View source for Pavane

{{Short description|Dance common in 16th century Europe}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect-multi|3|Padovana|Paduana|Padouana|the chicken breed|Padovana chicken}}
{{Italic title}} 
[[File:Edwin Austin Abbey - A Pavane.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|''A Pavane'', [[Edwin Austin Abbey]], 1897]]

The '''''pavane'''''{{efn|Variously attested as '''pavan''', '''paven''', '''pavin''', '''pavian''', '''pavine''', or '''pavyn'''.}} ({{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|v|ɑː|n|,_|p|ə|ˈ|v|æ|n}} {{respell|pə|VA(H)N}}; {{langx|it|pavana}}, ''padovana''; {{langx|de|Paduana}}) is a slow processional [[dance]] common in Europe during the 16th century ([[Renaissance]]).

The pavane, the earliest-known music for which was published in Venice by [[Ottaviano Petrucci]], in [[Joan Ambrosio Dalza]]'s ''Intabolatura de lauto libro quarto'' in 1508, is a sedate and dignified [[Partner dance|couple dance]], similar to the 15th-century [[basse danse]]. The music which accompanied it appears originally to have been fast or moderately fast but, like many other dances, became slower over time.{{sfn|Brown|2001}}

== Origin of term ==
The word ''pavane'' is most probably derived from Italian [''danza''] ''padovana'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Pavane |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/art/pavane |access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |work=Vocabolario Treccani |url=http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/pavana/ |title=Pavana |language=it |access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref> meaning "[dance] typical of [[Padua]]" (similar to [[Bergamask]], "dance from [[Bergamo]]"); ''pavan'' is an old Northern Italian form for the modern Italian adjective ''padovano'' (= from Padua).{{efn|this is reflected also, for example, in the family name ''Pavan'', rather diffuse in northern Italy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cognome: PAVAN, Presente in 976 comuni |website=gens.labo.net |language=it |url=http://gens.labo.net/it/cognomi/genera.html?cognome=PAVAN&t=cognomi&s==FF |access-date=30 November 2010}}</ref>}} This origin is consistent with the equivalent form, ''Paduana''.

An alternative explanation is that it derives from the Spanish ''pavón'' meaning ''peacock''.{{sfn|Sachs|1937|p=356}}

Although the dance is often associated with Spain,{{sfn|Horst|1937|p=7}} it was "almost certainly of Italian origin".{{sfn|Brown|2001}}

== History ==
The decorous sweep of the pavane suited the new more sober Spanish-influenced courtly manners of 16th-century Italy. It appears in dance manuals in England, [[France]], and [[Italy]].

The pavane's popularity was from roughly 1530 to 1676,{{sfn|Horst|1937|p=8}} though, as a dance, it was already dying out by the late 16th century.{{sfn|Brown|2001}} As a musical form, the pavane survived long after the dance itself was abandoned, and well into the [[Baroque]] period, when it finally gave way to the [[allemande]]/[[courante]] sequence.{{sfn|Apel|1988|p=259ff{{Page needed|date=August 2014}}<!--Terminal page number needed. The abbreviation "ff" is too vague.-->}}.

==Music==
{{listen|type=music
 | filename     = John_Jenkins_(1592-1678)_-_Pavan_à6_in_F,_VdGS_No.2_(ca.1667).ogg
 | title        = Pavan à6 in F, VdGS No.2, Oxford. Bodleian Library, Mus.Sch. c.83, II/2 (ca.1667)
 | description  = By [[John_Jenkins_(composer)|John Jenkins]]. Performed by Phillip W. Serna, Treble, Tenor & Bass [[Viol]]s 
}}

*Slow duple metre ({{music|time|2|2}} or {{music|time|4|4}}) by the late 16th century, though there is evidence that it was still a fast dance as late as the mid-16th century, and there are also examples of triple-time pavans from Spain, Italy, and England.{{sfn|Brown|2001}}
*Two strains of eight, twelve, or sixteen bars each.
*Accent generally comes on the third beat with a secondary accent on the 1st beat though some pavanes place the accent on the first beat with the secondary accent falling on the third.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}
*Generally follows the form of A–A′–B–B′–C–C′.
*It generally uses [[counterpoint]] or [[Homophony|homophonic]] accompaniment.
*Often accompanied by a [[Tabor (instrument)|tabor]] in a rhythmic pattern of [[Half note|minim]]–[[Quarter note|crotchet]]–[[Quarter note|crotchet]] ({{music|time|1|2}}–{{music|time|1|4}}–{{music|time|1|4}}) or similar.{{sfn|Arbeau|1967|pp=59–64}}
*This dance was generally paired with the [[Galliard]].{{clarify|date=December 2015}}<!--Apart from "Belle, qui tiens ma vie" in Arbeau, are there any other vocal pavans, and what evidence is there for that particular setting involving the oboe (drum, yes)?-->
*Usually no florid or running passages in instrumental ensemble settings, but pavans for solo instruments usually included written-out repeat sections with variations.{{sfn|Brown|2001}}

==Dance==
[[File:P1160302 Louvre Ecole française Le Bal des noces du duc de Joyeuse INV.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|At the royal court of [[Henry III of France]]: [[Anne de Joyeuse]] and his wife Marguerite de Vaudémont-Lorraine, dancing a pavane.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010061365 |title=Pavane à la cour d'Henri III |website=collections.louvre.fr}}</ref> Left under the canopy the king and his mother [[Catherine de' Medici]], to the right of her Queen [[Louise of Lorraine, Queen of France|Louise]]. The musicians on the right side. (c. 1581)]]

In [[Thoinot Arbeau]]'s French dance manual, it is generally a dance for many couples in procession, with the dancers sometimes throwing in ornamentation (divisions) of the steps.{{sfn|Arbeau|1967|pp=59–66}}

The ''Dictionnaire de Trevoux'' describes the dance as being a "grave kind of dance, borrowed from the Spaniards, wherein the performers make a kind of wheel or tail before each other, like that of a peacock, whence the name." It was usually used by regents to open grand ceremonies and to display their royal attire.{{sfn|Horst|1937|p=9}} Before dancing, the performers saluted the King and Queen whilst circling the room. The steps were called ''advancing'' and ''retreating''. Retreating gentlemen would lead their ladies by the hand and, after curtsies and steps, the gentlemen would regain their places. Next, a lone gentleman advanced and went ''en se pavanant'' (strutting like a peacock) to salute the lady opposite him. After taking backward steps, he would return to his place, bowing to his lady.{{sfn|Horst|1937|p=12}}

==Modern use==
The step used in the pavane survives to the modern day in the ''hesitation step'' sometimes used at weddings.

More recent works titled "pavane" often have a deliberately archaic mood. Examples include:
* ''[[Pavane (Fauré)|Pavane]]'' (1887) by [[Gabriel Fauré]], a modern version of the Renaissance genre.
* ''Tears and Pavan'' (2018) by [[The Strawbs]]
* ''Pavan'' (2015) by [[Julian Bream]]
* ''[[Pavane pour une infante défunte]]'' (1899) by [[Maurice Ravel]].
{{Listen
|type=music
|title=Pavane pour une infante défunte
|filename=Maurice Ravel - Thérèse Dussaut - Pavane pour une infante défunte.ogg
|description=By [[Maurice Ravel]]. Performed by [[Thérèse Dussaut]].
}}
* The third part of the [[Piano Suite No. 2]] Op. 10, by [[George Enescu]] (1903)
* ''Pavane'' from [[Peter Warlock]]’s ''[[Capriol Suite]]'' (1926)
* ''De la Mare's Pavane'' from [[Herbert Howells]]' ''[[List of compositions by Herbert Howells|Lambert's Clavichord]]'' (1927)
* The "Pavane of the Sons of the Morning" that closes scene 7 of ''[[Job: A Masque for Dancing]]'', a [[ballet]] composed by [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]] in 1930 and first staged in 1931.
* "Pavane, the Girl with the Flaxen Hair", a dramatic script written and directed by [[Wyllis Cooper]], inspired in part by Debussy's composition,{{clarify|date=September 2011}}<!--"The Girl with the Flaxen Hair" is by Debussy, not Ravel; or is it Ravel's "Pavane pour une infante défunte" that is meant?--> for the old-time radio series ''[[Quiet, Please]]'' (1947).
* ''[[The Moor's Pavane]]'' (1949), a ballet choreographed by [[José Limón]].
* The science fiction novel ''[[Pavane (novel)|Pavane]]'' (1968) by British author [[Keith Roberts]], about an alternative history in which Queen Elizabeth I is assassinated and the Armada wins in the year 1588, using the musical term as a metaphor for the book's setting.
* The song "Pavan" (1970) from the progressive folk album ''[[Evensong (album)|Evensong]]'' by [[Amazing Blondel]].
* The first part of Maurice Ravel's ''[[Ma mère l'oye]]'' suite (1910), entitled "Pavane for the Sleeping Beauty", covered (as ''"Pavanne"'') by [[Joe Walsh]] on his album ''[[So What (Joe Walsh album)|So What]]'' (1974).
* The fourth movement of the suite "The Fall of the House of Usher" from the progressive rock album ''[[Tales of Mystery and Imagination (Alan Parsons Project album)|Tales of Mystery and Imagination]]'' by [[The Alan Parsons Project]] (1976).
* The song "Pavane" by [[Jon Lord]] of the band [[Deep Purple]], written and recorded for his solo album ''[[Sarabande (album)|Sarabande]]'' (1976).
* The track "Pavanne" (sic) is a beautiful duet between Keith Tippett (church pipe organ) and Mark Charig (cornet), from their album "Pipedream" (1977). 
*"Pavane for a Dead Princess" (1978), a jazz version of Maurice Ravel's composition by Art Farmer and Jim Hall, released on the album ''[[Big Blues (Art Farmer album)|Big Blues]]''.
* "Pavane: She's So Fine" (1994) from ''[[John's Book of Alleged Dances]]'' by [[John Adams (composer)|John Adams]].
* The title of a song from ''[[Verehrt und angespien]]'' (1999), the second studio album of the folk metal band [[In Extremo]].
* "Pavane (Thoughts of a Septuagenarian)" (2000) by the [[Esbjörn Svensson Trio]].
* The title of a song from ''[[Water Forest (album)|Water Forest]]'' (2003), an album by [[Rurutia]].
* "A Sad Pavan for These Distracted Times" is part IX of [[Vladimír Godár]]'s "Querela Pacis" ("Complaint of Peace") oratorio (2010). [[Thomas Tomkins]] composed a piece with the same title in 1649.{{clarify|date=January 2016}}<!--Pure coincidence, or is there some connection?--> Sir [[Peter Maxwell Davies]] composed one also, in 2004. The 'distracted times' refer to the execution of British king Charles I.
* [[Eric Clapton]] released an acoustic demo song on his Facebook Page on September 30, 2014: "Pavane for Jay A", as a homage to skateboard pioneer [[Jay Adams]], who died on August 15, 2014, aged 53.

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

== General and cited references ==
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Apel|1988}}|reference=Apel, Willi (1988). ''The History of Keyboard Music to 1700''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. {{ISBN|0-253-32795-4}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Arbeau|1967}}|reference=Arbeau, Thoinot (1967). ''Orchesography'', translated by Mary Stewart Evans, with a new introduction and notes by Julia Sutton and a new Labanotation section by Mireille Backer and Julia Sutton. New York: Dover Publications. {{ISBN|0-486-21745-0}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Brown|2001}}|reference=Brown, Alan (2001). "Pavan". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by [[Stanley Sadie]] and [[John Tyrrell (professor of music)|John Tyrrell]]. London: Macmillan Publishers.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Horst|1937}}|reference=Horst, Louis (1937). ''Pre-Classic Dance Forms''. A Dance Horizons Book. New York: Dance Observer. Reprinted, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Book Co., 1987. {{ISBN|9780916622510}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Sachs|1937}}|reference=Sachs, Curt (1937). ''World History of the Dance'', translated by Bessie Schönberg. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.}}

== External links ==
* {{Commonscat inline}}

{{Renaissance music}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dance forms in classical music]]
[[Category:Renaissance dance]]
[[Category:Renaissance music]]