View source for Patricia Wald

{{Short description|American judge (1928–2019)}}
{{use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Patricia Wald
| image               = Patricia McGowan Wald.jpg
| office1             = Chief Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]]
| term_start1         = July 26, 1986
| term_end1           = January 19, 1991
| predecessor1        = [[Spottswood William Robinson III]]
| successor1          = [[Abner Mikva]]
| office2             = Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]]
| appointer2          = [[Jimmy Carter]]
| term_start2         = July 26, 1979
| term_end2           = November 16, 1999
| predecessor2        = ''Seat established by 92 Stat. 1629.''
| successor2          = [[Thomas B. Griffith]]
| office3             = [[United States Assistant Attorney General]] for the [[U.S. Department of Justice Office of Legislative Affairs|Office of Legislative Affairs]]
| president3          = [[Jimmy Carter]]
| term_start3         = 1977
| term_end3           = 1979
| predecessor3        = [[Michael Uhlmann]]
| successor3          = Robert McConnell
| birth_name          = Patricia Ann McGowan
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1928|9|12}}
| birth_place         = [[Torrington, Connecticut|Torrington]], [[Connecticut]], U.S.
| death_date          = {{death date and age|2019|1|12|1928|9|16}}
| death_place         = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| party               = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| education           = [[Connecticut College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[Yale Law School|Yale University]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])
| awards              = [[American Philosophical Society]] (2000)<br />[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] (2013)
| office              = [[Justice (title)|Justice]] of the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia]]
| term_start          = November 17, 1999
| term_end            = November 17, 2001
| predecessor         = [[Gabrielle McDonald]]
| successor           = [[Theodor Meron]]
| appointer           = [[Kofi Annan]]
| caption             = Official portrait, 2000
}}
'''Patricia Ann McGowan Wald''' ({{IPAc-en|w|ɔː|l|d}}; September 16, 1928 – January 12, 2019) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as the [[Chief judge (United States)|chief judge]] of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] from 1986 until 1991. She was the Court's first female chief judge and its first woman to be elevated, having been appointed by President [[Jimmy Carter]] in 1979. From 1999 to 2001, Wald was a Justice of the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]].{{sfn|ICTY|1999}}{{sfn|CICC|2019}}{{sfn|Miller|1999}}

Wald was born in [[Torrington, Connecticut]], to a [[Working class|working-class]] family. After graduating from [[Connecticut College]] with distinction, a scholarship enabled her to study at [[Yale Law School]], where she became one of two female editors of the ''[[Yale Law Journal]]''. Wald sought a position at a [[white-shoe firm]] upon graduation but was turned down for being a woman.{{sfn|Bernstein|2019}} She began her legal career as a [[law clerk]] to Judge [[Jerome Frank]] instead, later entering the law firm of [[Arnold, Fortas & Porter]] as an associate attorney. After spending a year at the [[U.S. Department of Justice]], Wald's tenure as a practicing lawyer included appointments on various presidential commissions and committees.

In 1977, President Jimmy Carter appointed Wald as a [[United States Assistant Attorney General|U.S. Assistant Attorney General]] for the [[U.S. Department of Justice Office of Legislative Affairs|Office of Legislative Affairs]]. In 1979, Carter elevated her to the D.C. Circuit, where she received her commission as its first female member.{{sfn|Lewis|1986}} During her time on the Court, Wald would pen more than 800 judicial opinions.

==Early life==
Wald was born on September 16, 1928, in [[Torrington, Connecticut]]. She was the only child of Joseph F. McGowan, an [[Alcoholism|alcoholic]], and Margaret O'Keefe. Her father left the family when she was two years old, leaving Wald to be raised by her mother{{sfn|Luna|2000|p=574}}{{sfn|Askin|2011|p=375}} with the company and support of extended relatives, most of whom were factory workers in Torrington and active union members. Wald had a [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] upbringing,{{sfn|Wire Reports|2013}} and worked in brass mills as a teenager during the summers. Due to her involvement in the labor movement and union work, she was determined to go to law school to help protect underprivileged, working-class people.{{sfn|Askin|2011|p=375}}

=== Education ===
Wald attended Torrington's St. Francis School and graduated in 1940. She then went on to graduate from [[Torrington High School]] in 1944 as the class [[valedictorian]].{{sfn|Wire Reports|2013}} She graduated first in her class and joined the [[Phi Beta Kappa]] society at [[Connecticut College]] in 1948.{{sfn|Luna|2000|p=574, 576}} She was able to attend the college because of a scholarship that she received from an elderly affluent woman from her hometown.{{sfn|Winston|2007|loc=00:04:10}} She then received a national fellowship from the [[PepsiCo|Pepsi-Cola Company]] that allowed her to earn her law degree from [[Yale Law School]] in 1951. She graduated with only 11 other women that year out of a class of 200.{{sfn|Luna|2000|p=573}}{{sfn|Winston|2007|loc=00:11:28}} Along with the national fellowship, Wald also paid for law school by working as a waitress and taking research jobs with professors.{{sfn|Winston|2007|loc=00:12:17}} At Yale, she was an editor on the ''[[Yale Law Journal]]'', one of the two women in her class to be one.{{sfn|Schultz|Shaw|2013|p=72}}

After her graduation, she clerked for Judge [[Jerome Frank]] of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]] for a year. That year, Frank ruled on the appeal of the espionage convictions of [[Ethel and Julius Rosenberg]]. She briefly entered private practice at the law firm of [[Arnold, Fortas & Porter]] for a year before she left to raise her five children.{{sfn|Ginsburg|2011|p=371}}

==Professional career==
It would be six years before she would take on part-time consulting and researching positions. She was a research and editorial assistant for Frederick M. Rowe, Esq. for three years from 1959 to 1962. She took a year off and then in 1963 spent a year as a member of the National Conference on Bail and Criminal Justice. Wald then worked as a consultant for the National Conference on Law & Poverty in its Office of Economic Opportunity. In 1964, she co-authored the book ''Bail in the United States'', which helped reform the nation's [[Bail in the United States|bail]] system.{{sfn|Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame|2018}} She then was appointed to the President's Commission on Crime in the District of Columbia from 1965 to 1966 by President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]. She continued her consulting work for the President's Commission on Law Enforcement & Administration of Criminal Justice for a year.{{sfn|Federal Judicial Center}}

Wald then joined the [[United States Department of Justice]] in 1967 and spent a year as an attorney in the Office of Criminal Justice. From 1968 to 1970, she was an attorney at Neighborhood Legal Services in [[Washington, D.C.]] During her tenure at Neighborhood Legal Services Program she was also a consultant for both the National Advisory Committee on Civil Disorder and the [[U.S. National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence|National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence]]. She also co-directed the [[Ford Foundation]]'s Drug Abuse Research Project during 1970. She then became an attorney at the [[Center for Law and Social Policy]] from 1971 to 1972 and from there switched to work as an attorney at the Mental Health Law Project for five years. During that time, she was also the director of the Office of Policy and Issues in the [[George McGovern presidential campaign, 1972|vice presidential campaign]] of [[Sargent Shriver]].{{sfn|Federal Judicial Center}} Wald then went back to the Department of Justice from 1977 to 1979. She became a founding member of the [[National Association of Women Judges]] in 1979.<ref>[https://www.nawj.org/about-nawj/awards/pastnawj-annual-award-winners ""] NAWJ. Retrieved October 22, 2024.</ref> A Democrat, she served as [[United States Assistant Attorney General|Assistant Attorney General]] for Legislative Affairs during much of the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration before being nominated by Carter to the DC Circuit.{{sfn|Washington Post|2010}}

==D.C. Circuit==
Wald was nominated by President [[Jimmy Carter]] on April 30, 1979, to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]], to a new seat created by 92 Stat. 1629.{{sfn|Slotnick|1983|p=?}}{{failed verification|date=April 2023|reason=The article doesn't mention Wald, or the statute}} The Carter administration created a set of guidelines to be used by the United States Circuit Judge Nominating Commission that was geared to be friendlier towards women in an effort to increase the number of female federal judges.{{sfn|Slotnick|1983|p=276}} She was confirmed by the [[United States Senate]] on July 24, 1979, and received her commission on July 26, 1979. She served as Chief Judge from 1986 to 1991. She was the first woman to be appointed to the District of Columbia Circuit and was also the first woman to serve as its chief judge.{{sfn|Winston|2007|loc=01:05:40}}

In 1994, Wald became involved with [[American Bar Association]]'s (ABA) Central European and Eurasian Law Initiative, where she attempted to aid new [[Eastern Europe]]an democracies rebuild their legal systems after the fall of the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Askin|2011|p=378}}

==Post judicial service==
[[File:Patricia wald 210962.jpg|thumb|Wald speaking at the [[Cato Institute]], 2015]]
After retiring from the federal judiciary, Wald was the [[United States]]'s representative to the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia]] from 1999 to 2002. She presided over numerous cases of people accused of genocide. Some of the accused included those involved in the [[Srebrenica massacre]].{{sfn|Winston|2007|loc=01:18:01}} On February 6, 2004, Wald was appointed by President Bush to the President's Commission on [[Iraq Intelligence Commission|Intelligence Capabilities of the U.S. Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction]], an independent panel tasked with investigating U.S. intelligence surrounding the [[United States]]' [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] and Iraq's [[weapons of mass destruction]]. The commission was co-chaired by [[Laurence Silberman]], a fellow judge who worked with Wald on the bench of the District of Columbia Circuit Court. Silberman had a great deal of respect for Wald despite their ideological differences and did not hesitate to recommend her appointment to the bi-partisan commission.{{sfn|Winston|2007|loc=01:26:38}} Wald agreed to serve on the [[Constitution Project]]'s Guantanamo Task Force in December 2010.{{sfn|Constitution Project|2010a}}{{sfn|Constitution Project|2010b}}{{sfn|Wall Street Journal|2010|loc="Former FBI Director William Sessions, former Arkansas U.S. Rep. Asa Hutchinson, a retired Army general and a retired appeals court judge in Washington are among 11 people selected for a task force that will meet for the first time in early January, said Virginia Sloan, a lawyer and president of the Constitution Project."}}

In August 2012, Wald was confirmed by the Senate as a member of the [[Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board]] after being nominated by President Barack Obama.{{sfn|Daniel|Weitzner|Palfrey|2012}} On December 12, 2013, the Senate invoked [[cloture]] on her nomination by a 57–41 vote, thus cutting off a filibuster that had been led by Republican senators.{{sfn|US Senate|2013a}} Later that same day, Wald was confirmed by a 57–41 vote.{{sfn|US Senate|2013b}} Wald left the Board in January 2017.{{sfn|Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board|2018}}

She served as chair of the board of directors of the [[Open Society Justice Initiative]] and was a member of the board of directors for [[Mental Disability Rights International]]. She also continued to serve on the board of the American Bar Association's International Criminal Court Project.{{sfn|Neighborhood Legal Services Program}} Wald was a member of the global council of the [[California International Law Center]] at the [[University of California, Davis School of Law]]. She was also a member of the [[American Law Institute]],{{sfn|Neighborhood Legal Services Program}} the [[American Philosophical Society]],{{sfn|Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board|2018}} and the [[Whitney R. Harris World Law Institute]]'s International Council.

==Personal life==
Patricia Wald was married to Robert Lewis Wald, who was also a [[Yale Law School]] graduate. They were married in 1951, when Patricia was 23; they had met in Europe as they were both traveling the continent. Together they had three daughters and two sons within the span of seven years: Sarah, Doug, Johanna, Frederica, and Thomas. Robert Wald died on September 7, 2010.{{sfn|Washington Post|2010}}{{sfn|Winston|2007|loc=00:21:49, 00:30:23, 01:30:42}}{{sfn|Wire Reports|2013}} Wald died in Washington, D.C., on January 12, 2019, from pancreatic cancer, aged 90.{{sfn|Bernstein|2019}}

==Honors and awards==
Wald was awarded more than 20 honorary degrees; in 2001, she was awarded an honorary [[Doctor of Law]]s by her alma mater, [[Yale University]].{{sfn|Yale|2001}} In 2002, she was honored for her lifelong commitment to human rights by the International Human Rights Law Group. She was the recipient of the Margaret Brent Award of the [[American Bar Association]] for achieving professional excellence in her field and influencing other women to pursue legal careers.{{sfn|Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame|2018}}{{sfn|ABA|2018}} Wald received the American Lawyer Hall of Fame Lifetime Achievement Award in 2004 and then four years later in 2008, she was awarded the [[American Bar Association Medal]], the highest honor awarded by the ABA. She also was recognized by the [[Constitution Project]] as the 2011 Constitutional Champion.{{sfn|Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame|2018}} On November 20, 2013, Wald was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], the nation's highest civilian honor.{{sfn|Obama|2013}}

==See also==
*[[List of first women lawyers and judges in Washington D.C.]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|2}}
<!-- A -->
* {{Cite web |ref={{harvid|ABA|2018}} |url=https://www.aba-icc.org/board-of-advisors/hon-patricia-wald/ |title=Hon. Patricia Wald |date=2018 |website=ABA-ICC Project |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404134812/https://www.aba-icc.org/board-of-advisors/hon-patricia-wald/ |archive-date=April 4, 2018}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Askin |first=Kelly |date=2011 |title=Tribute to Patricia Wald |journal=International Criminal Law Review |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=375–381 |doi=10.1163/157181211X576294}}
<!-- B -->
* {{cite news |last1=Bernstein |first1=Adam |title=Patricia Wald, pathbreaking federal judge who became chief of D.C. Circuit, dies at 90 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/patricia-wald-pathbreaking-federal-judge-who-became-chief-of-dc-circuit-dies-at-90/2019/01/12/6ab03904-1688-11e9-803c-4ef28312c8b9_story.html |access-date=January 12, 2019 |date=January 12, 2019}}
<!-- C -->
* {{Cite web |ref={{harvid|CICC|2019}} |title=Passing of CICC Advisory Board Member, Patricia Wald |url=https://www.coalitionfortheicc.org/news/20190114/passing-cicc-advisory-board-member-patricia-wald |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=Coalition for the International Criminal Court |date=2019-01-19}}
* {{Cite web |ref={{harvid|Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame|2018}} |title=Patricia M. Wald |url=http://cwhf.org/inductees/politics-government-law/patricia-m-wald#.WsRE69Pwbox |date=2018 |website=Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404200940/http://cwhf.org/inductees/politics-government-law/patricia-m-wald#.WsRE69Pwbox |archive-date=April 4, 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=April 1, 2018}}
* {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Constitution Project|2010a}} |url=http://constitutionproject.org/pdf/TF_Members_Dec%20132010.pdf |title=Task Force on Detainee Treatment Launched |date=December 17, 2010a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204065456/http://www.constitutionproject.org/ |archive-date=December 4, 2010 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Constitution Project]]}}
* {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Constitution Project|2010b}} |url=http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/TF_Members_Dec%20132010.pdf |title=Task Force members |date=December 17, 2010b |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725192624/http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/TF_Members_Dec%20132010.pdf |archive-date=July 25, 2011 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Constitution Project]]}}
<!-- D -->
* {{cite web |last1=Daniel |first1=Michael |last2=Weitzner |first2=Danny |last3=Palfrey |first3=Quentin |title=Senate Confirms Four Nominees to Privacy & Civil Liberties Board |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2012/08/03/senate-confirms-four-nominees-privacy-civil-liberties-board |date=August 3, 2012 |access-date=November 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217163749/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2012/08/03/senate-confirms-four-nominees-privacy-civil-liberties-board |archive-date=February 17, 2017 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |url-status=live}}
<!-- F -->
* {{Cite web |ref={{harvid|Federal Judicial Center}} |title=Wald, Patricia McGowan  |url=https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/wald-patricia-mcgowan |website=Federal Judicial Center |language=en |access-date=March 7, 2018 |archive-date=April 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404200818/https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/wald-patricia-mcgowan |url-status=live}}
<!-- G -->
* {{Cite journal |last=Ginsburg |first=Ruth Bader |date=2011 |title=Remarks in Honour of Patricia M. Wald |journal=International Criminal Law Review |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=371–373 |doi=10.1163/157181211X576285}}
<!-- I -->
* {{Cite web |ref={{Harvid|ICTY|1999}} |title=Appointment of Judge Patricia M. Wald to succeed Judge Gabrielle Kirk McDonald in November 1999|url=https://www.icty.org/en/press/appointment-judge-patricia-m-wald-succeed-judge-gabrielle-kirk-mcdonald-november-1999 |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia |date=1999-05-07}}
<!-- L -->
* {{Cite news |last=Lewis |first=Nancy |date=1986-07-26 |title=U.S. Appeals Court Here Gets First Woman Chief |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1986/07/26/us-appeals-court-here-gets-first-woman-chief/49df2494-86d2-431f-b15f-cd28f5c3744f/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |issn=0190-8286}}
* {{Cite book |last=Luna |first=Christopher |date=2000 |chapter=Wald, Patricia M. |editor=Thompson, Clifford |title=Current Biography |volume=61 |pages=573–576 |url=https://archive.org/details/currentbiography00clif |isbn=0-8242-1004-2}}
<!-- M -->
* {{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Bill |date=1999-11-14 |title=U.S. Appellate Judge Joins War Crimes Panel |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1999/11/14/us-appellate-judge-joins-war-crimes-panel/b2280a74-c0d3-4f41-95c6-fc403faab097/ |access-date=2023-04-21 |issn=0190-8286}}
<!-- N -->
* {{Cite web |ref={{harvid|Neighborhood Legal Services Program}} |title=A Tribute to Judge Patricia McGowan Wald  |url=https://www.nlsp.org/community/judge-wald |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=Neighborhood Legal Services Program}}
<!-- O -->
* {{cite web |last=Obama |first=Barack |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/11/20/remarks-president-presidential-medal-freedom-ceremony |title=Remarks by the President at Presidential Medal of Freedom Ceremony |date=November 20, 2013 |access-date=November 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126150335/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/11/20/remarks-president-presidential-medal-freedom-ceremony |archive-date=January 26, 2017 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |url-status=live }}
<!-- P -->
* {{Cite web |ref={{harvid|Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board|2018}} |url=https://www.pclob.gov/board/patricia-m-wald.html |title=Patricia M. Wald |date=2018 |website=The Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516090716/https://www.pclob.gov/board/patricia-m-wald.html |archive-date=May 16, 2018}}
<!-- S -->
* {{cite book |last1=Schultz |first1=Ulrike |last2=Shaw |first2=Gisela |title=Gender and Judging |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78225-110-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIrbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |language=en}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Slotnick |first=Elliot E. |date=1983 |title=Lowering the Bench or Raising it Higher?: Affirmative Action and Judicial Selection During the Carter Administration |url=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/ylpr/vol1/iss2/5 |journal=Yale Law & Policy Review |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=270–298 |jstor=40239143 |issn=0740-8048 |access-date=April 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218001306/http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/ylpr/vol1/iss2/5/ |archive-date=December 18, 2015 |url-status=live}}
<!-- T -->
<!-- U -->
* {{cite web |ref={{harvid|US Senate|2013a}} |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=113&session=1&vote=00264 |title=On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Nomination of Patricia M. Wald, to be a Member of the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board) |date=December 12, 2013a |website=US Senate |access-date=February 16, 2018}}
* {{cite web |ref={{harvid|US Senate|2013b}} |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=113&session=1&vote=00264 |title=On the Nomination (Confirmation Patricia M. Wald, of D.C. to be a Member of the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board) |date=December 12, 2013b |website=US Senate |access-date=February 16, 2018}}
<!-- W -->
* {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Wall Street Journal|2010}} |url=https://online.wsj.com/article/APc6cee95477334766afca698cfc3a3611.html |title=Think tank plans study of how US treats detainees |date=December 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20101219013031/http://online.wsj.com/article/APc6cee95477334766afca698cfc3a3611.html |archive-date=December 19, 2010 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Wall Street Journal]]}}
* {{Cite news |ref={{harvid|Washington Post|2010}} |date=2010 |url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/washingtonpost/obituary.aspx?n=robert-l-wald&pid=145192463&fhid=2167 |title=Robert L. Wald's Obituary in the Washington Post |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=April 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404134513/http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/washingtonpost/obituary.aspx?n=robert-l-wald&pid=145192463&fhid=2167 |archive-date=April 4, 2018 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web |last=Winston |first=Judith |title=Patricia McGowan Wald Oral History Interview |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?293464-1/patricia-mcgowan-wald-oral-history-interview&start=5444 |date=June 19, 2007 |website=C-SPAN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404134539/https://www.c-span.org/video/?293464-1%2Fpatricia-mcgowan-wald-oral-history-interview&start=5444 |archive-date=April 4, 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=April 1, 2018}}
* {{Cite web |last=Wire Reports |title=Torrington native Patricia Wald receives Presidential Medal of Freedom |url=https://www.middletownpress.com/news/article/Torrington-native-Patricia-Wald-receives-11852777.php |website=The Middletown Press |date=November 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404201043/https://www.middletownpress.com/news/article/Torrington-native-Patricia-Wald-receives-11852777.php |archive-date=April 4, 2018|url-status=live |access-date=April 1, 2018}}
<!-- Y -->
* {{Cite web |ref={{harvid|Yale|2001}} |title=Honorary Degrees Since 1702 - Office of the Secretary and Vice President for University Life |url=https://secretary.yale.edu/programs-services/honorary-degrees/since-1702?field_degrees_value=Doctor+of+Laws&field_year_value=2001&keys=Wald |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Yale University}}
{{refend}}

== Bibliography ==
<!-- Work in Progress, currently compiling sources! -->

=== Journals ===

* {{Cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Harry T. |author-link=Harry T. Edwards |date=Winter 2000 |title=Farewell to the Honorable Patricia M. Wald |journal=[[Administrative Law Review]] |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=5–7 |issn=0001-8368 |jstor=40711856}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Posner |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Posner |date=1995 |title=Judges' Writing Styles (And Do They Matter?) |journal=[[University of Chicago Law Review]] |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=1421–1449 |doi=10.2307/1600108 |jstor=1600108 |issn=0041-9494|url=https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/journal_articles/1888 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Wald |first=Patricia M. |date=1995 |title=A Reply to Judge Posner |url=https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclrev/vol62/iss4/10/ |journal=[[University of Chicago Law Review]] |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=1451–1454|doi=10.2307/1600109 |jstor=1600109 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Wald |first=Patricia M. |date=1995 |title=The Rhetoric of Results and the Results of Rhetoric: Judicial Writings |url=https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclrev/vol62/iss4/8/ |journal=[[University of Chicago Law Review]] |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=1371–1419 |doi=10.2307/1600107 |jstor=1600107 |issn=0041-9494|url-access=subscription }}

==External links==
*{{FJC Bio|2475|nid=1389246|name=Patricia McGowan Wald<!--(1928–2019)-->}}
*{{C-SPAN|775}}
*[https://dcchs.org/judges/wald-patricia-m/ Oral History]
*[https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Wald-Questionnaire-Final.pdf Senate Questionnaire]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=_41pgN1OqqAC&q=%22Patricia%22&pg=PA316 NOMINATION TO THE PRIVACY AND CIVIL LIBERTIES OVERSIGHT BOARD] 
*[https://www.brandeis.edu/ethics/international-justice/oral-history/interviews/wald-patricia.html Brandeis Interview] 
*[https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/do/search/?q=author_lname%3A%22Wald%22%20author_fname%3A%22Patricia%22&start=0&context=3858785&facet= Search at UChicago Law Review]

{{s-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Michael Uhlmann]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Assistant Attorney General]] for the [[U.S. Department of Justice Office of Legislative Affairs|Office of Legislative Affairs]]|years=1977–1979}}
{{s-aft|after=Robert McConnell}}
|-
{{s-new|seat}}
{{s-ttl|title=Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]]|years=1979–1999}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Thomas B. Griffith|Thomas Griffith]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Spottswood William Robinson III|Spottswood Robinson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|Chief Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]]}}|years=1986–1991}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Abner J. Mikva|Abner Mikva]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Iraq Intelligence Commission}}
{{Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wald, Patricia McGowan}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:American judges of United Nations courts and tribunals]]
[[Category:Connecticut College alumni]]
[[Category:Constitution Project]]
[[Category:Deaths from pancreatic cancer in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Members of the American Law Institute]]
[[Category:People from Torrington, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:United States assistant attorneys general]]
[[Category:United States court of appeals judges appointed by Jimmy Carter]]
[[Category:United States Department of Justice lawyers]]
[[Category:American women legal scholars]]
[[Category:American legal scholars]]
[[Category:Yale Law School alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century American women judges]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]