2000, pp. 33–35">{{harvnb|Lebeurre|2000|pp=33–35}}</ref>

[[File:Funérailles nationales de Victor Hugo - Translation du corps au Panthéon.jpg|thumb|Funeral of [[Victor Hugo]] on 1 June 1885]]

In 1881, a decree was passed to transform the Church of Saint Genevieve into a mausoleum again. [[Victor Hugo]] was the first to be placed in the crypt afterwards. The subsequent governments approved the entry of literary figures, including the writer [[Émile Zola]] (1908), and, after [[World War I]], leaders of the French socialist movement, including [[Léon Gambetta]] (1920) and [[Jean Jaurès]] (1924). The Third Republic governments also decreed that the building should be decorated with sculpture representing "the golden ages and great men of France." The principal works remaining from this period include the sculptural group called ''The National Assembly'', commemorating the French Revolution; a statue of [[Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau|Mirabeau]], the first man interred in the Pantheon, by Jean-Antoine Ingabert; (1889–1920); and two patriotic murals in the apse ''Victory Leading the Armies of the Republic'' to ''Towards Glory'' by [[Édouard Detaille]], and ''Glory Entering the Temple, Followed by Poets, Philosophers, Scientists and Warriors'', by Marie-Désiré-Hector d'Espouy (1906).<ref name="Lebeurre 2000, pp. 33–35"/>

===1945–present===
[[File:Night Paris.jpg|thumb|left|The Panthéon at night]]

The short-lived [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] (1948–1958) following [[World War II]] pantheonized two physicists, [[Paul Langevin]] and [[Jean Perrin]]; a leader of the abolitionist movement, [[Victor Schœlcher]]; early leader of [[Free France]] and colonial administrator [[Félix Éboué]]; and [[Louis Braille]], inventor of the [[Braille]] writing system, in 1952.

Under the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]] of President [[Charles de Gaulle]], the first person to be buried in the Panthéon was the Resistance leader [[Jean Moulin]]. Modern figures buried in recent years include [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner [[René Cassin]] (1987) known for drafting the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]; [[Jean Monnet]] (1988) who was a moving force in the creation of the [[European Coal and Steel Community|ECSC]], the forerunner of the [[EU]], was interred in the 100th anniversary of his birth; Nobel laureates physicists and chemists [[Marie Curie]] and [[Pierre Curie]] (1995); the writer and culture minister [[André Malraux]] (1996); and the lawyer, politician [[Simone Veil]] (2018).<ref>{{harvnb|Lebeurre|2000|pp=58–59}}</ref> In 2021, [[Josephine Baker]] was inducted into the Pantheon.<ref name=ap-baker>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/josephine-baker-pantheon-france-38c5389c6a5f555c3b7e13b9eeb41984|title=Black artist Josephine Baker honored at France's Pantheon|date=November 30, 2021|website=[[AP News]]}}</ref>

==Architecture and art==
===Dome===
The final plan of the dome was accepted in 1777, and it was completed in 1790. It was designed to rival those of [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in Rome and [[St Paul's Cathedral]] in London. Unlike the dome of {{lang|fr|[[Les Invalides]]|italic=no}} in Paris, which has a wooden framework, the dome is constructed entirely of stone. It is actually three domes, one within the other, with the painted ceiling, visible from below, on the second dome. The dome is 83.0 metres (272&nbsp;ft) high, compared with [[List of tallest domes|the tallest dome in the world]], St. Peter's Basilica at 136.57 metres (448.1&nbsp;ft).

<gallery mode="packed" heights="180">
Paris Panthéon Kuppel 3.jpg|Dome
Pierre-Antoine de Machy - Le Panthéon.jpg|The Panthéon represented with a statue of Fame at its top
Dome Panthéon Paris 23 detail.jpg|The present-day cross atop the [[roof lantern]]
</gallery>

The dome is capped by a cross. However, a statue of Saint Genevieve was initially supposed to sit at the top of the dome. A cross was put temporarily in 1790. After the transformation into a mausoleum in 1791, it was planned that the cross would be replaced by a statue representing Fame. The project was however abandoned. Between 1830 and 1851, a flag was put instead. The cross returned after Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte restored the building to church use. The cross was replaced with a red flag during the [[Paris Commune]] in 1871. A cross returned subsequently.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
Panthéon de Paris fresque de Gros.jpg|The fresco by Gros seen from inside the dome
Apothéose de st Geneviève 3.jpg|The ''Apotheosis of Saint Genevieve'', in the dome by [[Antoine-Jean Gros]] (1811–1834)
</gallery>

Looking up from the crossing of the transept beneath the dome, the painting by [[Jean-Antoine Gros]], the ''Apotheosis of Saint Genevieve'' (1811–1834), is visible through the opening in the lowest cupola. The triangle in the center symbolizes the Trinity, surrounded by a halo of light. The Hebrew characters spell the name of God. The only character seen in full is Saint Genevieve herself, seated on a rocky promontory. The groups around the painting, made during the Restoration of the Monarchy, represent Kings of France who played an important role in protecting the church. To the left of Saint Genevieve is a group including [[Clovis I|Clovis]], the first King to convert to Christianity. The second group is centred around [[Charlemagne]], who created the first universities. The third group is centred around [[Louis IX of France]], or Saint Louis, with the [[Crown of Thorns]] which he brought back from the Holy Land to place in the church of [[Sainte-Chapelle]]. The last group is centred around [[Louis XVIII]], the last King of the Restoration, and his niece, looking up into the clouds at the martyred [[Louis XVI]] and [[Marie-Antoinette]]. The angels in the scene are carrying the ''Chartre'', the document by which Louis XVIII re-established the church after the French Revolution.<ref>{{harvnb|Lebeurre|2000|p=56}}</ref>

The four pendentives, or arches, which support the dome are decorated with paintings from the same period by [[François Gérard]] depicting ''Glory'', ''Death'', ''The Nation'' and ''Justice'' (1821–37).

===Façade, peristyle and entrance===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160" perrow="1">
Paris - Panthéon (27378584206).jpg|Main façade
Fronton Panthéon Paris 2016-12-03.jpg|The pediment, with the central figures of the Nation and Liberty: statesmen and scholars to the left, soldiers to the right
</gallery>

The façade and [[peristyle]] on the east side, modeled after a Greek temple, features [[Corinthian columns]] and [[pedimental sculpture]] by [[David d'Angers]], completed in 1837. The sculpture on this pediment, replacing an early pediment with religious themes, represents "The Nation distributing crowns handed to her by Liberty to great men, civil and military, while history inscribes their names". To the left are figures of distinguished scientists, philosophers, and statesmen, including [[Rousseau]], [[Voltaire]], [[Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette|Lafayette]], and [[Bichat]]. To the right is [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], along with soldiers from each military service and students in uniform from the [[École Polytechnique]].<ref>{{harvnb|Lebeurre|2000|pp=43–45}}</ref> Below is the inscription: "To the great men, from a grateful nation" ("Aux grands hommes la patrie reconnaissante"). This was added in 1791, when the Panthéon was created. It was removed during the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Restoration]] of the monarchy, then put back in 1830.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="180">
File:Colonnes chapiteaux pantheon.jpg|The richly detailed [[Corinthian order]]
File:Pantheon entrance ceiling DSC 1948w.jpg|Bas-reliefs below the peristyle
</gallery>

Below the peristyle are five sculpted bas-reliefs; the two reliefs over the main doors, commissioned during the Revolution, represent the two main purposes of the building: "Public Education" (left) and "Patriotic Devotion" (right).

The façade originally had large windows, but they were replaced when the church became a mausoleum, to make the interior darker and more somber.

===Narthex and naves===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180">
File:Pantheon wider centered.jpg|Panoramic view of interior
File:Puvis de Chavannes, Sainte Geneviève as a child in prayer 1876 a.jpg|Saint Genevieve as a child in prayer, by [[Puvis de Chavannes]] (1876)
File:Lenepveu, Jeanne d'Arc au siège d'Orléans.jpg|[[Joan of Arc]] at Orleans, by [[Jules Eugène Lenepveu]]
</gallery>

The primary decoration of the Western Nave is a series of paintings, beginning in the Narthex, depicting the lives of [[Saint Denis of Paris|Saint Denis]], the patron saint of Paris, and longer series on the life of [[Saint Genevieve]], by [[Puvis de Chavannes]], [[Alexandre Cabanel]], [[Jules Eugène Lenepveu]] and other notable history painters of the 19th century. The paintings of the Southern nave and Northern Nave continue this series on the Christian heroes of France, including scenes from the lives of [[Charlemagne]], [[Clovis I|Clovis]], [[Louis IX of France]] and [[Joan of Arc]]. From 1906 to 1922 the Panthéon was the site of [[Auguste Rodin]]'s famous sculpture ''[[The Thinker]]''.

===Foucault pendulum===
{{main|Foucault pendulum}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="180">
File:Panthéon Pendule de Foucault2.JPG
File:Panthéon Pendule de Foucault1.JPG
File:Péndulo de Foucault-20110815-125224-2191-1000d-a2b2.jpg
</gallery>

In 1851, physicist [[Léon Foucault]] demonstrated the rotation of the Earth by constructing a {{convert|67|m|ft|adj=mid}} pendulum beneath the central dome. The original sphere from the pendulum was temporarily displayed at the Panthéon in the 1990s (starting in 1995) during renovations at the [[Musée des Arts et Métiers]]. The original pendulum was later returned to the [[Musée des Arts et Métiers]], and a copy is now displayed at the Panthéon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://itotd.com/articles/362/foucaults-pendulum/ |title=Foucault's Pendulum: Interesting Thing of the Day |publisher=Itotd.com |date=2004-11-08 |access-date=2014-02-21 |archive-date=2012-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312175754/http://itotd.com/articles/362/foucaults-pendulum/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It has been listed since 1920 as a ''[[monument historique]]'' by the [[Ministry of Culture (France)|French Ministry of Culture]].<ref name="merimee">{{Base Mérimée|PA00088420}} Ancienne église Sainte-Geneviève, devenue Le Panthéon</ref>

== Interment in the crypt ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180">
File:Panthéon de Paris 2012-10-11 n7.jpg|A corridor of the Crypt
File:Louis Braille's tomb.jpg|Tomb of [[Louis Braille]]
File:Pantheon Grablege Dumas Zola Hugo.jpg|Tombs of [[Victor Hugo]] (left), [[Alexandre Dumas]] (center), and [[Emile Zola]] (right)
</gallery>

Interment in the crypt of the Panthéon is severely restricted and is allowed only by a parliamentary act for "National Heroes". Similar high honours exist in {{lang|fr|[[Les Invalides]]|italic=no}} for historical military leaders such as [[Napoleon]], [[Turenne]] and [[Vauban]].

Among those buried in its [[necropolis]] are [[Voltaire]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]], [[Victor Hugo]], [[Émile Zola]], [[Jean Moulin]], [[Louis Braille]], [[Jean Jaurès]] and Soufflot, its architect. In 1907 [[Marcellin Berthelot]] was buried with his wife Mme Sophie Berthelot. [[Marie Curie]] was interred in 1995, the first woman interred on merit. [[Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz]] and [[Germaine Tillion]], heroines of the [[French resistance]], were interred in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|first=Angelique |last=Chrisafis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/27/french-president-hollande-honours-female-resistance-heroes-in-pantheon |title=France president Francois Hollande adds resistance heroines to Panthéon |department=World news |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=1970-01-01 |access-date=2015-05-30}}</ref> [[Simone Veil]] was interred in 2018, and her husband [[Antoine Veil]] was interred alongside her so that they would not be separated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/30/simone-veil-funeral-paris-pantheon|title=France pays tribute to Simone Veil with hero's burial in the Panthéon|last=Willsher|first=Kim|date=2018-06-30|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-11-29}}</ref>

The widely repeated story that the remains of Voltaire were stolen by religious fanatics in 1814 and thrown into a garbage heap is false. Such rumours resulted in the coffin being opened in 1897, which confirmed that his remains were still present.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWyAAwAAQBAJ&q=The+widely+repeated+story+that+the+remains+of+Voltaire+were+stolen+by+religious+fanatics+in+1814+and+thrown+into+a+garbage+heap+is+false.+Such+rumours+resulted+in+the+coffin+being+opened+in+1897%2C+which+confirmed+that+his+remains+were+still+present&pg=PA114|title=Candide|last=Voltaire|year=1976|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1105311604|language=en}}{{self-published source|date=February 2020}}</ref>

On 30 November 2002, in an elaborate but solemn procession, six [[French Republican Guard|Republican Guard]]s carried the coffin of [[Alexandre Dumas, père|Alexandre Dumas]] (1802–1870), the author of ''[[The Three Musketeers]]'' and other famous novels, to the Panthéon. Draped in a blue-velvet cloth inscribed with the Musketeers' motto "''Un pour tous, tous pour un''" ("One for all, all for one"), the remains had been transported from their original interment site in the Cimetière de [[Villers-Cotterêts]] in [[Aisne]], France. In his speech, President [[Jacques Chirac]] stated that an injustice was being corrected with the proper honouring of one of France's greatest authors.

In January 2007, President Jacques Chirac unveiled a plaque in the Panthéon to more than 2,600 people recognised as [[Righteous Among the Nations]] by the [[Yad Vashem]] memorial in Israel for saving the lives of Jews who would otherwise have been deported to concentration camps. The tribute in the Panthéon underlines the fact that around three-quarters of the country's Jewish population survived the war, often thanks to ordinary people who provided help at the risk of their own life.
This plaque says:

{{verse translation|lang=fr|Sous la chape de haine et de nuit tombée sur la France dans les années d'Occupation, des lumières, par milliers, refusèrent de s'éteindre. Nommés "[[Righteous Among The Nations|Justes parmi les nations]]" ou restés anonymes, des femmes et des hommes, de toutes origines et de toutes conditions, ont sauvé des juifs des persécutions antisémites et des camps d'extermination. Bravant les risques encourus, ils ont incarné l'honneur de la France, ses valeurs de justice, de tolérance et d'humanité.|Under the cloak of hatred and darkness that spread over France during the years of [Nazi] occupation, thousands of lights refused to be extinguished. Named as "[[Righteous among the Nations]]" or remaining anonymous, women and men, of all backgrounds and social classes, saved Jews from anti-Semitic persecution and the extermination camps. Braving the risks involved, they embodied the honour of France, and its values of justice, tolerance and humanity.}}

=== People interred or commemorated ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Lived
! scope="col" | Profession
! scope="col" | Burial
! scope="col" | Picture
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| align="left" |1791
| align="left" |{{sort| Mirabeau | [[Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau]]}}
| align="center" |1749–1791
| align="left" |Revolutionary
| align="left" | —
| align="left" | —
| align="left" |<small>First person honoured with burial in the Panthéon, 4 April 1791. Disinterred on 25 November 1794 and buried in an anonymous grave. His remains are yet to be recovered.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford History of the French Revolution |last=Doyle |first=William |year=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=UK |isbn=978-0199252985 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryoff00doyl/page/283 283] |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryoff00doyl/page/283 }}</ref></small>
|-
| align="left" |1791
| align="left" |{{sort| Voltaire | [[Voltaire]]}}
| align="center" |1694–1778
| align="left" |Writer and philosopher
| align="left" |Entrée
| align="left" |[[File:Tomb of Voltaire in the Pantheon.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1792
| align="left" |{{sort| Beaurepaire | [[Nicolas-Joseph Beaurepaire]]}}
| align="center" |1740–1792
| align="left" | Military officer
| align="left" | —
| align="left" | —
| align="left" |<small>Remains since disappeared</small>
|-
| align="left" |1793
| align="left" |{{sort| Peletier | [[Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau]]}}
| align="center" |1760–1793
| align="left" | Politician
| align="left" | —
| align="left" | —
| align="left" |<small>Assassinated deputy; disinterred from the Panthéon at the request of his family on 14 February 1795.</small>
|-
| align="left" |1793
| align="left" |{{sort| Dampierre | [[Auguste Marie Henri Picot de Dampierre]]}}
| align="center" |1756–1793
| align="left" | Military officer
| align="left" | —
| align="left" | —
| align="left" |<small>Remains since disappeared</small>
|-
| align="left" |1794
| align="left" |{{sort| Marat| [[Jean-Paul Marat]]}}
| align="center" |1743–1793
| align="left" | Politician
| align="left" | —
| align="left" | —
| align="left" |<small>Disinterred from the Panthéon.</small>
|-
| align="left" |1794
| align="left" |{{sort|Rousseau | [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]}}
| align="center" |1712–1778
| align="left" |Writer and Philosopher
| align="left" |Entrée
| align="left" |[[File:Tomb of Jean-Jacques Rousseau (01).jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1806
| align="left" |{{sort| Tronchet | [[François Denis Tronchet]]}}
| align="center" |1726–1806
| align="left" |Politician and lawyer
| align="left" |Crypt V
| align="left" |[[File:Tomb of François Denis Tronchet in Panthéon.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1806
| align="left" |{{sort|Petiet | [[Claude-Louis Petiet]]}}
| align="center" |1749–1806
| align="left" |Politician
| align="left" |Crypt V
| align="left" |[[File:Tombstone of Claude-Louis Petiet in the Pantheon of Paris, Cellar V.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1807
| align="left" |{{sort| Portalis | [[Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis]]}}
| align="center" |1746–1807
| align="left" |Politician
| align="left" |Crypt V
| align="left" |[[File:Tombeau de Portalis au Panthéon.JPG|100px]]
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" | 1807
| align="left" |{{sort|Resnier | [[Louis-Pierre-Pantaléon Resnier]]}}
| align="center" |1759–1807
| align="left" |Politician
| align="left" |Crypt V
| align="left" |[[File:Tomb of Louis-Pierre-Pantaléon Resnier in Panthéon.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1807
| align="left" |{{sort| Luynes| {{ill|Louis-Joseph-Charles-Amable d'Albert, duc de Luynes|fr|Louis Joseph Charles Amable d'Albert de Luynes}}}}
| align="center" |1748—1807
| align="left" | Politician
| align="left" | —
| align="left" | —
| align="left" |<small>Disinterred from the Panthéon in 1862 and returned to his family at their request.</small>
|-
| align="left" |1807
| align="left" |{{sort| Bevière |{{ill|Jean-Baptiste-Pierre Bevière|fr}}}}
| align="center" |1723–1807
| align="left" |Politician
| align="left" |Crypt V
| align="left" |[[File:Tomb of Jean-Baptiste-Pierre Bevière in Panthéon.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1808
| align="left" |{{sort| Beguinot | {{ill|François Barthélemy, comte Beguinot|fr}}}}
| align="center" |1747–1808
| align="left" |Military officer
| align="left" |Crypt V
| align="left" |[[File:Tomb of François Barthélemy Beguinot in Panthéon.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1808
| align="left" |{{sort| Cabanis |[[Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis]]}}
| align="center" |1757–1808
| align="left" |Scientist and philosopher
| align="left" |Crypt V
| align="left" |[[File:Tomb of Pierre-Jean-Georges Cabanis in Panthéon.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1808
| align="left" |{{sort| Caulaincourt | {{ill|Gabriel-Louis, marquis de Caulaincourt|fr|Gabriel Louis de Caulaincourt}}}}
| align="center" |1741–1808
| align="left" |Military officer
| align="left" |Crypt V
| align="left" |[[File:Tomb of Gabriel Louis de Caulaincourt in Panthéon.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1808
| align="left" |{{sort| Perregaux | [[Jean-Frédéric Perregaux]]}}
| align="center" |1744–1808
| align="left" |Banker
| align="left" |Crypt IV
| align="left" |
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1808
| align="left" |{{sort| Choiseul-Praslin |{{ill|Antoine-César de Choiseul, duc de Praslin|fr|Antoine-César de Choiseul-Praslin}}}}
| align="center" |1756–1808
| align="left" |Military officer and politician
| align="left" |Crypt V
| align="left" |[[File:Tomb of Antoine César de Choiseul, Duke of Praslin, in Panthéon.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1808
| align="left" |{{sort| Malher | [[Jean-Pierre Firmin Malher]]}}
| align="center" |1761–1808
| align="left" |Military officer
| align="left" |Crypt V
| align="left" |[[File:Tomb of Jean-Pierre Firmin Malher in Panthéon.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small> Urn with his heart.</small>
|-
| align="left" |1809
| align="left" |{{sort|Papin | {{ill|Jean Baptiste Papin, comte de Saint-Christau|fr|Jean-Baptiste Papin de Saint-Christau}}}}
| align="center" |1756–1809
| align="left" |Politician and lawyer
| align="left" |Crypt V
| align="left" |[[File:Tomb of Jean-Baptiste Papin in Panthéon.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1809
| align="left" |{{sort|Vien | [[Joseph-Marie Vien]]}}
| align="center" |1716–1809
| align="left" |Painter
| align="left" |Crypt III
| align="left" |
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1809
| align="left" |{{sort|Laboissière | [[Pierre Garnier de Laboissière]]}}
| align="center" |1755–1809
| align="left" |Military officer
| align="left" |Crypt III
| align="left" |
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1809
| align="left" |{{sort| Sers | {{ill|Jean Pierre, comte Sers|fr|Pierre Sers}}}}
| align="center" |1746–1809
| align="left" |Politician
| align="left" |Crypt III
| align="left" |
| align="left" |<small>Urn with his heart. </small>
|-
| align="left" |1809
| align="left" |{{sort| Durazzo | {{ill|Girolamo Luigi Durazzo|fr|Girolamo Luigi Durazzo}}}}
| align="center" |1739–1809
| align="left" |Politician
| align="left" |Crypt V
| align="left" |[[File:Tomb of Girolamo Luigi Durazzo in Panthéon.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Urn with his heart. </small>
|-
| align="left" |1809
| align="left" |{{sort| Galles | [[Justin Bonaventure Morard de Galles]]}}
| align="center" |1761–1809
| align="left" |Military officer
| align="left" |Crypt III
| align="left" |
| align="left" |<small> Urn with his heart.</small>
|-
| align="left" |1809
| align="left" |{{sort| Crétet | [[Emmanuel Crétet|Emmanuel Crétet de Champmol]]}}
| align="center" |1747–1809
| align="left" |Politician
| align="left" |Crypt III
| align="left" |
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1810
| align="left" |{{sort| Caprara | Cardinal [[Giovanni Battista Caprara]]}}
| align="center" |1733–1810
| align="left" |Clergyman
| align="left" | Crypt III
| align="left" |
| align="left" |<small>Heart buried in [[Cathedral of Milan|Milan Cathedral]] in 1810. Body disinterred from the Panthéon in 1861 and returned to his family at their request. His remains were transferred from Paris to Rome on 22 August 1861.</small>
|-
| align="left" |1810
| align="left" |{{sort| Le Blond de Saint-Hilaire | [[Louis Charles Vincent Le Blond de Saint-Hilaire]]}}
| align="center" |1766–1809
| align="left" |Military officer
| align="left" |Crypt III
| align="left" |
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1810
| align="left" |{{sort|Treilhard | [[Jean-Baptiste Treilhard]]}}
| align="center" |1742–1810
| align="left" |Lawyer
| align="left" |Crypt III
| align="left" |
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1810
| align="left" |{{sort| Lannes | [[Jean Lannes|Jean Lannes de Montebello]]}}
| align="center" |1769–1809
| align="left" |Military officer
| align="left" |Crypt XXII
| align="left" |[[File:Tombeau de Lannes.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1810
| align="left" |{{sort|Fleurieu | [[Charles Pierre Claret de Fleurieu]]}}
| align="center" |1738–1810
| align="left" |Politician
| align="left" |Crypt III
| align="left" |
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1811
| align="left" |{{sort| Bougainville |[[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]]}}
| align="center" |1729–1811
| align="left" |Navigator
| align="left" |Crypt III
| align="left" |[[File:Tomb of Bougainville at the Pantheon.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1811
| align="left" |{{sort| Erskine | Cardinal [[Charles Erskine (cardinal)|Charles Erskine de Kellie]]}}
| align="center" |1739–1811
| align="left" |Clergyman
| align="left" |Crypt III
| align="left" |
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" | 1811
| align="left" |{{sort| Sénarmont | [[Alexandre-Antoine Hureau de Sénarmont]]}}
| align="center" |1769–1811
| align="left" |Military officer
| align="left" |Crypt II
| align="left" |
| align="left" |<small>Urn with his heart. </small>
|-
| align="left" |1811
| align="left" |{{sort| Vincenti-Mareri | Cardinal {{ill|Ippolito Antonio Vincenti Mareri|it}}}}
| align="center" |1738–1811
| align="left" |Clergyman
| align="left" |Crypt III
| align="left" |[[File:Paris September 2016 IMGL0344 (29207845783).jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small> In 1861 Cardinal François-Nicholas-Madeleine Morlot, Archbishop of Paris, established that some burials in the church had to be cleared. He notified a great-nephew of Cardinal Vincenti Mareri, who took care of transferring the deceased's bones to Italy. The solemn funeral took place in Rieti and the cardinal's body was placed in the family tomb in the chapel of Santa Caterina, next to the tomb of his brother Alessandro, in the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta.</small>
|-
| align="left" |1811
| align="left" |{{sort| Courbons | [[Nicolas Marie Songis des Courbons]]}}
| align="center" |1761–1811
| align="left" |Military officer
| align="left" |Crypt III
| align="left" |
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1811
| align="left" |{{sort| Ordener | [[Michel Ordener]], 1st Count Ordener<ref>{{cite book|first=Charles|last=Mullié|chapter=Michel Ordener|title=Biographie des célébrités militaires des armées de terre et de mer de 1789 à 1850|location=Paris|year=1852|language=fr}}</ref>}}
| align="center" |1755–1811
| align="left" |Military officer
| align="left" |Crypt II
| align="left" |
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1812
| align="left" |{{sort| Dorsenne | [[Jean Marie Pierre Dorsenne]]}}
| align="center" |1773–1812
| align="left" |Military officer
| align="left" |Crypt II
| align="left" |
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1812
| align="left" |{{sort| Winter | [[Jan Willem de Winter]]}}
| align="center" |1761–1812
| align="left" |Military officer
| align="left" |Crypt IV
| align="left" |
| align="left" |<small>Heart buried in [[Kampen, Overijssel]], Netherlands, his birthplace. </small>
|-
| align="left" |1813
| align="left" |{{sort| Cossé-Brissac | {{ill|Hyacinthe-Hugues-Timoléon de Cossé, Comte de Brissac|fr|Hyacinthe-Hughes Timoléon de Cossé-Brissac}}}}
| align="center" |1746–1813
| align="left" |Military officer
| align="left" |Crypt II
| align="left" |
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1813
| align="left" |{{sort| Jacqueminot | {{ill|Jean-Ignace Jacqueminot, Comte de Ham|fr|Jean-Ignace Jacqueminot de Ham}}}}
| align="center" |1758–1813
| align="left" |Lawyer
| align="left" |Crypt II
| align="left" |
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1813
| align="left" |{{sort| Lagrange | [[Joseph-Louis Lagrange]]}}
| align="center" |1736–1813
| align="left" |Mathematician
| align="left" |Crypt II
| align="left" |[[File:Lagrange's tomb at the Pantheon.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1813
| align="left" |{{sort| Rousseau | {{ill|Jean Rousseau (politician, born 1738)|lt=Jean Rousseau|fr|Jean Rousseau (homme politique, 1738–1813)}}}}
| align="center" |1738–1813
| align="left" |Politician
| align="left" |Crypt II
| align="left" |
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1813
| align="left" |{{sort| Viry | {{ill|Justin de Viry|fr}}}}
| align="center" |1737–1813
| align="left" |Politician
| align="left" |Crypt II
| align="left" |
| align="left" |
|-

| align="left" |1814
| align="left" |{{sort|Walther | [[Frédéric Henri Walther]]}}
| align="center" |1761–1813
| align="left" |Military officer
| align="left" |Crypt IV
| align="left" |
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1814
| align="left" |{{sort| Démeunier | [[Jean-Nicolas Démeunier]]}}
| align="center" |1751–1814
| align="left" |Politician
| align="left" |Crypt II
| align="left" |
| align="left" |

|-
| align="left" |1814
| align="left" |{{sort| Reynier | [[Jean Reynier|Jean-Louis-Ébénézer Reynier]]}}
| align="center" |1771–1814
| align="left" |Military officer
| align="left" |Crypt IV
| align="left" |
| align="left" |
|-

| align="left" |1814
| align="left" |{{sort| Régnier | [[Claude-Ambroise Régnier, duc de Massa di Carrara|Claude Ambroise Régnier de Massa di Carrara]]}}
| align="center" |1746–1814
| align="left" |Politician and lawyer
| align="left" |Crypt II
| align="left" |
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1815
| align="left" |{{sort| Thévenard | [[Antoine-Jean-Marie Thévenard]]}}
| align="center" |1733–1815
| align="left" |Military officer
| align="left" |Crypt II
| align="left" |
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1815
| align="left" |{{sort|Legrand | [[Claude-Juste-Alexandre Legrand]]}}
| align="center" |1762–1815
| align="left" |Military officer
| align="left" |Crypt II
| align="left" |
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1829
| align="left" |{{sort| Soufflot | [[Jacques-Germain Soufflot]]}}
| align="center" |1713–1780
| align="left" |Architect of the Pantheon
| align="left" |Entrée
| align="left" |[[File:Panthéon Crypte Paris 17.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1885
| align="left" |{{sort| Hugo | [[Victor Hugo]]}}
| align="center" |1802–1885
| align="left" |Writer
| align="left" |Crypt XXIV
| align="left" |[[File:Panthéon Crypte Paris 78.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1889
| align="left" |{{sort| Carnot | [[Lazare Carnot]]}}
| align="center" |1753–1823
| align="left" |Politician and scientist
| align="left" |Crypt XXIII
| align="left" |[[File:Panthéon Crypte Paris 74 - Lazare Carnot.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Transferred to the Panthéon at the centennial of the French Revolution.</small>
|-
| align="left" |1889
| align="left" |{{sort| Baudin |[[Jean-Baptiste Baudin]]}}
| align="center" |1811–1851
| align="left" |Politician and doctor
| align="left" |Crypt XXIII
| align="left" |
| align="left" |<small>Transferred to the Panthéon at the centennial of the French Revolution.</small>
|-
| align="left" |1889
| align="left" |{{sort| Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne" | [[Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne]]}}
| align="center" |1743–1800
| align="left" |Military officer
| align="left" |Crypt XXIII
| align="left" |
| align="left" |<small>Transferred to the Panthéon at the centennial of the French Revolution.</small>
|-
| align="left" |1889
| align="left" |{{sort| Marceau | [[François Séverin Marceau]]}}
| align="center" |1769–1796
| align="left" |Military officer
| align="left" |Crypt XXIII
| align="left" |[[File:Panthéon Crypte Paris 74 - Marceau.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Ashes transferred to the Panthéon from [[Koblenz]], Germany, at the centennial of the French Revolution.</small>
|-
| align="left" |1894
| align="left" |{{sort|Sadi Carnot | [[Marie François Sadi Carnot]]}}
| align="center" |1837–1894
| align="left" |President of France
| align="left" |Crypt XXIII
| align="left" |
| align="left" |<small>Buried in the Panthéon immediately after his assassination. </small>
|-
| align="left" |1907
| align="left" |{{sort| Berthelot |[[Marcellin Berthelot]]}}
| align="center" |1827–1907
| align="left" |Scientist
| align="left" |Crypt XXV
| align="left" |[[File:Tomb of Marcellin and Sophie Berthelot in Panthéon.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small> Buried with his wife Sophie Berthelot as he refused to be buried apart from her.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/26/opinion/international/why-so-few-women-in-the-pantheon.html|title=Opinion &#124; Why So Few Women in the Panthéon?|first=Robert|last=Zaretsky|work=The New York Times |date=October 25, 2013 }}</ref></small>
|-
| align="left" |1907
| align="left" |{{sort| Berthelot |[[Sophie Berthelot]]}}
| align="center" |1837–1907
| align="left" |Wife of [[Marcellin Berthelot]]
| align="left" |Crypt XXV
| align="left" |[[File:Tomb of Marcellin and Sophie Berthelot in Panthéon.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Transferred to the Panthéon with her husband Marcellin Berthelot, who had refused to be buried apart from her. The first woman to be interred in the Panthéon.</small>
|-
| align="left" |1908
| align="left" |{{sort| Zola | [[Émile Zola]]}}
| align="center" |1840–1902
| align="left" |Writer
| align="left" |Crypt XXIV
| align="left" |[[File:Emile Zola tombe.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Transferred to the Panthéon from [[Cimetiere de Montmartre|Montmartre Cemetery]]. </small>

|-
| align="left" |1920
| align="left" |{{sort| Gambetta | [[Léon Gambetta]]}}
| align="center" |1838–1882
| align="left" |Politician
| align="left" |Escalier d'accès
| align="left" |[[File:Panthéon de Paris 11 Jun 2007 n15.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small> Urn with his heart.</small>

|-
| align="left" |1924
| align="left" |{{sort| Jaurès | [[Jean Jaurès]]}}
| align="center" |1859–1914
| align="left" |Politician
| align="left" |Crypt XXVI
| align="left" |[[File:Jean Jaurès tombe.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small> Transferred to the Panthéon ten years after his assassination</small>
|-
| align="left" |1933
| align="left" |{{sort|Painlevé | [[Paul Painlevé]]}}
| align="center" |1863–1933
| align="left" |Mathematician and politician
| align="left" |Crypt XXV
| align="left" |[[File:Tomb of Paul Painlevé in Panthéon, August 2023.JPG|100px]]
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |1948
| align="left" |{{sort|Langevin | [[Paul Langevin]]}}
| align="center" |1872–1946
| align="left" |Scientist
| align="left" |Crypt XXV
| align="left" |[[File:Tomb of Paul Langevin in Panthéon.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Transferred to the Panthéon the same day as Jean Perrin.</small>
|-
| align="left" |1948
| align="left" |{{sort| Perrin | [[Jean Perrin]] <br> <small>[[Nobel Laureate]]</small>}}
| align="center" |1870–1942
| align="left" |Scientist
| align="left" |Crypt XXV
| align="left" |[[File:Tomb of Jean Perrin in Panthéon.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Transferred to the Panthéon the same day as Paul Langevin. Repatriated from [[New York City]], US.</small>
|-

| align="left" |1949
| align="left" |{{sort| Schœlcher | [[Victor Schœlcher]]}}
| align="center" |1804–1893
| align="left" |Abolitionist
| align="left" |Crypt XXVI
| align="left" |[[File:Paris - Panthéon Schoelcher.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Transferred to the Panthéon the same day as Félix Éboué. Transferred from [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]]. Victor Schœlcher had wanted to be buried with his father Marc, who was therefore also interred in the Panthéon.</small>
|-
| align="left" |1949
| align="left" |{{sort| Schœlcher | Marc Schœlcher}}
| align="center" |1766–1832
| align="left" |Father of [[Victor Schœlcher]]
| align="left" |Crypt XXVI
| align="left" |[[File:Paris - Panthéon Schoelcher.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Transferred to the Panthéon the same day as Victor Schœlcher. Transferred from [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]]. Victor had wanted to be buried with his father who was therefore is also interred in the Panthéon.</small>
|-
| align="left" |1949
| align="left" |{{sort| Éboué | [[Félix Éboué]]}}
| align="center" |1884–1944
| align="left" |Politician
| align="left" |Crypt XXVI
| align="left" |[[File:Panthéon Crypte Paris 96.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Transferred to the Panthéon the same day as Victor Schœlcher.</small>
|-
| align="left" |1952
| align="left" |{{sort| Braille |[[Louis Braille]]}}
| align="center" |1809–1852
| align="left" |Educator
| align="left" |Crypt XXV
| align="left" |[[File:Braille's tomb in the Pantheon.jpg|100px|left]]
| align="left" |<small> Transferred to the Panthéon on the centenary of his death.</small>
|-
| align="left" |1964
| align="left" |{{sort| Moulin | [[Jean Moulin]]}}
| align="center" |1899–1943
| align="left" |Résistant
| align="left" |Crypt VI
| align="left" |[[File:Jean Moulin Panthéon.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Ashes transferred to the Panthéon from [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]] on 19 December 1964.</small>

|-
| align="left" |1967
| align="left" |{{sort| Saint-Exupéry | [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]}}
| align="center" |1900–1944
| align="left" |Writer
| align="left" |—
| align="left" |[[File:Paris September 2016 IMGL0304 (29541488520) Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Commemorated with an inscription in November 1967, as his body was never found following an aerial dog fight over the Mediterranean near Marseille.</small>
|-
| align="left" |1987
| align="left" |{{sort| Cassin | [[René Cassin]] <br> <small>[[Nobel Laureate]]</small>}}
| align="center" |1887–1976
| align="left" | Human rights activist
| align="left" |Crypt VI
| align="left" |[[File:Bastet cat in a tomb in the Panthéon, Paris, France.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Transferred to the Panthéon on the centenary of his birth. Transferred from [[Montparnasse Cemetery]]. </small>
|-
| align="left" |1988
| align="left" |{{sort| Monnet | [[Jean Monnet]]}}
| align="center" |1888–1979
| align="left" |Economist
| align="left" |Crypt VI
| align="left" |[[File:Bastet cat in a tomb in the Panthéon, Paris, France.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Transferred to the Panthéon on the centenary of his birth.</small>
|-
| align="left" |1989
| align="left" |{{sort| Grégoire | Abbé [[Abbé Baptiste-Henri Grégoire|Henri Grégoire]]}}
| align="center" |1750–1831
| align="left" |Clergyman
| align="left" |Crypt VII
| align="left" |[[File:Tomb of Henri Grégoire in Panthéon.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Transferred to the Panthéon at the bicentennial of the French Revolution.</small>
|-
| align="left" |1989
| align="left" |{{sort| Monge | [[Gaspard Monge]]}}
| align="center" |1746–1818
| align="left" |Mathematician
| align="left" |Crypt VII
| align="left" |[[File:Panthéon Crypte Paris 36.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Transferred to the Panthéon at the bicentennial of the French Revolution.</small>
|-
| align="left" |1989
| align="left" |{{sort|Condorcet | [[Nicolas de Condorcet]]}}
| align="center" |1743–1794
| align="left" |Politician
| align="left" |Crypt VII
| align="left" |[[File:Paris - Panthéon Condorcet.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Symbolic interment at the bicentennial of the French Revolution. His coffin at the Panthéon empty, his remains having been lost.</small>
|-
| align="left" |1995
| align="left" |{{sort| Curie | [[Pierre Curie]]<br> <small>[[Nobel Laureate]] (1903)</small>}}
| align="center" |1859–1906
| align="left" |Scientist
| align="left" |Crypt VIII
| align="left" |[[File:Pierre et Marie Curie tombes.jpg|100px|left]]
| align="left" |<small>Transferred to the Panthéon in April 1995 with his wife and fellow physicist Marie Curie. </small>
|-
| align="left" |1995
| align="left" |{{sort| Curie | [[Marie Curie|Marie Skłodowska Curie]] <br> <small>[[Nobel Laureate]] (1903 and 1911)</small>}}
| align="center" |1867–1934
| align="left" |Scientist
| align="left" |Crypt VIII
| align="left" |[[File:Maria Salomea Skłodowska-Curie.jpg|left|100x100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Second woman to be buried in the Panthéon, but the first to be honoured on her own merit. </small>
|-
| align="left" |1996
| align="left" |{{sort| Malraux | [[André Malraux]]}}
| align="center" |1901–1976
| align="left" |Writer and politician
| align="left" |Crypt VI
| align="left" |[[File:André Malraux au Pantheon.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Ashes transferred to the Panthéon from Verrières-le-Buisson (Essonne) Cemetery on 23 November 1996 on the 20th anniversary of his death.</small>
|-
| align="left" |1998
| align="left" |{{sort| Louverture | [[Toussaint Louverture]]}}
| align="center" |1743–1803
| align="left" |Military officer
| align="left" |—
| align="left" |[[File:Inscription Toussaint Louverture.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Commemorative plaque installed on same day as that for Louis Delgrès.</small>
|-
| align="left" |1998
| align="left" |{{sort| Delgrès | [[Louis Delgrès]]}}
| align="center" |1766–1802
| align="left" |Politician
| align="left" |—
| align="left" |[[File:Inscription Louis Delgrès.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Commemorative plaque installed on same day as that for Toussaint Louverture.</small>

|-
| align="left" |2002
| align="left" |{{sort| Dumas | [[Alexandre Dumas père|Alexandre Dumas]]}}
| align="center" |1802–1870
| align="left" |Writer
| align="left" |Crypt XXIV
| align="left" |[[File:Paris September 2016 IMGL0351 (29207769813).jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Transferred to the Panthéon 132 years after his death. </small>
|-
| align="left" |2011
| align="left" |{{sort| Césaire | [[Aimé Césaire]]}}
| align="center" |1913–2008
| align="left" |Writer and politician
| align="left" |—
| align="left" |[[File:Panthéon hommage à Aimé Césaire.JPG|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Commemorative plaque installed 6 April 2011; Césaire is buried in [[Martinique]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://us.franceguide.com/Aime-Cesaire-joins-Voltaire-and-Rousseau-at-the-Pantheon-in-Paris.html?NodeID=1&EditoID=232794 |title=Aimé Césaire joins Voltaire and Rousseau at the Panthéon in Paris |author=France Guide |year=2011 |publisher=French Government Tourist Office |access-date=2011-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312074006/http://us.franceguide.com/Aime-Cesaire-joins-Voltaire-and-Rousseau-at-the-Pantheon-in-Paris.html?NodeID=1&EditoID=232794 |archive-date=2012-03-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref></small>
|-
| align="left" |2015
| align="left" |{{sort|Zay | [[Jean Zay]]}}
| align="center" |1904–1944
| align="left" |Politician
| align="left" |Crypt IX
| align="left" |[[File:Panthéon Crypte Paris 49.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Murdered at [[Molles]] in [[Allier]] and previously buried in Orléans in 1948.</small>
|-
| align="left" |2015
| align="left" |{{sort| Brossolette |[[Pierre Brossolette]]}}
| align="center" |1903–1944
| align="left" |Résistant
| align="left" |Crypt IX
| align="left" |[[File:Panthéon Crypte Paris 47.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Ashes transferred to the Panthéon from [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]] on 27 May 2015. </small>
|-
| align="left" |2015
| align="left" |{{sort|Tillion | [[Germaine Tillion]]}}
| align="center" |1907–2008
| align="left" |Résistante
| align="left" |Crypt IX
| align="left" |[[File:Panthéon Crypte Paris 52.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Symbolic interment. The coffin of Germaine Tillion at the Panthéon does not contain her remains but soil from her gravesite, because her family did not want the body itself moved.<ref name="news.yahoo.com">{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/paris-celebrates-wwii-resistance-heroes-pantheon-ceremony-151542446.html |title=Paris celebrates WWII resistance heroes in Pantheon ceremony |via= Yahoo News |agency=Associated Press |access-date=2017-01-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305112114/http://news.yahoo.com/paris-celebrates-wwii-resistance-heroes-pantheon-ceremony-151542446.html |archive-date=2016-03-05 }}</ref></small>
|-
| align="left" | 2015
| align="left" |{{sort| Gaulle-Anthonioz | [[Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz]]}}
| align="center" |1920–2002
| align="left" |Résistante
| align="left" |Crypt IX
| align="left" |[[File:Tombstone of Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz in the Pantheon of Paris, Cellar IX.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Symbolic interment. The coffin of Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz at the Panthéon does not contain her remains but soil from her gravesite, because her family did not want the body itself moved.<ref name="news.yahoo.com"/></small>
|-
| align="left" |2018
| align="left" |{{sort| Veil | [[Simone Veil]]}}
| align="center" |1927–2017
| align="left" |Politician, Holocaust survivor
| align="left" |Crypt VI
| align="left" |[[File:Panthéon - Les époux Veil au fond.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Originally buried at [[Montparnasse Cemetery]] following her death in 2017.<ref name="en.rfi.fr">{{Cite news |last1=Roe |first1=David |title=France buries women's rights icon Simone Veil |work=en.rfi.fr |date=2017-07-05 |url=http://en.rfi.fr/france/20170705-france-buries-womens-rights-icon-simone-veil}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/simone-veil-will-become-fifth-woman-buried-pantheon-180963947|title=France's Simone Veil Will Become the Fifth Woman Buried in the Panthéon|first=Brigit|last=Katz|access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> </small>
|-
| align="left" |2018
| align="left" |{{sort| Veil | [[Antoine Veil]]}}
| align="center" |1926–2013
| align="left" |Husband of Simone Veil
| align="left" |Crypt VI
| align="left" |[[File:Panthéon - Les époux Veil au fond.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Transferred to the Panthéon with his wife Simone Veil. Originally buried at Montparnasse Cemetery following his death in 2013.<ref name="en.rfi.fr"/><ref name="auto"/></small>
|-
| align="left" |2020
| align="left" |{{sort| Genevoix | [[Maurice Genevoix]]}}
| align="center" |1890–1980
| align="left" |Writer
| align="left" |Crypt XIII
| align="left" | [[File:Tomb of Maurice Genevoix in Panthéon, August 2023.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small> Originally buried at [[Passy Cemetery]] following his death in 1980.</small>
|-
| align="left" |2021
| align="left" |{{sort| Baker | [[Josephine Baker]]}}
| align="center" | 1906–1975
| align="left" |Résistante, entertainer, civil rights activist
| align="left" | Crypt XIII
| align="left" | [[File:Tomb of Joséphine Baker in Panthéon, Agust 2023.JPG|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Symbolic interment. Baker's [[cenotaph]] contains soil from her birthplace in Missouri, from France, and from her final resting place in [[Monaco Cemetery]].</small><ref name=ap-baker /><ref name=gbaker /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/live/2021/11/30/josephine-baker-au-pantheon-suivez-en-direct-la-ceremonie_6104186_3246.html|title=Joséphine Baker au Panthéon : retrouvez l'intégralité de la cérémonie|language=fr|trans-title=Joséphine Baker at the Pantheon: transcript of the entire ceremony|date=November 30, 2021|website=[[Le Monde]]}}</ref>
|-
| align="left" |2024
| align="left" |{{sort| Manouchian |[[Missak Manouchian]]}}
| align="center" | 1906–1944
| align="left" |Resistance fighter
| align="left" |Crypt XIII
| align="left" |[[File:Tombeaux de Missak Manouchian et de Mélinée Manouchian 3.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |<small>Was interred on the 21 February 2024 with his wife Mélinée<ref>{{cite news |title=French-Armenian Resistance hero Missak Manouchian to enter Panthéon |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20230618-french-armenian-resistance-hero-missak-manouchian-to-enter-panth%C3%A9on |access-date=18 February 2024 |work=[[Radio France Internationale|RFI]] |date=18 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Armenian Resistance fighter Missak Manouchian will join France's Pantheon greats |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2023/06/18/armenian-resistance-fighter-missak-manouchian-joins-france-s-pantheon-greats_6033488_7.html |access-date=18 February 2024 |work=[[Le Monde]] |date=18 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref></small>
|-
| align="left" |2025
| align="left" |{{sort| Badinter|[[Robert Badinter]]}}
| align="center" | 1928~2024
| align="left" |Human rights activist
| align="left" |Crypt XIII
| align="left" |
| align="left" |
|}

==See also==
* ''[[The Apotheosis of Washington]]'' – dome fresco of the U.S. Capitol
* [[Church of Santa Engrácia]]
* [[History of early modern period domes]]
* [[List of tallest domes]]
* [[List of tourist attractions in Paris]]
* [[List of works by Jean Antoine Injalbert]] – including the statue of Mirabeau
* [[Panthéon Club]]
* [[Pantheon, Moscow]]
* [[Panteón Nacional]]
* [[Pantheon, Rome]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book|last=Lebeurre|first=Alexia|title=The Pantheon: Temple of the Nation|publisher=Éditions du Patrimoine|location=Paris|language=en|date=2000|isbn=978-2858223435|url=https://archive.org/details/pantheontempleof0000lebe}}
* {{Cite book|last=Oudin|first=Bernard|title=Dictionnaire des Architectes|language=fr|publisher=Seghers|date=1994|isbn=2232103986}}
* Gilks, David (2024). ''Quatremère de Quincy: Art and Politics during the French Revolution''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0198745563}}.

==External links==
{{commons|Panthéon de Paris|Panthéon, Paris}}
* [https://www.paris-pantheon.fr/en/ Panthéon] at Centre des Monuments Nationaux
* [http://paris1900.lartnouveau.com/paris05/le_pantheon.htm Panthéon] – current photographs and of the years 1900
** [http://hal-enpc.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/81/72/87/PDF/BocquetPantheon1992.pdf Panthéon ou église Sainte-Geneviève? Les ambiguïtés d'un monument], Denis Bocquet, MA Thesis, Sorbonne University 1992
* {{Structurae|id=20004102|title=Panthéon}}

{{Visitor attractions in Paris}}
{{Cemeteries in France}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pantheon}}
[[Category:1790 establishments in France]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in the 5th arrondissement of Paris]]
[[Category:Cemeteries in Paris]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1790]]
[[Category:Domes]]
[[Category:Halls of fame in France]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Paris]]
[[Category:Monuments historiques of Paris]]
[[Category:Monuments of the Centre des monuments nationaux]]
[[Category:Terminating vistas in Paris]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Paris]]
[[Category:Louis XV]]