View source for Peach

{{Short description|Type of fruit tree, or its fruit}}
{{Hatnote group|{{About|the tree and its fruit|the ''Mario'' character|Princess Peach}} {{Other uses}} {{Redirect|Peaches}} }}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Peach
| image = Illustration Prunus persica clean no descr.jpg
| image_caption = Peach flower, fruit, seed and leaves as illustrated by Walter Müller{{sfn|Thomé|Migula|1905|p=Plate 321}}
| image2 = Autumn Red peaches.jpg
| image2_caption = 'Autumn Red' peach, freestone cultivar in cross section
| image2_alt = Photograph showing a peach in cross section with yellow flesh and a single large reddish brown pit
| genus = Prunus
| species = persica
| authority = ([[L.]]) [[Batsch]]
| synonyms_ref = {{sfn|POWO 2024}}
| synonyms = {{Collapsible list | {{Species list
 | Amygdalus communis var. persica | (L.) Risso
 | Amygdalus ferganensis | (Kostina & Rjabov) T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu
 | Amygdalus laevis | (DC.) Lej.
 | Amygdalus nucipersica | (L.) Rchb.
 | Amygdalus persica | L.
 | Persica domestica | Risso
 | Persica ferganensis | (Kostina & Rjabov) Kovalev & Kostina
 | Persica laevis | DC.
 | Persica levis | Risso
 | Persica mammillata | Poit. & Turpin
 | Persica nana | Mill.
 | Persica nucipersica | (L.) Borkh.
 | Persica pendula | Siebold
 | Persica platycarpa | Decne.
 | Persica vulgaris | Mill.
 | Prunus daemonifuga | H.Lév. & Vaniot
}}
}}
}}

The '''peach''' (''Prunus persica'') is a [[deciduous]] tree that bears edible juicy [[fruit]]s with various characteristics. Most are simply called peaches, while the [[#Nectarines|glossy-skinned, non-fuzzy varieties]] are called '''nectarines'''. Though from the same species, they are regarded commercially as different fruits.

The tree is regarded as handsome and is planted in gardens for its springtime blooms in addition to fruit production. It is relatively short lived, usually not exceeding twenty years of age.  Peaches were first [[domesticated]] and [[Agriculture|cultivated]] in [[China]] during the [[Neolithic]] period. The specific name ''persica'' refers to its widespread cultivation in [[Persia]] (modern-day Iran), from where it was transplanted to Europe. It belongs to the genus ''[[Prunus]]'', which also includes the [[cherry]], [[apricot]], [[almond]], and [[plum]], and which is part of the [[Rosaceae|rose family]].

The peach is very popular; only the [[apple]] and [[pear]] have higher production amounts for temperate fruits. In 2023, [[China]] produced 65% of the world total of peaches and nectarines. Other leading countries, such as Spain, Turkey, Italy, the U.S., and Iran lag far behind China, with none producing more than 5% of the world total. The fruit is regarded as a symbol of longevity in several East Asian cultures.

== Description ==
The peach is a [[deciduous]] tree or tree like shrub that may very rarely grow to as much as {{convert|10|m|ft|0|spell=us}} tall, but is more typically {{cvt|3|m|ft|0}} with large specimens reaching {{cvt|4|m|ft|0}}.{{sfn|Rohrer 2020b}}{{sfn|Welsh|Atwood|Goodrich|Higgins|1987|p=538}} The spread of the [[Crown (botany)|crown]] is similar to the height, ranging from {{cvt|3-4|m}}.{{sfn|Thakur et al. 2024|p=101}} They do not produce [[Basal shoot|suckers]] or have thorns.{{sfn|Rohrer 2020b}} The root system is deep, with the roots continuing to grow during the winter season.{{sfn|Thakur et al. 2024|p=101}}{{sfn|Crider|1928|p=403}}

Unlike [[apple]]s, the size of peach trees is not generally controlled by dwarfing [[rootstock]]s in commercial orchards.{{sfn|Byrne et al. 2009|p=530}} A great variety of growth habits have been selected including [[fastigiate|columnar]], [[Dwarfing#Plants|dwarf]], spreading, and [[Weeping tree|weeping]].{{sfn|Thakur et al. 2024|p=101}} In order to have a single trunk, trees must pruned and likewise the branches have a tendancy to droop over time and must be trained to allow for access under the tree.{{sfn|Gilman|Watson|1994|p=2}} 

The bark on the trunk and branches is dark gray with horizontal [[lenticel]]s. It becomes more scaly and rough as the tree becomes older.{{sfn|NC State Extension}} Twigs on peach trees have a smooth, hairless surface, the bark is usually red, but may be green on the sides not exposed to the sun.{{sfn|Krüssmann|1986|pp=42}} As they become older, branchlets weather to become gray in color.{{sfn|Heil et al. 2013|p=915}} Twigs have true [[terminal bud]]s at their ends.{{sfn|Rohrer 2020b}}

Peach leaves are [[oblong leaf|oblong]] to [[lanceolate]], having sides nearly parallel until tapering at end and base or shaped like the head of a spear.{{sfn|Rohrer 2020b}} The widest portion of the leaf is midway or further towards the leaf tip.{{sfn|Krüssmann|1986|pp=42}} Each leaf folds along the central rib of the leaf and is often also curved, usually {{convert|7–15|cm|in|0|spell=us}} long and {{cvt|2–4.5|cm|in|0}} wide, though occasionally they may be shorter.{{sfn|Rohrer 2020b}} The surface of the leaves is smooth and hairless, but the leaf stem sometimes has glands.{{sfn|Krüssmann|1986|pp=42}} The edges of the leaves have serrated edges with blunt teeth.{{sfn|Rohrer 2020b}} The teeth have a reddish-brown gland at the tip.{{sfn|WFO 2024}} Leaves are attached to the twigs by [[Petiole (botany)|petioles]], leaf stems. They are strong and measure 1 to 2&nbsp;cm. They can also have one or more [[extrafloral nectaries]].{{sfn|Lingdi|Bartholomew|2003}}

=== Flowering ===
[[File:Prunus persica in Aveyron (2).jpg|thumb|left|Peach flower and buds, [[Le Fel]], [[Aveyron]], France]]
Flowers on peach trees are either solitary or in groups of two, usually blooming before the leaves begin to grow.{{sfn|Krüssmann|1986|pp=42}} They may range in shades from white to red,{{sfn|Heil et al. 2013|p=915}} but having pink or red flowers 2–3.5&nbsp;cm in width is typical of [[cultivar]]s selected for their fruit.{{sfn|Krüssmann|1986|pp=42}} Trees grown as [[Ornamental plant|ornamentals]] also may have [[double flower]]s, semi-doubled flowers, or bicolored forms.{{sfn|Gilman|Watson|1994|p=1}} Each flower has four or five petals and is somewhat cup-shaped with the petals curving to shelter the flower's center.{{sfn|NC State Extension}} Each flower will have 20 to 30 [[stamen]]s and purple-red [[anther]]s at their ends. The single [[Style (botany)|style]] is nearly as long as the stamens.{{sfn|Lingdi|Bartholomew|2003}} The flowers are self-fertile and [[outcross]] at about 5%.{{sfn|Zheng|Crawford|Chen|2014|p=2}}

The bloom period is in the early spring, often cut short by frosts, in February, March, April, or May depending on location.{{sfn|Blackburne-Maze|2003|p=108}}{{sfn|Heil et al. 2013|p=915}} In New Zealand and the southern hemisphere, blooming occurs in August to October.{{sfn|Given et al. 2024}}

=== Fruit ===
Trees can begin producing fruit in the two or three years after sprouting.{{sfn|Zheng|Crawford|Chen|2014|p=2–3}} Because of the hardness of the seed casing, peaches are called stone fruits like the others in the ''Prunus'' genus, but are more formally called [[drupe]]s.{{sfn|Thakur et al. 2024|p=101}} Fruits range in color from greenish white to orange yellow, usually with a blush of red on the side of the fruit most exposed to the sun. Their shape varies widely from a flattened sphere resembling a doughnut, egg-shaped, or a slightly compressed sphere usually with a seam on one side. A normal diameter for a fruit is between {{convert|5 and 7|cm|0|sp=us}}, but sometimes may be as small as {{cvt|3|cm}} or as large as {{cvt|12|cm}}.{{sfn|Lingdi|Bartholomew|2003}}

[[Image:Drupe fruit diagram.svg|lang=en|thumb|upright=1.25|Diagram of a peach, showing both fruit and seed]]
The flesh of the peach is quite variable in color from greenish-white to white to yellow to dark red.{{sfn|Byrne et al. 2009|p=532}} The texture can also differ from soft to stone hard.{{sfn|Byrne et al. 2009|p=507}}

The growth of the fruit is a double-sigmoid growth curve: a beginning quick period of development followed by a resting period of little growth, and then a second period of rapid maturation.{{sfn|Faust|Timon|1995|p=334}}

The seed of the peach is much larger and less round than the seeds of its closest fruit relatives.{{sfn|Zheng|Crawford|Chen|2014|p=3}} Unlike the pit of an almond, which is only pitted, the peach pit has a stony exterior which is both pitted and deeply furrowed.{{sfn|Given et al. 2024}}

== Taxonomy ==
[[File:The peaches of New York (1917) (14780111494).jpg|thumb|'[[Crosby (peach cultivar)|Crosby]]' cultivar in ''The Peaches of New York'', 1917{{sfn|Hedrick et al. 1917|p=202}}]]
The peach tree was given the name ''Amygdalus persica'' by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753 in his book [[Species plantarum]]. The accepted combination ''Prunus persica'' was published by [[August Batsch]] in 1801,{{sfn|POWO 2024}} though this was far from settled until the 20th century with many different placements of the peach and even divisions of nectarines and flat peaches into different species. The botanist [[Ulysses Prentiss Hedrick]] argued persuasively in 1917 that these differences are merely simple mutations and not species or even [[Variety (botany)|varieties]] beginning consensus towards the modern classification.{{sfn|Faust|Timon|1995|pp=332–333}} This was supported by breeding experiments as early as 1906 showing the hairlessness of nectarines is a [[recessive trait]],{{sfn|Seelig|Fogle|Hesse|2007}} though sometimes alternative names continue to be used even in the 21st Century with ''Amygdalus persica'' being used as recently as 2003 in an authoritative scientific publication.{{sfn|Lingdi|Bartholomew|2003}} More than 200 scientific names have been published that are considered [[synonym (botany)|synonyms]] of ''Prunus persica'' by [[Plants of the World Online]] (POWO).{{sfn|POWO 2024}} Though the majority of sources agree on its classification as ''Prunus persica'', there is division on the correct [[Author citation (botany)|author citation]] for the name. Most sources, such as POWO,{{sfn|POWO 2024}} [[World Flora Online]],{{sfn|WFO 2024}} and the [[Flora of North America]] give August Batsch credit.{{sfn|Rohrer 2020b}} However, a few sources such as World Plants maintained by the botanist Michael Hassler instead credit [[Jonathan Stokes]] with [[Priority (biology)|priority]] dated to 1812.{{sfn|Hassler 2024}}

''Prunus persica'' is classified in ''[[Prunus]]'' with other [[stone fruit]]s within the rose family, [[Rosaceae]].{{sfn|WFO 2024}} The further classification into a [[subgenus]] or [[Section (botany)|section]] is disputed. The work of [[Alfred Rehder]], published in 1940, has been widely used to group the species of ''Prunus''.{{sfn|Rohrer 2020a}} Rehder based his system largely on that of [[Bernhard Adalbert Emil Koehne]] with the peach placed with the almond in subgenus ''[[Amygdalus]]'' because similarities in the rough and pitted stone.{{sfn|McVaugh|1951|pp=279, 283–284}} However, since 2000 studies of nuclear and [[chloroplast]] DNA have shown that the five subgenera accepted by Rehder are not more closely related to each other than to other species in ''Prunus''.{{sfn|Rohrer 2020a}} In 2013 Shuo Shi and collaborators published research where they proposed it be part of subgenus [[Prunus subg. Prunus|''Prunus'']] together with the plums and cherries, but in a section named ''Persicae'', now corrected to [[Prunus subg. Prunus#Sect. Persica|''Persica'']].{{sfn|Shi et al. 2013|p=1070}} However, these groupings are not yet widely accepted.{{sfn|Rohrer 2020a}}

The greatest genetic diversity in peaches is found in China, where it is generally agreed to have been domesticated.{{sfn|Byrne et al. 2009|p=512}} The species is often thought to be a [[cultigen]], a [[taxon]] that has its origins in cultivation rather than as a wild species.{{sfn|POWO 2024}}{{sfn|Li|1983|p=34}}

[[File:Prunus stones-kansuensis persica davidiana.png|thumb|''Prunus kansuensis'' (left), ''Prunus persica'', feral type (center), and ''Prunus davidiana'' var. ''davidiana'' (right)]]
The closest relatives of the peach are the [[Chinese bush peach]] (''Prunus kansuensis''), [[Chinese wild peach]] (''Prunus davidiana''),  the [[smooth stone peach]] (''Prunus mira'').{{sfn|Yu et al. 2018|pp=5–6}} Though [[Charles Darwin]] speculated that the peach might be a marvelous modification of the [[almond]] (''Prunus amygdalus''), research into the divergence of peach relatives shows this not to be the case. Quite the opposite the almond, while in the same genus, is confirmed to be a more distant relative.{{sfn|Yu et al. 2018|p=2}}

In April 2010, an international consortium, the International Peach Genome Initiative, which includes researchers from the United States, Italy, Chile, Spain, and France, announced they had [[Sequencing|sequenced]] the peach tree genome (doubled haploid Lovell). In 2013 they published the peach genome sequence and related analyses. The sequence is composed of 227 million nucleotides arranged in eight pseudomolecules representing the eight peach chromosomes (2n = 16). In addition, 27,852 protein-coding genes and 28,689 protein-coding transcripts were predicted.{{sfn|Verde et al. 2013}}

Particular emphasis in this study is reserved for the analysis of the genetic diversity in peach germplasm and how it was shaped by human activities such as domestication and breeding. Major historical bottlenecks were found, one related to the putative original domestication that is supposed to have taken place in China about 4,000–5,000 years ago, the second is related to the western germplasm and is due to the early dissemination of the peach in Europe from China and the more recent breeding activities in the United States and Europe. These bottlenecks highlighted the substantial reduction of genetic diversity associated with domestication and breeding activities.{{sfn|Verde et al. 2013}}

Though not a separate grouping genetically, nectarines are regarded as different fruits commercially. The difference is the lack of fuzz, the [[trichome]]s, on the skin of the fruits.{{sfn|Vendramin et al. 2014|p=1}} Research into the cause of this trait found the transcription factor gene ''PpeMYB25'' regulates the formation of trichomes on peach fruits. A mutation can cause a loss of function resulting in the changed fruit type.{{sfn|Vendramin et al. 2014|p=1, 12}}

=== Fossil record ===
Fossil [[endocarp]]s with characteristics indistinguishable from those of modern peaches have been recovered from late [[Pliocene]] deposits in [[Kunming]], dating to 2.6 million years ago. In the absence of evidence that the plants were in other ways identical to the modern peach, the name ''Prunus kunmingensis'' has been assigned to these fossils.{{sfn|Su et al. 2015|pp=1–3}} Genetic evidence supports a very early emergence of edibility in the wild ancestors of the peach.{{sfn|Yu et al. 2018|pp=1–2, 5–7}}

=== Names ===
[[File:Amygdalus persica Mann.jpg|thumb|From ''Deutschlands wildwachsende Arzney-Pflanzen'' (Germany's Wild Medicinal Plants), 1828]]
The genus name ''Prunus'' is from the Latin for plum. The [[specific name (botany)|specific name]] ''persica'' was given by Linnaeus because European botanists of the 1700s and 1800s continued to believe the Roman accounts of peaches originating in [[Persia]] to be correct.{{sfn|Faust|Timon|1995|p=332}}

The modern English word  – and its [[cognate]]s in many European languages such as the German {{Lang|de|Pfirsich}} and Finnish {{Lang|fi|persikka}} – also have Latin origins.{{sfn|Campbell|2004|pp=274–275}} In ancient Rome the peach was called {{Lang|la|persicum malum}} or simply {{Lang|la|persicum}} meaning {{Gloss|Persian apple}}.{{sfn|Durkin|2009|p=115}} This became the Late Latin {{Lang|la|pessica}} and in turn the medieval {{Lang|la|pesca}}. In Old French it was variously the {{Lang|fro|peche}}, {{Lang|fro|pesche}}, or {{Lang|fro|peske}}. The first usage in England was as the surname ''Pecche'' in about 1184–1185.{{sfn|Barnhart|1995|p=549}} The French word was directly adopted into English to mean the fruit and spelled either ''pechis'' or ''peches'' around the year 1400. In 1605 the first known instance of the modern spelling of ''peach'' was published.{{sfn|OED 2025c}} Peach trees are also, less frequently, called ''common peaches''.{{sfn|NC State Extension}}

The various cultivars of peach with smooth-skinned fruits are called nectarines. This word was coined by English speakers, originally as an adjective meaning {{Gloss|nectar-like}}, from ''nectar'' and the suffix ''-ine'', with the first use in print in 1611.{{sfn|OED 2025b}}{{sfn|OED 2025a}}

== Distribution ==
[[File:雅鲁藏布大峡谷Q30026988.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|Peach trees blooming along the [[Yarlung Zangbo River]], south-eastern [[Tibetan Plateau]]]]
The exact place of origin for the domestic peach is unknown. Based on archeology from the 2010s [[East China]] near the [[Yangtze Delta]] has emerged as a likely candidate and contradicting the theory of domestication in [[Northwestern China]].{{sfn|Zheng|Crawford|Chen|2014|pp=1, 7–8}}{{sfn|Faust|Timon|1995|p=332}} Many sources since the 1980s have listed [[North China]] as its likely place of origin.{{sfn|POWO 2024}}{{sfn|Li|1983|p=34}} They are now [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] in many other parts of Asia. It grows throughout eastern China and into [[Inner Mongolia]]. To the east they are found on the Korean Peninsula and in Japan. To the south they are also found in Vietnam and Laos. In the [[Indian subcontinent]] are reported in the [[Eastern Himalayas]] and nearby [[Assam]] province, but not Nepal, parts of central India, Pakistan, and the [[Western Himalayas]]. Westwards they are also an introduced species in Afghanistan, Iran, and all the countries of [[Central Asia]]. Transitioning to Europe they also grow in the [[North Caucasus]], [[Transcaucasus]], and Turkey.{{sfn|POWO 2024}}

In Europe the peach trees are partly naturalized. In western Europe they are found in Portugal, Spain, France, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. In central Europe they are reported as escaped from cultivation in Germany, Hungary, and Switzerland and in Corsica, Sardinia, Italy, Cyprus, and Greece in the south.{{sfn|POWO 2024}} In the southeast they grow as introduced plants in Slovenia, Croatia, Romania, and Bulgaria.{{sfn|Hassler 2024}}{{sfn|POWO 2024}} To the east they are found in parts of European Russia, Ukraine, and Crimea.{{sfn|POWO 2024}}

[[File:Prunus persica - Starr 03.jpg|thumb|Feral peach Waiale Gulch, [[Maui]], Hawaii]]
They also have escaped from cultivation in the African nations of Libya, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, and the [[Cape Verde Islands]] off the northeast coast. Specific areas of South Africa include the biogeographic areas of the [[Northern Provinces]], [[Orange Free State (province)|Orange Free State]], and [[KwaZulu-Natal]].{{sfn|POWO 2024}}

In North America, in addition to cultivation, peach saplings are often found growing anywhere pits have been discarded. Most of these feral trees are short lived, but some have established naturalized populations.{{sfn|Rohrer 2020b}} Such escapes are reported in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Nova Scotia.{{sfn|VASCAN 2024}} Trees outside of cultivation have been found in all of the United States east of the Mississippi excluding Minnesota, Vermont, and New Hampshire. In the northwest they are found in Oregon and Idaho.{{sfn|NRCS 2024}} In the [[Southwestern United States]] they are to some extent naturalized from California to Texas, with the exception of in Nevada. Similar occurrences are also found in the northwest of Mexico and [[El Salvador]] in Central America.{{sfn|POWO 2024}}

In South America escapees are only reported from Ecuador and the northeast of Argentina.{{sfn|POWO 2024}}

In Australia it is naturalized in the states of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, South Australia, and Western Australia.{{sfn|Harden|Rodd|n.d.}} In New Zealand it can be found as an escapee from cultivation on both the North Island and south Island, especially around [[Auckland]], [[Christchurch]], and in the [[Otago]] region.{{sfn|Given et al. 2024}} It is also naturalized on many oceanic islands including the [[Mariana Islands]], [[Mauritius]], [[Rodrigues]], [[Réunion]], and [[Saint Helena]].{{sfn|POWO 2024}}

== Cultivation ==
=== History ===
[[File:Dried date, peach, apricot, and stones. From Lahun, Fayum, Egypt. Late Middle Kingdom. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|thumb|Dried date, peach, apricot, and stones from Lahun, Fayum, Egypt, Late Middle Kingdom, [[Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology]], London]]

Although its botanical name ''Prunus persica'' refers to Persia, peaches originated in China,{{sfn|Thacker|1985|p=57}} where they have been cultivated since the Neolithic period.{{sfn|Zheng|Crawford|Chen|2014|p=4}} From the 1980s to the 2010s it was believed that cultivation started around 2000&nbsp;[[BCE]].{{sfn|Singh et al. 2020|p=90}}{{sfn|Vaughan|Geissler|2009|p=82}} In 2014 new research was published showing that domestication occurred as early as 6000&nbsp;BCE in [[Zhejiang Province]] on the central east coast of China. The oldest archaeological peach stones are from the [[Kuahuqiao]] site near [[Hangzhou]]. Archaeologists point to the [[Yangtze River Valley]] as the place where the early selection for favorable peach varieties probably took place.{{sfn|Zheng|Crawford|Chen|2014|pp=3–4}}

A domesticated peach appeared very early in Japan, in 4700–4400&nbsp;BCE, during the [[Jōmon period]]. It was already similar to modern cultivated forms, where the peach stones are significantly larger and more compressed than earlier stones. This domesticated type of peach was brought into Japan from China. Nevertheless, in China itself, this variety is currently attested only at a later date around 3300 to 2300&nbsp;BCE.{{sfn|Zheng|Crawford|Chen|2014|pp=1, 5, 7}}

In India, the peach first appeared sometime between 2500 and 1700&nbsp;BCE, during the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Harappan period]] in the [[Kashmir]].{{sfn|Fuller|Madella|2001|p=341}}

It is also found elsewhere in [[West Asia]] in ancient times.{{sfn|Ensminger et al. 1994|p=1719}} Peach cultivation reached Greece by 300&nbsp;BCE.{{sfn|Vaughan|Geissler|2009|p=82}} [[Alexander the Great]] is sometimes said to have introduced them into Greece after conquering Persia, but no historical evidence for this claim has been found.{{sfn|Davidson|1999|p=588}} Peaches were, however, well known to the Romans in the first century&nbsp;CE;{{sfn|Vaughan|Geissler|2009|p=82}} the oldest known artistic representations of the fruit are in two fragments of wall paintings, dated to the first century&nbsp;CE, in [[Herculaneum]], preserved due to the [[Vesuvius]] eruption of 79&nbsp;CE, and now held in the National Archaeological Museum in Naples.{{sfn|Sadori et al. 2009|p=46}} Archaeological finds show that peaches were cultivated widely in Roman northwestern Continental Europe, but production collapsed around the sixth century; some revival of production followed with the [[Carolingian Renaissance]] of the ninth century.{{sfn|Blan|2019|pp=523–525}}

[[File:Peach house at scone palace.jpg|thumb|Illustration of the peach-house at [[Scone Palace]], Scotland]]
An article on peach tree cultivation in Spain is brought down in [[Ibn al-'Awwam]]'s 12th-century agricultural work, ''Book on Agriculture''.{{sfn|Ibn al-'Awwam|1864|pp=315–318}} The peach was brought to the Americas by Spanish explorers in the 16th century, and eventually made it to England and France in the 17th century, where it was a prized and expensive treat. Although Thomas Jefferson had peach trees at Monticello, American farmers did not begin commercial production until the 19th century in Maryland, Delaware, Georgia, South Carolina, and finally Virginia.{{sfn|Fogle|1965|p=1}}

The Shanghai honey nectar peach was a key component of both the food culture and agrarian economy the area where the modern megacity of [[Shanghai]] stands. Peaches were the cornerstone of early Shanghai's garden culture. As modernization and westernization swept through the city the Shanghai honey nectar peach nearly disappeared completely. Much of modern Shanghai is built over these gardens and peach orchards.{{sfn|Swislocki|2009|pp=29–64}}

The first European botanist to argue that the peach did not originate in Persia was [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle]] in 1855. He argued on the basis of it not being mentioned by [[Xenophon]] in 401&nbsp;BCE or by other early sources that it could not have arrived there much before it was imported to Rome in the 100s&nbsp;BCE. An important western botanist to argue for a Chinese origin of the species was Ulysses Prentiss Hedrick in 1917. Chinese literature records the fruit for at least 1,000 years before its appearance in Europe.{{sfn|Faust|Timon|1995|p=338}}

==== Peaches in the Americas ====
Peaches were introduced into the Americas in the 16th century by the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]]. By 1580, peaches were being grown in Latin America and were cultivated by the remnants of the [[Inca Empire]] in Argentina.{{sfn|Capparelli et al. 2005}}

[[File:Drying Peaches at Isleta (NBY 6209).jpg|thumb|Drying peaches at [[Pueblo of Isleta]], New Mexico {{circa|1900}}]]
In the United States the peach was soon adopted as a crop by [[Native Americans of the United States|American Indians]]. In the eastern U.S. the peach also became naturalized and abundant as a feral species.{{sfn|Holland-Lulewicz et al. 2024|pp=1–2}} Peaches were being grown in Virginia as early as 1629. Peaches grown by Indians in Virginia were said to have been "of greater variety and finer sorts" than those of the English colonists. Also in 1629, peaches were listed as a crop in [[New Mexico]].{{sfn|Jett|1977|p=683}} [[William Penn]] noted the existence of wild peaches in [[Pennsylvania]] in 1683.{{sfn|Fair|2002|p=374}} In fact, peaches may have already spread to the [[American Southeast]] by the early to mid 1600s, actively cultivated by indigenous communities such as the [[Muscogee]] before permanent Spanish settlement of the region.{{sfn|Holland-Lulewicz et al. 2024|pp=2–4}}

Peach plantations became an objective of American military campaigns against the Indians. In 1779, the [[Sullivan Expedition]] destroyed the livelihood of many of the [[Iroquois]] people of [[New York (state)|New York]]. Among the crops destroyed were plantations of peach trees.{{sfn|NPS Staff|2020}} In 1864, [[Kit Carson]] led a successful U.S. army expedition to [[Canyon de Chelly National Monument|Canyon de Chelly]] in Arizona to destroy the livelihood of the [[Navajo]]. Carson destroyed thousands of peach trees. A soldier said they were the "best peach trees I have ever seen in the country, every one of them bearing fruit."{{sfn|Sumrak|2017}} The Navajo signed a treaty with the US government in 1868 and were able to return to the canyon. They had saved peach pits and some trees resprouted from stumps and so by the 1870s and 1880s many peach orchards had been restored.{{sfn|Dolan|Wytsalucy|Lyons|2024}}

=== Growing conditions ===
[[File:A peach orchard in spring.jpg|thumb|Peach orchard, Northern Greece]]

Peaches are easiest to grow in dry, continental or temperate climates, with conditions of high humidity greatly increasing diseases and pests in subtropics and tropics.{{sfn|Byrne et al. 2009|p=507}} In addition the trees have a [[chilling requirement]]. Most cultivars require 600 to 1,000 hours of chilling at temperatures between {{convert|40 and 50|F|C|order=flip}}. During the chilling period, key chemical reactions occur, but the plant appears dormant. Temperatures under {{cvt|30|F|C|order=flip}} are ineffective for fulfilling the chilling requirement. Once the chilling period is fulfilled, the plant enters a second type of dormancy, the [[Dormancy#Trees|quiescence]] period. During quiescence, buds break and grow when sufficient warm weather favorable to growth is accumulated.{{sfn|Lockwood|Coston|2007|p=2}} The chilling requirement is not satisfied in tropical or subtropical areas except at high altitudes with low-chill cultivars, some which require less than 100 hours of suitable temperatures.{{sfn|Thakur et al. 2024|p=100}}

[[File:Bee pollinating peach flower.jpg|thumb|A peach flower with a [[bee]] pollinating it]] 
The trees themselves can usually tolerate temperatures to around {{convert|-26|to|-30|C|F}}, although the following season's flower buds are usually killed at these temperatures, preventing a crop that summer. Flower bud death begins to occur between {{convert|-15|and|-25|C|F}}, depending on the [[cultivar]] and on the timing of the cold, with the buds becoming less cold tolerant in late winter.{{sfn|Szalay|Papp|Szabó|2000|pp=407–408}} Another climate constraint is spring frost. The trees flower fairly early and the blossom is damaged or killed if temperatures drop below about {{convert|-1.1|C|F}}. If the flowers are not fully open, though, they can tolerate a few degrees colder.{{sfn|Chen|Okie|Beckman|2016|p=816}} The flowers are also vulnerable to temperatures higher than {{cvt|22 to 25|C}} during the day.{{sfn|Byrne et al. 2009|p=524}}

Climates with significant winter rainfall at temperatures below {{convert|16|C|F}} are also unsuitable for peach cultivation, as the rain promotes [[leaf curl|peach leaf curl]], which is the most serious fungal disease for peaches. In practice, fungicides are extensively used for peach cultivation in such climates, with more than 1% of European peaches exceeding legal pesticide limits in 2013.{{sfn|European Food Safety Authority|2015|p=29}}

Finally, summer heat is required to mature the crop, with mean temperatures of the hottest month between {{convert|20|and|30|C|F}}.

Peach trees are grown in well draining soils as they are vulnerable to disease in wet soils. They are most productive in [[topsoil]]s approximately {{convert|18 to 24|in|cm|round=5|order=flip}} with a [[sandy loam]] character.{{sfn|Kamas Stein Nesbitt 2015|p=2}}

Most peach trees sold by nurseries are cultivars [[Shield budding|budded]] or [[grafted]] onto a suitable [[rootstock]]. Common rootstocks are 'Lovell Peach', 'Nemaguard Peach', ''Prunus besseyi'', and 'Citation'.{{sfn|Ingels et al. 2007|p=29–30}} The rootstock provides hardiness and budding is done to improve predictability of the fruit quality.

[[File:Nectarine Fruit Development.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|The developmental sequence of a nectarine over a {{frac|7|1|2}}-month period, from bud formation in early winter to fruit [[ripening]] in midsummer]]
Typical peach cultivars begin bearing fruit in their third year. Their lifespan in the U.S. varies by region; the [[University of California at Davis]] gives a lifespan of about 15 years while the [[University of Maine]] gives a lifespan of 7 years there.{{sfn|Hasey|2009|p=2}}{{sfn|Moran|2014}}

Peach trees need full sun, and a layout that allows good natural air flow to assist the thermal environment for the tree. Peaches are planted in early winter.{{sfn|Carroll|2017|p=1}} During the growth season, they need a regular and reliable supply of water, with higher amounts just before harvest.{{sfn|Carroll|2017|pp=3–4}}

Peaches need [[nitrogen]]-rich fertilizers more than other fruit trees. Without regular fertilizer supply, peach tree leaves start turning yellow or exhibit stunted growth. [[Blood meal]], [[bone meal]], and calcium ammonium nitrate are suitable fertilizers.

The flowers on a peach tree are typically thinned out because if the full number of peaches mature on a branch, they are undersized and lack flavor. Fruits are thinned midway in the season by commercial growers. Fresh peaches are easily bruised, so do not store well. They are most flavorful when they ripen on the tree and are eaten the day of harvest.{{sfn|Carroll|2017|p=4}}

The peach tree can be grown in an [[espalier]] shape. The Baldassari palmette is a design created around 1950 used primarily for training peaches. In [[walled garden]]s constructed from stone or brick, which absorb and retain solar heat and then slowly release it, raising the temperature against the wall, peaches can be grown as espaliers against south-facing walls as far north as southeast Great Britain and southern Ireland.

=== Storage ===
Peaches and nectarines are best stored at temperatures of 0&nbsp;°C (32&nbsp;°F) and in high humidity.{{sfn|Gao|2000}} They are highly perishable, so are typically consumed or canned within two weeks of harvest.

Peaches are [[Climacteric (botany)|climacteric]] fruits and continue to ripen after being picked from the tree. However, though climacteric fruits continue to ripen nutritional quality may not improve after picking with studies showing Vitamin C content to be higher in peaches when ripened on the tree.{{sfn|Harvard Center for Health 2010}} Both [[ethylene]] and the plant hormone [[auxin]] are involved in regulating the ripening process.{{sfn|Trainotti|Tadiello|Casadoro|2007|p=3299}} Though the ethylene antagonist [[1-Methylcyclopropene]] can be used to delay the ripening of peaches its use negatively affects the arroma of the fruit.{{sfn|Ziosi et al. 2007|p=167}}{{sfn|Cai et al. 2019|p=573}}

=== Insects ===
The European earwig (''[[Forficula auricularia]]'') can be a minor to significant pest of the peach fruit, particularly when they are tightly clustered or have splits in the skin. The earwigs feed on the fruit and dirty them with waste.{{sfn|Edwards|1998|p=66}}

The larvae of many [[moth]] species are of concern to peach growers. Frequently noted are the peachtree borer (''[[Synanthedon exitiosa]]''),{{sfn|Ingels et al. 2007|p=158}} the peach twig borer (''[[Anarsia lineatella]]''),{{sfn|Ingels et al. 2007|p=152}} the yellow peach moth (''[[Conogethes punctiferalis]]''),{{sfn|Ramzan et al. 2024|p=236}} the fruit tree leafroller (''[[Archips argyrospila]]''),{{sfn|Ingels et al. 2007|p=155}} oriental fruit moths (''[[Grapholita molesta]]''), and the lesser peachtree borer (''[[Synanthedon pictipes]]'').{{sfn|Gorsuch|Scott|2021}}

Other moths include the well-marked cutworm (''[[Abagrotis orbis]]''),{{sfn|Kadasa et al. 2022|p=466}} the climbing cutworm (''[[Abagrotis barnesi]]''),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=33}} ''[[Lyonetia prunifoliella]]'',{{sfn|Kadasa et al. 2022|p=466}} the grey dagger (''[[Acronicta psi]]''),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=47}} ghost moth (''[[Aenetus virescens]]''),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=50}} the march moth (''[[Alsophila aescularia]]''),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=60}} fruit tree tortrix (''[[Archips podanus]]''),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=83}} cherry fruit moth (''[[Argyresthia pruniella]]''),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=87}} azalea leafminer ''[[Caloptilia zachrysa]]'',{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=116}} peach fruit moth (''[[Carposina sasakii]]''),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=119}} apple leaf skeletonizer (''[[Choreutis pariana]]''),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=133}} honeydew moth (''[[Cryptoblabes gnidiella]]''),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=160}} plum fruit moth (''[[Cydia funebrana]]''),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=165}} codling moth (''[[Cydia pomonella]]''),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=168}} figure of eight (''[[Diloba caeruleocephala]]''),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=187}} cherry bark tortrix (''[[Enarmonia formosana]]''),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=200}} apple leaf roller (''[[Epiphyas postvittana]]''),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=211}} brown-tail moth (''[[Euproctis chrysorrhoea]]''),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=228}} the fruit tree borer (''[[Maroga melanostigma]]''),{{sfn|Kadasa et al. 2022|p=466}} winter moth (''[[Operophtera brumata]]''),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=349}} fruit-tree tortrix (''[[Pandemis heparana]]''),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|pp=362–363}} the wood groundling (''[[Parachronistis albiceps]]''),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=368}} apple leaf miner ''[[Phyllonorycter crataegella]]'',{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=392}} lesser bud moth (''[[Recurvaria nanella]]''),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=423}} and false codling moth (''[[Thaumatotibia leucotreta]]'').{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=161}}

The tree is also a host plant for such species as the [[Japanese beetle]] (''Popillia japonica''), the shothole borer (''[[Scolytus rugulosus]]''), and plum curculio (''[[Conotrachelus nenuphar]]'').{{sfn|Gorsuch|Scott|2021}}

Green peach aphids (''[[Myzus persicae]]'') can be a significant problem on peach trees. They overwinter as eggs on the trees and feed upon them in the spring before moving to other host species during the summer.{{sfn|Edwards|1998|p=46}} Two scale insects can cause serious damage to peach trees, the white peach scale (''[[Pseudaulacaspis pentagona]]'') and the San Jose scale (''[[Comstockaspis perniciosa]]'').{{sfn|Gorsuch|Scott|2021}}

At best it is poor nectar and [[pollen source]] for [[honey bees]], with the double flowering varieties particularly noted for not producing any usable resources for bees. Some fruiting cultivars also produce no pollen and nectar flow is often impacted by early frosts.{{sfn|Johannsmeier|2016|pp=34, 122}}

Though not native to North America, peach trees have become a host for caterpillars of the [[Eastern tiger swallowtail]] butterfly (''Papilio glacucus''). Though they are not a significant pest.{{sfn|NC State Extension}}

=== Diseases ===
{{Main|List of peach and nectarine diseases}}
[[File:Preparing peaches to be canned.jpg|thumb|Women preparing peaches in [[Lesotho]], Africa]]
Peach trees are prone to a disease called [[leaf curl]], which usually does not directly affect the fruit, but does reduce the crop yield by partially defoliating the tree. Several fungicides can be used to combat the disease, including [[Bordeaux mixture]] and other copper-based products (the University of California considers these organic treatments), [[ziram]], [[chlorothalonil]], and [[dodine]].{{sfn|Adaskaveg|Duncan|Day|2015}} The fruit is susceptible to [[Monilinia fructicola|brown rot]] or a dark reddish spot.

=== Cultivars ===
[[File:White peach and cross section edit.jpg|upright=1.3|thumb|White peach of the clingstone variety]]
Hundreds of peach and nectarine cultivars are known. These are classified into two categories—freestones and clingstones. Freestones are those whose flesh separates readily from the pit. Clingstones are those whose flesh clings tightly to the pit. Some cultivars are partially freestone and clingstone, so are called semifree. Freestone types are preferred for eating fresh, while clingstone types are for [[canning]]. The fruit flesh may be creamy white to deep yellow, to dark red; the hue and shade of the color depend on the cultivar.{{sfn|Gao|2000}} The genetic diversity of peach cultivars is highest in China with 495 recognized cultivars.{{sfn|Zheng|Crawford|Chen|2014|p=2}}

Peach breeding has favored cultivars with more firmness, more red color, and shorter fuzz on the fruit surface. These characteristics ease shipping and supermarket sales by improving eye appeal. This selection process has not necessarily led to increased flavor, though. Peaches have a short shelf life, so commercial growers typically plant a mix of different cultivars to have fruit to ship all season long.{{sfn|Okie|2005|p=3}}

==== Nectarines ====
[[File:White nectarine and cross section02 edit.jpg|thumb|White nectarines, whole and cut open]]

The cultivars commonly called ''nectarines'' have a smooth skin. It is on occasion referred to as a "shaved peach" or "fuzzless peach", due to its lack of fuzz or short hairs. Though fuzzy peaches and nectarines are regarded commercially as different fruits, with nectarines often erroneously believed to be a crossbreed between peaches and [[plum]]s, or a "peach with a plum skin", nectarines belong to the same species as peaches. Several genetic studies have concluded nectarines are produced due to a [[recessive allele]], whereas a fuzzy peach skin is [[dominant gene|dominant]].{{sfn|Seelig|Fogle|Hesse|2007}}

As with peaches, nectarines can be white or yellow, and clingstone or freestone. On average, nectarines are slightly smaller and sweeter than peaches, but with much overlap.{{sfn|Seelig|Fogle|Hesse|2007}} The lack of skin fuzz can make nectarine skins appear more reddish than those of peaches, contributing to the fruit's plum-like appearance.

The history of the nectarine is unclear; the first recorded mention in English is from 1611,{{sfn|OED 2025a}} but they had probably been grown much earlier within the native range of the peach in central and eastern Asia. A number of colonial-era newspaper articles make reference to nectarines being grown in the United States prior to the Revolutionary War. The 28 March 1768 edition of the ''New York Gazette'' (p.&nbsp;3), for example, mentions a farm in Jamaica, Long Island, New York, where nectarines were grown. Later, cultivars of higher quality with better shipping qualities were introduced to the United States by [[David Fairchild]] of the Department of Agriculture in 1906.{{sfn|Fairchild|Kay|Kay|1938|p=226}}

==== Peacherines ====
Peacherines are claimed to be a cross between a peach and a nectarine;{{sfn|Shimabukuro|2004}} they are sometimes marketed in Australia and New Zealand.{{sfn|Clark|2013|p=21}} The linguist [[Louise Pound]], in 1920, wrote that the term peacherine is an example of language stunt.{{sfn|Pound|1920|p=89}}

==== Flat peaches ====
{{Main|Flat peach}}
Flat peaches, or ''pan-tao'', have a flattened shape, in contrast to ordinary near-spherical peaches.{{sfn|Bassi|Monet|2008|p=16}}

==== Ornamentals ====
Peach trees are also grown for ornamental value in gardens, but trees specifically selected for this purpose have small, inedible fruits.{{sfn|Davis|1997|p=54}}
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable floatright col2right"  
|-
! colspan=2|Peach (and nectarine)<br> production in 2023<br />
<small>(millions of tonnes)</small><br/>
|-
| {{CHN}}  || 17.5
|-
| {{ESP}}  || 1.4
|-
| {{TUR}}  || 1.1
|-
| {{ITA}}  || 1.0
|-
| {{USA}}  || 0.7
|-
| {{IRN}}  || 0.6
|-
!'''World''' !! | '''27.1'''
|-
|colspan=2|<small>Source: United Nations,<br> FAOSTAT{{sfn|FAOSTAT|2024}}</small>
|}

=== Production ===
{{See also|Peach production in China}}
In 2023, world production of peaches (combined with nectarines for reporting) was 27.1 million [[tonne]]s, led by China with 65% of the total. Spain, the next most productive country, only produced about 5% of the total (table). Peaches rank third in total production of temperate fruits after the apple and pear.{{sfn|Byrne et al. 2009|p=505}}

The U.S. state of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] is known as the "Peach State" due to its significant production and shipping of peaches in the 1870s and 1880s,{{sfn|Taylor|2018}} with the first export to New York occurring around 1853 and significant amounts being sold there by 1858.{{sfn|Fair|2002|pp=382, 390}} In 2014, Georgia was third in US peach production behind [[California]] and [[South Carolina]].{{sfn|Taylor|2018}} The largest peach producing countries in [[Latin America]] are Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico.{{sfn|Navarro Villa|2024}}

== Nutrition ==
{{nutritional value
| name = Peaches, yellow, raw
| kcal = 46
| water = 88 g
| protein = 0.91 g
| fat = 0.27 g
| carbs = 9.87 g
| fiber = 1.5 g
| sugars = 8.39 g
| sucrose = 4.8 g
| glucose = 1.9 g
| fructose = 1.5 g
| calcium_mg = 4
| iron_mg = 0.34
| magnesium_mg = 8
| phosphorus_mg = 22
| potassium_mg = 122
| sodium_mg = 13
| zinc_mg = 0.23
| copper_mg = 0.078
| manganese_mg = 0.026
| vitC_mg = 4.1
| thiamin_mg = 0.024
| riboflavin_mg = 0.031
| niacin_mg = 0.806
| pantothenic_mg = 0.153
| vitB6_mg = 0.025
| folate_ug = 6
| vitA_ug = 24
| betacarotene_ug = 224
| vitE_mg = 0.73
| vitK_ug = 3
| note = [https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/325430/nutrients Link to Full Nutrient Report of USDA FoodData Central]}}

Raw peach flesh is 88% water, 10% [[carbohydrate]]s, 1% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]], and contains negligible [[fat]]. A medium-sized raw peach, weighing {{convert|100|g}}, supplies 46 [[calorie]]s, and contains no [[micronutrient]]s having a significant percentage of the [[Daily Value]] (DV, table). 

[[Sucrose]] accounts for 57% of the sweetness of a raw peach, with [[glucose]] and [[fructose]] accounting for the remainder of sugars (table). The [[glycemic load]] of an average peach (120 grams) is 5, similar to other low-sugar fruits.{{sfn|Atkinson|Foster-Powell|Brand-Miller|2015}}

A raw nectarine has a similar low nutrient content.<ref name="USDA-nectarine">{{cite web |title=Nutrient table for raw nectarine per 100 g |url=https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/327357/nutrients |publisher=FoodData Central, US Department of Agriculture |access-date=3 September 2025 |date=1 April 2019 |archive-date=31 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231173654/https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/327357/nutrients }}</ref>

== Phytochemicals ==
Total [[polyphenols]] in mg per 100&nbsp;g of fresh weight were 14–113 in white-flesh nectarines, 17–78 in yellow-flesh nectarines, 20–113 in white-flesh peaches, and 16–93&nbsp;mg per 100&nbsp;g in yellow-flesh peaches.{{sfn|Gil et al. 2002|pp=4978–4979}} The major phenolic compounds identified in peach are [[chlorogenic acid]], [[catechin]]s and [[epicatechins]],{{sfn|Cheng|Crisosto|1995|p=836}} with other compounds, identified by [[High-performance liquid chromatography|HPLC]], including [[gallic acid]] and [[ellagic acid]].{{sfn|Infante et al. 2011|pp=448–449}} [[Rutin]] and [[isoquercetin]] are the primary flavonols found in clingstone peaches.{{sfn|Chang et al. 2000|p=149}} The levels of [[flavonol]]s and [[cyanidin]]s are highest in the skins. Though [[phenols]] vary by cultivar and due to the growing conditions in a growing season.{{sfn|Andreotti et al. 2008|p=22}} Red-fleshed peaches are rich in [[anthocyanin]]s, especially red fleshed varieties and their skins.{{sfn|Cevallos-Casals et al. 2006|p=274}} [[malvin]] glycosides in clingstone peaches.{{sfn|Chang et al. 2000|p=149}}

As with many other members of the [[rose family]], peach seeds contain [[Glycoside#Cyanogenic glycosides|cyanogenic glycosides]], primarily [[amygdalin]].{{sfn|Lee et al. 2017|p=237}} Amygdalin decomposes into a sugar molecule,[[hydrogen cyanide]] gas, and [[benzaldehyde]]. Hydrogen cyanide poisons the action of a critical enzyme for the use of oxygen in cells, resulting in death in severe cases.{{sfn|Kingsbury|1972|pp=88–89}} While peach seeds are not the most toxic within the rose family (see [[bitter almond]]), large consumption of these chemicals from any source is potentially hazardous to animal and human health.{{sfn|Cho et al. 2013|pp=143–145}}

Peach [[food allergy|allergy]] or [[food intolerance|intolerance]] is a relatively common form of hypersensitivity to [[protein]]s contained in peaches and related fruits (such as [[almond]]s). Symptoms range from local effects (e.g. [[oral allergy syndrome]], [[contact urticaria]]) to more severe systemic reactions, including [[anaphylaxis]] (e.g. [[urticaria]], [[angioedema]], gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms).{{sfn|Besler|Cuesta Herranz|Fernández-Rivas|2000|p=185}} Adverse reactions are related to the "freshness" of the fruit: peeled or canned fruit may be tolerated.{{sfn|Cuesta‐Herranz et al. 1998|p=78}}

Due to their close relatedness, the kernel of a peach stone tastes similar to almond, and peach stones are used to make a cheap version of [[marzipan]], known as [[persipan]].{{sfn|Haase et al. 2013}}

=== Aroma ===
The attractive smell of a ripe peach has 110 different volatile molecules combined, including [[alcohols]], [[ketones]], [[aldehydes]], [[esters]], [[polyphenols]] and [[terpenoids]]. The proportions vary significantly between different cultivars of peach.{{sfn|Sánchez et al. 2012|pp=1,3}}{{sfn|Spence|2022|p=383}}

== In culture ==
Peaches are not only a popular fruit, but also are symbolic in many cultural traditions, such as in art, paintings, and folk tales such as the [[Peaches of Immortality]].

=== China ===
[[File:桃と月季花（長春花）に鶴図-Cranes, Peach Tree, and Chinese Roses MET DP277568.jpg|thumb|''Cranes, Peach Tree, and Chinese Roses'', hanging scroll by [[Shen Quan]]]]
Peach blossoms are highly prized in Chinese culture. The ancient Chinese believed the peach to possess more vitality than any other tree because their blossoms appear before leaves sprout. When early rulers of China visited their territories, they were preceded by sorcerers armed with peach rods to protect them from spectral evils. On New Year's Eve, local magistrates would cut peach wood branches and place them over their doors to protect against evil influences.{{sfn|Doré|Kennelly|1914|pp=504–505}} Peach wood was also used for the earliest known [[door god]]s during the [[Han dynasty|Han]]. Another author writes:

{{Blockquote|The Chinese also considered peach wood (''t'ao-fu'', {{lang-zh|c=桃符|p=Táofú
}})
 protective against evil spirits, who held the peach in awe. In ancient China, peach-wood bows were used to shoot arrows in every direction in an effort to dispel evil. Peach-wood slips or carved pits served as amulets to protect a person's life, safety, and health.{{sfn|Simoons|1991|p=218}}}}

Peachwood seals or figurines guarded gates and doors, and, as one Han account recites, "the buildings in the capital are made tranquil and pure; everywhere a good state of affairs prevails".{{sfn|Simoons|1991|p=218}} Writes the author, further:

{{Blockquote|Another aid in fighting evil spirits were peach-wood wands. The Li-chi (Han period) reported that the emperor went to the funeral of a minister escorted by a sorcerer carrying a peachwood wand to keep bad influences away. Since that time, peachwood wands have remained an important means of exorcism in China.{{sfn|Simoons|1991|p=218}}}}

Similarly, peach trees would often be planted near the front door of a house to bring good fortune.{{sfn|Thacker|1985|p=57}}

Peach kernels, tao ren ({{lang-zh|c=桃仁|p=Táorén|links=no}}), are a common ingredient used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] to dispel blood stasis and unblock bowels.{{sfn|Bensky|Gamble|Kaptchuk|1992|pp=278–279}}

In an orchard of flowering peach trees, [[Liu Bei]], [[Guan Yu]], and [[Zhang Fei]] took [[Oath of the Peach Garden|an oath of brotherhood]] in the opening chapter of the classic Chinese novel ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]''. Another peach orchard, in "[[The Peach Blossom Spring]]" by poet [[Tao Yuanming]], is the setting of the favourite Chinese fable and a metaphor for utopias. A peach tree growing on a precipice was where the Taoist master [[Zhang Daoling]] tested his disciples.{{sfn|Eskildsen|1998|p=26}}

The deity [[Shòu Xīng]] ({{lang-zh|s=寿星|links=no}}), a god of longevity, is usually depicted with a very large forehead and holding a staff in his left hand and a large peach in his right hand due its associations with a long life.{{sfn|Valder|1999|pp=110–111}} A long-standing traditional birthday food for seniors is a symbolic [[longevity peach]] (shòutáo bao - 寿桃包), a type of lotus seed bun shaped like a peach, frequent in Taiwan and Cantonese culture.{{sfn|Liu|2009|p=148}}{{sfn|Gong|2005|p=174}}

The term fēntáo ({{lang-zh|c=分桃|links=no}}), which is variously translated as "[[Homosexuality in China#Terminology|half-eaten peach]]", "divided peach", or "sharing a peach", was first used by [[Han Fei]], a [[Legalism (Chinese philosophy)|Legalist philosopher]], in his work ''Han Feizi''. From this story it became a byword for homosexuality.{{sfn|Kang|2009|pp=22, 103}}{{sfn|Hinsch|1990|pp=20, 73, 89}} The book records the incident when courtier [[Mizi Xia]] bit into an especially delicious peach and gave the remainder to his lover, [[Duke Ling of Wei]], as a gift so that he could taste it, as well.{{sfn|Hinsch|1990|p=20}}

=== Korea ===
As recorded by the traveller [[Isabella Bird]] in 1898, wands made of peach wood are used in parts of [[Korean shamanism]]. During the third part of an exorcism ritual for malevolent spirits a wand made of an eastern branch of a peach tree is used.{{sfn|Bird|1898|pp=228–230}} Originating from [[Daoism]], the peach is one of ten symbols of longevity used in Korean art.{{sfn|Vos|1997|pp=21, 23}}

An important piece of Korean art features the peach. ''Dream Journey to the Peach Blossom Land'' is the only existing signed and dated work by [[An Kyŏn]]. It depicts the imagined utopian Peach Blossom Land from a fable by the Chinese poet Tao Yuanming.{{sfn|Yang-mo & Smith 1998|p=310}}

=== Japan ===
[[File:Japanese Fairy Book - Ozaki - 247.png|thumb|right|Momotarō emerges from a peach.]]
The world's sweetest peach is grown in [[Fukushima (city)|Fukushima]], Japan. The Guinness world record for the sweetest peach is currently held by a peach grown in Kanechika, Japan, with a sugar content of 22.2%. However, a fruit farm in rural Fukushima, Koji grew a much sweeter peach, with a Brix score of 32°. Degrees [[Brix]] measures the sugar content of the fruit, and is usually between 11 and 15 for a typical peach from a supermarket.{{sfn|Sturmer|Asada|2020}}

[[Momotarō]], whose name literally means "peach child", is a folktale character named after the giant peach from which he was birthed.{{sfn|Leeming|2001|p=120}}

Two traditional Japanese words for the color [[pink]] correspond to blossoming trees: one for peach blossoms ({{transliteration|ja|momo-iro}}), and one for cherry blossoms ([[Cherry blossom#Symbolism in Japan|{{transliteration|ja|sakura-iro}}]]).

=== Vietnam ===
A Vietnamese mythic history states that in the spring of 1789, after marching to Ngọc Hồi and then winning a great victory against invaders from the [[Qing dynasty]] of China, Emperor [[Quang Trung]] ordered a messenger to gallop to [[Phú Xuân]] citadel (now [[Huế]]) and deliver a flowering peach branch to the Empress [[Lê Ngọc Hân|Ngọc Hân]]. This took place on the fifth day of the first lunar month, two days before the predicted end of the battle. The branch of peach flowers that was sent from the north to the centre of Vietnam was not only a message of victory from the Emperor to his consort, but also the start of a new spring of peace and happiness for all the Vietnamese people. In addition, since the land of Nhật Tân had freely given that very branch of peach flowers to the Emperor, it became the loyal garden of his dynasty.

The protagonists of ''[[The Tale of Kieu]]'' fell in love by a peach tree, and in [[Vietnam]], the blossoming peach flower is the signal of spring. Finally, peach [[bonsai]] trees are used as decoration during Vietnamese New Year ([[Tết]]) in northern Vietnam.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

=== Europe ===
[[File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Pêches.jpg|thumb|[[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]], ''A Still Life Painting of Peaches'', 1881–82]]

Many famous artists have painted with peach fruits placed in prominence. [[Caravaggio]], [[Vicenzo Campi]], [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]], [[Claude Monet]], [[Édouard Manet]], [[Henri Fantin-Latour]], [[Severin Roesen]], [[Peter Paul Rubens]], and [[Van Gogh]] are among the many influential artists who painted peaches and peach trees in various settings.{{sfn|Torpy|2010|p=203}}{{sfn|Janick|n.d.|pp=6, 9}} Scholars suggest that many compositions are symbolic, some an effort to introduce realism.{{sfn|Spike|2010|pp=23–24}} For example, Tresidder claims the artists of Renaissance symbolically used peach to represent heart, and a leaf attached to the fruit as the symbol for tongue, thereby implying speaking truth from one's heart;{{sfn|Tresidder|2004|p=168}} a ripe peach was also a symbol to imply a ripe state of good health. Caravaggio's paintings introduce realism by painting peach leaves that are molted, discolored, or in some cases have wormholes – conditions common in modern peach cultivation.{{sfn|Janick|n.d.|p=6}}

In literature, [[Roald Dahl]] deciding on using a peach in his children's fantasy novel ''[[James and the Giant Peach]]'' after considering many other fruits including an apple, pear, or cherry. He thought the flavor and flesh of the peach to be more exciting.{{sfn|Sturrock|2010|p=351}}

=== United States ===
[[File:Peaches in baskets.jpg|right|thumb|180px|Peaches at a roadside stand in South Carolina]]

Despite it not being first or even second in peach production and the peach contributing far less than 1% of the state's agricultural production, the peach is strongly associated in American culture with the state of Georgia.{{sfn|Okie|2016|pp=2–4}} However, the peach did not officially become the [[List of U.S. state foods|official fruit]] of Georgia until 1995.{{sfn|Georgia Secretary of State 2018}} It was preceded by South Carolina, which named the peach its state fruit in 1984.{{sfn|Aylesworth|Aylesworth|1996|p=51}} They were joined in giving the peach an official state status by Delaware naming it the [[List of U.S. state and territory flowers|state flower]] in 1995 and designating peach pie as its official dessert in 2009.{{sfn|GIC|2018}} Alabama also named it the state tree fruit in 2006 in addition to the blackberry designated as the state fruit in 2004.{{sfn|ADAH 2014a}}{{sfn|ADAH 2014b}}

The peach was marketed by the Georgia Fruit Exchange and later the Georgia Peach Grower's Association as being particularly tasty and special from the 1910s to the 1960s.{{sfn|Okie|2016|pp=124–130}} This also coincided with parts of Georgia wanting to distance itself from being, "the home of slavery and lynching and Confederate memorials," in the words of [[Frank Smith Horne]].{{sfn|Okie|2016|p=168}} The local movement to create a new county centred on [[Fort Valley, Georgia|Fort Valley]] to be named [[Peach County, Georgia|Peach County]] sponsored Peach Blossom Festivals from 1922 to 1926. They promoted a vision of a new progressive south that also ignored the black labor upon which the peach harvest, like that of cotton, depended.{{sfn|Okie|2016|pp=147, 152, 159}} Though the acreage of has declined to just one twelfth of its 1925 peak,{{sfn|Okie|2016|p=220}} from 1935, Georgia has been nicknamed the "Peach State".{{sfn|OED 2025d}}
{{Clear}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery class="center" mode="nolines">
File:Pink Peach(Prunus persica) Blossom Over the Kathmandu City.jpg|Delicate pink peach blossoms bloom vibrantly against clear spring sky.
File:Peachblossoms3800ppx.JPG|alt=Tree in blossom
File:Prunus_persica（花桃）4035837.JPG|Peach blossoms
File:Peach flowers.jpg|alt=Blossoms
File:Ruhland, Grenzstr. 3, Pfirsich-Strauch, Rinde, 01.jpg|Gray bark on trunk with [[lenticel]]s
File:Breskva Collins - zametnuti plodovi.jpg|Incipient fruit development
File:Prunus persica coupe MHNT.jpg|alt=Wood
File:Specimens of peach wood.jpg|Color and grain of peach wood
File:Prunus persica - Peach Hungary.jpg|alt=Fruits on tree
File:Prunus persica pit.jpg|alt=Seed
File:Starr-130504-4357-Prunus_persica_var_persica-Florida_Prince_fruit_on_branch-Hawea_Pl_Olinda-Maui_(24842890479).jpg|Peaches on tree
File:Hillview_Farms_peaches_in_a_basket.jpg|Peaches in a basket
</gallery>

===Paintings===
<gallery>
File:Retrato de Isabella y John Stewart.jpg|Portrait of Isabella and John Stewart by [[Charles Willson Peale]], 1774
File:Still Life Basket of Peaches by Raphaelle Peale 1816.jpeg|''Still Life Basket of Peaches'' by [[Raphaelle Peale]], 1816
File:Claude Monet - Das Pfirsichglas.jpg|''A Jar of Peaches'' by [[Claude Monet]] {{circa|1866}}
File:Bairei_kachō_gafu,_Spring_04,_peach-blossoms_and_green_pheasants.jpg|"Spring 4, peach-blossoms and green pheasants" by [[Kōno Bairei]], 1883
File:Pomological Watercolor POM00005183.jpg|Peach (cultivar 'Berry'), watercolour, 1895
</gallery>

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
==== Books ====
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Aylesworth |first1=Thomas G. |last2=Aylesworth |first2=Virginia L. |date=1996 |title=Lower Atlantic: North Carolina, South Carolina |script-title= |url=https://archive.org/details/loweratlanticnor00ayle/page/51 |url-access=registration |series=Discovering America |language=en |edition=First |location=New York |publisher=Chelsea House Publishers |isbn=978-0-7910-3401-9 |oclc=31328574 |access-date=12 January 2025}} 
* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Barnhart |editor-first1=Robert K. |editor-link1=Robert Barnhart |date=1995 |orig-date=1988 |title=The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology |url=https://archive.org/details/barnhartconcised0000unse/page/171 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=First Revised |location=New York |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |isbn=978-0-06-270084-1 |oclc=30399281 |access-date=29 September 2024}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bensky |first1=Dan |last2=Gamble |first2=Andrew |last3=Kaptchuk |first3=Ted J. |date=1992 |title=Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica |url=https://archive.org/details/chineseherbalmed0000bens/page/278 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=Revised |location=Seattle, Washington |publisher=Eastland Press |isbn=978-0-939616-15-2 |oclc=28891917 |access-date=2 January 2025}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bird |first1=Isabella Lucy |author-link1=Isabella Bird |date=1898 |title=Korea & Her Neighbours: A Narrative of Travel, With Account of the Recent Vicissitudes and Present Position of the Country |url=https://archive.org/details/koreaherneighbou0002bird/page/230 |language=en |volume=Two |edition=First |location=London |publisher=John Murray |oclc=1021046487 |access-date=27 February 2025}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Blackburne-Maze |first1=Peter |date=2003 |title=Fruit: An Illustrated History |url=https://archive.org/details/fruitillustrated0000blac_w8h7/page/108 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=First |location=London |publisher=Firefly Books |isbn=978-1-55297-780-4 |oclc=51736017 |access-date=2 January 2025}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bassi |first1=Daniele |last2=Monet |first2=R. |editor-last1=Layne |editor-first1=Desmond R. |editor-last2=Bassi |editor-first2=Daniele |date=2008 |chapter=1. Botany and Taxonomy |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ak2YiPi20d4C&q=flat%20saucer%20pan-tao%20peach&pg=PA16 |title=The Peach: Botany, Production and Uses |language=en |location=Wallingford, United Kingdom |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1-84593-386-9 |oclc=290429712 |access-date=3 August 2015}}
* {{Cite book <!--Deny Citation Bot-->|last1=Byrne |first1=David H. |last2=Raseira |first2=Maria Bassols |last3=Bassi |first3=Daniele |last4=Piagnani |first4=Maria Claudia |last5=Gasic |first5=Ksenija |last6=Reighard |first6=Gregory L. |last7=Moreno |first7=María Angeles |last8=Pérez |first8=Salvador |editor1-last=Badenes |editor1-first=Maria Luisa |editor2-last=Byrne |editor2-first=David H. |date=2009 |chapter=Chapter 14: Peach |title=Fruit Breeding |url=https://archive.org/details/fruitbreeding0000unse/page/505/ |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=First |location=New York |publisher=Springer |pages=505–569 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-0763-9_14 |isbn=978-1-4419-0762-2 |lccn=2011943557 |oclc=401157579 |access-date=6 October 2024 |ref={{sfnref|Byrne et al. 2009}}}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Lyle |author-link1=Lyle Campbell |date=2004 |title=Historical Linguistics: An Introduction |language=en |edition=Second |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-53267-9 |oclc=54692867}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Davidson |first1=Alan |author-link1=Alan Davidson (food writer) |date=1999 |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000davi_g3y4/page/588 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=First |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-211579-9 |oclc=55747419 |access-date=26 December 2024}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Brian |date=1997 |title=The Gardener's Essential Plant Guide: Over 4,000 Varieties of Garden Plants Including Trees, Shrubs, and Vines |url=https://archive.org/details/gardenersessenti0000davi_v7f3/page/54/ |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=First |location=San Diego, California |publisher=Laurel Glen Publishing |isbn=978-1-57145-601-4 |oclc=37513042 |access-date=4 October 2024}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Doré |first1=Henri |last2=Kennelly |first2=M. |translator-last1=Kennelly |translator-first1=M. |translator-link1= |date=1914 |title=Researches into Chinese Superstitions |url=https://archive.org/details/researchesintoch05dor/page/505 |language=en |volume=V |edition=English |location=Shanghai, China |publisher=Tʻusewei Printing Press |oclc=1742009 |access-date=2 January 2025}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Durkin |first1=Philip |date=2009 |title=The Oxford Guide to Etymology |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordguidetoety0000durk/page/115 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=First |location=Oxford; New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-923651-0 |oclc=301948893 |access-date=29 September 2024}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Edwards |first1=Linda |date=1998 |title=Organic Tree Fruit Management |url=https://archive.org/details/organictreefruit0000edwa/page/66 |url-access=registration |language=en |location=Keremeos, British Columbia |publisher=Certified Organic Associations of British Columbia |isbn=978-0-7726-3615-7 |oclc=45818011 |access-date=12 January 2025}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ensminger |first1=Audrey H. |last2=Ensminger |first2=M.E. |last3=Konlande |first3=James E. |last4=Robson |first4=John R.K. |date=1994 |title=Foods & Nutrition Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMA9gYIj-C4C&q=%22Prunus+persica%22&pg=PA1040 |language=en |volume=2. I–Z |edition=Second |location=Boca Raton, Florida |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-8980-1 |oclc=28963802 |access-date=26 December 2024 |ref={{sfnref|Ensminger et al. 1994}}}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Eskildsen |first1=Stephen |date=1998 |title=Asceticism in Early Taoist Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/asceticisminearl0000eski/page/26 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=First |location=Albany, New York |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-585-06009-5 |oclc=42855374 |access-date=2 January 2025}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Fairchild |first1=David |author-link1=David Fairchild |last2=Kay |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Kay |first3=Alfred |date=1938 |title=The World Was My Garden: Travels of a Plant Explorer |url=https://archive.org/details/worldwasmygarden00fair/page/226 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=First |location=New York |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |oclc=}}
* {{Cite book <!--Deny Citation Bot-->|last1=Faust |first1=Miklos |last2=Timon |first2=Béla |editor1-last=Janick |editor1-first=Jules |date=1995 |chapter=Chapter 10. Origin and Dissemination of Peach |title=Horticultural Reviews |language=en |volume=17 |edition=First |location=New York |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |pages=331–379 |doi=10.1002/9780470650585.ch10 |isbn=978-0-471-57335-7 |oclc=827631597}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Fogle |first1=H.W. |date=1965 |title=Peach Production East of the Rocky Mountains |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-A-PURL-gpo22282/pdf/GOVPUB-A-PURL-gpo22282.pdf |url-status=live |language=en |edition=First |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture |oclc=755264053 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227172731/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-A-PURL-gpo22282/pdf/GOVPUB-A-PURL-gpo22282.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2024 |access-date=27 December 2024}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fuller |first1=Dorian Q. |author-link1=Dorian Fuller |last2=Madella |first2=Marco |editor-last1=Settar |editor-first1=S. |editor-link1=Shadakshari Settar |editor-last2=Korisettar |editor-first2=Ravi |date=2001 |chapter=Issues in Harappan Archaeobotany: Retrospect and Prospect |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234154064 |title=Indian Archaeology in Retrospect |language=en |volume=II |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research : Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-320-8 |oclc=50080611 |access-date=26 December 2024 |via=ResearchGate}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gong |first1=Rosemary |date=2005 |title=Good Luck Life: The Essential Guide to Chinese American Celebrations and Culture |language=en |edition=First |location=New York |publisher=HarperResource |isbn=978-0-06-073536-4 |oclc=56198749}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Heil |first1=Kenneth D. |last2=O'Kane |first2=Steve L. Jr. |last3=Reeves |first3=Linda Mary |last4=Clifford |first4=Arnold |date=2013 |title=Flora of the Four Corners Region: Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah |url=https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003888887/page/n932/ |language=en |edition=First |location=St. Louis, Missouri |publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]] |isbn=978-1-930723-84-9 |issn=0161-1542 |lccn=2012949654 |oclc=859541992 |access-date=1 October 2024 |ref={{sfnref|Heil et al. 2013}}}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hedrick |first1=Ulysses Prentiss |author-link1=Ulysses Prentiss Hedrick |last2=Howe |first2=George Henry |last3=Taylor |first3=Orrin Morehouse |last4=Tubergen |first4=Charles Burton |date=1917 |title=The Peaches of New York |url=https://archive.org/details/peachesofnewyor00hedr/page/n282 |language=en |location=Albany, New York |publisher=State of New York, Department of Agriculture |oclc=2082497 |access-date=3 January 2025 |ref={{sfnref|Hedrick et al. 1917}}}} 
* {{Cite book |last1=Hinsch |first1=Bret |date=1990 |title=Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China |language=en |edition=First |location=Berkeley, California |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06720-2 |oclc=20755546}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ibn al-'Awwam |first1=Yaḥyá ibn Muḥammad |author-link1=Ibn al-'Awwam |translator-last1=Clément-Mullet |translator-first1=Jean Jacques |date=1864 |title=Le livre de l'agriculture d'Ibn-al-Awam (kitab-al-felahah) |trans-title=Ibn-al-Awam's Book of Agriculture |url=https://archive.org/details/lelivredelagric00algoog/page/315 |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=A. Franck |oclc=780050566 |access-date=27 December 2024}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kang |first1=Wenqing |date=2009 |title=Obsession: Male Same-sex Relations in China, 1900-1950 |url=https://archive.org/details/obsessionmalesam0000kang/page/22 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition= |location=Hong Kong |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=978-962-209-980-7 |oclc=647840261 |access-date=3 January 2025}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kingsbury |first1=John M. |date=1972 |title=Deadly Harvest: A Guide to Common Poisonous Plants |url=https://archive.org/details/deadlyharvestgui0000jmki/page/88 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=Paperback |location=New York |publisher=Holt, Reinehart and Winston |isbn=978-0-03-091479-9 |oclc=3508574 |access-date=1 January 2025}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Krüssmann |first1=Gerd |author-link1=Johann Gerd Krüssmann |editor-last1=Daniels |editor-first1=Gilbert S. |translator-last1=Epp |translator-first1=Michael E. |date=1986 |orig-date=1978 |title=Manual of Cultivated Broad-leaved Trees & Shrubs |url=https://archive.org/details/manualofcultivat0000gerd_g4m2/page/41/ |url-access=registration |language=en |volume=III, Pru–Z |edition=English |location=London |publisher=B. T. Batsford |isbn=0-7134-5408-3 |oclc=12600067 |access-date=3 October 2024}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Leeming |first1=David Adams |date=2001 |title=A dictionary of Asian mythology |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofasia0000leem/page/120 |url-access=registration |language=en |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-512052-3 |oclc=44750822 |access-date=2 January 2025}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Li |first1=Hui-lin (李惠林) |author-link1=Hui-lin Li |editor-last1=Keightley |editor-first1=David N. |editor-link1=David Keightley |date=1983 |chapter=The Domestication of Plants in China: Ecogeographical Considerations |title=The Origins of Chinese Civilization |language=en |edition= |location=Berkeley, California |publisher=University of California Press |pages=21–63 |isbn=978-0-520-04229-2 |oclc=7306992}}
* {{cite book |last1=Liu |first1=Amy C.|date=2009 |title=Taiwan A to Z: The Essential Cultural Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/taiwantozessenti0000liua/page/148 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=First |location=Taipei, Republic of China |publisher=Community Services Center |isbn=978-957-97847-6-4 |oclc=624373150 |access-date=26 December 2024}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ingels |first1=Chuck A. |last2=Geisel |first2=Pamela M. |last3=Maxwell |first3=Norton V. |last4=Andris |first4=Harry L. |last5=Flint |first5=Mary Louise |last6=Johnson |first6=T. Scott |last7=Laivo |first7=Edward D. |last8=Prichard |first8=Terry L. |last9=Schwankl |first9=Lawrence J. |last10=Teviotdale |first10=Beth L. |last11=Vossen |first11=Paul M. |editor-last1=Ingels |editor-first1=Chuck A. |editor-last2=Geisel |editor-first2=Pamela M. |editor-last3=Maxwell |editor-first3=Norton V. |date=2007 |title=The Home Orchard: Growing Your Own Deciduous Fruit and Nut Trees |url=https://archive.org/details/homeorchardgrowi0000unse/page/29 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=First |location=Oakland, California |publisher=University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources |isbn=978-1-879906-72-3 |oclc=99996018 |access-date=29 December 2024 |ref={{sfnref|Ingels et al. 2007}}}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Okie |first1=William Thomas |date=2016 |title=The Georgia Peach |language=en |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781107785335 |isbn=978-1-107-78533-5 |oclc=952276835}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sadori |first1=Laura |last2=Allevato |first2=Emilia |last3=Bosi |first3=Giovanna |last4=Caneva |first4=Giulia |last5=Castiglioni |first5=Elisabetta |last6=Celant |first6=Alessandra |last7=Di Pasquale |first7=Gaetano |last8=Giardini |first8=Marco |last9=Mazzanti |first9=Marta |last10=Rinaldi |first10=Rossella |last11=Rottoli |first11=Mauro |last12=Susanna |first12=Francesca |editor-last1=Morel |editor-first1=Jean-Paul |editor-last2=Mercuri |editor-first2=Anna Maria |date=2009 |chapter=The introduction and diffusion of peach in ancient Italy |chapter-url=http://www.plants-culture.unimo.it/book/05%20Sadori%20et%20alii.pdf |title=Plants and Culture: Seeds of the Cultural Heritage of Europe |language=en, it |location=Bari, Italy |publisher=Edipuglia |isbn=978-88-7228-574-9 |oclc=1158440816 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114152355/http://www.plants-culture.unimo.it/book/05%20Sadori%20et%20alii.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2013 |ref={{sfnref|Sadori et al. 2009}}}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Akath |last2=Patel |first2=R.K. |last3=Babu |first3=K.D. |last4=De |first4=L.C. |editor-last1=Peter |editor-first1=K.V. |date=2020 |chapter=5. Low Chilling Peaches |title=Underutilized and Underexploited Horticultural Crops |type= |series= |language= |volume=2 |edition= |location=Pitam Pura, New Delhi, India |publisher=New India Publishing Agency |isbn=978-93-89571-66-0 |oclc=1013169774 |ref={{sfnref|Singh et al. 2020}}}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Simoons |first1=Frederick J. |date=1991 |title=Food in China: A Cultural and Historical Inquiry |language=en |location=Boca Raton, Florida |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-8804-0 |oclc=20392910}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Spike |first1=John T. |author-link1=John Spike |date=2010 |chapter=Caravaggio and the Origins of Roman Still Life Painting |editor-last1=De Groft |editor-first1=Aaron H. |editor-link1=Aaron De Groft |title=Caravaggio – Still Life with Fruit on a Stone Ledge |url=http://www.johntspike.com/uploads/CaravaggioFinalText12-23.pdf |language=en |location=Williamsburg, Virginia |publisher=Muscarelle Museum of Art, The College of William and Mary |isbn=978-0-9705725-6-1 |oclc=700941565 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114152349/http://www.johntspike.com/uploads/CaravaggioFinalText12-23.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2013 |access-date=4 January 2025}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Sturrock |first1=Donald |date=2010 |title=Storyteller |url=https://archive.org/details/xstorytellerhbtb0000dona/page/351 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=First |location=London |publisher=HarperPress |isbn=978-0-00-725477-4 |oclc=768248123 |access-date=6 January 2024}}
*{{cite book |last1=Swislocki |first1=Mark |date=2009 |title=Culinary Nostalgia |language=en |location=Stanford, California |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-6012-6 |oclc=609217045}} 
* {{Cite book |last1=Thacker |first1=Christopher |author-link1=Christopher Thacker |date=1985 |orig-date=1979 |title=The History of Gardens |script-title= |trans-title= |title-link= |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofgardens00chri/page/57 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=Paperback |location=Berkeley, California |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05629-9 |oclc=5133474}} 
* {{Cite book <!--Deny Citation Bot-->|last1=Thakur |first1=Disha |last2=Thakur |first2=Kiran |last3=Thakur |first3=Manish |last4=Thakur |first4=Kishore |editor-last1=Rajasekharan |editor-first1=P. E. |editor-last2=Ramanatha Rao |editor-first2=V. |date=2024 |chapter=Peach |title=Fruit and Nut Crops |language=en |location=Singapore |publisher=Springer |pages=99–117 |doi=10.1007/978-981-99-5348-6_3 |eissn=2524-8456 |isbn=978-981-99-5347-9 |issn=2524-8448 |oclc=1429614942 |ref={{sfnref|Thakur et al. 2024}}}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Thomé |first1=Otto Wilhelm |author1-link=Otto Wilhelm Thomé |last2=Migula |first2=Walter |author2-link=Walter Migula |date=1905 |title=Prof. Dr. Thomé's Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz, in Wort und Bild, für Schule und Haus; mit ... Tafeln ... von Walter Müller |trans-title=Prof. Dr. Thomé's Flora of Germany, Austria and Switzerland, in words and pictures, for school and home; with ... Plates ... by Walter Müller |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12307920 |url-status=live |language=de |volume=3 |location=Gera-Untermhaus, German Empire |publisher=F.E. Köhler |oclc=77887721 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310000000/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12307920 |archive-date=10 March 2009 |access-date=4 January 2025}} [https://archive.org/details/floravondeutschl03thom/page/n414 Alt URL]
* {{Cite book |last1=Tresidder |first1=Jack |date=2004 |title=1,001 Symbols: An Illustrated Guide to Imagery and Its Meaning |url=https://archive.org/details/1001symbolsillus0000tres_m0c3/page/n169 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition= |location=San Francisco |publisher=Chronicle Books |isbn=978-0-8118-4282-2 |oclc=52152867 |access-date=5 January 2025}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Valder |first1=Peter |date=1999 |title=Garden Plants of China |url=https://archive.org/details/gardenplantsofch0000vald_t1h6/page/110 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=First |location=Glebe, New South Wales |publisher=Florilegium |isbn=978-1-876314-02-6 |oclc=222405710 |access-date=2 January 2025}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Vaughan |first1=John |author-link1=John Vaughan (plant scientist) |last2=Geissler |first2=Catherine |author-link2=Catherine Geissler |date=2009 |orig-date=1997 |title=The New Oxford Book of Food Plants |url=https://archive.org/details/the-new-oxford-book-of-food-plants-2009-john-vaughan-catherine-geissler/page/82 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=Revised |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-954946-7 |oclc=968502468 |access-date=26 December 2024}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Vos |first1=Ken |date=1997 |title=Symbolism & Simplicity: Korean Art from the Collection of Won-Kyung Cho |url=https://archive.org/details/symbolismsimplic0000vosk/page/23 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition= |location=Leiden, the Netherlands |publisher=Hotei Publishing |isbn=978-90-74822-04-6 |oclc=38855981 |access-date=27 February 2025}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Welsh |first1=Stanley L. |author-link1=Stanley Larson Welsh |last2=Atwood |first2=N. Duane |last3=Goodrich |first3=Sherel |last4=Higgins |first4=Larry C. |date=1987 |title=A Utah Flora |journal=Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs |url=https://archive.org/details/utahflora0000unse/page/538 |url-access=registration |series=Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, No. 9 |issue=9 |language=en |edition=First |location=Provo, Utah |publisher=Brigham Young University |jstor=23377658 |oclc=9986953694 |access-date=18 November 2024}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Yang-mo |first1=Chŏng |last2=Hwi-joon |first2=Ahn |last3=Sŏng-mi |first3=Yi |last4=Lena |first4=Kim |last5=Hongnam |first5=Kim |last6=Youngsook |first6=Pak |last7=Best |first7=Jonathan W. |editor-last1=Smith |editor-first1=Judith G. |chapter= |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access= |title=Arts of Korea |date=1998 |url=https://archive.org/details/artsofkorea0000unse_b5b0/page/310 |language=en |location=New York |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-87099-850-8 |oclc=38831761 |ref={{sfnref|Yang-mo & Smith 1998}}}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Zhang |first1=Bin-Cheng |date=1994 |title=Index of Economically Important Lepidoptera |url=https://archive.org/details/indexofeconomica0000zhan/page/33 |url-access=registration |language=en |location=Wallingford, Connecticut |publisher=CAB International |isbn=978-0-85198-903-7 |oclc=30777644 |access-date=21 January 2025}} 
* {{Cite book |last1=Ziosi |first1=V. |last2=Bregoli |first2=A. M. |last3=Fiori |first3=G. |last4=Noferini |first4=M. |last5=Costa |first5=G. |editor-last1=Ramina |editor-first1=Angelo |editor-last2=Chang |editor-first2=Caren |editor-last3=Giovannoni |editor-first3=Jim |editor-last4=Klee |editor-first4=Harry |editor-last5=Perata |editor-first5=Pierdomenico |editor-last6=Woltering |editor-first6=Ernst |date=2007 |chapter=1-MCP effects on ethylene emission and fruit quality traits of peaches and nectarines |title=Advances in Plant Ethylene Research: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on the Plant Hormone Ethylene |language=en |location=Dordrecht, the Netherlands |publisher=Springer |pages=167–174 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6014-4_38 |isbn=978-1-4020-6014-4 |oclc=191450918 |s2cid=81245874 |ref={{sfnref|Ziosi et al. 2007}}}}
{{Refend}}

==== Journals ====
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Andreotti |first1=Carlo |last2=Ravaglia |first2=Daniela |last3=Ragaini |first3=Alessandro |last4=Costa |first4=Guglielmo |date=August 2008 |title=Phenolic compounds in peach (''Prunus persica'') cultivars at harvest and during fruit maturation |journal=Annals of Applied Biology |language=en |volume=153 |issue=1 |pages=11–23 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-7348.2008.00234.x |ref={{sfnref|Andreotti et al. 2008}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Besler |first1=Matthias |last2=Cuesta Herranz |first2=Javier |last3=Fernández-Rivas |first3=Montserrat |date=2000 |title=Allergen Data Collection: Peach (''Prunus persica'') |url=http://www.food-allergens.de/password/PDF-downloads/complete-data/peach.pdf |journal=Internet Symposium on Food Allergens |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=185–201 |doi= |doi-access= |issn= |jstor= |jstor-access= |pmc= |pmid= |url-access= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121131350/http://www.food-allergens.de/password/PDF-downloads/complete-data/peach.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2024}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Blan |first1=Noah |date=November 2019 |title=Charlemagne's peaches: a case of early medieval European ecological adaptation |journal=Early Medieval Europe |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=521–545 |doi=10.1111/emed.12374}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Cai |first1=Hongfang |last2=Han |first2=Shuai |last3=Jiang |first3=Li |last4=Yu |first4=Mingliang |last5=Ma |first5=Ruijuan |last6=Yu |first6=Zhifang |date=August 2019  |title=1-MCP treatment affects peach fruit aroma metabolism as revealed by transcriptomics and metabolite analyses |journal=Food Research International |language=en |volume=122 |issue= |pages=573–584 |doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2019.01.026 |pmid=31229116 |ref={{sfnref|Cai et al. 2019}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Capparelli |first1=Aylen |last2=Lema |first2=Verónica |last3=Giovannetti |first3=Marco |last4=Raffino |first4=Rodolfo |date=December 2005 |title=The introduction of Old World crops (wheat, barley and peach) in Andean Argentina during the 16th century A.D.: archaeobotanical and ethnohistorical evidence |journal=Vegetation History and Archaeobotany |language=en |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=472–484 |doi=10.1007/s00334-005-0093-8 |issn=0939-6314 |jstor=23419302 |s2cid=129925523 |ref={{sfnref|Capparelli et al. 2005}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Cevallos-Casals |first1=Bolívar A. |last2=Byrne |first2=David |last3=Okie |first3=William R. |last4=Cisneros-Zevallos |first4=Luis |date=May 2006 |title=Selecting new peach and plum genotypes rich in phenolic compounds and enhanced functional properties |journal=Food Chemistry |language=en |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=273–280 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.02.032 |ref={{sfnref|Cevallos-Casals et al. 2006}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Chang |first1=Susan |last2=Tan |first2=Christine |last3=Frankel |first3=Edwin N. |last4=Barrett |first4=Diane M. |date=1 February 2000 |title=Low-density lipoprotein antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds and polyphenol oxidase activity in selected clingstone peach cultivars |url=https://ucanr.edu/sites/Postharvest_Technology_Center_/files/231466.pdf |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |language=en |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=147–151 |doi=10.1021/jf9904564 |pmid=10691607 |access-date=31 December 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414124838/https://ucanr.edu/sites/Postharvest_Technology_Center_/files/231466.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2024 |ref={{sfnref|Chang et al. 2000}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Chunxian |last2=Okie |first2=William R. |last3=Beckman |first3=Thomas G. |date=July 2016 |title=Peach Fruit Set and Buttoning after Spring Frost |journal=HortScience |language=en |volume=51 |issue=7 |pages=816–821 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.51.7.816 |doi-access=free |issn=0018-5345}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Guiwen W. |last2=Crisosto |first2=Carlos H. |date=September 1995 |title=Browning Potential, Phenolic Composition, and Polyphenoloxidase Activity of Buffer Extracts of Peach and Nectarine Skin Tissue |journal=Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science |language=en |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=835–838 |doi=10.21273/JASHS.120.5.835 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Cho |first1=Hye-Jeon |last2=Do |first2=Byung-Kyung |last3=Shim |first3=Soon-Mi |last4=Kwon |first4=Hoonjeong |last5=Lee |first5=Dong-Ha |last6=Nah |first6=Ahn-Hee |last7=Choi |first7=Youn-Ju |last8=Lee |date=30 June 2013 |title=Determination of Cyanogenic Compounds in Edible Plants by Ion Chromatography |journal=Toxicological Research |language=en |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=143–147 |doi=10.5487/TR.2013.29.2.143 |doi-access=free |issn=1976-8257 |pmc=3834451 |pmid=24278641 |ref={{sfnref|Cho et al. 2013}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Crider |first1=Franklin J. |date=26 October 1928 |title=Winter Root Growth of Plants |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1928-10-26_68_1765/page/403 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=68 |issue=1765 |pages=403–404 |doi=10.1126/science.68.1765.403.b |access-date=1 January 2025}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Cuesta-Herranz |first1=J. |last2=Lázaro |first2=M. |last3=de las Heras |first3=M. |last4=Lluch |first4=M. |last5=Figueredo |first5=E. |last6=Umpierrez |first6=A. |last7=Hernandez |first7=J. |last8=Cuesta |first8=C. |date=January 1998 |title=Peach allergy pattern: experience in 70 patients |journal=Allergy |language=en |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=78–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03777.x |pmid=9491233 |issn=0105-4538 |ref={{sfnref|Cuesta‐Herranz et al. 1998}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=European Food Safety Authority |date=2015 |title=The 2013 European Union report on pesticide residues in food |journal=EFSA Journal |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |article-number=4038 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4038 |pmid=40061627 |doi-access=free |pmc=11883121 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Fair |first1=John D. |date=Fall 2002 |title=The Georgia Peach and the Southern Quest for Commercial Equity and Independence, 1843-1861 |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=8968068&site=eds-live&scope=site |journal=The Georgia Historical Quarterly |language=en |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=372–397 |issn=0016-8297 |jstor=40584569 |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 February 2018}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Suk-Hee |last2=Oh |first2=Angela |last3=Shin |first3=Seo-Hee |last4=Kim |first4=Ha-Na |last5=Kang |first5=Woo-Won |last6=Chung |first6=Shin-Kyo |date=30 September 2017 |title=Amygdalin contents in peaches at different fruit development stages |journal=Preventive Nutrition and Food Science |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=237–240 |doi=10.3746/pnf.2017.22.3.237 |doi-access=free |issn=2287-1098 |pmc=5642807 |pmid=29043223 |ref={{sfnref|Lee et al. 2017}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gil |first1=María I. |last2=Tomás-Barberán |first2=Francisco A. |last3=Hess-Pierce |first3=Betty |last4=Kader |first4=Adel A. |date=1 August 2002 |title=Antioxidant capacities, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and vitamin C contents of nectarine, peach, and plum cultivars from California |url=https://ucanr.edu/datastoreFiles/234-25.pdf |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |language=en |volume=50 |issue=17 |pages=4976–4982 |doi=10.1021/jf020136b |pmid=12166993 |access-date=31 December 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705093411/https://ucanr.edu/datastoreFiles/234-25.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2024 |ref={{sfnref|Gil et al. 2002}}}}
* {{cite report |last1=Gilman |first1=Edward F. |last2=Watson |first2=Dennis G. |date=October 1994 |title=Fact Sheet ST-513 – ''Prunus persica'' Peach |url=https://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/PRUPERA.pdf |language=en |publisher=Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida |access-date=1 January 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605210303/https://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/PRUPERA.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2010}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Haase |first1=Ilka |last2=Brüning |first2=Philipp |last3=Matissek |first3=Reinhard |last4=Fischer |first4=Markus |date=10 April 2013 |title=Real-Time PCR Assays for the Quantitation of rDNA from Apricot and Other Plant Species in Marzipan |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |language=en |volume=61 |issue=14 |pages=3414–3418 |doi=10.1021/jf3052175 |issn=1520-5118 |pmid=23495652 |ref={{sfnref|Haase et al. 2013}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Holland-Lulewicz |first1=Jacob |last2=Thompson |first2=Victor |last3=Thompson |first3=Amanda Roberts |last4=Butler |first4=RaeLynn |last5=Chavez |first5=Dario J. |last6=Franklin |first6=Jay |last7=Hunt |first7=Turner |last8=Williams |first8=Mark |last9=Worth |first9=John |date=20 September 2024 |title=The initial spread of peaches across eastern North America was structured by Indigenous communities and ecologies |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-52597-8.pdf |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |article-number=8245 (2024) |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-52597-8 |pmid=39304659 |doi-access=free |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=11415391 |access-date=28 December 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925234433/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-52597-8.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2024 |ref={{sfnref|Holland-Lulewicz et al. 2024}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Infante |first1=Rodrigo |last2=Contador |first2=Loreto |last3=Rubio |first3=Pía |last4=Aros |first4=Danilo |last5=Peña-Neira |first5=Álvaro |date=September 2011 |title=Postharvest Sensory and Phenolic Characterization of 'Elegant Lady' and 'Carson' Peaches |url=https://www.scielo.cl/pdf/chiljar/v71n3/at16.pdf |journal=Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research |language=en |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=445–451 |no-pp= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |bibcode-access= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi=10.4067/S0718-58392011000300016 |doi-access=free |issn=0718-5839 |access-date=31 December 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711213119/http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/chiljar/v71n3/at16.pdf |archive-date=11 July 2012 |ref={{sfnref|Infante et al. 2011}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Jett |first1=Stephen C. |date=1977 |title=History of Fruit Tree Raising among the Navajo |journal=Agricultural History |language=en |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=681–701 |issn=0002-1482 |jstor=3741756}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Johannsmeier |first1=M.F. |date=2016 |editor-last1=Steenkamp |editor-first1=Yolande |title=Beeplants of South Africa: Sources of Nectar, Pollen, Honeydew and Propolis for Honeybees |url=https://archive.org/details/beeplantsofsouth37mfjo/page/34 |series=Strelitzia, 37 |language=en |edition=First |location=Pretoria, South Africa |publisher=South African National Biodiversity Institute |isbn=978-1-928224-17-4 |oclc=967504353 |access-date=15 January 2025}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kadasa |first1=Naif M. |last2=Metwali |first2=Ehab M. R. |last3=Soliman |first3=Hemaid I. A. |last4=Alshehri |first4=Wafa A. |date=March 2022 |title=Creation of borer pests resistance genetically engineering peach (''Prunus persica'' L.) plants by constitutively overexpressing the cry1Ab gene |journal=Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture |language=en |volume=148 |issue=3 |pages=465–477 |doi=10.1007/s11240-021-02198-w |ref={{sfnref|Kadasa et al. 2022}} }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ramzan |first1=Muhammad |last2=Pang |first2=Tianyuan |last3=Shi |first3=Longfei |last4=Naeem-Ullah |first4=Unsar |last5=Saeed |first5=Shafqat |last6=Zhang |first6=Tiantao |last7=Panhwar |first7=Waheed Ali |last8=Zhang |first8=Yongjun |date=9 July 2024 |title=Bio-ecology and management approaches of yellow peach moth, ''Conogethes punctiferalis'' (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) |url=https://www.eje.cz/pdfs/eje/2024/01/25.pdf |journal=European Journal of Entomology |language=en |volume=121 |pages=234–251 |doi=10.14411/eje.2024.025 |doi-access=free |eissn=1802-8829 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113175634/https://www.eje.cz/pdfs/eje/2024/01/25.pdf |archive-date=13 January 2025 |access-date=13 January 2025 |ref={{sfnref|Ramzan et al. 2024}} }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=McVaugh |first1=Rogers |author-link1=Rogers McVaugh |date=10 December 1951 |title=A Revision of the North American Black Cherries (''Prunus Serotina'' Ehrh., and Relatives) |journal=Brittonia |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=279–315 |doi=10.2307/2804698 |jstor=2804698 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Pound |first1=Louise |author-link1=Louise Pound |date=February 1920 |title="Stunts" in Language |journal=The English Journal |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=88–95 |doi=10.2307/802441 |doi-access=free |jstor=802441 |jstor-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Shi |first1=Shuo |last2=Li |first2=Jinlu |last3=Sun |first3=Jiahui |last4=Yu |first4=Jing |last5=Zhou |first5=Shiliang |date=November 2013 |title=Phylogeny and classification of ''Prunus sensu lato'' (Rosaceae) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255954651 |journal=Journal of Integrative Plant Biology |language=en |volume=55 |issue=11 |pages=1069–1079 |no-pp= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |bibcode-access= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi=10.1111/jipb.12095 |issn=1744-7909 |pmid=23945216 |via=ResearchGate |access-date=28 December 2024 |ref={{sfnref|Shi et al. 2013}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Sánchez |first1=Gerardo |last2=Besada |first2=Cristina |last3=Badenes |first3=María Luisa |last4=Monforte |first4=Antonio José |last5=Granell |first5=Antonio |date=22 June 2012 |editor1-last=Bennett |editor1-first=Malcolm |title=A Non-Targeted Approach Unravels the Volatile Network in Peach Fruit |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=7 |issue=6 |article-number=e38992 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0038992 |pmid=22761719 |doi-access=free |ref={{sfnref|Sánchez et al. 2012}}|hdl=10261/58898 |hdl-access=free |pmc=3382205 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Spence |first1=Charles |title=''Prunus persica'' in science, literature and art |journal=Nature Food |date=16 May 2022 |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=383–384 |doi=10.1038/s43016-022-00517-8 |pmid=37117568 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Su |first1=Tao |last2=Wilf |first2=Peter |last3=Huang |first3=Yongjiang |last4=Zhang |first4=Shitao |last5=Zhou |first5=Zhekun |date=26 November 2015 |title=Peaches Preceded Humans: Fossil Evidence from SW China |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=5 |article-number=16794 (2015) |doi=10.1038/srep16794 |pmid=26610240 |doi-access=free |ref={{sfnref|Su et al. 2015}}|pmc=4660870 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Szalay |first1=Laszlo |last2=Papp |first2=J. |last3=Szabó |first3=Zoltán |date=October 2000 |title=Evaluation of Frost Tolerance of Peach Varieties in Artificial Freezing Tests |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287844467 |journal=Acta Horticulturae |language=en |issue=538 |pages=407–410 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2000.538.71 |access-date=28 December 2024}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |date=20 January 2010 |title=Still Life With Peaches |journal=JAMA |language=en |volume=303 |issue=3 |page=203 |doi=10.1001/jama.2009.1853 |pmid=20085943}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Trainotti |first1=Livio |last2=Tadiello |first2=Alice |last3=Casadoro |first3=Giorgio |date=September 2007 |title=The involvement of auxin in the ripening of climacteric fruits comes of age: the hormone plays a role of its own and has an intense interplay with ethylene in ripening peaches |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |language=en |volume=58 |issue=12 |pages=3299–3308 |doi=10.1093/jxb/erm178 |doi-access=free |pmid=17925301|hdl=11577/2471631 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Vendramin |first1=Elisa |last2=Pea |first2=Giorgio |last3=Dondini |first3=Luca |last4=Pacheco |first4=Igor |last5=Dettori |first5=Maria Teresa |last6=Gazza |first6=Laura |last7=Scalabrin |first7=Simone |last8=Strozzi |first8=Francesco |last9=Tartarini |first9=Stefano |last10=Bassi |first10=Daniele |last11=Verde |first11=Ignazio |last12=Rossini |first12=Laura |date=3 March 2014 |editor1-last=Peace |editor1-first=Cameron |title=A Unique Mutation in a MYB Gene Cosegregates with the Nectarine Phenotype in Peach |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |article-number=e90574 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...990574V |bibcode-access= |citeseerx= |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0090574 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3940905 |pmid=24595269 |ref={{sfnref|Vendramin et al. 2014}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Verde |first1=Ignazio |last2=Abbott |first2=Albert G |last3=Scalabrin |first3=Simone |last4=Jung |first4=Sook |last5=Shu |first5=Shengqiang |last6=Marroni |first6=Fabio |last7=Zhebentyayeva |first7=Tatyana |last8=Dettori |first8=Maria Teresa |last9=Grimwood |first9=Jane |last10=Cattonaro |first10=Federica |last11=Zuccolo |first11=Andrea |last12=Rossini |first12=Laura |last13=Jenkins |first13=Jerry |last14=Vendramin |first14=Elisa |last15=Meisel |first15=Lee A |last16=Decroocq |first16=Veronique |last17=Sosinski |first17=Bryon |last18=Prochnik |first18=Simon |last19=Mitros |first19=Therese |last20=Policriti |first20=Alberto |last21=Cipriani |first21=Guido |last22=Dondini |first22=Luca |last23=Ficklin |first23=Stephen |last24=Goodstein |first24=David M |last25=Xuan |first25=Pengfei |last26=Fabbro |first26=Cristian Del |last27=Aramini |first27=Valeria |last28=Copetti |first28=Dario |last29=Gonzalez |first29=Susana |last30=Horner |first30=David S |last31=Falchi |first31=Rachele |last32=Lucas |first32=Susan |last33=Mica |first33=Erica |last34=Maldonado |first34=Jonathan |last35=Lazzari |first35=Barbara |last36=Bielenberg |first36=Douglas |last37=Pirona |first37=Raul |last38=Miculan |first38=Mara |last39=Barakat |first39=Abdelali |last40=Testolin |first40=Raffaele |last41=Stella |first41=Alessandra |last42=Tartarini |first42=Stefano |last43=Tonutti |first43=Pietro |last44=Arús |first44=Pere |last45=Orellana |first45=Ariel |last46=Wells |first46=Christina |last47=Main |first47=Dorrie |last48=Vizzotto |first48=Giannina |last49=Silva |first49=Herman |last50=Salamini |first50=Francesco |last51=Schmutz |first51=Jeremy |last52=Morgante |first52=Michele |last53=Rokhsar |first53=Daniel S |display-authors=12 |date=May 2013 |title=The high-quality draft genome of peach (''Prunus persica'') identifies unique patterns of genetic diversity, domestication and genome evolution |journal=Nature Genetics |language=en |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=487–494 |doi=10.1038/ng.2586 |doi-access=free |hdl=2434/218547 |hdl-access=free |pmid=23525075 |ref={{sfnref|Verde et al. 2013}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Yu |first1=Yang |last2=Fu |first2=Jun |last3=Xu |first3=Yaoguang |last4=Zhang |first4=Jiewei |last5=Ren |first5=Fei |last6=Zhao |first6=Hongwei |last7=Tian |first7=Shilin |last8=Guo |first8=Wei |last9=Tu |first9=Xiaolong |last10=Zhao |first10=Jing |last11=Jiang |first11=Dawei |last12=Zhao |first12=Jianbo |last13=Wu |first13=Weiying |last14=Wang |first14=Gaochao |last15=Ma |first15=Rongcai |last16=Jiang |first16=Quan |last17=Wei |first17=Jianhua |last18=Xie |first18=Hua |date=20 December 2018 |title=enome re-sequencing reveals the evolutionary history of peach fruit edibility |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |article-number=5404 (2018) |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-07744-3 |pmid=30573726 |doi-access=free |ref={{sfnref|Yu et al. 2018}}|pmc=6302090 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Zheng |first1=Yunfei |last2=Crawford |first2=Gary W. |last3=Chen |first3=Xugao |date=5 September 2014 |title=Archaeological Evidence for Peach (''Prunus persica'') Cultivation and Domestication in China |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=9 |issue=9 |article-number=e106595 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0106595 |pmid=25192436 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203|pmc=4156326 }}
{{Refend}}

==== News sources ====
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Clark |first1=John |date=March 2013 |title=Fresh & Local |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=86164618&site=eds-live&scope=site |url-access=subscription |magazine=FMCG |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=20–21 |issn=1175-8279 |access-date=30 December 2024 |via=EBSCOhost |quote= "Sill available will be the later varieties mainly from the South Island – Omega and Songold plums; Fantasia and Summer Blush nectarines; Genevive and Southern Cross apricots; Peacherines;..."}}
* {{cite news |last1=Shimabukuro |first1=Betty |date=7 July 2004 |title=Mixed marriages: Cross-pollination produces fruit "children" that aren't quite the same as mom and dad |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2004/07/07/features/story1.html |url-status=live |work=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302215633/http://archives.starbulletin.com/2004/07/07/features/story1.html |archive-date=2 March 2012 |access-date=8 January 2014}}
* {{Cite news |last1=Sturmer |first1=Jake |last2=Asada |first2=Yumi|date=17 July 2020 |title=Japan is home to the world's sweetest peach, and it just happens to grow in Fukushima |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-07-18/the-worlds-most-expensive-and-sweetest-peach-is-in-fukushima/12440818 |url-status=live |work=ABC News (Australia) |language=en-AU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207194521/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-07-18/the-worlds-most-expensive-and-sweetest-peach-is-in-fukushima/12440818 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=18 July 2020}}
{{Refend}}

==== Web sources ====
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite web |last1=Adaskaveg |first1=J.E. |last2=Duncan |first2=R.A. |last3=Day |first3=K.R. |date=2015 |url=http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r540100311.html |title=UC Pest Management Guidelines for Peach Leaf Curl on Nectarine |website= Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program |publisher=[[UC Davis]] |language=en |access-date=3 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119030447/http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r540100311.html |archive-date=19 January 2016}}
* {{Cite web |last1=ARS |date=1 April 2019 |url=https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/327357/nutrients |title=Nectarines, raw |department=Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center |website=FoodData Central |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture |agency= |language=en |access-date=31 December 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231173654/https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/327357/nutrients |archive-date=31 December 2024 |ref={{sfnref|ARS 2019a}}}}
* {{Cite web |last1=ARS |date=1 April 2019 |url=https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/325430/nutrients |title=Peaches, yellow, raw |department=Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center |website=FoodData Central |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture |agency= |language=en |access-date=31 December 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231173654/https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/327357/nutrients |archive-date=31 December 2024 |ref={{sfnref|ARS 2019b}}}}
* {{Cite web |last1=Atkinson |first1=Fiona S. |last2=Foster-Powell |first2=Kaye |last3=Brand-Miller |first3=Jennie C. |date=27 August 2015 |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/glycemic_index_and_glycemic_load_for_100_foods |title=Glycemic index and glycemic load for 100+ foods |website=Harvard Health Publications |publisher=Harvard University School of Medicine |language=en |access-date=26 April 2017 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425133931/http://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/glycemic_index_and_glycemic_load_for_100_foods |archive-date=25 April 2017}}
* {{cite web |last1=Dolan |first1=Susan |last2=Wytsalucy |first2=Reagan |last3=Lyons |first3=Keith |date=4 April 2024 |orig-date=22 June 2022 |title=How a Navajo Scientist Is Helping to Restore Traditional Peach Horticulture |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/how-a-navajo-scientist-is-helping-to-restore-traditional-peach-horticulture.htm |website=National Park Service |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105235717/https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/how-a-navajo-scientist-is-helping-to-restore-traditional-peach-horticulture.htm |archive-date=5 January 2025 |access-date=8 January 2025}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |title=Production of peaches and nectarines in 2023; Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity (from pick lists) |last1=FAOSTAT |date=2024 |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) |publisher=United Nations, Food and Agricultural Organization, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) |language=en |access-date=30 December 2024}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.uri.edu/ce/factsheets/sheets/peaches.html |title=Peach and Nectarine Culture |last1=Gao |first1=Gary |date=2000 |website=Green Share Factsheets |publisher=University of Rhode Island |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114152342/http://www.uri.edu/ce/factsheets/sheets/peaches.html |archive-date=14 January 2013}}
* {{Cite web <!--Deny Citation Bot-->|last1=Given |first1=David Roger |last2=Webb |first2=Colin James |last3=Sykes |first3=William Russell |last4=Macmillan |first4=Bryony Hope |date=2024 |orig-date=1988 |url=https://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/taxa/9f4149ed-b413-4223-a934-d7b884dbcc66 |title=''Prunus persica'' (L.) Batsch |website=Flora of New Zealand Series |publisher=Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research |location=Lincoln, New Zealand |language=en |isbn=978-0-477-02529-4 |oclc=7925748 |access-date=21 December 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221172533/https://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/taxa/9f4149ed-b413-4223-a934-d7b884dbcc66 |archive-date=21 December 2024 |ref={{sfnref|Given et al. 2024}}}}
* {{cite web |last1=Gorsuch |first1=Clyde S. |last2=Scott |first2=Janet McLeod |date=7 June 2021 |editor-last1=Blaauw |editor-first1=Brett |editor-last2=Schnabel |editor-first2=Guido |editor-last3=Williamson |editor-first3=Joey |title=HGIC 2210 - Peach Insect Pests |url=https://hgic.clemson.edu/factsheet/peach-insect-pests/ |website=Clemson Cooperative Extension - Home & Garden Information Center |language=en |publisher=Clemson University |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007113548/https://hgic.clemson.edu/factsheet/peach-insect-pests/ |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=13 January 2025}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Prunus~persica |title=''Prunus persica'' (L.) Batsch |last1=Harden |first1=G.J. |last2=Rodd |first2=A.N. |date=n.d. |website=PlantNET - New South Wales Flora Online |publisher=National Herbarium of NSW, Royal Botanic Garden |location=Sydney, Australia |language=en |access-date=20 December 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215194735/https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Prunus~persica |archive-date=15 December 2024}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8396.pdf |title=Fruit and Nut Varieties for Low-Elevation Sierra Foothills |last1=Hasey |first1=Janine |date=November 2009 |website=University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources |language=en |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612035359/http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8396.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2010}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.worldplants.de/ |title=Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. Version 24.9 |last1=Hassler |first1=Michael |website=World Plants |access-date=29 September 2024 |language=en |date=19 September 2024 |ref={{sfnref|Hassler 2024}}}}
* {{Cite web |last1=Janick |first1=Jules |date=n.d. |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop%20/Hort_306/reading/Reading%2040-1.pdf |title=Caravaggio's Fruit: A Mirror on Baroque Horticulture |website=NewCROP (New Crops Resource Online Program) |publisher=Purdue University |language=en |access-date=24 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114151216/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop%20/Hort_306/reading/Reading%2040-1.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2013}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/fruit-nut/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2015/04/peaches_2015.pdf |title=EHT-022 Texas Fruit and Nut Production: Peaches |last1=Kamas |first1=Jim |last2=Stein |first2=Larry |last3=Nesbitt |first3=Monte |date=2015 |website=Agrilife Extension |series= |publisher=Texas A&M |language=en  |access-date=22 November 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414225651/https://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/fruit-nut/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2015/04/peaches_2015.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2024 |ref={{sfnref|Kamas Stein Nesbitt 2015}}}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.ent.uga.edu/peach/peachhbk/pdf/physiology.pdf |title=Peach tree Physiology |last1=Lockwood |first1=David W. |last2=Coston |first2=D.C. |date=2007 |publisher=University of Georgia |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610090104/http://www.ent.uga.edu/peach/peachhbk/pdf/physiology.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2010}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200010618 |title=''Amygdalus persica'' |last1=Lingdi |first1=Lu (Lu Ling-ti) |last2=Bartholomew |first2=Bruce |date=2003 |editor-last1=Wu |editor-first1=Z.Y. |editor-last2=Raven |editor-first2=P.H. |editor-last3=Hong |editor-first3=D.Y. |website=Flora of China @ efloras.org |language=en |access-date=17 December 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212001702/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200010618 |archive-date=12 February 2024}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/planting-and-early-care-of-the-peach-orchard.html?Forwarded=pods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-1026/HLA-6244web.pdf/ |title=Planting and Early Care of the Peach Orchard |last1=Carroll |first1=Becky |date=February 2017 |website=OSU Extension |publisher=Oklahoma State University |language=en |access-date=29 December 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108034731/http://pods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-1026/HLA-6244web.pdf/ |archive-date=8 November 2017}}
* {{cite web |last1=Mackie |first1=Matt |date=2 November 2018 |title=Is Georgia really the Peach State? |url=https://wgxa.tv/news/local/is-georgia-really-the-peach-state |website=WGXA News |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407164554/https://wgxa.tv/news/local/is-georgia-really-the-peach-state |archive-date=7 April 2023 |access-date=29 May 2019}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://extension.umaine.edu/publications/2068e/ |title=Bulletin #2068, Growing Peaches in Maine |last1=Moran |first1=Renae |date=2014 |website=Cooperative Extension Publications |publisher=University of Maine |language=en |access-date=25 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826105737/http://umaine.edu/publications/2068e/ |archive-date=26 August 2015}}
* {{Cite web |last1=Navarro Villa |first1=P. |date=2 October 2024 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1007844/fresh-peaches-nectarines-production-latin-america-county/ |url-access=subscription |title=Latin America and the Caribbean: peach and nectarine production 2023, by country |website=Statista |language=en |access-date=31 December 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231165611/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1007844/fresh-peaches-nectarines-production-latin-america-county/ |archive-date=31 December 2024}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-clinton-sullivan-campaign-of-1779.htm |title=The Clinton-Sullivan Campaign of 1779 |last1=NPS Staff |date=2020 |website=Fort Stanwix National Monument |series=The Military History of Fort Schuyler |publisher=National Park Service |language=en |access-date=7 November 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107223102/https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-clinton-sullivan-campaign-of-1779.htm |archive-date=7 November 2023}}
* {{cite usda plants|symbol=PRPE3 |title=Prunus persica |date=5 October 2024 |ref={{sfnref|NRCS 2024}}}}
* {{Cite web |last1=Okie |first1=W.R. |date=2005 |url=http://www.ent.uga.edu/peach/peachhbk/preplant/varieties.pdf |title=Varieties – Peaches |publisher=University of Georgia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114152347/http://www.ent.uga.edu/peach/peachhbk/preplant/varieties.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2013}}
* {{cite web |last1=Okie |first1=William Thomas |date=14 August 2017 |title=The Fuzzy History of the Georgia Peach |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/fuzzy-history-georgia-peach-180964490/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807051416/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/fuzzy-history-georgia-peach-180964490/ |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=8 January 2025}} 
* {{cite web <!--Deny Citation Bot-->|url=http://floranorthamerica.org/Prunus |title=''Prunus'' |last1=Rohrer |first1=Joseph R. |date=5 November 2020 |website=[[Flora of North America]] |language=en |access-date=28 December 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905203046/http://floranorthamerica.org/Prunus |archive-date=5 September 2024 |ref={{sfnref|Rohrer 2020a}}}}
* {{cite web <!--Deny Citation Bot-->|url=http://floranorthamerica.org/Prunus_persica |title=''Prunus persica'' |last1=Rohrer |first1=Joseph R. |date=5 November 2020 |website=[[Flora of North America]] |language=en |access-date=28 December 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418015101/http://floranorthamerica.org/Prunus_persica |archive-date=18 April 2024 |ref={{sfnref|Rohrer 2020b}}}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://food.oregonstate.edu/faq/uffva/nectarine2.html |title=Frequently Asked Questions |last1=Seelig |first1=R.A. |last2=Fogle |first2=Harold W. |last3=Hesse |first3=Claron O. |date=22 May 2007 |orig-date=1971 |website=Food Resource |publisher=Oregon State University |language=en |access-date=28 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714065820/http://food.oregonstate.edu/faq/uffva/nectarine2.html |archive-date=14 July 2008}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.historynet.com/navajos-will-never-forget-1864-scorched-earth-campaign/ |title=Navajos Will Never Forget the 1864 Scorched-Earth Campaign |last1=Sumrak |first1=Dennis |date=15 August 2017 |website=History Net |language=en |access-date=28 December 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624075435/https://www.historynet.com/navajos-will-never-forget-1864-scorched-earth-campaign/ |archive-date=24 June 2024}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/peaches |title=Peaches |last1=Taylor |first1=Kathryn C. |date=26 September 2018 |orig-date=15 August 2003 |website=New Georgia Encyclopedia |publisher=Georgia Humanities, University of Georgia Press |language=en |access-date=30 December 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226175728/https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/peaches/ |archive-date=26 December 2024}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://chge.med.harvard.edu/programs/food/nutrition.html |title=Healthy and Sustainable Food |author1=<!--Not stated--> |date=2010 |website=The Center for Health and the Global Environment |publisher=Harvard Medical School |language=en |access-date=24 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211191254/http://chge.med.harvard.edu/programs/food/nutrition.html |archive-date=11 February 2012 |ref={{sfnref|Harvard Center for Health 2010}}}}
* {{Cite OED|Nectarine, Adj. & N. (2)|5327466125 |ref={{sfnref|OED 2025a}}}}
* {{Cite OED|Nectarine, N. (1)|1154557334 |ref={{sfnref|OED 2025b}}}}
* {{Cite OED|Peach|8560354383 |ref={{sfnref|OED 2025c}}}}
* {{Cite OED|Peach State, N.|9556213713 |ref={{sfnref|OED 2025d}}}}
* {{cite POWO |id=1212858-2 |title=''Prunus persica'' (L.) Batsch |access-date=28 September 2024 |ref={{sfnref|POWO 2024}}}}
* {{cite web |url=https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/prunus-persica/ |title=''Prunus persica'' (Common Peach, Peach)|website=North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox |publisher=North Carolina State University |language=en |access-date=3 October 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613101333/https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/prunus-persica/ |archive-date=13 June 2024 |ref={{sfnref|NC State Extension}}}}
* {{Cite WFO |title=''Prunus persica'' (L.) Batsch |id=0001005418 |access-date=29 September 2024 |ref={{sfnref|WFO 2024}}}}
* {{cite web |title=''Prunus persica'' (Linnaeus) Batsch |url=https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/8872 |website=Database of Canadian Vascular Plants (VASCAN) |access-date=5 October 2024 |ref={{sfnref|VASCAN 2024}}}}
* {{cite web |last1=<!-- not stated --> |date=2018 |title=State Fruit |url=http://sos.ga.gov/state_symbols/state_fruit.htm |website=Georgia State Symbols |language=en |publisher=Georgia Secretary of State |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529182638/http://sos.ga.gov/state_symbols/state_fruit.htm |archive-date=29 May 2019 |access-date=29 May 2019 |ref={{sfnref|Georgia Secretary of State 2018}}}}
* {{cite web |last1=<!-- not stated --> |date=6 February 2014 |title=State Fruit of Alabama |url=https://archives.alabama.gov/emblems/st_fruit.html |website=Official Symbols and Emblems of Alabama |language=en |publisher= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129092156/https://archives.alabama.gov/emblems/st_fruit.html |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=12 January 2025 |ref={{sfnref|ADAH 2014a}} }}
* {{cite web |last1=<!-- not stated --> |date=6 February 2014 |title=State Tree Fruit of Alabama |url=http://www.archives.state.al.us/emblems/st_treefruit.html |website=Official Symbols and Emblems of Alabama |language=en |publisher= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130161527/https://archives.alabama.gov/emblems/st_treefruit.html |archive-date=30 November 2020 |access-date=12 January 2025 |ref={{sfnref|ADAH 2014b}} }}
* {{cite web |last1=GIC |date=2018 |title=Facts & Symbols |url=https://delaware.gov/guides/facts/ |website=Delaware.gov |language=en |publisher=Government Information Center |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220061833/https://delaware.gov/guides/facts/ |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=13 January 2025}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* Okie, William Thomas. ''The Georgia Peach: Culture, Agriculture, and Environment in the American South'' (Cambridge Studies on the American South, 2016).

== External links ==
{{Commons category multi|Peaches|Prunus persica}}
{{Wikispecies|Prunus persica}}
* {{PFAF|Prunus persica}}
* [https://nchfp.uga.edu/how/freeze/fruits/freezing-peaches-or-nectarines/ National Center for Home Food Preservation—Freezing Peaches or Nectarines]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121011063802/http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/prpe3.htm Bioimages.vanderbilt.edu – ''Prunus persica'' images]
* [https://www.clemson.edu/peach Clemson.edu: Everything About Peaches]

{{Peaches}}
{{US state flowers}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q13189}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Crops originating from China]]
[[Category:Flora of China|Flora of China]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in East Asia]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Peaches]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Prunus]]
[[Category:Drupes]]
[[Category:Fruit trees]]
[[Category:Symbols of Alabama]]
[[Category:Symbols of Georgia (U.S. state)]]