View source for Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg

{{Short description|Municipal town in Pushkinsky District, Saint Petersburg, Russia}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}{{Other places3|Pavlovsk (inhabited locality)}}
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|image_skyline=Pavlovsk park1016.jpg
|image_caption=Entrance to the park with pavilion "Three Graces"
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'''Pavlovsk''' ({{langx|ru|Па́вловск}} "[the town] of Pavel" after Emperor Pavel (Paul) of Russia) is a [[administrative divisions of Saint Petersburg|municipal town]] in [[Pushkinsky District, Saint Petersburg|Pushkinsky District]] in the suburban part of the [[federal cities of Russia|federal city]] of [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]], located {{convert|30|km|sp=us}} south from Saint Petersburg proper and about {{convert|4|km|sp=us}} southeast from [[Pushkin (town)|Pushkin]]. Population: {{ru-census2010|16,087|.}} Known since the late 18th century, when Saint Petersburg was the capital of Russian Empire, as a countryside residence of Russian royal family commissioned creation of the town's landmark -[[Pavlovsk Palace|palace]] with a [[Pavlovsk Park|large park]], now parts of its federal museum reserve.

The town developed around the [[Pavlovsk Palace]], a major residence of the Russian imperial family. Between 1918 and 1944, its official name was '''Slutsk''', after the revolutionary [[Vera Slutskaya]], and then was changed back to Pavlovsk. Pavlovsk is part of the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] "[[Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments]]".

==History==
===Fortress===
[[File:Pavlovsk fort.jpg|thumb|Bip fortress in the early 19th century]]

A wooden fortress was built by Russians on the place of Pavlovsk and was known from at least 13th century as part of an [[Administrative division of Novgorod Land]]. The fortress and the entire region were later captured by the Swedes. On 13 August 1702, the Russian army led by [[Peter the Great]] and [[Fyodor Apraksin]] met Swedes at the [[Izhora]] river and pushed them to the fortress. For several days, the Swedish Army was reinforcing their positions but were expelled upon a surprise frontal attack.<ref name="Георги"/>

[[Paul I of Russia|Paul I]], an avid fan of the military, had long dreamed of building a stone fortress on the ruins of the Swedish forts. After he became an emperor, in 1796, he hired the Italian architect [[Vincenzo Brenna]] and raised money for the project. By 1798 Brenna raised a Gothic [[folly]], Bip fortress, which fascinated Paul so much that he listed it on the Army register of real fortresses. After the death of Catherine, Paul and Brenna expanded the Pavlovsk estate with real military barracks, officers' quarters and a hospital.<ref name=H94>Hayden 2005, p. 94</ref><ref name="L50">Lanceray, pp. 51–52</ref><ref name=bip/>

===Imperial residence===
{{See also|Pavlovsk Palace}}
[[File:Pavlovsk palace 1808.jpg|thumb|View of the palace and park in 1808]]
[[Catherine the Great]] liked the nature in Pavlovsk area and frequently visited it for hunting trips. In December 1777, she assigned to her son, Paul I, 362 [[desyatina]]s (977&nbsp;acres; 395&nbsp;ha) of land along the [[Slavyanka (river)|Slavyanka]] river, together with forests, arable land and two small villages with peasants. This was a present to Paul and his wife [[Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)|Maria Feodorovna]] on the occasion of the birth of their first son, the future Emperor [[Alexander I of Russia]]. This date is considered the founding date of the Pavlovskoye village (the name Pavlovsk derives from Paul's name in Russian, ''Pavel''). Catherine commissioned the Scottish architect [[Charles Cameron (architect)|Charles Cameron]], who had previously done much work for her in the nearby Tsarskoye Selo, to design a palace and a park in Pavlovskoye.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kuchumov, A. M.|title= Павловск. Путеводитель по дворцу-музею и парку (Pavlovsk. Palace and Park Guidebook). |place=St. Petersburg|publisher= Лениздат|year=1970}}</ref><ref name=brit/><ref name=bse/>

Between 1782 and 1786<ref name=brit/> Cameron built the original palace core that survives to date, the Temple of Friendship, Private Gardens, Aviary, Apollo Colonnade and the Lime Avenue. He also planned the original landscape including the huge [[English park]] with numerous temples, colonnades, bridges, and statues. The Temple of Friendship was the first building in Pavlovsk, followed by the main palace.<ref name="Hayden, p. 120">Hayden, p. 120</ref> However, Cameron's Pavlovsk was far from Paul's vision of what an imperial residence should be: it lacked moats, forts and all other military assortments so dear to Paul; "Cameron created a markedly private world for the Grand Duke. The palace could have belonged to anyone. not to the tsar of Russia in waiting."<ref name=S281>Shvidkovsky, p. 281</ref> Constrained financially, Paul and Maria closely watched Cameron's progress and regularly curbed his far-reaching, expensive plans. Between 1786 and 1789 Cameron's duties in Pavlovsk passed to Brenna.<ref name="Hayden, p. 120"/><ref>Shvidkovsky, 284</ref>

Paul personally hired Brenna, then employed by [[Stanisław Kostka Potocki]], in 1782, and used him in 1783–1785 to visualize his architectural fantasies.<ref name=L85>Lanceray, p. 85</ref> Brenna left Cameron's palace core intact, extending it with side wings; although he remodeled the interiors, they bear traces of Cameron's style to date. However, Maria's private suite and the [[militaria]] displayed in public halls are attributed to Brenna alone.<ref name=L47>Lanceray, pp. 47–49</ref>

In 1794, the population of Pavlovskoye counted 300 people, mostly peasants and palace servants. There was a stone church, a free public school for peasants and three hospitals: regular, military and for invalids. Later, an agriculture school and the first in Russia school for the deaf were established in Pavlovskoye.<ref name=m/> Between 1807 and 1810, the school for the deaf was located in the Bip fortress. Later, a military regiment was stationed and practiced there.<ref name="Георги">{{cite book|author = Johann Gottlieb Georgi|author-link = Johann Gottlieb Georgi|title = Описание российско-императорского столичного города САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГ и достопримечательностей в окрестностях оного, с планом (Description of Russian imperial capital of St. Petersburg and attractions in the vicinity thereof, with a plan)|location = St. Petersburg.|publisher = Лига|year = 1996|pages = 496–504}}</ref><ref name=bip/> Theatrical performances were regularly staged first in the palace and since 1794 in the theater built nearby by Brenna.<ref name=m/>

Pavel favored as his residence [[Gatchina]] to Pavlovskoye, and therefore, since 1788 the latter was managed by his wife who had contributed most to its well-being.<ref>{{cite book|author=Schwartz V|title=Пригороды Ленинграда (Suburbs of Leningrad)|place=St. Petersburg – Moscow|publisher= Искусство|year=1967}}</ref> Maria Feodorovna enjoyed animal husbandry (she used to milk cows herself) and thus built a large farm at the edge of the park and a wooden pavilion for studies. She was also a skilled artist, a member of Berlin Academy of Arts, and her numerous handicrafts still remain in the palace. A large collection of books was accumulated in the palace by her efforts.<ref name=m/> In 1796, the village received a status of a [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|town]] and renamed to Pavlovsk.<ref name=brit/><ref name=bse/>

===After Paul I===
[[File:Pavlovsk Muzyk vokzal.jpg|thumb|left|Pavlovsk train terminal, 19th century]]
[[File:PavlovskBall1904.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ball (dance)|Ball]] in Pavlovsk on the 25th anniversary of the Tsarskoye Selo Railway]]

After Paul's death in 1801 the palace was proclaimed a residence of his widow, Maria Feodorovna. During that time, it was frequently visited by famous poets and novelists including [[Sergey Glinka]], [[Nikolay Karamzin]]<ref name=bip/> and [[Ivan Krylov]]. [[Vasily Zhukovsky]] was a regular reader for Maria Feodorovna and the teacher of Russian language and literature for [[Princess Charlotte of Württemberg]], the wife of [[Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia]] who inherited Pavlovsk after the death of Maria Feodorovna in 1828. Michael Pavlovich spent his childhood in Pavlovsk, and then cared much about the city. Being a military person, he mostly improved well-being of the military corps staged near Pavlovsk and built barracks, riding stables, forge and workshops. But he also improved the roads of Pavlovsk, donated significant amounts to the church and established an orphanage and a school for middle-class children.<ref name=m/>

In the 19th century, Pavlovsk became a favorite summer retreat for well-to-do inhabitants of the Russian capital. The life of Pavlovsk's ''dachniki'' was described by [[Fyodor Dostoevsky|Fyodor Dostoyevsky]], who frequently visited the town, in his novel ''[[The Idiot (novel)|The Idiot]]''.<ref name=m/> To facilitate transportation, the first [[railway]] in Russia, the Tsarskoe Selo Railway, was built around 1836. The first test runs were performed between Pavlovsk and Tsarskoye Selo using carriages horse-drawn over the rails. Regular trains powered by [[steam locomotives]] began operating between Pavlovsk and St. Petersburg from May 1838. Aiming to promote the railway, the Pavlovsk terminus was built in 1836–1838 as an entertainment center. It  regularly hosted evening festivities, and [[Johann Strauss II]] (1856), [[Franz Liszt]], [[Robert Schumann]] and [[Feodor Chaliapin]] were among the celebrities who performed there.<ref name=r3>[http://ptdepo.ru/history/tsarskoselskaya_doroga.html Царскосельская железная дорога (Tsarskoselskaya Railway)]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Промтехдепо</ref><ref name=r4>{{in lang|ru}} [http://family-history.ru/material/history/spb/spb_33.html Царскосельская железная дорога. История Санкт-Петербурга] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406154034/http://family-history.ru/material/history/spb/spb_33.html |date=6 April 2020 }}. Family-history.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref><ref name=r5>Golyanov A. L. and Zakrevskaya G. P. [http://www.zdt-magazine.ru/publik/history/2005/september-05-09.htm Акционерное общество "Царскосельская железная дорога"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006081412/http://www.zdt-magazine.ru/publik/history/2005/september-05-09.htm |date=6 October 2011 }}, Museum of Russian Railways, St. Petersburg (in Russian)</ref> The station was called '[[Vauxhall]] Pavilion', and its fame eventually caused the word "voksal" (воксал) to enter the Russian language, with the meaning "substantial railway station building".<ref>[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article006197.html Вокзал], [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] on-line (in Russian)</ref>

Michael Pavlovich died in 1849 leaving no heir, and thus Pavlovsk became property of a son of Nicholas I, [[Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia]]. Konstantin Nikolayevich established in 1872 an art gallery and a museum in the palace and opened them for public access. He also promoted construction in 1876 of a laboratory dedicated to meteorology and study of magnetic fields on the outskirts of the park. Pavlovsk became a popular residence and by 1874 had 323 summer cottages. The celebrities living here included [[Alexander Brullov]], [[Peter Clodt von Jürgensburg]] and [[Vladimir Sollogub]].<ref name=m/>

===Birthplace of Russian Scouting===
On 30 April 1909, a young officer, Colonel [[Oleg Pantyukhov]], organized the first Russian [[Scout Movement|Scout]] troop ''Beaver'' ({{lang|ru|Бобр}}, ''Bobr'') in Pavlovsk. In 1910, [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|General Baden-Powell]], the founder of the [[Scouting|Scout Movement]], visited [[Nicholas II]] in Tsarskoye Selo. They had a pleasant conversation, and a Scouting badge was issued to [[Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia]]. In 1914, Pantyukhov established a [[society]] called ''Russian Scout'' ({{lang|ru|Русский Скаут}}, ''Russkiy Skaut''). The first Russian Scout campfire was lit in the woods of Pavlovsk Park. After the [[October Revolution]] of 1917, and during the [[Russian Civil War]] from 1918 to 1920, most of the Scoutmasters and many Scouts fought in the ranks of the [[White movement|White Army]] and interventionists against the [[Red Army]]; the Scout movement was therefore regarded negatively in the Soviet Union and disbanded after the war.<ref name=Pravoveriye>[http://parus.pravoverie.ru/Pantuhin.doc Biography of Pantuhin on side pravoverie.ru] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528192716/http://parus.pravoverie.ru/Pantuhin.doc |date=28 May 2008 }} {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
 |last=Kroonenberg
 |first=Piet J.
 |author-link=Piet J. Kroonenberg
 |title=The Undaunted- The Survival and Revival of Scouting in Central and Eastern Europe
 |publisher=Oriole International Publications
 |location=Geneva
 |year=1998
 |pages=75–103
 |isbn=2-88052-003-7
}}</ref>

===Soviet era to present===
[[File:Pavlovsk Railway Station 01.jpg|thumb|Railway station of Pavlovsk]]

After the [[October Revolution]] of 1917, the Pavlovsk palace and park were nationalized and converted to a public-access museum. In a general motion to replace the Tsar's name, the town was renamed to Slutsk, after revolutionary [[Vera Slutskaya]] who died nearby in 1917. Later it was often mentioned in the documents under a double name Slutsk (Pavlovsk), and eventually regained the old name in 1944.<ref name=j/>

Pavlovsk suffered much from the German occupation during [[World War II]] (16 September 1941 – 24 January 1944) – the entire water system of the park and about 70,000 trees were destroyed, the palace was severely damaged by the fire of January 1944, and about 40% of exhibitions were stolen or destroyed (the rest was evacuated to Siberia before the arrival of the Germans). The old train station was burned down and rebuilt in the 1950s by A. E. Levinson. The town was liberated as a result of the [[Krasnoye Selo–Ropsha offensive]].<ref name="Prigorody Leningrada">{{cite book|author = Schwarz W.|title = The suburbs of Leningrad|location = St. Petersburg, Moscow|publisher = Искусство|year = 1967|pages = 123–189}}</ref><ref name=m2>[http://www.pavlovskmuseum.ru/museum/pavlovsk_history/ УТРАЧЕННЫЕ КУЛЬТУРНЫЕ ЦЕННОСТИ. Павловский дворец (Lost Exhibits. Pavlovsk Palace)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221041837/http://www.pavlovskmuseum.ru/museum/pavlovsk_history/ |date=21 December 2012 }}, State Museum of Pavlovsk</ref> Restoration works started in 1944 and were completed by 1973.<ref name=brit/><ref name=bse/> Nowadays about 1.5 million tourists visit Pavlovsk annually.<ref name=j/>

In 1954, Pavlovsk was transferred under the jurisdiction of St. Petersburg.<ref name=j/> In 1989, it was included into the [[UNESCO]] list of [[World Heritage Site]]s as part of the [[Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments|Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments]].<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/540-007 Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments - UNESCO World Heritage Centre]. Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref> In 2003, historical names were returned to dozens of streets of Pavlovsk which had been renamed during the Soviet era.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120315002658/http://www.omsu-pavlovsk.spb.ru/design/strits.doc ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ от 6 февраля 2006 г. N 117 О РЕЕСТРЕ НАЗВАНИЙ ОБЪЕКТОВ ГОРОДСКОЙ СРЕДЫ], (Decree of 6 February 2006 No. 117 on names of the municipal objects) Government of St. Petersburg (in Russian)</ref>

==Geology==
The town is located on the Neva Lowland, to the left of the river [[Neva]], in the valley of the [[Slavyanka River]]. The landscape is quite varied and contains hills, ridges and terraces intermixed with valleys, plains, forests and farmland. Numerous springs give rise to streams and feed ponds. In the [[Paleozoic]] era, 300–400 million years ago, the area was covered by a sea. Sediments of that time form a layer thicker than 200 meters on top of the [[Baltic Shield]] consisting of [[granite]], [[gneiss]] and [[diabase]]. The modern topography was shaped by the [[glacier]] retreat some 12,000 years ago which created the [[Littorina Sea]]. About 4,000 years ago the sea receded and formed the valley of the Neva River which has not changed much over the last 2,500 years.<ref name="Geografiya Leningrada">Darinskii, pp. 12–18</ref>

==Climate==
The climate of Pavlovsk is [[temperate]] and wet, it has a [[continental climate]]. The length of the day varies from 5 hours and 51 minutes in the winter [[solstice]] to 18 hours and 50 minutes in the summer [[solstice]]. Summer is short and moderately warm, whereas winter is long and uneven, with frequent thaws. Air temperatures above {{convert|0|C}} prevail from early April to mid-November. The coldest month is February. Winds mostly blow southward and frequently change air mass above the city. Summer is dominated by westerly and northwesterly winds, and the wind direction changes to westerly and southwesterly in winter. The cloudiest months are November, December and January, and the least cloudy are May, June and July. There are at least 240 sunny days per year. Between May&nbsp;25 and July&nbsp;16, [[midnight sun|white nights]] are observed when the sun only briefly goes over the horizon and the day lasts nearly nineteen hours. The area is mostly fed by surface and ground waters.<ref name="Geografiya Leningrada2">Darinsky, pp.&nbsp;21–29</ref><ref name="Atlas Lo">{{cite book|title=Atlas of Leningrad Oblast|location=Moscow|publisher=GUGK USSR CM|year=1967|pages=20–24}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location=Pavlovsk
|Jan mean C=-6.5
|Jan precipitation mm=40
|Feb mean C=-6.0
|Feb precipitation mm=31
|Mar mean C=-1.4
|Mar precipitation mm=35
|Apr mean C=4.4 | Apr precipitation mm=33
|May mean C=10.9 | May precipitation mm=38
|Jun mean C=15.8 | Jun precipitation mm=64
|Jul mean C=17.7 | Jul precipitation mm=78
|Aug mean C=16.4 | Aug precipitation mm=77
|Sep mean C=11.0 | Sep precipitation mm=67
|Oct mean C=5.6 | Oct precipitation mm=65
|Nov mean C=-0.1 | Nov precipitation mm=56
|Dec mean C=-3.9 | Dec precipitation mm=49
|year mean C=5.2 | year precipitation mm=633
|Jan low C=-7.9 | Jan high C=-2.3
|Feb low C=-7.7 | Feb high C=-1.4
|Mar low C=-2.9 | Mar high C=4.1
|Apr low C=1.6 | Apr high C=9.2
|May low C=7.1 | May high C=16.1
|Jun low C=11.9 | Jun high C=20.5
|Jul low C=14.0 | Jul high C=22.2
|Aug low C=13.0 | Aug high C=20.6
|Sep low C=8.0 | Sep high C=14.6
|Oct low C=3.7 | Oct high C=8.5
|Nov low C=-2.1 | Nov high C=1.8
|Dec low C=-5.5 | Dec high C=-0.7
|year low C=2.8 | year high C=9.4
|Jan record high C=8.6 | Jan record low C=-35.9
|Feb record high C=10.2 | Feb record low C=-35.2
|Mar record high C=14.9 | Mar record low C=-29.9
|Apr record high C=25.3 | Apr record low C=-21.8
|May record high C=30.9 | May record low C=-6.6
|Jun record high C=34.6 | Jun record low C=0.1
|Jul record high C=35.3 | Jul record low C=4.9
|Aug record high C=33.5 | Aug record low C=1.3
|Sep record high C=30.4 | Sep record low C=-3.1
|Oct record high C=21.0 | Oct record low C=-12.9
|Nov record high C=12.3 | Nov record low C=-22.2
|Dec record high C=10.9 | Dec record low C=-34.4
|year record high C=35.3 | year record low C=-35.9
|source 1=<ref name="Geografiya Leningrada2" /><ref>{{cite web|url = http://pogoda.ru.net/climate/26063.htm|title = Weather & Climate|publisher = pogoda.ru.net|access-date = 2010-02-28}}</ref>
|date=March 2011}}

==Soil, vegetation and wildlife==
[[File:Viskont'ev bridge.JPG|thumb|Viskontiev Bridge over the [[Slavyanka River]] in Pavlovsk Park]]
[[File:Pavlovsk park1026.jpg|thumb|Squirrel in Pavlovsk Park]]

Prior to the founding of the town the area was covered by [[temperate coniferous forest]]s (mostly pine and [[fir]]) with an admixture of broad-leaved trees and [[fen]]s. The soils were mostly [[podzol]], combined with [[peat]] and [[gleysols]]. Intensive economic activities changed the original forest landscape to agricultural land with small groves of [[aspen]], [[birch]], [[Alnus incana|alder]] and [[willow]]. In the 18–19th centuries, a large park area of almost 600 hectares (Pavlovsk and Arensky parks) has been created in and around the city.<ref name="Geografiya Leningrada3">Darinskii, pp. 45–49</ref>

Owing to the parks and environment-friendly policies, the Pavlovsk area has relatively low level of pollution.<ref name="Demografiya">{{cite web|url = http://www.gov.spb.ru/gov/admin/terr/reg_pavlovsk/Total|title = Пушкинский район в 2008 году, основные итоги экономического и социального развития (Pushkin region in 2008, main results of the economic and social development)|publisher = Administration of St. Petersburg|access-date = 2010-02-28|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110718101332/http://www.gov.spb.ru/gov/admin/terr/reg_pavlovsk/Total|archive-date = 18 July 2011}}</ref> In 1978–1983 the Pavlovsk Park contained more than 360,000 trees of 54 species: 16 species of spruce, pine, [[larch]] and fir, two species of [[birch]], two species of [[willow]], two of [[Tilia|basswood]], oaks, elm, [[alder]], [[Populus tremula|aspen]], [[Sorbus aucuparia|European rowan]], [[Prunus padus|bird cherry]], 88 shrub species, of which the dominant were yellow acacia, [[Spiraea|meadowsweet]] and [[Cornus (genus)|dogwoods]]. In 1978, there were 71 species of birds belonging to 28 families and 9 orders. Mammals include squirrels, hares, [[Least weasel|weasel]]s, [[stoat]]s, moles, shrews, hedgehogs, red voles and [[muskrat]]s. In winter, the parks are sometimes visited by fox, wild boar and moose. Amphibians and reptiles are mostly frogs, toads and lizards. There are 87 species of insects belonging to 46 families.<ref>[http://www.viktur.ru/excursion/saint-petersburg/pavlovsk-196-285.html#19473 Туроператор Виктория]. Viktur.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref><ref name="Atlas Lo2">{{cite book|chapter = Охотничье-промысловые звери, птицы и рыбы (Animals, poultry and fish)|title = Atlas of the Leningrad Region|location = Moscow|publisher = GUGK USSR CM|year = 1967|pages = 36–37}}</ref>

As most rivers of Saint Petersburg, the Slavyanka River is polluted. Water analysis performed by Greenpeace in 2008 reveals contamination levels exceeding the permissible norms by tens or hundreds times, with such chemicals as oil, lead, [[acetone]], [[mercury (element)|mercury]], [[chloroform]] and others. Most pollution originates from household waste deposited by 16 companies.<ref>В петербургской воде обнаружены запредельные концентрации токсичных веществ // REGIONS.RU 25.06.2008</ref><ref>Колпино: заводская, но чистая окраина. "metro-Санкт-Петербург" № 151(1055) (29 August 2006), p. 3</ref>

==Population==
As of the 2010 Census, 16,087 people lived in Pavlovsk of which 45.3% were males and 54.7% females.<ref name="2010Census" />

{| Class = "wikitable"
|+Population of Pavlovsk<ref name="MG">{{cite web|url = http://www.mojgorod.ru/gor_spb/pavlovsk/index.html|title = Pushkin|publisher = The People's Encyclopedia of Russian cities and regions "My City"|access-date = 2010-02-28|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091130073456/http://www.mojgorod.ru/gor_spb/pavlovsk/index.html|archive-date = 30 November 2009}}</ref>
!Year
 !1780
 !1794
 !1897
 !1959
 !1970
 !1979
 !1989
 !1991
 !1998
 !2002
 !2010
 |-
!Population
|54<ref name=j>[http://www.adresaspb.ru/arch/adresa_23/23_022/23_22.htm НАСЕЛЁННЫЙ ПУНКТ / ПАВЛОВСК] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903082516/http://www.adresaspb.ru/arch/adresa_23/23_022/23_22.htm |date=3 September 2011 }}, Journal «Адреса»</ref>
 |300<ref name="Георги"/>
 |4,900
 |16,600
 |21,000<ref name=bse>[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article086139.html Павловск (город в Ленинградской обл.)], [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] on-line (in Russian)</ref>
 |25,200
 |25,536<ref name="1989Census">{{ru-pop-ref|1989Census}}</ref>
 |25,400<ref name=brit>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447380/Pavlovsk Pavlovsk], Encyclopædia Britannica on-line</ref>
 |24,800
 |14,960<ref name="2002Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}}</ref>
 |16,087<ref name="2010Census" />
|}

==Politics==
On 3 June 1797, the City Council was established, headed by the chief administrator. It controlled the entire life of Pavlovsk.<ref name="Toponimichesky slovar">{{cite book |title=Топонимическая энциклопедия Санкт-Петербурга |trans-title=Toponymic Encyclopedia of St. Petersburg |location=Saint Petersburg |publisher=Информационно-издательское агентство ЛИК |date=2002}}</ref>

The modern structure of local government bodies consists of:
* the representative body of the municipal formation - the Municipal Council. Operating since 1997. As a result of the elections on 14 September 2014, a new composition of the 5th convocation was elected. Of the 10 deputies, 8 are from [[United Russia]], 2 are self-nominated. (one self-nominated candidate later resigned).
* The head of the municipal entity. Exercises the powers of the chairman of the Municipal Council and is the highest official of the municipal entity.
* The executive and administrative body of the municipality is the Local Administration.

The head of the municipality of the city of Pavlovsk is Valery Viktorovich Zibarev.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mo-pavlovsk.ru/?p=961 |title=Глава Муниципального образования города Павловска - Внутригородское муниципальное образование город Павловск |trans-title=Head of the Municipal Formation of the City of Pavlovsk - Intra-City Municipal Formation of the City of Pavlovsk |publisher=mo-pavlovsk.ru |accessdate=2019-02-25 |archive-date=2019-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226045823/http://mo-pavlovsk.ru/?p=961 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The head of the local administration of the city of Pavlovsk is Mikhail Yuryevich Syzrantsev.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mo-pavlovsk.ru/?p=963 |title=Глава Муниципального образования города Павловска - Внутригородское муниципальное образование город Павловск |trans-title=Head of the Municipal Formation of the City of Pavlovsk - Intra-City Municipal Formation of the City of Pavlovsk |publisher=mo-pavlovsk.ru |accessdate=2019-02-25 |archive-date=2019-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226111154/http://mo-pavlovsk.ru/?p=963 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Coat of arms==
The first coat of arms of Pavlovsk was approved by [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]] in 1801. It features a black [[double-headed eagle]] with a white [[Maltese cross]] on its chest and the [[Order of St. Andrew]] hanging on a chain under it. On top of the cross there is a red shield with a [[monogram]] combining Russian italic letters П and М standing for Emperor Paul and Empress Maria. The eagle has gilded beaks and paws. It holds a [[ceremonial mace]] and [[globus cruciger]] in the paws; it is crowned with two golden crowns with two more crowns near its heads. The whole composition is placed on a golden shield. There was a proposal of an alternative coat during the Soviet times, but it was not approved.<ref>[http://www.heraldicum.ru/russia/subjects/towns/pavlovl.htm г.Павловск (Санкт-Петербург)], Russian Centre of Vexillology and Heraldry</ref> The updated coat of arms was adopted on 19 September 2007. It has the same composition but with slightly simplified shapes and colors.<ref>[http://geraldika.ru/symbols/22752 Герб города Павловск] (Coat of arms of Pavlovsk) geraldika.ru</ref> The modern flag of Pavlovsk was adopted on the same day. It contains the coat image on a yellow rectangle with the length to width ratio of 3:2.<ref>[http://geraldika.ru/symbols/22753 Флаг города Павловск] (Flag of Pavlovsk) geraldika.ru</ref>

==Cityscape==
[[File:Bip fortress in Pavlovsk 2010-09-04 1.JPG|thumb|Bip fortress in 2010]]

The center of the town is Pavlovsk Palace consisting of main body and wings connected with it by galleries. In front of the palace, welcoming the visitors stands bronze monument of Paul. It is an 1872 copy of the original cast by Giovanni Vitali. North to it lies Pavlovsk Park which covers 2/3 of the town area.<ref>[https://peterburg.center/pavlovsk-audioguides Путеводитель по Павловску]. Аудиогид по Павловску</ref> With the area of about 600 hectares, the park is one of the largest in Russia and Europe.<ref>Санкт-Петербург: Энциклопедия. — СПб.: Бизнес-Пресса, 2006.</ref> Seven parts are distinguished within the park. There are numerous pavilions, and one part contains a collection of bronze statues. The Bip fortress, a favorite of young Paul I, was burned down during World War II and only its walls remained; it was restored by 2010.<ref name=bip>[http://www.spb300.osis.ru/vek18/F18/1791-1800/1798.shtml Крепость "Бип" (Павловская крепость)], НП"Петербургский Строительный Клуб"</ref>

Before 1917 there was no separation between the imperial residence and the town, and both belonged to one owner. Along the southern and western borders of the park run the main street, which is now called Sadovaya Street, and its previous names were Fyodorovskaya (before 1783), Tsarskoselskaya (1783–1919) and Revolyutsii (Soviet time). On the west, this street leads to the train terminal and then to [[Pushkin (town)|Pushkin]]. The western border of the town is the railway St. Petersburg – [[Vitebsk]].<ref>Топонимическая энциклопедия Санкт-Петербурга. — СПб.: Информационно-издательское агентство ЛИК, 2002.</ref>
[[File:St Nicholas' Cathedral in Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg.jpg|thumb|Cathedral of St. Nicholas in honor of Paul I]]

There are several churches near the palace, the oldest being Maria Magdalena Church and Church of Peter and Paul (built in 1799 by Brenna). The former was raised in 1781–1784 by [[Giacomo Quarenghi]] and is the first classical stone building in Pavlovsk. More prominent however is the Cathedral of St. Nicholas in honor of Paul I, an active Orthodox church built in 1900–1904 by Alexander von Hohen in the [[Russian Revival architecture|Russian Revival]] style.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

==Education==
'''Gorchakov Memorial School''' is a private [[boarding school]] that opened in 1999 in Pavlovsk. It was named after Russian diplomat [[Alexander Gorchakov]], a classmate of [[Alexander Pushkin]]'

==Notable residents==
*[[Paul I of Russia]] – [[List of Russian monarchs|Emperor of Russia]] and owner of Pavlovsk between 1796 and 1801.<ref name=m>[http://www.pavlovskmuseum.ru/museum/pavlovsk_history/  Музей / История Павловска (Museum/History of Pavlovsk)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221041837/http://www.pavlovskmuseum.ru/museum/pavlovsk_history/ |date=21 December 2012 }}, State Museum of Pavlovsk</ref>
*[[Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia]] (1858–1915) – grandson of [[Nicholas I of Russia]], a poet and playwright, President of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, owner of Pavlovsk between 1882 and 1915. Died in Pavlovsk.<ref name=m/>
*[[Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia]] (1827–1882) – son of [[Nicholas I of Russia]], admiral of the Russian fleet and reformer of the [[Imperial Russian Navy]], owner of Pavlovsk between 1849 and 1882. Died in Pavlovsk.<ref name=m/>
*[[Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia]] (1798–1849) – son of [[Paul I of Russia]] and [[Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)|Maria Feodorovna, Empress of Russia]]. Owner of Pavlovsk between 1828 and 1849.<ref name=m/>
*[[Prince John Konstantinovich of Russia]] (1886–1918) – son of [[Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia]] and owner of Pavlovsk between 1915 and 1918. Born in Pavlovsk.<ref name=m/>
*[[Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia, Duchess of Leuchtenberg]] (1819–1876) – daughter of Emperor [[Nicholas I of Russia]], sister of [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] and wife of [[Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg]]. She was an art collector and President of the [[Imperial Academy of Arts]] of [[Saint Petersburg]]. Born in Pavlovsk.<ref name=m/>
*[[Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)]] (1759–1828) – the second wife of Tsar [[Paul I of Russia]] and mother of Tsar [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]] and Tsar [[Nicholas I of Russia]]. Owner of Pavlovsk between 1788 and 1828. Died in Pavlovsk.<ref name=m/>
*[[Olga Constantinovna of Russia]] (1851–1926) – [[queen consort]] of King [[George I of Greece]] and briefly in 1920, [[queen regent]] of Greece. The great-grandmother of [[Queen Sofía of Spain]], the paternal grandmother of [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], and the great-grandmother of [[Charles III]]. Born in Pavlovsk.<ref name=m/>
*[[Georg Ludwig Cancrin]] (1774–1845) – writer and statesman, General and Minister of Finances, died in Pavlovsk.
*[[Eugene Lanceray]] (1875–1946) – Russian graphic artist, painter, sculptor, mosaicist, and illustrator, born in Pavlovsk.
*[[Aleksandr Nikitenko]] (1804–1877) – literature critic and historian, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Died in Pavlovsk.
*[[Leonid Yanush]] (1897–1978) – a painter who lived in Pavlovsk between 1912 and 1927.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book|author = Darinskii AV|title = География Ленинграда (Geography of Leningrad)|location = St. Petersburg|publisher = Lenizdat|year = 1982}}
*{{Cite book | author=Hayden, Peter | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nRaWLp7FGroC |title=Russian Parks and Gardens | publisher=Frances Lincoln | year=2005 | isbn=0-7112-2430-7}}
*{{Cite book | author=Lanceray, Nikolay | year=2006 | title=Vincenzo Brenna (Винченцо Бренна) | language=ru | isbn=5-901841-34-4 | publisher=Saint Petersburg: Kolo | author-link=Nikolay Lanceray }}
*{{Cite book | author=Shvidkovsky, Dmitry | title=Russian architecture and the West | publisher=Yale University Press | year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-10912-2| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQy9TJ2yOQEC}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Pavlovsk}}

*[http://www.pavlovskmuseum.ru/ Official website about the Pavlovsk palace]
*[http://www.worldwalk.info/en/catalog/270/ Pavlovsk Palace]
*[http://www.alexanderpalace.org/pavlovsk/ Pavlovsk Palace and Park – by Kuchumov]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071017044137/http://gardenvisit.com/ge/pavlosk.htm Pavlovsk – information on garden history and design]
*[http://enlight.ru/camera/221/index_e.html Autumnal views of Pavlovsk]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928151042/http://www.spb-guide.com/city/photos/sub/29/ The Pavlovsk Park views]
*[http://www.otdihinfo.ru/photo/270.html Photo (1024x768). The Pavlovsk Palace.]
*[http://www.otdihinfo.ru/photo/269.html Photo (1024x768). The Pavlovsk Park.]
*{{cite news |first=Olivier |last=Bernier |title=Russia's Reborn Splendor |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=travel&res=950DE2DE1730F932A35753C1A96F948260 |work=New York Times |date=1 October 1989 |access-date=15 December 2006}}

{{Cities and towns under jurisdiction of Saint Petersburg}}
{{Administrative_divisions_of_Saint_Petersburg}}
{{Imperial palaces in Russia}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Saint Petersburg (federal city)]]
[[Category:Pushkinsky District, Saint Petersburg]]
[[Category:Tsarskoselsky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Neoclassical architecture in Russia]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 18th century]]
[[Category:18th-century establishments in Russia]]
[[Category:Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg|*]]