View source for Paul J. Crutzen

{{Short description|Dutch climatologist (1933–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
| birth_name = Paul Jozef Crutzen
| image = Paul Crutzen.jpg
| image_size = 
| caption = Crutzen in 2010
| birth_date = {{birth date|1933|12|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|1|28|1933|12|3|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mainz]], Germany
| field = {{hlist|[[Chemistry]]|[[physics]]}}
| work_institutions = {{ubl|[[Stockholm University]]|[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA)|[[Colorado State University]]|[[Max Planck Institute for Chemistry]]|[[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]]|[[University of Chicago]]}}
| alma_mater = Stockholm University
| doctoral_advisor = {{hlist|[[Bert Bolin]]|Georg Witt}}
| doctoral_students = {{hlist|[[Johannes Lelieveld]]|[[Deliang Chen]]}}
| thesis_title = Determination of parameters appearing in the "dry" and the "wet" photochemical theories for ozone in the stratosphere.
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year = 1968
| known_for = {{ubl|Research on [[ozone hole]]|[[Anthropocene]] term}}
| influences = 
| influenced = 
| prizes = {{Plainlist|
* [[Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement]] (1989)
* [[Volvo Environment Prize]] (1991)
* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (1995)
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society|ForMemRS]] (2006)<ref name=frs />
* [[Lomonosov Gold Medal]] (2019)
 }}
| religion = 
| footnotes = 
| signature = 
| website = {{URL|https://www.mpic.de/3864489/paul-crutzen}}
}}

'''Paul Jozef Crutzen''' ({{IPA|nl|pʌul ˈjoːzəf ˈkrʏtsə(n)}}; 3 December 1933 – 28 January 2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/science-germany-nobel-prizes-chemistry-climate-change-08f60dca0a3301b31c2c80b1213a1b79|title=Paul Crutzen, who shared Nobel for ozone work, has died|date=28 January 2021|website=AP NEWS}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://idw-online.de/de/news762123|title=Max Planck Institute for Chemistry mourns the loss of Nobel Laureate Paul Crutzen|website=idw-online.de|date=29 January 2021|last=Benner |first=Susanne (Ph.D.)}}</ref> was a Dutch [[meteorologist]] and [[atmospheric chemistry|atmospheric chemist]].<ref name="Autobiography">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1995/crutzen/facts/|title=Paul J. Crutzen – Facts|website=NobelPrize.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205110408/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1995/crutzen/facts/ |archive-date=5 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1995/crutzen/cv/|title=Paul J. Crutzen – Curriculum Vitae|website=NobelPrize.org |archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018161004/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1995/crutzen/cv/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/111 An Interview – Paul Crutzen talks to Harry Kroto] Freeview video by the Vega Science Trust.</ref> In 1995, he was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] alongside [[Mario Molina]] and [[F. Sherwood Rowland|Frank Sherwood Rowland]] for their work on atmospheric chemistry and specifically for his efforts in studying the formation and decomposition of atmospheric ozone. In addition to studying the [[ozone layer]] and [[climate change]], he popularized the term [[Anthropocene]] to describe a proposed new epoch in the Quaternary period when human actions have a drastic effect on the Earth. He was also amongst the first few scientists to introduce the idea of a [[nuclear winter]] to describe the potential climatic effects stemming from large-scale atmospheric pollution including smoke from forest fires, industrial exhausts, and other sources like oil fires.

He was a member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] and an elected [[foreign member of the Royal Society]] in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Müller |first=Rolf |date=2022 |title=Paul Jozef Crutzen. 3 December 1933 – 28 January 2021 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |volume=72|pages=127–156 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.2022.0011 |s2cid=251743974 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Crutzen was born in Amsterdam, the son of Anna (Gurk) and Josef Crutzen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1995/crutzen/biographical/|title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995}}</ref> In September 1940, the same year Germany invaded The Netherlands, Crutzen entered his first year of elementary school. His classes moved around to different locations after the primary school was taken over by the Germans; during the last months of the war he experienced the '[[Dutch famine of 1944–1945|winter of hunger]]' with several of his schoolmates dying of famine or disease.<ref name=esa/>  In 1946 with some special help he graduated from elementary school and moved onto [[Hogere Burgerschool]] (Higher Citizens School). There, with the help of his cosmopolitan parents he became fluent in French, English, and German.<ref name=esa/> Along with languages he also focused on natural sciences in this school, graduating in 1951; however his exam results did not qualify him for university scholarships.<ref name=esa/> Instead, he studied [[Civil Engineering]] at a [[Education_in_the_Netherlands#Vocational education and higher education|Higher Professional Education]] school with lower costs, and took a job with the Bridge Construction Bureau in Amsterdam in 1954.<ref name=esa/>  After completing military service, in 1958 he married Terttu Soininen, a Finnish university student whom he had met a few years earlier and moved with her to [[Gävle]], a tiny city 200 km north of Stockholm where he took a job at a construction bureau.<ref name=esa>{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESA_history/Paul_J._Crutzen_The_engineer_and_the_ozone_hole|title=Paul J. Crutzen: The engineer and the ozone hole|website=ESA.int|date=29 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230001621/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESA_history/Paul_J._Crutzen_The_engineer_and_the_ozone_hole |archive-date=30 December 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>  After seeing an advertisement by the Department of Meteorology at Stockholm University for a computer programmer, he applied, was selected, and in July 1959 moved with his wife and new daughter Ilona to Stockholm.<ref name=esa/>

==Beginning of academic career==
In the 1920's Norwegian meteorologists began using fluid mechanics in analyse weather, and by 1959 the Meteorology Institute of Stockholm University was at the forefront of meteorology research using numerical modeling.<ref name=esa/>  The theories were validated in 1960 by images from [[TIROS]], the first weather satellite.

At that time, Stockholm University housed the fastest computers in the world with the [[BESK]] (Binary Electronic Sequence Calculator) and its successor, the [[Facit EDB]].  Crutzen was involved with the programming and application of some of those early numerical models for weather prediction, and also developed a tropical cyclone model himself.<ref name=esa/>

Working as a programmer at the university, he was able to take other lectures and in 1963 applied for a PhD program with a thesis combining mathematics, statistics and meteorology.<ref name=esa/>

Although intending to extend his cyclone model for his thesis, around 1965 he was asked to help [[United States|US]] scientists with a numerical model for the distribution of [[oxygen]] [[allotropes]] (atomic oxygen, molecular oxygen and [[ozone]]) in the [[stratosphere]], the [[mesosphere]] and the lower [[thermosphere]].  This involved studies of stratospheric chemistry and the photochemistry of ozone.  His PhD awarded in 1968, ''Determination of parameters appearing in the "dry" and the "wet" photochemical theories for ozone in the stratosphere'', suggested that [[nitrogen oxides]] (NOx) should be studied.<ref name=esa/> 

His thesis was well-received and led to a post-doctoral fellowship at the [[Clarendon Laboratory]] of the [[University of Oxford]], on behalf of the European Space Research Organisation (ESRO), the precursor of [[ESA]].<ref name=esa/>

==Research career==
Crutzen conducted research primarily in [[atmospheric chemistry]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ramanathan |first1=V. |author-link=Veerabhadran Ramanathan |first2=P.J. |last2=Crutzen |first3=J.T. |last3=Kiehl |first4=D. |last4=Rosenfeld |year=2001 |title=Aerosols, Climate, and the Hydrological Cycle |journal=Science |volume=294 |pages=2119–2124 |doi=10.1126/science.1064034 |pmid=11739947 |issue=5549 |bibcode=2001Sci...294.2119R|citeseerx=10.1.1.521.1770 |s2cid=18328444 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ramanathan |first1=V. |first2=P.J. |last2=Crutzen |first3=J. |last3=Lelieveld |first4=A.P. |last4=Mitra |first5=D. |last5=Althausen |year=2001 |title=Indian Ocean Experiment: An integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo-Asian haze |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=106 |issue=D22 |pages=28,371–28,398 |url=http://www-abc-asia.ucsd.edu/APMEX/Ram%20et%20al-INDOEX-JGR-2001.pdf |doi=10.1029/2001JD900133 |bibcode=2001JGR...10628371R |display-authors=etal |doi-access=free |archive-date=9 August 2017 |access-date=26 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809134109/http://www-abc-asia.ucsd.edu/APMEX/Ram%20et%20al-INDOEX-JGR-2001.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=M.O. |last1=Andreae |first2=P.J. |last2=Crutzen |year=1997 |title=Atmospheric Aerosols: Biogeochemical Sources and Role in Atmospheric Chemistry |journal=Science |volume=276 |issue=5315 |pages=1052–1058 |doi=10.1126/science.276.5315.1052}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dentener |first1=F.J. |last2=Carmichael |first2=G.R. |last3=Zhang |first3=Y. |last4=Lelieveld |first4=J. |last5=Crutzen |first5=P.J. |year=1996 |title=Role of mineral aerosol as a reactive surface in the global troposphere |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=101 |issue=D17 |pages=22,869–22,889 |doi=10.1029/96jd01818|bibcode=1996JGR...10122869D |url=http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/34491 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=P.J. |last1=Crutzen |first2=M.O. |last2=Andreae |year=1990 |title=Biomass Burning in the Tropics: Impact on Atmospheric Chemistry and Biogeochemical Cycles |journal=Science |volume=250 |pages=1669–1678 |doi=10.1126/science.250.4988.1669 |pmid=17734705 |issue=4988|bibcode = 1990Sci...250.1669C |s2cid=22162901 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=P.J. |last1=Crutzen |first2=J.W. |last2=Birks |title=The atmosphere after a nuclear war: Twilight at noon |journal=[[Ambio]] |year=1982 |volume=11 |pages=114–125 |jstor=4312777 |issue=2/3 }}</ref> He is best known for his research on [[ozone depletion]]. In 1970<ref>{{cite journal |first1=P.J. |last1=Crutzen |title=The influence of nitrogen oxides on the atmospheric content |url=http://people.sca.uqam.ca/~gauthier/STA-9850/Crutzen%20(QJRMS%201970).pdf |journal=Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. |year=1970 |volume=96 |issue=408 |pages=320–325 |access-date=29 April 2017 |doi=10.1002/qj.49709640815 |archive-date=9 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809090333/http://people.sca.uqam.ca/~gauthier/STA-9850/Crutzen%20(QJRMS%201970).pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> he pointed out that emissions of [[nitrous oxide]] ({{N2O}}), a stable, long-lived gas produced by soil bacteria, from the Earth's surface could affect the amount of nitric oxide (NO) in the stratosphere. Crutzen showed that nitrous oxide lives long enough to reach the stratosphere, where it is converted into NO. Crutzen then noted that increasing use of fertilizers might have led to an increase in nitrous oxide emissions over the natural background, which would in turn result in an increase in the amount of NO in the stratosphere. Thus human activity could affect the stratospheric ozone layer. In the following year, Crutzen and (independently) Harold Johnston suggested that NO emissions from the fleet of, then proposed, [[supersonic transport]] (SST) airliners (a few hundred [[Boeing 2707]]s), which would fly in the lower stratosphere, could also deplete the ozone layer; however more recent analysis has disputed this as a large concern.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stason.org/TULARC/science-engineering/ozone-depletion-intro/24-Will-commercial-supersonic-aircraft-damage-the-ozone-laye.html|title=24 Will commercial supersonic aircraft damage the ozone layer?|first=Stas|last=Bekman|website=stason.org}}</ref>

In 1974 Crutzen received a prepublication draft of a scientific paper by [[F. Sherwood Rowland |Frank S. Rowland]], professor of Chemistry at [[University of California, Irvine]], and Mario J. Molina, a postdoctoral fellow from Mexico.  It concerned the possible destructive effects of chlorofluoromethanes on the ozone layer. Crutzen immediately developed a model of this effect, which predicted severe depletion of ozone if those chemicals continued to be used at that current rate.
<ref name=esa/>

Crutze has listed his main research interests as "Stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry, and their role in the biogeochemical cycles and climate".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/%7Eair/crutzen/interest.html |title=Scientific Interest of Prof. Dr. Paul J. Crutzen |publisher=Mpch-mainz.mpg.de |access-date=27 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014002230/http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~air/crutzen/interest.html |archive-date=14 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> From 1980, he worked at the Department of Atmospheric Chemistry at the [[Max Planck Institute for Chemistry]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atmosphere.mpg.de/enid/2.html |title=Atmospheric Chemistry: Start Page |publisher=Atmosphere.mpg.de |access-date=27 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081108021720/http://www.atmosphere.mpg.de/enid/2.html |archive-date=8 November 2008 }}</ref> in [[Mainz]], Germany; the [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]] at the [[University of California, San Diego]];<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/paul-crutzen-1933-2021 |title=Obituary Notice, Paul Crutzen, 1933–2021 |date=29 January 2021 |publisher=Scripps Institution of Oceanography |access-date=3 February 2021}}</ref> and at [[Seoul National University]],<ref>{{cite web |first=Naeun |last=Choi |url=http://www.useoul.edu/news/news0101_view.jsp?idx=128770 |title=Nobel Prize Winner Paul Crutzen Appointed as SNU Professor |publisher=Useoul.edu |date=10 November 2008 |access-date=26 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308002526/http://useoul.edu/news/news0101_view.jsp?idx=128770 |archive-date=8 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> South Korea. He was also a long-time [[adjunct professor]] at [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] and [[research professor]] at the department of meteorology at [[Stockholm University]], Sweden.<ref>{{cite news|first=Greg|last=Keisel|url=http://technique.library.gatech.edu/issues/fall1995/nov17/campus3-s.html|title=Nobel Prize winner at Tech|work=[[The Technique]]|date=17 November 1995|access-date=22 May 2007|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721115700/http://technique.library.gatech.edu/issues/fall1995/nov17/campus3-s.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> From 1997 to 2002 he was professor of aeronomy at the Department of Physics and Astronomy at [[Utrecht University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Catalogus Professorum – Prof Detail|url=https://profs.library.uu.nl/index.php/profrec/getprofdata/442/30/181/0|access-date=29 January 2021|website=profs.library.uu.nl}}</ref>

He co-signed a letter from over 70 Nobel laureate scientists to the [[Louisiana Legislature]] supporting the repeal of that U.S. state's [[creationism]] law, the [[Louisiana Science Education Act]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.repealcreationism.com/397/nobellaureateletter|title=repealcreationism.com &#124; 522: Connection timed out|website=www.repealcreationism.com|access-date=15 January 2012|archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018174610/http://www.repealcreationism.com/397/nobellaureateletter|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2003 he was one of 22 Nobel laureates who signed the [[Humanism and Its Aspirations|Humanist Manifesto]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.americanhumanist.org/Humanism/Humanist_Manifesto_III/Notable_Signers | title=Notable Signers | publisher=American Humanist Association | work=Humanism and Its Aspirations | access-date=1 October 2012 | archive-date=5 October 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005105825/http://www.americanhumanist.org/Humanism/Humanist_Manifesto_III/Notable_Signers | url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{As of|2021}}, Crutzen had an [[h-index]] of 151 according to [[Google Scholar]]<ref>{{Google Scholar id}}</ref> and of 110 according to [[Scopus]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7103081525|title=Scopus preview – Crutzen, Paul J. – Author details – Scopus|website=www.scopus.com|accessdate=15 October 2021}}</ref> On his death, the president of the [[Max Planck Society]], [[Martin Stratmann]], said that Crutzen's work led to the ban on ozone-depleting chemicals, which was an unprecedented example of Nobel Prize basic research directly leading to a global political decision.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schwartz |first1=John |title=Paul Crutzen, Nobel Laureate Who Fought Climate Change, Dies at 87 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/04/science/paul-crutzen-dead.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=4 February 2021}}</ref>

=== Anthropocene ===
{{main|Anthropocene}}
One of Crutzen's research interests was the [[Anthropocene]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1021/es903118j| pmid=20184359|title = The New World of the Anthropocene1| journal=Environmental Science & Technology| volume=44| issue=7| pages=2228–2231|year = 2010|last1 = Zalasiewicz|first1 = Jan| last2=Williams| first2=Mark| last3=Steffen| first3=Will| last4=Crutzen| first4=Paul| bibcode=2010EnST...44.2228Z| hdl=1885/36498| hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="SteffenGrinevald2011">{{cite journal|last1=Steffen|first1=W.|last2=Grinevald|first2=J.|last3=Crutzen|first3=P.|last4=McNeill|first4=J.|title=The Anthropocene: conceptual and historical perspectives|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|volume=369|issue=1938|year=2011|pages=842–867|issn=1364-503X|doi=10.1098/rsta.2010.0327|pmid=21282150|bibcode=2011RSPTA.369..842S|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2000, in [[IGBP]] Newsletter 41, Crutzen and [[Eugene F. Stoermer]], to emphasize the central role of mankind in geology and ecology, proposed using the term [[anthropocene]] for the current geological epoch. In regard to its start, they said:

<blockquote>To assign a more specific date to the onset of the "anthropocene" seems somewhat arbitrary, but we propose the latter part of the 18th century, although we are aware that alternative proposals can be made (some may even want to include the entire holocene). However, we choose this date because, during the past two centuries, the global effects of human activities have become clearly noticeable. This is the period when data retrieved from glacial ice cores show the beginning of a growth in the atmospheric concentrations of several "greenhouse gases", in particular CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub>. Such a starting date also coincides with James Watt's invention of the steam engine in 1784.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igbp.net/news/opinion/opinion/haveweenteredtheanthropocene.5.d8b4c3c12bf3be638a8000578.html |title=Opinion: Have we entered the "Anthropocene"? |publisher=IGBP.net |access-date=2016-12-24}}</ref></blockquote>

=== [[Geoengineering]] (Climate intervention)===
Steve Connor, Science Editor of ''The Independent'', wrote that Crutzen believes that political attempts to limit man-made greenhouse gases are so pitiful that a radical contingency plan is needed. In a polemical scientific essay that was published in the August 2006 issue of the journal ''Climatic Change'', he says that an "escape route" is needed if [[global warming]] begins to run out of control.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.independent.co.uk/environment/article1205975.ece |title = Scientist publishes 'escape route' from global warming |newspaper = [[The Independent]] |author = Steve Connor |date = 31 July 2006 |access-date = 27 October 2008 |location = London |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080723132858/http://news.independent.co.uk/environment/article1205975.ece |archive-date = 23 July 2008}}</ref>

Crutzen advocated for [[climate engineering]] solutions, including artificially cooling the global climate by releasing particles of [[sulphur]] in the upper atmosphere, along with other particles at lower atmospheric levels, which would reflect sunlight and heat back into space. If this artificial cooling method actually were to work, it would reduce some of the effects of the accumulation of green house gas emissions caused by human activity, potentially extending the planet's integrity and livability.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Paul J. |last=Crutzen |title=Albedo enhancement by stratospheric sulfur injections: a contribution to resolve a policy dilemma? |journal=Climatic Change |volume=77 |issue=3–4 |pages=211–219 |doi=10.1007/s10584-006-9101-y |date=August 2006 |article-number=211 |bibcode=2006ClCh...77..211C |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In January 2008, Crutzen published findings that the release of [[nitrous oxide]] ({{N2O}}) emissions in the production of [[biofuels]] means that they contribute more to global warming than the fossil fuels they replace.<ref>{{cite journal |title=N<sub>2</sub>O release from agro-biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels |first1=P. J. |last1=Crutzen |first2= A. R. |last2=Mosier |first3=K. A. |last3=Smith |first4=W |last4=Winiwarter |journal=Atmos. Chem. Phys. |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=389–395 |year= 2008 |doi=10.5194/acp-8-389-2008 |bibcode=2008ACP.....8..389C |url=http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/13272/1/acp-8-389-2008.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Nuclear winter ===
Crutzen was also a leader in [[Nuclear winter#History|promoting]] the theory of [[nuclear winter]]. Together with [[John W. Birks]] he wrote the first publication introducing the subject: ''The atmosphere after a nuclear war: Twilight at noon'' (1982).<ref>Paul J. Crutzen and [[John W. Birks]]: [https://www.jstor.org/pss/4312777 The atmosphere after a nuclear war: Twilight at noon] [[Ambio]], 1982 (abstract)</ref> They theorized the potential climatic effects of the large amounts of sooty smoke from fires in the forests and in urban and industrial centers and oil storage facilities, which would reach the middle and higher troposphere. They concluded that absorption of sunlight by the black smoke could lead to darkness and strong cooling at the earth's surface, and a heating of the atmosphere at higher elevations, thus creating atypical meteorological and climatic conditions which would jeopardize agricultural production for a large part of the human population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12517063-200-science-a-nuclear-winter-would-devastate-australia/ |title=Science: A nuclear winter would 'devastate' Australia |website=NewScientist.com |date=3 March 1990|first1=John|last1=Gribbin|first2=Paul|last2=Butler |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413061825/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12517063-200-science-a-nuclear-winter-would-devastate-australia/ |archive-date=13 April 2016|url-status=live|access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref>

In a ''[[The Baltimore Sun|Baltimore Sun]]'' newspaper article printed in January 1991, along with his nuclear winter colleagues, Crutzen hypothesized that the climatic effects of the [[Kuwait oil fires]] would result in "significant" [[nuclear winter]]-like effects; continental-sized effects of sub-freezing temperatures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-01-23-1991023131-story.html|title=Burning oil wells could be disaster, Sagan says|first=Frank D.|last=Roylance|website=baltimoresun.com|date=23 January 1991 }}</ref>

== Awards and honours==
Crutzen, [[Mario J. Molina]], and [[F. Sherwood Rowland]] were awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 1995 "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone".<ref name="Autobiography"/> Some of Crutzen's others honours include the below: 
{{div col}}
* 1976: Outstanding Publication Award, Environmental Research Laboratories, [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]<ref name="NobelPrizeCrutzenCv"/>
* 1984: Rolex-Discover Scientist of the Year.<ref name="NobelPrizeCrutzenCv"/>
* 1985: Recipient of the [[Leó Szilárd]] Award for "Physics in the Publics Interest" of the American Physical Society.<ref name="NobelPrizeCrutzenCv"/>
* 1986: Elected as a Fellow of the [[American Geophysical Union]].<ref name="NobelPrizeCrutzenCv"/>
* 1989: [[Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tylerprize.org/laureates/past-laureates/ |publisher=Tyler Prize |title=Past Laureates |work=Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement |access-date=1 February 2021 |archive-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302161631/https://tylerprize.org/laureates/past-laureates/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 1990: Corresponding Member of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.knaw.nl/en/members/correspondents/4001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721211038/https://www.knaw.nl/en/members/correspondents/4001 |title=P.J. Crutzen |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |archive-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>
* 1995: Recipient of the Global Ozone Award for "Outstanding Contribution for the Protection of the Ozone Layer" by [[United Nations Environment Programme]].<ref name="NobelPrizeCrutzenCv">{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1995/crutzen/cv/|access-date=31 January 2021|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US}}</ref>
* 1999: Foreign Member of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="ras._Krut">{{Cite web |title=Krutzen P .. – General information |author= |publisher=[[Russian Academy of Sciences]] |access-date=1 February 2021 |url= http://www.ras.ru/win/DB/show_per.asp?P=.id-53122.ln-ru.dl-.pr-inf.uk-12 |language=ru}}</ref>
* [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2006|2006: Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS)]]<ref name=frs>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005222138/https://royalsociety.org/people/paul-crutzen-11287/|archive-date=5 October 2015|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/paul-crutzen-11287/|publisher=[[Royal Society]]|location=London|title=Professor Paul Crutzen ForMemRS: Foreign Member}}</ref>
*2007: International Member of the [[American Philosophical Society]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Paul+J.+Crutzen&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|title=APS Member History}}</ref>
* 2017: Honorary Member of the [[Royal Netherlands Chemical Society]]<ref>[https://en.kncv.nl/kncv/honorary-members Honorary members] – website of the Royal Netherlands Chemical Society</ref>
* 2019: [[Lomonosov Gold Medal]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paul J. Crutzen (1933–2021) :: ChemViews Magazine :: ChemistryViews|url=https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/11286988/Paul_J__Crutzen_1933__2021.html|access-date=31 January 2021|website=www.chemistryviews.org|date=29 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> 
{{div col end}}

==Personal life==
In 1956 Crutzen met Terttu Soininen, whom he married a few years later in February 1958. In December of the same year, the couple had a daughter. In March 1964, the couple had another daughter.<ref name="Autobiography"/>

Crutzen died aged 87 on 28 January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=28 January 2021|title=The Max Planck Institute for Chemistry mourns the loss of its former director and Nobel Laureate Paul J. Crutzen|url=https://www.mpic.de/4677594/trauer-um-paul-crutzen|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Max Planck Institute for Chemistry|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Paul Crutzen}}
{{Scholia}}
* {{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture, 8 December 1995 ''My Life with O<sub>3</sub>, NO<sub>x</sub> and Other YZO<sub>x</sub>s'' 
* [https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.2022.0011 Memoirs Paul Jozef Crutzen. 3 December 1933—28 January 2021] auf The Royal Society Publishing (englisch)

{{Nobel Prize laureates from The Netherlands|state=collapsed}}
{{Nobel Prize in Chemistry Laureates 1976-2000}}
{{1995 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{FRS 2006}}

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[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
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