View source for Pavilion

{{Short description|Type of building}}
{{About|the building||Pavilion (disambiguation)}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{one source|date=April 2019}}
{{lead extra info|date=January 2022}}
}}
[[File:White Sawan or Bhadon pavilion.jpg|thumb|260px|A marble pavilion, [[Red Fort]], Delhi]]
In [[architecture]], '''''pavilion''''' has several meanings; 
* It may be a subsidiary building that is either positioned separately or as an attachment to a main building. Often it is associated with pleasure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/pavilion-architecture|title=Pavilion {{!}} Architecture|date=9 May 2024 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> In palaces and traditional mansions of Asia, there may be pavilions that are either freestanding or connected by covered walkways, as in the [[Forbidden City]] ([[Chinese pavilion]]s), [[Topkapi Palace]] in [[Istanbul]], and in [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] buildings like the [[Red Fort]].
* As part of a large palace, pavilions may be symmetrically placed building ''blocks'' that flank (appear to join) a main building block or the outer ends of wings extending from both sides of a central building block, the ''[[corps de logis]]''. Such configurations provide an emphatic visual termination to the composition of a large building, akin to [[bookend]]s.

The word is from [[French language|French]] {{lang|fr|pavillon}} ([[Old French]] {{lang|fro|paveillon}}) and it meant a small palace,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Ultimate Guide To Pavilion And Their Materials |url=https://egygazebo.com/pavilion/the-ultimate-guide-to-pavilion-and-their-materials/ |website=Egy Gazebo|date=17 September 2022 }}</ref> from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|papilionem}} ([[accusative]] of {{lang|la|papilio}}). In [[Late Latin]] and Old French, it meant both ‘butterfly’ and ‘tent’, because the canvas of a tent resembled a butterfly's spread wings.<ref>{{Cite book|url= https://archive.org/details/significantetymo00mitcuoft/page/162/mode/1up |title=Significant Etymology |last=Mitchell|first=James|publisher=William Blackwood & Sons|year=1908|pages=201|quote= The Latin word {{lang|la|papilio}} signified originally a butterfly, but in [[late Latin]], and even in [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] and [[Tertullian]], came to signify a tent, colours, or a flag. It came to signify this apparently from the flapping of the canvas, like a butterfly literally that which is spread out like the wings of a butterfly.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Baril|first=Agnès|title=Robert de Boron, Merlin, roman du XIIIe siècle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNpcAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Ellipses|language=fr|isbn=978-2-7298-0301-8|page=120|quote=[{{lang|fro|Paveillon}} :] Attesté dès 1162 dans le roman de ''[[Floire et Blancheflor]]'', ce substantif masculin est le produit du mot lat. {{lang|la|papilionem}}, accusatif de {{lang|la|papilio, -onis}} : papillon, puis tente en latin tardif par une métaphore bien compréhensible et attestée dès le 6e siècle. En {{abbr|a.f.|ancien français}} le paveillon désignait : une papillon; une tente conique; une tonnelle (avec également des acceptions ponctuelles et accessoires : filet à perdrix, petite monnaie, le sein d'une mère, même). <br/> [≈ {{lang|fro|Paveillon}} is attested in a 1162 novel [...]. This masculine noun is from the Latin {{lang|la|papilionem}} [...], meaning "butterfly", then in Late Latin "tent", an easy-to-grasp metaphor from the 6th century. In Old French, {{lang|fro|paveillon}} meant "butterfly", "conical tent", "funnel [[bird trap|trap]] / tunnel net [to hunt partridges]" (with the occasional and secondary meanings of "partridge net" (= {{lang|fr|tonnelle}}), "loose change", and even "mother's breast").]}}</ref>

The word is from the early 13c., ''paviloun'', "large, stately tent raised on posts and used as a movable habitation," from Old French ''paveillon'' "large tent; butterfly" (12c.), from Latin ''papilionem'' (nominative ''papilio'') "butterfly, moth," in Medieval Latin "tent" (see papillon); the type of tent was so called on its resemblance to wings. Meaning "open building in a park, etc., used for shelter or entertainment" is attested from 1680s. Sense of "small or moderate-sized building, isolated from but dependent on a larger or principal building" (as in a hospital) is by 1858.<ref>{{Cite web |title=pavilion {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of pavilion by etymonline |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/pavilion |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=www.etymonline.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Free-standing structures==
[[File:Casino marino.JPG|thumb|The [[Casino at Marino]]]]

Pavilions may be small garden outbuildings, similar to a [[summer house]] or a [[kiosk]]; small rooms on the roof of a large house, reached only via the roof (rather than by internal stairs) may also be called pavilions. These were particularly popular up to the 18th century and can be equated to the Italian {{wikt-lang|it|casina}}, formerly rendered in English "casino".  These often resembled small [[Roman temple|classical temple]]s and [[folly|follies]]. Especially if there is some space for food preparation, they may be called a [[banqueting house]].  A pavilion built to take advantage of a view may be referred to as a [[gazebo]]. [[Bandstand]]s in a park are a class of pavilion. A {{linktext|poolhouse}} by a [[swimming pool]] may have sufficient character and charm to be called a pavilion. By contrast, a free-standing pavilion can also be a far larger building such as the [[Royal Pavilion]] at [[Brighton]], which is in fact a large Indian-style palace; however, like its smaller namesakes, the common factor is that it was built for pleasure and relaxation.

A [[sport]]s pavilion is usually a building adjacent to a sports ground used for changing clothes and often partaking of refreshments. Often it has a [[verandah]] to provide protection from the sun for spectators. In [[Cricket field|cricket grounds]], as at [[Lord's Cricket Ground|Lord's]], a [[cricket pavilion]] tends to be used for the building the players emerge from and return to, even when this is actually a large building including a [[grandstand]].  A pavilion in [[stadium|stadia]], especially baseball parks, is a typically single-decked covered seating area (as opposed to the more expensive seating area of the main grandstand and the less expensive seating area of the uncovered [[bleachers]]).

==Classical architecture==
Externally, pavilions may be emphasised by any combination of a change in height, profile (a flat facade may end in round pavilions, or flat ones that project out), colour, material, and ornament. Internally they may be part of a rectangular block, or only connected to the main block by a [[hyphen (architecture)|thin section]] of building. The two 18th-century [[English country house]]s of [[Houghton Hall]] and [[Holkham Hall]] illustrate these different approaches in turn.
[[File:Louvre Colonnade Illustration.png|thumb|260x260px|Illustration of the [[Classical architecture|classical]] [[Louvre Colonnade]] in [[Paris]] with its pavilion highlighted in yellow]]
In the [[Place des Vosges]] (1605–1612), Paris, twin pavilions mark the ''centers'' of the north and south sides of the square. They are named the {{lang|fr|Pavillon du Roi}} (“king’s pavilion”) and the {{lang|fr|Pavillon de la Reine}} (“queen’s pavilion”), though no royal personage ever lived in the square. With their triple archways, they function like gatehouses that give access to the privileged space of the square. French gatehouses had been built in the form of such pavilions in the preceding century.

==Other uses==
In some areas, a pavilion is a [[Jagdschloss|hunting lodge]]. The {{lang|fr|Pavillon de Galon|italic=no}} in [[Luberon]], [[France]], is a typical 18th-century aristocratic hunting pavilion. The pavilion, located on the site of an old Roman villa, includes a garden {{lang|fr|à la française}}, which was used by the guests for receptions.

==Gallery==
<gallery perrow="3" class="center" widths="275" heights="250">
File:Istanbul Bosphorus Küçüksu Palace IMG 7764 1920.jpg|[[Küçüksu Pavilion]] in [[Istanbul]], Turkey
File:Houghton Hall 20080720-2.jpg|The [[façade|frontage]] of [[Houghton Hall]] ends in a pavilion on each side
File:Plan de Holkham Hall.JPG|Plan of the main part of [[Holkham Hall]], where, unlike Houghton, only a thin section connects the pavilions to the main block
File:Wien - Schloss Belvedere, oberes (1).JPG|Pavilions at each end of the facade of the [[Belvedere, Vienna#Upper Belvedere|Upper Belvedere]], Vienna
File:Naulakha Pavilion in Lahore Fort.jpg|The white marbled [[Naulakha Pavilion]] at the [[Lahore Fort]], Pakistan
File:Studley Banqueting House - geograph.org.uk - 1525700.jpg|A [[banqueting house]] at [[Studley Royal Park]]
File:Woodfarm Pavillion.JPG|Woodfarm Pavilion, Glasgow. An example of a more common pavilion in an urban area.
File:München Hofgartentempel.jpg|The [[Dianatempel (Munich)|Dianatempel]] (1613–1617), the [[Hofgarten (Munich)|Hofgarten]], [[Bavaria]]
File:SaabgheraniehPalace.jpg|[[Ahmad Shahi Pavilion]], the [[Niavaran Palace Complex]], [[Tehran]] (19th century)
File:LeytonCricketGround.JPG|The wooden [[cricket]] pavilion at [[Leyton Cricket Ground]] in [[London]] (1886)
File:Emir Adb or-Rahman's garden house, Kabul. Wellcome L0025012.jpg|[[Abdur Rahman Khan]]'s garden house inside the royal [[Arg Palace]], [[Kabul]] (19th century)
File:Ranghar - Assam.jpg|[[Rang Ghar]], a sports-pavilion from [[Assam]], India, built during [[Ahom kingdom]] (mid 18th century).
File:Michael Dwyer-Edgewater Poolhouse.jpg |A {{linktext|poolhouse}} at [[Edgewater (Barrytown, New York)|Edgewater]] in [[Barrytown, New York]], United States (1998)
File:Zürich - Bürkliplatz IMG 0525 ShiftN.jpg|A [[bandstand]] ({{lang|de|Musikpavillon}}) at [[Bürkliplatz]] in [[Zürich]], Switzerland (1908)
File:Heinolan Harjupaviljonki.jpg|Rigde pavilion in [[Heinola]], Finland
File:Zürich - Chinagarten - Inselpavillion IMG 0190.JPG|Island pavilion in the [[Chinese Garden, Zürich]] (1993)
File:Picnic shelter Yarramundi Reach Canberra.JPG|Picnic shelter, [[Yarramundi Reach]], Canberra
File:19-15-073-indian-springs.jpg|A stone pavilion, [[Indian Springs State Park]], Georgia
File:Schloss Burgk Sophienhaus.jpg|The ''Sophienlust'' Pavilion at [[Schloss Burgk]] in the [[Thuringian Highland]]s
File:Hue Pagoda (12050885255).jpg|Pavilion in Huế, Vietnam
</gallery>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Bandstand]]
* [[Chahartaq (architecture)|Chahartaq]] (Persian pavilion)
* [[Chinese pavilion]]
* [[Dance hall]] (dance pavilion)
* [[Dharamshala (type of building)]]
* [[Gazebo]]
* [[Mirror tent]]
* [[Monopteros]]
* [[Royal Pavilion]], Brighton, England
* [[Sala Thai]] (Thai pavilion)
* [[World's fair]]s and similar events (art [[biennale]]s, national fairs, etc.) use national pavilions
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Pavilions}}

{{Garden features}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pavilion}}
[[Category:Pavilions| ]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures by type]]
[[Category:Garden features]]