View source for Pantheism

{{Short description|Belief that God and reality are identical}}
{{Distinguish|Pandeism|Panentheism|Panpsychism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}

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'''Pantheism''' refers to a diverse family of [[Philosophy|philosophical]] and [[Religion|religious]] beliefs, that equate [[reality]] with [[divinity]]. Pantheistic concepts date back thousands of years, and pantheistic elements have been identified in diverse religious traditions.<ref name="Stanford" /><ref name="ReferenceA" /> Most notably, pantheism refers to the belief that the totality of being—called by various names [[Nature]], [[universe]], [[cosmos]]—is a self-organizing unity that needs no distinct creator, and can be met with the same sense of reveration and awe as theists attribute to their [[Deity|gods]].<ref name="Stanford" /><ref name="ReferenceA" /> 

Pantheism is not to be confused with the [[panentheism]], which maintains divinity as an entity greater than the universe out of which the universe arises.<ref name="Thomson">Ann Thomson; Bodies of Thought: Science, Religion, and the Soul in the Early Enlightenment, 2008, page 54.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Raphson |first=Joseph |title=De spatio reali |year=1697 |publisher=Londini |page=2 |language=la}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Suttle|first=Gary|title=Joseph Raphson: 1648–1715|url=http://naturepantheist.org/raph-son.html|publisher=Pantheist Association for Nature|access-date=7 September 2012|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407140352/http://naturepantheist.org/raph-son.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> 

Pantheist [[Belief#Religion|belief]] does not recognize a distinct [[personal god]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A Companion to Philosophy of Religion |editor1=Charles Taliaferro |editor2=Paul Draper |editor3=Philip L. Quinn |page=340 |quote=They deny that God is 'totally other' than the world or ontologically distinct from it.}}</ref> [[anthropomorphic]] or otherwise, but instead characterizes a broad range of doctrines differing in forms of relationships between reality and divinity.<ref name="LevineDetailed" /> One of the earliest uses of the term ''pantheism'' dates back to mathematician [[Joseph Raphson]] in 1697.<ref name="Taylor" /><ref name="Thomson" />

Pantheism was popularized in [[Western culture]] based on the work of the 17th-century philosopher [[Baruch Spinoza]]—in particular, his book ''[[Ethics (Spinoza book)|Ethics]]''.<ref name="Genevieve Lloyd 1996">{{cite book |first=Genevieve |last=Lloyd |title=Routledge Philosophy GuideBook to Spinoza and The Ethics |series=Routledge Philosophy Guidebooks |publisher=[[Routledge]] |edition=|year= 1996 |isbn=978-0-415-10782-2 |page=24}}</ref> A pantheistic stance was also taken in the 16th century by philosopher and cosmologist [[Giordano Bruno]], who for his pantheist views was [[Death by burning|burnt at the stake]] by the [[inquisition]] of the [[Catholic Church|Catholic church]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Birx |first=Jams H. |url=http://www.theharbinger.org/xvi/971111/birx.html |title=Giordano Bruno |publisher=The Harbinger |location=[[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile, AL]] |date=11 November 1997 |quote=Bruno was burned to death at the stake for his pantheistic stance and cosmic perspective. |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-date=27 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727101806/http://www.theharbinger.org/xvi/971111/birx.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the East, [[Advaita Vedanta]], a school of [[Hindu philosophy]] is thought to be similar to pantheism in Western philosophy. The early [[Taoism]] of [[Laozi]] and [[Zhuang Zhou|Zhuangzi]] is also sometimes considered pantheistic, although it could be more similar to [[panentheism]]. [[Cheondoism]], which arose in the [[Joseon Dynasty]] of Korea, and [[Won Buddhism]] are also considered pantheistic.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

==Etymology==
''Pantheism'' derives from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] πᾶν ''pan'' "all, of everything" and θεός ''theos'' "deity, divinity, god". The first known combination of these roots appears in [[Latin]], in [[Joseph Raphson]]'s 1697 book ''De Spatio Reali seu Ente Infinito'',<ref name="Thomson" /> where he refers to "pantheismus".<ref name="Taylor">{{cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=Bron|title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature|date=2008|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1441122780|pages=1341–1342|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4mvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1342|access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref> It was subsequently translated into English as "pantheism" in 1702.

==Definitions==

{{Spirituality sidebar}}
{{Nontheism and religion}}
[[File:NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg|thumb|Pantheists believe that the universe itself and everything in it form a single, all-encompassing deity.<ref name="Pearsall">{{cite book |last1=Pearsall |first1=Judy |title=The New Oxford Dictionary Of English |date=1998 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-861263-6 |edition=1st |location=Oxford |page=1341}}</ref><ref name="Edwards2">{{cite book |last1=Edwards |first1=Paul |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofph08edwa |title=Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=1967 |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofph08edwa/page/34 34] |url-access=registration}}</ref>]]
There are numerous definitions of pantheism, including: 
* a [[Conceptions of God|theological and philosophical position]] which identifies God with the universe, or regards the universe as a manifestation of God;<ref name="Picton">{{cite book|last=Picton|first=James Allanson|title=Pantheism: its story and significance|year=1905|publisher=Archibald Constable & Co. LTD.|location=Chicago|isbn=978-1419140082|url=https://archive.org/details/pantheismitsstor00pictrich}}</ref> 
* the belief that everything is part of an all-encompassing, immanent God and that all forms of reality may then be considered either mode of that Being, or identical with it;<ref name="Deity">Owen, H. P. ''Concepts of Deity''. London: Macmillan, 1971, p. 65.</ref> and 
* a non-religious philosophical position maintaining that the Universe (in the sense of the totality of all existence) and God are identical.<ref>{{Cite book |title = The New Oxford Dictionary Of English|publisher = Clarendon Press|year = 1998|location = Oxford|page=1341|isbn=978-0-19-861263-6}}</ref>

==History==
===Pre-modern times===
Early traces of pantheist thought can be found within animistic beliefs and tribal religions throughout the world as an expression of unity with the divine, specifically in beliefs that have no central [[polytheist]] or [[monotheist]] personas.  [[Hellenistic]] theology makes early recorded reference to pantheism within the [[ancient Greek religion]] of [[Orphism (religion)|Orphism]], where ''pan'' (the all) is made cognate with the creator God [[Phanes]] (symbolizing the universe),<ref>Damascius, referring to the theology delivered by Hieronymus and Hellanicus in {{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/af/af12.htm|title=''The Theogonies''|work=sacred-texts.com}}:"... the theology now under discussion celebrates as Protogonus (First-born) [Phanes], and calls him Dis, as the disposer of all things, and the whole world: upon that account he is also denominated Pan."</ref> and with [[Zeus]], after the swallowing of Phanes.<ref>Betegh, Gábor, ''The Derveni Papyrus'', Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 176–178 {{ISBN|978-0-521-80108-9}}</ref>

Pantheistic tendencies existed in a number of [[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] groups, with pantheistic thought appearing throughout the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name="Worman">Worman, J. H., "Pantheism", in ''Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, Volume 1'', John McClintock, James Strong (Eds), Harper & Brothers, 1896, pp. 616–624.</ref> These included the beliefs of mystics such as [[Ortlieb of Strasbourg]], [[David of Dinant]], [[Amalric of Bena]], and [[Meister Eckhart|Eckhart]].<ref name=Worman/>{{rp|pp. 620–621}}

The [[Catholic Church]] has long regarded pantheistic ideas as heresy.<ref>Collinge, William, ''Historical Dictionary of Catholicism'', Scarecrow Press, 2012, p 188, {{ISBN|9780810879799}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholic.com/qa/what-is-pantheism|title=What is pantheism?|work=catholic.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801114835/https://www.catholic.com/qa/what-is-pantheism|archive-date=1 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Sebastian Franck]] was considered an early Pantheist.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPbWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22the+first+pantheist%22 |title=The Two Eyes of Spinoza & Other Essays on Philosophers – Leszek Kołakowski – Google Books |date=2009-06-11 |isbn=9781587318757 |accessdate=2022-10-08|last1=Kołakowski |first1=Leszek |publisher=St. Augustine's Press }}</ref> [[Giordano Bruno]], an Italian friar who evangelized about a transcendent and infinite God, was burned at the stake in 1600 by the [[Roman Inquisition]]. He has since become known as a celebrated pantheist and martyr of science.<ref>McIntyre, James Lewis, ''Giordano Bruno'', Macmillan, 1903, p 316.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.science20.com/science_20/bruno_was_martyr_magic_not_science-115582|title=Bruno Was a Martyr for Magic, Not Science &#124; Science 2.0|date=27 August 2014}}</ref>

The Hindu philosophy of [[Advaita Vedanta]] is thought to be similar to pantheism. The term ''Advaita'' (literally "non-secondness", but usually rendered as "[[Nonduality (spirituality)|nondualism]]",{{sfn|Deutsch|1988|p=3}}{{sfn|Milne|1997}} and often equated with [[monism]]{{refn|group=note|name=Monism|Form of monism: 
* {{harvnb|Malkovsky|2000|p=71}}: "The interpretation of advaita that is the most common equates non-duality with monism and acosmic illusionism. Only the Absolute, or the paraa brahma, is said to exist; everything else is but an illusory appearance." 
* {{harvnb|Menon|2012}}: "The essential philosophy of Advaita is an idealist monism, and is considered to be presented first in the Upaniṣads and consolidated in the Brahma Sūtra by this tradition."
* {{harvnb|King|1995|p=65}}: "The prevailing monism of the Upanishads was developed by the Advaita Vedanta to its ultimate extreme."
* {{harvnb|Mohanty|1980|p=205}}: "Nyaya-Vaiseshika is realistic; Advaita Vedanta is idealistic. The former is pluralistic, the latter monistic."}}) refers to the idea that ''[[Brahman]]'' alone is ultimately [[Satya|real]], while the transient [[phenomenon (philosophy)|phenomenal world]] is an illusory appearance (''[[Maya (religion)|maya]]'') of Brahman. In this view, ''[[Jiva|jivatman]]'', the experiencing self, is ultimately non-different ("na aparah") from ''[[Ātman (Hinduism)|Ātman]]-[[Brahman]]'', the highest Self or [[ultimate Reality|Reality]].{{sfn|Menon|2012}}{{sfn|Deutsch|1973|p=3, note 2; p.54}}{{sfn|Koller|2013|p=100-101}}{{refn|group=note|name=Brahman|Highest self:
* Shankara, ''Upadesasahasri'' I.18.3: "I am ever-free, the existent" (''[[Sat (Sanskrit)|Sat]]''). I.18.6: "The two [contradictory] notions "I am the Existent-''Brahman''" and "I act," have ''Atman'' as their witness. It is considered more reasonable to give up only [that one] of the two [notions] which arises from ignorance. I.18.7: "The notion, "I am the Existent," arises from right means of knowledge [while] the other notion has its origin in fallacious means of knowledge." ({{harvnb|Mayeda|1992|p=172}})
* ''Brahmajnanavalimala'' Verse 20: "Brahman is real, the universe is mithya (it cannot be categorized as either real or unreal). The jiva is Brahman itself and not different." Translation by S. N. Sastri [https://sanskritdocuments.org/sites/snsastri/brahmajnaanaavalimaalaa.pdf]
* {{harvnb|Sivananda|1993|p=219}}: "Brahman (the Absolute) is alone real; this world is unreal; and the Jiva or individual soul is non-different from Brahman."
* {{harvnb|Menon|2012}}: "The experiencing self (jīva) and the transcendental self of the Universe (ātman) are in reality identical (both are Brahman), though the individual self seems different as space within a container seems different from space as such. These cardinal doctrines are represented in the anonymous verse "brahma satyam jagan mithya; jīvo brahmaiva na aparah" (Brahman is alone True, and this world of plurality is an error; the individual self is not different from Brahman)."
* {{harvnb|Deutsch|1973|p=54}}: "[the] essential status [of the individual human person] is that of unqualified reality, of identity with the Absolute [...] the self (''jiva'') is only misperceived: the self is really Brahman."
* {{harvnb|Koller|2013|pp=100–101}}: "Atman, which is identical to Brahman, is ultimately the only reality and [...] the appearance of plurality is entirely the work of ignorance [...] the self is ultimately of the nature of Atman/Brahman [...] Brahman alone is ultimately real."
* {{harvnb|Bowker|2000a|loc="Advaita Vedanta"}}: "There is only Brahman, which is necessarily undifferentiated. It follows that there cannot even be a difference, or duality, between the human subject, or self, and Brahman, for Brahman must be that very self (since Brahman is the reality underlying all appearance). The goal of human life and wisdom must, therefore, be the realization that the self (ātman) is Brahman."
* {{harvtxt|Hacker|1995|p=88}} notes that Shankara uses two groups of words to denote 'atman': "One group - principally ''jiva'', ''vijnanatman'', and ''sarira'' - expresses the illusory aspect of the soul [...] But in addition there are the two expressions ''atman'' and ''pratyagatman''. These also designate the individual soul, but in its real aspect." {{Harvtxt|Mayeda|1992|pp=11, 14}} uses the word ''pratyagatman''; {{harvtxt|Sivananda1993|p=219}}, {{harvtxt|Deutsch|1973|p=54}}, and {{harvtxt|Menon|2012}} use the term ''jiva'' when referring to the identity of ''atman'' and ''Brahman''.}} The ''jivatman'' or individual self is a mere reflection or limitation of singular ''Ātman'' in a multitude of apparent individual bodies.{{sfn|Indich|2000|p=50}}

===Baruch Spinoza===
[[File:Spinoza.jpg|thumb|160px|The philosophy of Baruch Spinoza is often regarded as pantheism.<ref name=Picton/><ref>*Fraser, Alexander Campbell "Philosophy of Theism", William Blackwood and Sons, 1895, p 163.</ref>]]
In the West, pantheism was formalized as a separate theology and philosophy based on the work of the 17th-century philosopher [[Baruch Spinoza]].<ref name=Picton/>{{rp|p.7}} Spinoza was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese descent raised in the [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi Jewish]] community in [[Amsterdam]].<ref name=tws908>{{cite news | first=Anthony |last=Gottlieb | title = God Exists, Philosophically (review of "Spinoza: A Life" by Steven Nadler) | work=The New York Times |date=18 July 1999 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/07/18/reviews/990718.18gottlit.html | access-date =7 September 2009}}</ref> He developed highly controversial ideas regarding the authenticity of the Hebrew Bible and the nature of the Divine, and was effectively excluded from Jewish society at age 23, when the [[Portuguese Synagogue (Amsterdam)|local synagogue]] issued a ''[[Herem (censure)|herem]]'' against him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2013/septemberoctober/feature/why-spinoza-was-excommunicated|title=Why Spinoza Was Excommunicated|date=2015-09-01|website=National Endowment for the Humanities|language=en|access-date=2017-09-05|archive-date=8 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908105602/https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2013/septemberoctober/feature/why-spinoza-was-excommunicated|url-status=dead}}</ref> A number of his books were published posthumously, and shortly thereafter included in the Catholic Church's ''[[Index Librorum Prohibitorum|Index of Forbidden Books]]''.<ref name=tws9906>{{cite news| title = Destroyer and Builder |magazine=The New Republic | date = 3 May 2012 | url = https://newrepublic.com/book/review/book-forged-hell-spinoza-treatise-steven-nadler| access-date =7 March 2013 }}</ref>

In the posthumously published ''[[Ethics (Spinoza)|Ethics]]'', he opposed [[René Descartes]]' famous [[Dualism (philosophy of mind)|mind–body dualism]], the theory that the body and spirit are separate.<ref name=Plumptre /> Spinoza held the [[Monism|monist]] view that the two are the same, and monism is a fundamental part of his philosophy. He was described as a "God-intoxicated man" and used the word "God" to describe the unity of all substances.<ref name=Plumptre>{{cite book|last=Plumptre|first=Constance|title=General sketch of the history of pantheism, Volume 2|year=1879|publisher=Samuel Deacon and Co|location=London|isbn=9780766155022|pages=3–5, 8, 29}}</ref> This view influenced philosophers such as [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]], who said, "You are either a [[Spinozism|Spinozist]] or not a philosopher at all."<ref name="Hegel's History of Philosophy">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESNZ3TUdN40C&pg=PA144 |title=Hegel's History of Philosophy |access-date=2 May 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110513033919/https://books.google.com/books?id=ESNZ3TUdN40C&pg=PA144&lpg=PA144&dq=%22you+are+either+a+spinozist+or+not+a+philosopher+at+all%22&source=bl&ots=XRsqJEbyNT&sig=bCClaJ9V6lL_CJbOR-S3zaGwHqo&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result| archive-date= 13 May 2011 | url-status= live|isbn=9780791455432 |year=2003 |publisher=SUNY Press }}</ref> Spinoza earned praise as one of the great [[rationalism|rationalists]] of [[17th-century philosophy]]<ref>Scruton 1986 (2002 ed.), ch. 2, p.26</ref> and one of [[Western philosophy]]'s most important thinkers.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Gilles |last1=Deleuze|title=Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza|date=1990|publisher=Zone Books|chapter=(translator's preface)}} Referred to as "the prince" of the philosophers.</ref> Although the term "pantheism" was not coined until after his death, he is regarded as the most celebrated advocate of the concept.<ref name="Shoham 2010 111">{{cite book|last=Shoham|first=Schlomo Giora|title=To Test the Limits of Our Endurance|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge Scholars|isbn=978-1443820684|page=111}}</ref> His book, ''Ethics'', was the major source from which Western pantheism spread.<ref name="Genevieve Lloyd 1996"/>

===18th century===
The first known use of the term "pantheism" was in Latin ("pantheismus"<ref name="Taylor"/>) by the English mathematician Joseph Raphson in his work ''De Spatio Reali seu Ente Infinito'', published in 1697.<ref name="Thomson">Ann Thomson; Bodies of Thought: Science, Religion, and the Soul in the Early Enlightenment, 2008, page 54.</ref> Raphson begins with a distinction between atheistic "panhylists" (from the Greek roots ''[[wikt:pan-|pan]]'', "all", and ''[[wikt:hyle|hyle]]'', "matter"), who believe everything is matter, and Spinozan "pantheists" who believe in "a certain universal substance, material as well as intelligence, that fashions all things that exist out of its own essence."<ref>{{cite book|last=Raphson|first=Joseph|title=De spatio reali|year=1697|publisher=Londini|page=2|language=la}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Suttle|first=Gary|title=Joseph Raphson: 1648–1715|url=http://naturepantheist.org/raph-son.html|publisher=Pantheist Association for Nature|access-date=7 September 2012|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407140352/http://naturepantheist.org/raph-son.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Raphson thought that the universe was immeasurable in respect to a human's capacity of understanding, and believed that humans would never be able to comprehend it.<ref>{{cite book|last=Koyré|first=Alexander|title=From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe|year=1957|publisher=Johns Hopkins Press|location=Baltimore, Md.|isbn=978-0801803475|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fromclosedworldt0000koyr/page/190 190–204]|url=https://archive.org/details/fromclosedworldt0000koyr/page/190}}</ref> He referred to the pantheism of the [[Ancient Egypt|Ancient Egyptians]], [[History of Iran|Persians]], [[Syrians]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Ancient Greece|Greek]], [[History of India|Indians]], and Jewish [[Kabbalists]], specifically referring to Spinoza.<ref name="T Bennet">{{cite book|last1=Bennet|first1=T|title=The History of the Works of the Learned|date=1702|publisher=H.Rhodes|page=498|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zv0vAAAAYAAJ&pg=498|access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref>

The term was first used in English in a translation of Raphson's work in 1702. It was later used and popularized by [[Irish people|Irish]] writer [[John Toland]] in his work of 1705 ''[[Socinianism]] Truly Stated, by a Pantheist''.<ref name="Dabundo">{{cite book|last1=Dabundo|first1=Laura|title=Encyclopedia of Romanticism (Routledge Revivals)|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1135232351|pages=442–443|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMeOAgAAQBAJ|access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=Worman/>{{rp|pp. 617–618}} Toland was influenced by both Spinoza and Bruno and had read Joseph Raphson's ''De Spatio Reali'', referring to it as "the ingenious Mr. Ralphson's (sic) Book of Real Space".<ref>Daniel, Stephen H. "Toland's Semantic Pantheism," in John Toland's Christianity not Mysterious, Text, Associated Works and Critical Essays. Edited by Philip McGuinness, Alan Harrison, and Richard Kearney. Dublin, Ireland: The Lilliput Press, 1997.</ref> Like Raphson, he used the terms "pantheist" and "Spinozist" interchangeably.<ref>R.E. Sullivan, "John Toland and the Deist controversy: A Study in Adaptations", Harvard University Press, 1982, p. 193.</ref> In 1720 he wrote the ''Pantheisticon: or The Form of Celebrating the Socratic-Society'' in Latin, envisioning a pantheist society that believed, "All things in the world are one, and one is all in all things ... what is all in all things is God, eternal and immense, neither born nor ever to perish."<ref>{{cite web|last=Harrison|first=Paul|title=Toland: The father of modern pantheism|url=http://www.pantheism.net/paul/history/toland.htm|work=Pantheist History|publisher=World Pantheist Movement|access-date=5 September 2012}}</ref><ref>Toland, John, Pantheisticon, 1720; reprint of the 1751 edition, New York and London: Garland, 1976, p. 54.</ref> He clarified his idea of pantheism in a letter to [[Gottfried Leibniz]] in 1710 when he referred to "the pantheistic opinion of those who believe in no other eternal being but the universe".<ref name=Worman/><ref name="ReferenceA">Paul Harrison, ''Elements of Pantheism'', 1999.</ref><ref>Honderich, Ted, ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy'', Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 641: "First used by John Toland in 1705, the term 'pantheist' designates one who holds both that everything there is constitutes a unity and that this unity is divine."</ref><ref>Thompson, Ann, ''Bodies of Thought: Science, Religion, and the Soul in the Early Enlightenment'', Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 133, {{ISBN|9780199236190}}.</ref>

In the mid-eighteenth century, the English theologian [[Daniel Waterland]] defined pantheism this way: "It supposes God and nature, or God and the whole universe, to be one and the same substance—one universal being; insomuch that men's [[soul]]s are only modifications of the divine substance."<ref name="Worman">Worman, J. H., "Pantheism", in ''Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, Volume 1'', John McClintock, James Strong (Eds), Harper & Brothers, 1896, pp. 616–624.</ref><ref>Worman cites Waterland, Works, viii, p. 81.</ref> In the early nineteenth century, the German theologian [[Julius Wegscheider]] defined pantheism as the belief that God and the world established by God are one and the same.<ref name=Worman/><ref>Worman cites Wegscheider, ''Institutiones theologicae dogmaticae'', p. 250.</ref>

Between 1785–89, a controversy about Spinoza's philosophy arose between the German philosophers [[Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi]] (a critic) and [[Moses Mendelssohn]] (a defender). Known in German as the ''[[Pantheism controversy|Pantheismusstreit]]'' (pantheism controversy), it helped spread pantheism to many German thinkers.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Giovanni | first1=di | last2=Livieri | first2=Paolo | title=Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi | website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy | date=2001-12-06 | url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/friedrich-jacobi/ | access-date=2021-09-25}}</ref>

===19th century===

====Growing influence====
During the beginning of the 19th century, pantheism was the viewpoint of many leading writers and philosophers, attracting figures such as [[William Wordsworth]] and [[Samuel Coleridge]] in Britain; [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]], Schelling and Hegel in Germany; [[Knut Hamsun]] in Norway; and [[Walt Whitman]], [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] and [[Henry David Thoreau]] in the United States. Seen as a growing threat by the Vatican, in 1864, it was formally condemned by [[Pope Pius IX]] in the ''[[Syllabus of Errors]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pope BI. Pius IX|title=Syllabus of Errors 1.1|url=http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius09/p9syll.htm|website=Papal Encyclicals Online|access-date=28 July 2017|date=9 June 1862}}</ref>

A letter written in 1886 by [[William Herndon (lawyer)|William Herndon]], [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s law partner, was sold at auction for US$30,000 in 2011.<ref name=Letter>{{cite web|title=Sold – Herndon's Revelations on Lincoln's Religion|url=http://www.raabcollection.com/abraham-lincoln-autograph/Abraham-Lincoln-Autograph-Religion/|publisher=Raab Collection|access-date=5 June 2012|first=William|last=Herndon|format=Excerpt and review|date=4 February 1866}}</ref> In it, Herndon writes of the U.S. President's [[Abraham Lincoln and religion|evolving religious views]], which included pantheism.
{{blockquote|"Mr. Lincoln's religion is too well known to me to allow of even a shadow of a doubt; he is or was a Theist and a Rationalist, denying all extraordinary – supernatural inspiration or revelation. At one time in his life, to say the least, he was an elevated Pantheist, doubting the immortality of the soul as the Christian world understands that term. He believed that the soul lost its identity and was immortal as a force. Subsequent to this he rose to the belief of a God, and this is all the change he ever underwent."<ref name=Letter /><ref name=Lincoln>{{cite news|last=Adams|first=Guy|title='Pantheist' Lincoln would be unelectable today|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/pantheist-lincoln-would-be-unelectable-today-2269024.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/pantheist-lincoln-would-be-unelectable-today-2269024.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=5 June 2012|newspaper=The Independent|date=17 April 2011|location=Los Angeles}}</ref>}}

The subject is understandably controversial, but the letter's content is consistent with Lincoln's fairly lukewarm approach to organized religion.<ref name=Lincoln />

====Comparison with non-Christian religions====
Some 19th-century theologians thought that various pre-Christian religions and philosophies were pantheistic. They thought Pantheism was similar to the ancient Hinduism<ref name=Worman/>{{rp|pp. 618}} philosophy of [[Advaita]] (non-dualism).<ref>Literary Remains of the Late Professor Theodore Goldstucker, W. H. Allen, 1879. p. 32.</ref>

19th-century European theologians also considered [[Ancient Egyptian religion]] to contain pantheistic elements and pointed to Egyptian philosophy as a source of Greek Pantheism.<ref name=Worman/>{{rp|pp. 618–620}} The latter included some of the [[Presocratics]], such as [[Heraclitus]] and [[Anaximander]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Thilly |first=Frank |title=Pantheism |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Part 18 |editor-last=Hastings |editor-first=James |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |date=2003 |orig-year=1908 |page=614 |isbn=9780766136953}}</ref> The [[Stoics]] were pantheists, beginning with [[Zeno of Citium]] and culminating in the emperor-philosopher [[Marcus Aurelius]]. During the pre-Christian Roman Empire, [[Stoicism]] was one of the three dominant schools of philosophy, along with [[Epicureanism]] and [[Neoplatonism]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=AH|title=The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy|year=1967|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978052104-0549|pages=57, 60, 161, 186, 222}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=McLynn|first=Frank|title=Marcus Aurelius: A Life|year=2010|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=9780306819162|page=232}}</ref> The early [[Daoism|Taoism]] of [[Laozi]] and [[Zhuang Zhou|Zhuangzi]] is also sometimes considered pantheistic, although it could be more similar to [[panentheism]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

[[Cheondoism]], which arose in the [[Joseon]] Dynasty of Korea, and [[Won Buddhism]] are also considered pantheistic. The [[Realist Society of Canada]] believes that the [[consciousness]] of the self-aware universe is reality, which is an alternative view of Pantheism.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Realism |publisher=The Realist Society of Canada |url=http://www.realistsocietyofcanada.com/ |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>

===20th century===
In the late 20th century, some declared that pantheism was an underlying theology of [[Modern Paganism|Neopaganism]],<ref>{{cite book |first=Margot |last=Adler |title=Drawing Down the Moon |publisher=Beacon Press |date=1986}}</ref> and pantheists began forming organizations devoted specifically to pantheism and treating it as a separate religion.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
[[File:LuminariesofPantheism.jpg|thumb|left|[[Levi Ponce]]'s ''Luminaries of Pantheism'' mural in Venice, California, for [[The Paradise Project]]]]

===21st century===
[[File:Einstein 1921 portrait2.jpg|thumb|160px|Albert Einstein is considered a pantheist by some commentators.]]
[[Dorion Sagan]], son of scientist and science communicator [[Carl Sagan]], published the 2007 book ''Dazzle Gradually: Reflections on the Nature of Nature'', co-written with his mother [[Lynn Margulis]]. In the chapter "Truth of My Father", Sagan writes that his "father believed in the God of Spinoza and Einstein, God not behind nature, but as nature, equivalent to it."<ref>Sagan, Dorion, "Dazzle Gradually: Reflections on the Nature of Nature" 2007, p. 14.</ref>

In 2009, pantheism was mentioned in a [[Papal encyclical]]<ref name=Caritas>Caritas In Veritate, 7 July 2009.</ref> and in a statement on New Year's Day, 2010,<ref>{{Cite web |title=43rd World Day of Peace 2010, If You Want to Cultivate Peace, Protect Creation {{!}} BENEDICT XVI |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/messages/peace/documents/hf_ben-xvi_mes_20091208_xliii-world-day-peace.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> criticizing pantheism for denying the superiority of humans over nature and seeing the source of man{{'s}} salvation in nature.<ref name=Caritas/>

In 2015, [[The Paradise Project]], an organization "dedicated to celebrating and spreading awareness about pantheism," commissioned Los Angeles muralist [[Levi Ponce]] to paint the 75-foot mural in [[Venice, Los Angeles|Venice]], California, near the organization's offices.<ref name="vp">{{cite web |title=New Mural in Vence: "Luminaries of Pantheism" |url=https://www.venicepaparazzi.com/recent-events-covered/new-mural-in-venice-inspiration-of-pantheism/ |publisher=VenicePaparazzi |access-date=15 October 2020}}</ref>  The mural depicts [[Albert Einstein]], [[Alan Watts]], [[Baruch Spinoza]], [[Terence McKenna]], [[Carl Jung]], [[Carl Sagan]], [[Emily Dickinson]], [[Nikola Tesla]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], [[W.E.B. Du Bois]], [[Henry David Thoreau]], [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]], [[Rumi]], [[Adi Shankara]], and [[Laozi]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Rod|first=Perry|title=About the Paradise Project|url=https://pantheism.com/about/pantheismcom/|publisher=The Paradise Project|access-date=21 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="Pantheist Vision">{{cite journal |last1=Wood |first1=Harold |title=New Online Pantheism Community Seeks Common Ground |journal=Pantheist Vision |date=Summer 2017 |volume=34 |issue=2 |page=5}}</ref>

==Categorizations==
There are multiple varieties of pantheism<ref name=Worman/><ref name="Stanford">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Levine|first=Michael|title=Pantheism|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pantheism/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|year=2020}}</ref>{{rp|3}} and various systems of classifying them relying upon one or more spectra or in discrete categories.

===Degree of determinism===
The philosopher [[Charles Hartshorne]] used the term [[Classical Pantheism]] to describe the [[deterministic]] philosophies of Baruch Spinoza, the Stoics, and other like-minded figures.<ref>{{cite book|title=Philosophers Speak of God|url=https://archive.org/details/philosophersspea009720mbp|url-access=limited|year=1953|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|pages=[https://archive.org/details/philosophersspea009720mbp/page/n182 165]–210|editor=Charles Hartshorne and William Reese}}</ref> Pantheism (All-is-God) is often associated with [[monism]] (All-is-One) and some have suggested that it logically implies determinism (All-is-Now).<ref name=Plumptre/><ref name="Goldsmith">{{cite book|last=Goldsmith|first=Donald|title=E = Einstein: His Life, His Thought, and His Influence on Our Culture|year=2006|publisher=Stirling Publishing|location=New York|page=187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGzcV40b3IkC&pg=PA187|author2=Marcia Bartusiak|isbn=9781402763199}}</ref><ref>F.C. Copleston, "Pantheism in Spinoza and the German Idealists," Philosophy 21, 1946, p. 48.</ref><ref>Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, "Proceedings of the Liverpool Literary & Philosophical Society, Volumes 43–44", 1889, p. 285.</ref><ref>John Ferguson, "The Religions of the Roman Empire", Cornell University Press, 1970, p. 193.</ref> Albert Einstein explained [[theological determinism]] by stating,<ref>{{cite book|last=Isaacson|first=Walter|title=Einstein: His Life and Universe|year=2007|publisher=Simon and Schuster |url=https://archive.org/details/einsteinhislifeu0000isaa |url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/einsteinhislifeu0000isaa/page/391 391] |quote=I am a determinist.|isbn=9781416539322}}</ref> "the past, present, and future are an 'illusion{{'"}}. This form of pantheism has been referred to as "extreme monism", in which{{spaced ndash}} in the words of one commentator{{spaced ndash}} "God decides or determines everything, including our supposed decisions."<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Religion: Volume 10|year=2005|publisher=MacMillan|location=USA|isbn=978-0028657332|edition=2nd|editor=Lindsay Jones|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2}}</ref> Other examples of determinism-inclined pantheisms include those of [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]],<ref>Dependence and Freedom: The Moral Thought of Horace Bushnell by David Wayne Haddorff [https://books.google.com/books?id=dL6_maZuNjYC&pg=PA156] Emerson's belief was "monistic determinism".

* Creatures of Prometheus: Gender and the Politics of Technology by Timothy Vance Kaufman-Osborn, Prometheus ((Writer)) [https://books.google.com/books?id=PZiLIEQzgHcC&pg=PA28] "Things are in a saddle, and ride mankind."
* Emerson's position is "soft determinism" (a variant of determinism) [https://archive.org/details/emersonsethics00vanc/page/145].
* "The 'fate' Emerson identifies is an underlying determinism." (Fate is one of Emerson's essays) [https://books.google.com/books?id=E1XhhYR2W6cC&pg=PA443].</ref> and Hegel.<ref>Hegel was a determinist" (also called a combatibilist a.k.a. soft determinist). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7tu1ZAJzl-sC&pg=PA226]

"Hegel and Marx are usually cited as the greatest proponents of historical determinism." [https://books.google.com/books?id=OF_0c51R_VUC&pg=PA238]</ref>

However, some have argued against treating every meaning of "unity" as an aspect of pantheism,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Levine|first=Michael P.|title=Pantheism, substance and unity|journal=International Journal for Philosophy of Religion|date=August 1992|volume=32|issue=1|pages=1–23|jstor=40036697|doi=10.1007/bf01313557|s2cid=170517621}}</ref> and there exist versions of pantheism that regard determinism as an inaccurate or incomplete view of nature. Examples include the beliefs of [[John Scotus Eriugena]],<ref>{{Citation |last1=Moran |first1=Dermot |title=John Scottus Eriugena |date=2019 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/scottus-eriugena/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |edition=Winter 2019 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=2020-03-19 |last2=Guiu |first2=Adrian}}</ref> [[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling]] and [[William James]].<ref>* Theories of the will in the history of philosophy by Archibald Alexander p. 307 Schelling holds "...that the will is not determined but self-determined." [https://archive.org/details/theorieswillinh00alexgoog/page/n319]
* The Dynamic Individualism of William James by James O. Pawelski p. 17 "[His] fight against determinism" "My first act of free will shall be to believe in free will." [https://books.google.com/books?id=-21UjntpjFkC&pg=PA17]
</ref>

===Degree of belief===
It may also be possible to distinguish two types of pantheism, one being more religious and the other being more philosophical. The Columbia Encyclopedia writes of the distinction:
:"If the pantheist starts with the belief that the one great reality, eternal and infinite, is God, he sees everything finite and temporal as but some part of God. There is nothing separate or distinct from God, for God is the universe. If, on the other hand, the conception taken as the foundation of the system is that the great inclusive unity is the world itself, or the universe, God is swallowed up in that unity, which may be designated nature."<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Pantheism|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/pantheism|encyclopedia=The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition|publisher=Columbia University Press|access-date=13 June 2012|year=2012}}</ref>

===Form of monism===
[[File:Dualism-vs-Monism.png|thumb|right|A diagram with neutral monism compared to Cartesian dualism, physicalism and idealism]]
Philosophers and theologians have often suggested that pantheism implies [[monism]].<ref name="Deity1">{{cite book |last=Owen |first=H. P. |title=Concepts of Deity |location=London |publisher=Macmillan |date=1971 |page=67}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Different types of monism include:{{sfn|Urmson|1991|p=297}}<ref name=Schaffer>{{cite web |last=Schaffer |first=Jonathan |title=Monism: The Priority of the Whole |url=http://www.jonathanschaffer.org/monism.pdf |website=johnathanschaeffer.org |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>

# [[Substance theory|Substance]] monism, "the view that the apparent plurality of substances is due to different states or appearances of a single substance".{{sfn|Urmson|1991|p=297}}
# Attributive monism, "the view that whatever the number of substances, they are of a single ultimate kind".{{sfn|Urmson|1991|p=297}}
# Partial monism, "within a given realm of being (however many there may be) there is only one substance".{{sfn|Urmson|1991|p=297}}
# Existence monism, the view that there is only one concrete object [[Type–token distinction|token]] (The One, "Τὸ Ἕν" or the [[Monad (philosophy)|Monad]]).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schaffer |first=Jonathan |title=Monism |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=19 March 2007 |edition=Summer 2015 |editor-first=Edward N. |editor-last=Zalta |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/monism/}}</ref>
# Priority monism, "the whole is prior to its parts" or "the world has parts, but the parts are dependent fragments of an integrated whole."<ref name="Schaffer"/>
# Property monism: the view that all properties are of a single type (e.g. only physical properties exist).
# Genus monism: "the doctrine that there is a highest category; e.g., being".<ref name="Schaffer"/>

Views contrasting with monism are:
* [[Dualistic cosmology|Metaphysical dualism]], which asserts that there are two ultimately irreconcilable substances or realities such as Good and Evil, for example, [[Manichaeism]].{{sfn|Brugger|1972}}
* [[Pluralism (philosophy)|Metaphysical pluralism]], which asserts three or more fundamental substances or realities.{{sfn|Brugger|1972}}
* [[Nihilism]], negates any of the above categories (substances, properties, concrete objects, etc.).

Monism in modern [[philosophy of mind]] can be divided into three broad categories:
# [[Idealism]], phenomenalism, or [[Mentalism (psychology)|mentalistic]] monism, which holds that only mind or spirit is real.{{sfn|Brugger|1972}}
# [[Neutral monism]], which holds that one sort of thing fundamentally exists,{{sfn|Mandik|2010|p=76}} to which both the mental and the physical can be reduced.
# [[Material monism]] (also called [[Physicalism]] and [[Materialism]]), which holds that only the physical is real, and that the mental or spiritual can be reduced to the physical:{{sfn|Brugger|1972}}{{sfn|Mandik|2010|p=76}}
::a. [[Eliminative materialism]], according to which everything is physical and mental things do not exist.{{sfn|Mandik|2010|p=76}}
::b. [[Reductive physicalism]], according to which mental things do exist and are a kind of physical thing,{{sfn|Mandik|2010|p=76}} Such as [[Behaviourism]], [[Type-identity theory]] and [[Functionalism (philosophy of mind)|Functionalism]].

Certain positions do not fit easily into the above categories, such as functionalism, [[anomalous monism]], and [[reflexive monism]]. Moreover, they do not define the meaning of "real".}}

For the [[Aztecs]] ''[[teotl]]'' was the metaphysical omnipresence creating the cosmos and all its contents ''from within'' itself as well as ''out of'' itself. This is conceptualized in a kind of monistic pantheism as manifest in the supreme god [[Ōmeteōtl|Ometeotl]], as well as a large pantheon of lesser gods and idealizations of natural phenomena.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maffie |first=James |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qhkh2 |title=Aztec Philosophy: Understanding a World in Motion |date=2014 |publisher=University Press of Colorado |jstor=j.ctt9qhkh2 |isbn=978-1-60732-222-1}}</ref>

===Other===
In 1896, J. H. Worman, a theologian, identified seven categories of pantheism: Mechanical or materialistic (God the mechanical unity of existence); Ontological (fundamental unity, Spinoza); Dynamic; Psychical (God is the soul of the world); Ethical (God is the universal moral order, Fichte); Logical (Hegel); and Pure (absorption of God into nature, which Worman equates with atheism).<ref name=Worman/>

In 1984, [[Paul D. Feinberg]], professor of biblical and systematic theology at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, also identified seven: Hylozoistic; Immanentistic; Absolutistic monistic; Relativistic monistic; Acosmic; Identity of opposites; and Neoplatonic or emanationistic.<ref>''[[Evangelical Dictionary of Theology]]'', edited by Walter A. Elwell, p. 887.</ref>

== Demographics ==

=== Prevalence ===
According to censuses of 2011, the UK was the country with the most Pantheists.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pantheism.net/groups/pantheists-worldwide/ | title=Pantheists Around the World }}</ref> As of 2011, about 1,000 Canadians identified their religion as "Pantheist", representing 0.003% of the population.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=8 May 2013|title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=1&LANG=E&A=R&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=01&GL=-1&GID=1118296&GK=1&GRP=0&O=D&PID=105399&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0 |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> By 2021, the number of Canadian pantheists had risen to 1,855 (0.005%).<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title=Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> In Ireland, Pantheism rose from 202 in 1991,<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249058598 |title=Changing Religions in the Republic of Ireland, 1991–2002 |journal=Irish Geography |date=January 2006 |last=Gilmour |first=Desmond A. |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=111–128 |doi=10.1080/00750770609555871|doi-access=free }}</ref> to 1106 in 2002,<ref name=":1" /> to 1,691 in 2006,<ref name=":4">{{cite web |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/census2006results/volume13/volume_13_religion.pdf |title=Census 2006: Volume 13 – Religion |publisher=Central Statistics Office |location=Dublin, Ireland |date=2007 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> 1,940 in 2011.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/documents/census2011profile7/Profile_7_Education_Ethnicity_and_Irish_Traveller_Tables_and_appendices.pdf |title=Statistical Tables |website=cso.ie |page=47 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref>{{needs update|date=March 2022}} In New Zealand, there was exactly one pantheist man in 1901.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www3.stats.govt.nz/historic_publications/1901-census/1901-results-census/1901-results-census.html |title=Results of a Census of the Colony of New Zealand Taken for the Night of the 31st March 1901 |publisher=Statistics New Zealand |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> By 1906, the number of pantheists in New Zealand had septupled to 7 (6 male, 1 female).<ref>{{cite web |date=29 April 1906|title=Results of a Census of the Colony of New Zealand Taken for the Night of the 29th April, 1906.|url=https://www3.stats.govt.nz/historic_publications/1906-census/1906-results-census/1906-results-census.html |publisher=Statistics New Zealand |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> This number had further risen to 366 by 2006.<ref name=":3">2006 New Zealand census.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Country
!Subdivision(s)
!Number
!Year
!{{Reference column heading}}
|-
|{{Flag|Australia}}
|
|1,394 (0.006%)
|2011
|<ref>2011 Australia Census</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|
|1,855 (0.005%)
|2021
|<ref name=":03" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|Quebec}}
|75 (0.001%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|Ontario}}
|295 (0.002%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|Nova Scotia}}
|30 (0.003%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|New Brunswick}}
|45 (0.006%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|Manitoba}}
|40 (0.003%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|British Columbia}}
|395 (0.008%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|Prince Edward Island}}
|0 (0%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|Saskatchewan}}
|25 (0.002%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|Alberta}}
|125 (0.004%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|Newfoundland and Labrador}}
|0 (0%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|Northwest Territories}}
|0 (0%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|Yukon}}
|0 (0%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|Nunavut}}
|0 (0%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Ireland}}
|
|1,940 (0.04%)
|2011
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|{{Flag|Ireland}}
|[[Border Region]]
|179 (0.04%)
|2006
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|{{Flag|Ireland}}
|[[County Dublin|Dublin]]
|524 (0.04%)
|2006
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|{{Flag|Ireland}}
|[[Mid-East Region, Ireland|Mid-East Region]]
|177
|2006
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|{{Flag|Ireland}}
|[[Midland Region, Ireland|Midland Region]]
|118
|2006
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|{{Flag|Ireland}}
|[[South-East Region, Ireland|South-East Region]]
|173
|2006
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|{{Flag|Ireland}}
|[[South-West Region, Ireland|South-West Region]]
|270
|2006
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|{{Flag|Ireland}}
|[[West Region, Ireland|West Region]]
|181
|2006
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|{{Flag|New Zealand}}
|
|366 (0.009%)
|2006
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|{{Flag|Scotland}}
|60 (0.001%)
|2001
|<ref>2001 Scotland Census</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|{{Flag|England}} and {{Flag|Wales}}
|2,216 (0.004%)
|2011
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bristol.gov.uk/documents/20182/34008/Key%20Statistics%20Religion_0.pdf/370b3935-a399-4734-ad3b-04e8f6996a5d |title=2011 Census: Religion |publisher=Census Office for National Statistics |date=2011 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Northern Ireland]]
|29 (0.002%)
|2011
|<ref name="ni2011">{{cite web|title=Census 2011: Religion – Full Detail: QS218NI – Northern Ireland|url=http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/QS218NI.xls|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110173315/http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/QS218NI.xls|archive-date=10 November 2013|access-date=1 October 2013|publisher=nisra.gov.uk}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Uruguay}}
|
|790 (0.02%)
|2006
|<ref>2006 Uruguay Census</ref>
|}

=== Age, ethnicity, and gender ===
The [[2021 Canadian census]] showed that pantheists were somewhat more likely to be in their 20s and 30s compared to the general population. People under 15 were about four times less likely to be pantheist than the general population.<ref name=":03" />

The 2021 Canadian census also showed that pantheists were less likely to be part of a recognized minority group compared to the general population, with 90.3% of pantheists not being part of any minority group (compared to 73.5% of the general population). The census did not register any pantheists who were [[Arabs|Arab]], Southeast Asian, West Asian, [[Koreans|Korean]], or [[Japanese people|Japanese]].<ref name=":03" />

In Canada (2011), there was no gender difference in regards to pantheism.<ref name=":0" /> However, in Ireland (2011), pantheists were slightly more likely to be female (1074 pantheists, 0.046% of women) than male (866 pantheists, 0.038% of men).<ref name=":2" /> In contrast, Canada (2021) showed pantheists to be slightly more likely to be male, with men representing 51.5% of pantheists.<ref name=":03" />
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" |Comparison of pantheists in Canada against the general population (2021)<ref name=":03" />
|-
! colspan="2" |
!General population
!Pantheists
|-
! colspan="2" |Total population
|36,328,480
|1,855
|-
! rowspan="2" |Gender
!Male
|17,937,165 (49.4%)
|955 (51.5%)
|-
!Female
|18,391,315 (50.6%)
|895 (48.2%)
|-
! rowspan="8" |Age
!0 to 14
|5,992,555 (16.5%)
|75 (4%)
|-
!15 to 19
|2,003,200 (5.5%)
|40 (2%)
|-
!20 to 24
|2,177,860 (6%)
|125 (6.7%)
|-
!25 to 34
|4,898,625 (13.5%)
|405 (21.8%)
|-
!35 to 44
|4,872,425 (13.4%)
|380 (20.5%)
|-
!45 to 54
|4,634,850 (12.8%)
|245 (13.2%)
|-
!55 to 64
|5,162,365 (14.2%)
|245 (13.2%)
|-
!65 and over
|6,586,600 (18.1%)
|325 (17.5%)
|-
! rowspan="13" |Ethnicity
!Non-minority
|26,689,275 (73.5%)
|1,675 (90.3%)
|-
!South Asian
|2,571,400 (7%)
|20 (1.1%)
|-
!Chinese
|1,715,770 (4.7%)
|45 (2.4%)
|-
!Black
|1,547,870 (4.3%)
|45 (2.4%)
|-
!Filipino
|957,355 (2.6%)
|10 (0.5%)
|-
!Arab
|694,015 (1.9%)
|0 (0%)
|-
!Latin American
|580,235 (1.6%)
|25 (1.3%)
|-
!Southeast Asian
|390,340 (1.1%)
|0 (0%)
|-
!West Asian
|360,495 (1%)
|0 (0%)
|-
!Korean
|218,140 (0.6%)
|0 (0%)
|-
!Japanese
|98,890 (0.3%)
|0 (0%)
|-
!Visible minority, n.i.e.
|172,885 (0.5%)
|0 (0%)
|-
!Multiple visible minorities
|331,805 (0.9%)
|15 (0.8%)
|}
[[File:Canada Pantheism distribution map.png|thumb|209x209px|Canadian pantheist population by percentage (2011 National Household Survey)]]

== Related concepts ==
[[Nature worship]] or nature mysticism is often conflated and confused with pantheism. It is pointed out by at least one expert, Harold Wood, founder of the Universal Pantheist Society, that in pantheist philosophy Spinoza's identification of God with nature is very different from a recent idea of a self identifying pantheist with environmental ethical concerns. His use of the word [[nature]] to describe his worldview may be vastly different from the "nature" of modern sciences. He and other nature mystics who also identify as pantheists use "nature" to refer to the limited [[natural environment]] (as opposed to man-made [[built environment]]). This use of "nature" is different from the broader use from Spinoza and other pantheists describing natural laws and the overall phenomena of the physical world. Nature mysticism may be compatible with pantheism but it may also be compatible with theism and other views.<ref name="LevineDetailed">{{harvnb|Levine|1994|pp=44, 274–275}}:

* "The idea that Unity that is rooted in nature is what types of nature mysticism (e.g. Wordsworth, Robinson Jeffers, Gary Snyder) have in common with more philosophically robust versions of pantheism. It is why nature mysticism and philosophical pantheism are often conflated and confused for one another."
* "[Wood's] pantheism is distant from Spinoza's identification of God with nature, and much closer to nature mysticism. In fact it is nature mysticism."
* "Nature mysticism, however, is as compatible with theism as it is with pantheism."</ref> Pantheism has also been involved in [[animal worship]] especially in primal religions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0_dHrRY3gIC&dq=%22pantheism%22+%22animal+worship%22&pg=PA4 |title=World Religions at Your Fingertips – Michael McDowell, Nathan Robert Brown – Google Books |isbn=9781592578467 |accessdate=2022-10-08|last1=McDowell |first1=Michael |last2=Brown |first2=Nathan Robert |year=2009 |publisher=Penguin }}</ref>

[[Nontheism]] is an umbrella term which has been used to refer to a variety of religions not fitting traditional theism, and under which pantheism has been included.<ref name="LevineDetailed"/>

[[Panentheism]] (from Greek πᾶν (pân) "all"; ἐν (en) "in"; and θεός (theós) "God"; "all-in-God") was formally coined in Germany in the 19th century in an attempt to offer a philosophical synthesis between traditional theism and pantheism, stating that God is substantially [[omnipresent]] in the physical universe but also exists "apart from" or "beyond" it as its Creator and Sustainer.<ref name="Cooper">{{cite book |first=John W. |last=Cooper |title=The Other God of the Philosophers |publisher=Baker Academic |date=2006}}</ref>{{rp|p.27}} Thus panentheism separates itself from pantheism, positing the extra claim that God exists above and beyond the world as we know it.{{sfn|Levine|1994|p=11}} The line between pantheism and panentheism can be blurred depending on varying definitions of God, so there have been disagreements when assigning particular notable figures to pantheism or panentheism.<ref name="Cooper" />{{rp|pp. 71–72, 87–88, 105}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |title=Genealogy to Iqbal |year=1998 |editor-first=Edward |editor-last=Craig |page=100 |isbn=9780415073103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5m5z_ca-qDkC}}</ref>

[[Pandeism]] is another word derived from pantheism, and is characterized as a combination of reconcilable elements of pantheism and [[deism]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of Science: A Beginner's Guide|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofscience0000john/page/90 90]|first=Sean F. |last=Johnston|year=2009|publisher=Oneworld Publications |isbn=978-1-85168-681-0|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofscience0000john/page/90}}</ref> It assumes a Creator-deity that is at some point distinct from the universe and then transforms into it, resulting in a universe similar to the pantheistic one in present essence, but differing in origin.

[[Panpsychism]] is the philosophical view that consciousness, [[mind]], or soul is a universal feature of all things.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Seager |first1=William |last2=Allen-Hermanson |first2=Sean |title=Panpsychism |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=23 May 2001 |edition=Winter 2012 |editor-first=Edward N. |editor-last=Zalta |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2012/entries/panpsychism/}}</ref> Some pantheists also subscribe to the distinct philosophical views [[hylozoism]] (or panvitalism), the view that everything is alive, and its close neighbor [[animism]], the view that everything has a soul or spirit.<ref>{{cite book |last=Haught |first=John F. |date=1990 |title=What Is Religion?: An Introduction |publisher=Paulist Press |page=19}}</ref>

==Pantheism in religion==

===Traditional religions===
Many traditional and folk religions, including [[African traditional religions]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Parrinder|first=EG|title=Monotheism and Pantheism in Africa|journal=Journal of Religion in Africa|year=1970|volume=3|issue=2|pages=81–88|jstor=1594816|doi=10.1163/157006670x00099}}</ref> and [[Native American religions]],{{sfn|Levine|1994|p=67}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Harrison|first=Paul|title=North American Indians: the spirituality of nature|url=http://www.pantheism.net/paul/history/native-americans.htm|publisher=World Pantheist Movement|access-date=7 September 2012}}</ref> can be seen as pantheistic or a mixture of pantheism and other worldviews, such as [[polytheism]] and [[animism]]. According to pantheists, there are elements of pantheism in some forms of [[Christianity]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Harrison|first=Paul|title=The origins of Christian pantheism|url=http://www.pantheism.net/paul/history/gospel.htm|work=Pantheist history|publisher=World Pantheists Movement|access-date=20 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Fox|first=Michael W.|title=Christianity and Pantheism|url=http://pantheist.net/society/christianity_and_pan_fox.html|publisher=Universal Pantheist Society|access-date=20 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010309032933/http://pantheist.net/society/christianity_and_pan_fox.html|archive-date=9 March 2001|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Zaleha|first=Bernard|title=Recovering Christian Pantheism as the Lost Gospel of Creation|url=http://www.christianecology.org/ConsiderLillies.html|publisher=Fund for Christian Ecology, Inc.|access-date=20 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717012801/http://www.christianecology.org/ConsiderLillies.html|archive-date=17 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Ideas resembling pantheism existed in [[Eastern religions]] before the 18th century (notably [[Hinduism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Taoism]]). Although there is no evidence that these influenced Spinoza's work, there is evidence regarding other contemporary philosophers, such as Leibniz, and later Voltaire.<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 1397760|title = Leibniz's Interpretation of Neo-Confucianism|journal = Philosophy East and West|volume = 21|issue = 1|pages = 3–22|last1 = Mungello|first1 = David E|doi = 10.2307/1397760|year = 1971}}</ref><ref>Lan, Feng (2005). ''Ezra Pound and Confucianism: remaking humanism in the face of modernity''. University of Toronto Press. p. 190. {{ISBN|978-0-8020-8941-0}}.</ref> In the case of Hinduism, pantheistic views exist alongside panentheistic, polytheistic, monotheistic, and atheistic ones.{{sfn|Fowler|1997|p=2}}{{sfn|Fowler|2002|p=15-32}}{{sfn|Long|2011|p=128}} 

===Spirituality and new religious movements===
Pantheism is popular in modern spirituality and [[new religious movement]]s, such as [[Modern paganism|Neopaganism]] and [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Theosophy]].<ref>Carpenter, Dennis D. (1996). "Emergent Nature Spirituality: An Examination of the Major Spiritual Contours of the Contemporary Pagan Worldview". In Lewis, James R., ''Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft''. Albany: State University of New York Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7914-2890-0}}. p. 50.</ref> Two organizations that specify the word pantheism in their title formed in the last quarter of the 20th century. The Universal Pantheist Society, open to all varieties of pantheists and supportive of environmental causes, was founded in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|title=Home page|url=http://www.pantheist.net/|publisher=Universal Pantheist Society|access-date=8 August 2012}}</ref> The [[World Pantheist Movement]] is headed by [[Paul Harrison (pantheist)|Paul Harrison]], an environmentalist, writer and a former vice president of the Universal Pantheist Society, from which he resigned in 1996. The World Pantheist Movement was incorporated in 1999 to focus exclusively on promoting [[naturalistic pantheism]] – a strict [[metaphysical naturalism|metaphysical naturalistic]] version of pantheism,<ref>{{cite web|last=World Pantheist Movement|title=Naturalism and Religion: can there be a naturalistic & scientific spirituality?|url=http://www.pantheism.net/natural.htm|access-date=4 September 2012}}</ref> considered by some a form of [[religious naturalism]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Stone|first=Jerome Arthur|title=Religious Naturalism Today: The Rebirth of a Forgotten Alternative|url=https://archive.org/details/religiousnatural00ston|url-access=limited|year=2008|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=978-0791475379|pages=[https://archive.org/details/religiousnatural00ston/page/n25 10]}}</ref> It has been described as an example of "dark green religion" with a focus on [[environmental ethics]].<ref name="Dark Green">Bron Raymond Taylor, "[[Dark Green Religion|Dark Green Religion: Nature Spirituality and the Planetary Future]]", University of California Press, 2010, pp. 159–160.</ref>

{{See also|Dark green environmentalism}}

==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Animism]]
* [[Biocentrism (ethics)]]
* [[Irreligion]]
* [[List of pantheists]]
* [[Monism]]
* [[Mother nature]]
* [[Nondualism]]
* [[Panentheism]]
* [[Theopanism]], a term philosophically distinct but derived from the same root words
* [[Worship of heavenly bodies]]
{{colend}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation | last =Bowker | first =John | year =2000a | title =The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions | chapter =Advaita Vedanta | publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn =978-0-19-280094-7 | chapter-url =https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/advaita-vedanta | access-date =1 August 2020 | archive-date =5 January 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20220105073914/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/advaita-vedanta | url-status =live }}
* {{Citation | last =Deutsch | first =Eliot | year =1973 |title=Advaita Vedanta: A Philosophical Reconstruction| publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-0271-4 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=63gdKwhHeV0C}}
* {{Citation | last =Deutsch | first =Eliot | year =1988 | title =Advaita Vedanta: A Philosophical Reconstruction | publisher =University of Hawaii Press | isbn =0-88706-662-3 | url =https://archive.org/details/experienceofhind00zell}}
* {{Citation | last =Fowler | first =Jeaneane D. | year =1997 | title =Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices | publisher =Sussex Academic Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Fowler | first =Jeaneane D. | year =2002 | title =Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism | publisher =Sussex Academic Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Hacker | first =Paul | year =1995 | title =Philology and Confrontation: Paul Hacker on Traditional and Modern Vedanta | publisher =SUNY Press | isbn =978-0-7914-2582-4}}
* {{Citation|last=Indich|first=William|year=2000|title=Consciousness in Advaita Vedanta|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ykZjWOiBMoC|isbn=978-8120812512}}
* {{Citation|last=King|first=Richard|year=1995|title=Early Advaita Vedānta and Buddhism: The Mahāyāna Context of the Gauḍapādīya-kārikā|publisher=SUNY Press}}
* {{Citation|last1=Koller|first1=John M.|year=2013|chapter=Shankara|editor1-last=Meister|editor1-first=Chad |editor2-last=Copan|editor2-first=Paul|title=Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion|publisher=Routledge}}
* {{citation |last=Levine |first=Michael |title=Pantheism: A Non-Theistic Concept of Deity |publisher=Psychology Press |date=1994 |isbn=9780415070645 }}
* {{Citation | last =Long | first =Jeffrey D. | year =2011 | title =Historical Dictionary of Hinduism | publisher =Scarecrow Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Malkovsky | first =Bradley J. | year =2000 | chapter =Samkara on Divine Grace | editor-last =Malkovsky | editor-first =Bradley J. | title =New Perspectives on Advaita Vedānta: Essays in Commemoration of Professor Richard De Smet, S.J. | publisher =Bill |isbn=978-9004120440}}
* {{Citation | last =Mayeda | first =Sengaku | year =1992 | chapter =An Introduction to the Life and Thought of Sankara | editor-first =Sengaku | editor-last =Mayeda | title =A Thousand Teachings: The Upadeśasāhasrī of Śaṅkara | publisher =State University of New York City Press | isbn =0-7914-0944-9 | chapter-url =https://archive.org/details/thousandteaching00sank }}
* {{Citation | last =Menon | first =Sangeetha | year =2012 | title =Advaita Vedanta | publisher =Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy | url =https://iep.utm.edu/adv-veda/}}
* {{Citation|last=Milne|first=Joseph|title=Advaita Vedanta and typologies of multiplicity and unity: An interpretation of nindual knowledge|journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies|volume=1|issue=1|date=April 1997|pages=165–188|doi=10.1007/s11407-997-0017-6|s2cid=143690641}}
* {{Citation | last =Mohanty | first =JN | year =1980 | title =Understanding some Ontological Differences in Indian Philosophy | journal =Journal of Indian Philosophy |volume=8 |issue=3| pages =205–217 | doi =10.1007/BF00166295 | s2cid =145752220 }}
* {{Citation | last =Sivananda | first =Swami | year =1993 | title =All About Hinduism | publisher =The Divine Life Society}}
* {{Citation | last =Urmson | first =James Opie | year =1991 | title =The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers | publisher =Routledge}}
* {{Citation | editor-last =Brugger | editor-first =Walter  | year =1972 | title =Diccionario de Filosofía | place =Barcelona | at=art. '''dualismo''', '''monismo''', '''pluralismo'''|publisher =Herder}}
* {{Citation | last =Mandik | first =Pete | year =2010 | title =Key Terms in Philosophy of Mind | publisher =Continuum International Publish.}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Sjöstedt-Hughes, Peter, ''Pantheism: One and All'', 2025. [[doi:10.1080/09515089.2025.2499627|online]]
* Amryc, C. ''Pantheism: The Light and Hope of Modern Reason'', 1898. [[iarchive:pantheismlighta02amrygoog|online]]
* Harrison, Paul, ''Elements of Pantheism'', Element Press, 1999. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7w4_zYPOVEcC preview]
* Hunt, John, ''Pantheism and Christianity'', William Isbister Limited, 1884. [https://archive.org/stream/pantheismandchr00huntgoog online]
* Levine, Michael, ''Pantheism: A Non-Theistic Concept of Deity'', Psychology Press, 1994, {{ISBN|9780415070645}}
* Picton, James Allanson, ''Pantheism: Its story and significance'', Archibald Constable & Co., 1905. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Yaw_AAAAYAAJ online].
* [[Constance E. Plumptre|Plumptre, Constance E]]., ''General Sketch of the History of Pantheism'', Cambridge University Press, 2011 (reprint, originally published 1879), {{ISBN|9781108028028}} [https://archive.org/details/generalsketchhi00plumgoog online]
* Russell, Sharman Apt, ''Standing in the Light: My Life as a Pantheist'', Basic Books, 2008, {{ISBN|0465005179}}
* [[William Spence Urquhart|Urquhart, W. S.]] ''Pantheism and the Value of Life'', 1919. [https://archive.org/stream/pantheismandthev032264mbp online]

==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
*Bollacher, Martin 2020: pantheism. In: Kirchhoff, T. (Hg.): [https://doi.org/10.11588/oepn.2020.0.76525 Online Encyclopedia Philosophy of Nature]. Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg
*[http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2012/entries/pantheism/ Pantheism] entry by Michael Levine (earlier article on pantheism in the ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'')
*{{cite SEP |url-id=pantheism |title=Pantheism |last=Mander |first=William}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150916005852/http://www.pantheist-index.net/ The Pantheist Index], pantheist-index.net
*[http://www.wku.edu/~jan.garrett/panthesm.htm An Introduction to Pantheism (wku.edu)]
*{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Pantheism}}
*[http://www.pantheist.net The Universal Pantheist Society (pantheist.net)]
*[http://www.pantheism.net The World Pantheist Movement (pantheism.net)]
*[http://www.pantheism.com Pantheism.community by The Paradise Project (pantheism.com)]
*[http://chabad.org/1807957 Pantheism and Judaism (chabad.org)]
* On Whitehead's process pantheism: [[Michel Weber]], ''[https://www.academia.edu/279953/Whiteheads_Pancreativism._The_Basics Whitehead's Pancreativism. The Basics]''. Foreword by [[Nicholas Rescher]], Frankfurt / Paris, Ontos Verlag, 2006.

{{Theism}}
{{Religion topics}}
{{Paganism}}
{{Philosophy of religion}}
{{Theology}}
{{Philosophy topics}}
{{Romanticism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pantheism| ]]
[[Category:Monism]]