View source for Pedro de Valdivia

{{short description|Spanish conquistador}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = ''[[Adelantado]]''
| name                = Pedro De Valdivia
| image               = Pedro de Valdivia.jpg
| caption             = Posthumous portrait by [[Federico de Madrazo]]
| order               = 1st and 3rd [[Royal Governor of Chile]]
| term_start          = June 10, 1540
| term_end            = December 1547
| monarch             = [[Charles I of Spain]]
| predecessor         = ''Office established''
| successor           = [[Francisco de Villagra]]
| term_start2         = July 20, 1549
| term_end2           = December 25, 1553
| monarch2            = [[Charles I of Spain]]
| primeminister2      = [[Pedro de la Gasca]]
| predecessor2        = [[Francisco de Villagra]]
| successor2          = [[Francisco de Villagra]]
| order3              = 2nd ''[[Adelantado]]'' of [[Governorate of Terra Australis|Terra Australis]]
| term_start3         = August 2, 1540
| term_end3           = December 25, 1553
| monarch3            = [[Charles I of Spain]]
| predecessor3        = [[Pedro Sancho de la Hoz]]
| successor3          = [[Jerónimo de Alderete]]
| birth_date          = April 17, 1497
| birth_place         = [[Villanueva de la Serena]], [[Extremadura]], [[Spain]]
| death_date          = December 25, 1553 (aged 56)
| death_place         = near [[Cañete, Chile|Fort Tucapel]], [[Captaincy General of Chile|Chile]]
| spouse              = [[Marina Ortíz de Gaete]]
| children            = 
| profession          = <!--Military service-->
| nickname            = 
| allegiance          = {{flag|Spanish Empire|name=Spain}}
| branch              = 
| serviceyears        = 1520–1553
| rank                = [[Captain General]]
| unit                = 
| commands            = 
| battles             = {{Tree list}}
* [[Revolt of the Comuneros|Comuneros Revolt]]
* [[Italian Wars]]
** [[Battle of Pavia]]
** [[Sack of Rome (1527)|Sack of Rome]]
*[[Colonial Venezuela|Colonization of Venezuela]]
*[[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire|Conquest of Peru]]
** [[Battle of Las Salinas]]
** [[Battle of Jaquijahuana|Battle of Xaquixahuana]]
* [[Arauco War]]
** [[Battle of Quilacura]]
** [[Battle of Andalien]]
** [[Battle of Penco]]
** [[Battle of Tucapel]] {{executed}}
{{tree list/end}}
| awards              = 
| military_blank1     = 
| military_data1      = 
| military_blank2     = 
| military_data2      = 
| military_blank3     = 
| military_data3      = 
| military_blank4     = 
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| military_blank5     = 
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}}
'''Pedro Gutiérrez de Valdivia''' or Valdiva ({{IPA|es|ˈpeðɾo ðe βalˈdiβja}}; April 17, 1497 – December 25, 1553<ref>Dates sometimes given as 1510 – 1569, i.e. Robert Chambers "Book of Days" (1868)</ref>) was a Spanish ''[[conquistador]]'' and the first Governor of [[Captaincy General of Chile|Colonial Chile]]. After having served with the [[Spain|Spanish]] army in [[Italy]] and [[Flanders]], he was sent to [[South America]] in 1535, where he served as a soldier under the [[Pizarro brothers]] in [[Peru]], gradually rising in power.

In 1540, Valdivia led an expedition of 150 Spaniards and 1,000 [[Indigenous peoples of Peru|Peruvian Indians]] into Chile, where he defeated a large force of indigenous warriors and founded [[Santiago]] in 1541. He extended Spanish rule south to the [[Biobío River]] in 1546, fought again in Peru (1546–1548), and returned to Chile as Royal Governor in 1549. In 1550, he expanded Spanish rule further south into [[Araucanía (historic region)|Araucanía]], where he founded the city of [[Concepción, Chile|Concepción]]<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Concepción (Chile) |display=Concepción |volume=6 |page=824}}</ref> and the eponymous city of [[Valdivia]]. He was captured and killed by [[Mapuche]] Indians during the [[Arauco War]] in 1553.

==Early life as soldier in Europe and arrival in the Americas==
Pedro de Valdivia is believed to have been born in [[Villanueva de la Serena]]<ref name="Góngora">
{{cite book
 |title  = Historia de Todas las Cosas que han Acaecido en el Reino de Chile y de los que lo han gobernado (1536–1575)
 |last   = Góngora Marmolejo
 |first  = Alonso de
 |author-link=Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo
 |language=es |chapter=XIV 
 |year = 1960
 |quote  = Era Valdivia, cuando murió, de edad de cincuenta y seis años, natural de un lugar de Extremadura pequeño, llamado Castuera. 
 |url    = http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaObra.html?Ref=1102&portal=157
}}</ref> 
(some say [[Castuera]]) in [[Extremadura]],<ref name="Góngora2">
{{cite book
 |title  = Historia de Todas las Cosas que han Acaecido en el Reino de Chile y de los que lo han gobernado (1536–1575)
 |last   = Góngora Marmolejo
 |first  = Alonso de
 |author-link=Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo
 |language=es |chapter=III 
 |year = 1960
 |quote    = ...por ser de su tierra de Extremadura como por tener práctica de guerra de cristianos, la cual había adquirido y seguido en tiempo del marqués de Pescara en la compañía del capitán Herrera, natural de Valladolid, sobre la diferencia y competencia que se tuvo con el rey Francisco de Francia sobre el Estado de Milán. 
 |url      = http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaObra.html?Ref=1102&portal=157
}}</ref> [[Spain]], around 1500 (some sources put his date of birth as early as 1497 or as late as 1505) to an impoverished [[Hidalgo (Spanish nobility)|hidalgo]] family. In 1520 a civil war broke out in Castile, the [[Revolt of the Comuneros]], and Valdivia joined the royalist army of King [[Charles I of Spain|Charles I]]. He later fought in [[Flanders]] in 1521 and Italy between 1522 and 1527, participating in the [[Battle of Pavia]] as part of the troops of the [[Fernando d'Avalos|Marquis of Pescara]]. In May 1527, Valdivia was involved in the [[Sack of Rome (1527)|sack of Rome]] as a member of Charles I's mutinous mercenary army.

Valdivia sailed with a Spanish military force to [[South America]] in 1535. He first arrived in present-day [[Venezuela]] and stayed there for one year.<ref name=Valdivia>
{{cite book
 |title  = Carta a sus apoderados en la corte
 |last   = Valdivia
 |first  = Pedro de 
 |date   =October 15, 1550
 |language=es 
 |quote  = ...Dar relación de cómo pasé a estas partes de Indias, año de quinientos e treinta e cinco, y me hallé en el descubrimiento e conquista de Venezuela un año. Dar relación cómo el año adelante de quinientos e treinta y seis pasé a las provincias del Perú...
 |url    = http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/12593842001258285209068/index.htm
}}</ref>During his time there, he likely fought against the [[Kalina people|Carib]] Indians, who were known for being warlike.

Valdivia traveled south to [[Peru]] in 1537. During this time, there was a civil war between the Spanish colonists in Peru, with one faction led by [[Francisco Pizarro]] and the other faction led by [[Diego de Almagro]]. Valdivia sided with Pizarro's faction and helped them defeat Almagro at the [[Battle of Las Salinas]] in 1538.<ref name=Prescott>Prescott, W.H., 2011, The History of the Conquest of Peru, Digireads.com Publishing, {{ISBN|9781420941142}}</ref>{{rp|264}} Afterwards, Valdivia accompanied [[Hernando Pizarro|Hernando]] and [[Gonzalo Pizarro]] on an expedition to conquer High Peru (later known as [[Bolivia]]). As a reward for helping the [[Pizarro brothers]], Valdivia was given an [[encomienda]] property with a silver mine in [[Potosí]]. This large silver mine that Valdivia owned made him a very rich man.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Hugh |url=https://books.google.com/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=ig0ClG-TZUAC&q=Pedro+de+Valdivia#v=onepage&q=Pedro%20de%20Valdivia&f=false |title=The Golden Empire: Spain, Charles V, and the Creation of America |date=2011-08-23 |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-58836-904-8 |language=en}}</ref>

Valdivia had married [[Marina Ortíz de Gaete]] in Spain.<ref name="Mariño">{{cite book |title=Crónica del Reino de Chile |last=Mariño de Lobera |first=Pedro |author-link=Pedro Mariño de Lobera |language=es |chapter=XLIV |year=1960 |quote=...fué casado con una señora llamada doña Marina Ortiz de Gaete, en Salamanca |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/13582842323460728544424/index.htm}}</ref> In Peru he became attached to [[Inés de Suárez]], a Spanish widow who accompanied him to Chile as his mistress.

==Expedition to Chile==
[[Image:PDEValdivia.JPG|thumb|left|Alonso de Ovalle's 1646 engraving of Pedro de Valdivia.]]

After the failure of the expedition of Diego de Almagro in 1536, the lands to the south of Peru (then known as ''Nueva Toledo'', extending from the 14° — close to modern day [[Pisco, Peru|Pisco]], Peru — to the 25° latitude — close to [[Taltal]], Chile) had remained unexplored. Valdivia asked Governor [[Francisco Pizarro]] for permission to conquer and govern that territory. He got his permission but was appointed as Lieutenant Governor, rather than Governor as he had wanted.

The expedition was fraught with problems from the beginning. Valdivia had to sell the lands and the mine that had been assigned to him in order to finance the expedition. A shortage of soldiers and adventurers was also problematic; the men were not interested in conquering what they believed were extremely poor lands. While Valdivia was preparing the expedition, [[Pedro Sánchez de la Hoz]] arrived from Spain with a royal grant for the same territory. To avoid difficulties, Pizarro advised the two competitors to join their interests, and on December 28, 1539, they signed a contract of partnership.

Valdivia's expedition finally left [[Cuzco]], Peru in January 1540, with Pizarro's permission<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Chile |volume=6 |page=153}}</ref> and [[Pedro Sánchez de la Hoz|Pedro Sancho de Hoz]] as partner. They carried a plethora of seeds for planting, a herd of pigs, and some brood mares. The expedition was composed of 1,000 Peruvian [[Indian auxiliaries]], 150 Spaniards, and a few African slaves. A Spanish woman was among the travelers, [[Inés de Suárez]], Valdivia's mistress. En route more Spaniards joined the expedition, attracted by Valdivia's fame as a brilliant leader.

{{Spanish colonization of the Americas}}

Valdivia resolved to avoid the road over the [[Andes]], which had proved fatal to Almagro's army, and set out resolutely through the [[Atacama Desert]]. On the way, Sancho de Hoz, seeking sole leadership, tried to murder Valdivia but failed. He was pardoned, but from then on had to accept subordinate status. The natives of the region were not pleased by the return of the Spaniards due to the maltreatment they had suffered under Almagro. With many promises, Valdivia was able to regain their trust. After a march of five months, and suffering great privations, the expedition arrived at the Copiapo valley. Valdivia officially took possession of the land in the name of the Spanish king.

Soon thereafter they continued south and in December 1540, eleven months after they left Cuzco, Valdivia and his expedition reached the valley of the [[Mapocho]] river, where they established the capital of the territory. The valley was extensive and well populated with natives. Its soil was fertile and there was abundant fresh water. Two high hills provided defensive positions. Soon after their arrival, Valdivia tried to convince the native inhabitants of his good intentions, sending out delegations bearing gifts for the [[cacique]]s.

Finally on February 12, 1541, Valdivia officially founded the city of [[Santiago|Santiago de la Nueva Extremadura]]<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Santiago de Chile |volume=24 |page=191}}</ref> (named after Saint James, ''Santiago'' in Spanish, and Valdivia's home region of [[Extremadura]], Spain). The ceremony was held at the foot of the ''Huelén'' hill (now known as ''Santa Lucia hill'').<ref>{{cite book |title=Carta a sus apoderados en la corte |last=Valdivia |first=Pedro de |date=October 15, 1550 |language=es |quote=...y llegado al valle de Copiapó, lo que trabajé en hacer la guerra a los naturales e fuertes que les rompí y la guerra que hice por todos los valles adelante, hasta que llegué al valle de Mapocho, que es cien leguas de Copiapó, e fundé la cibdad de Sanctiago del Nuevo Extremo, a los veinte e cuatro de hebrero del año de mill quinientos e cuarenta e uno, formando Cabildo, Justicia e Regimiento. |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/12593842001258285209068/index.htm}}</ref>

After arriving in Chile, Valdivia and his men worked to restore a positive relationship between the conquistadores and Indians, which had been greatly harmed by Almagro and his merciless ways. At first, Valdivia was successful in his efforts, but this peaceful coexistence did not last long. One of the first orders that Valdivia gave was to have a ship constructed at the mouth of the [[Aconcagua River]] to send to Peru for further supplies and to serve as a courier service. He then had to return in haste to Santiago to subdue a mutiny. The Spaniards' greed surfaced and overshadowed previous intentions when rumors of gold arose at the Marga Marga mines, in the vicinity of Valparaiso. The Spanish imposed slavery on the indigenous population to profit from the mines. 

==Colonization of Chile==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2023}}
[[Image:Fundacion de Santiago.jpg|thumb|left|[[Pedro Lira]]'s 1789 painting of the founding of Santiago by Pedro de Valdivia at [[Santa Lucía Hill|Huelén Hill]].]]

On learning of Francisco Pizarro's murder in 1541, Valdivia had himself appointed governor of the territory by the council of the new city, and removed Chile from Peruvian control, acknowledging only the royal authority, an arrangement the Crown found acceptable. Secure now in his own domain, he pushed exploration southward and aided the development of the country by dividing the land among his ablest followers and parceling out the Indians in encomiendas. Chile possessed minerals, but Valdivia definitely subordinated mining to agriculture and stock raising. Still, the colony was not prosperous; gold was scarce and the Araucanians warlike.

===Destruction of Santiago===
After an apparent peaceful period the Natives began to resist the invaders. Valdivia marched against the tribes and defeated them at Cachapoal. While away, on September 11, 1541, local people led by [[Michimalonco]] attacked Santiago. The defense of the city was led by Pedro's mistress [[Inés de Suárez]]. The Spaniards, desperate and willing to fight until death, were able to eventually push the Natives back; Valdivia and his troops made it back just in time to relieve the capital.

By the time the battle ended the entire town had been destroyed and burned to the ground, animals were killed and the fields and stores were decimated. Only a small amount of property was not destroyed, including a handful of seeds, two sows, one pig and a pair of chickens.<ref>{{cite book |title=Carta al emperador Carlos V |last=Valdivia |first=Pedro de |date=September 4, 1545 |language=es |quote=...que no quedamos sino con los andrajos que teníamos para la guerra y con las armas que a cuestas traíamos, y dos porquezuelas y un cochinillo y una polla y un pollo y, hasta dos almuerzas de trigo |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/12593842001258285209068/index.htm}}</ref> Valdivia organized his men into groups to keep watch over the crops and protect the city against attack. For the next two years, there were men always saddled and armed, ready to fight in case the Natives posed a threat to Spanish authority.

This event meant a real setback for the conquest of the Chilean territory. The resistance of the Native people became stronger daily, and as the ship that he had constructed in Aconcagua was also destroyed by the natives, Valdivia sent in 1542 overland to Peru his lieutenant [[Alonso de Monroy]] with five followers to seek reinforcements, but, on account of the disturbance in that country in consequence of the defeat of [[Diego de Almagro II|El Mozo Almagro]] by [[Cristóbal Vaca de Castro]], Monroy could not obtain much aid, and returned in September 1543, with only seventy horsemen, also sending by sea a vessel with provisions and ammunition to the port of Aconcagua.

==Expanding the colony==
{{see also|First relation letter from Pedro de Valdivia to emperor Charles V}}
[[Image:Valdivia, Villagra y Alderete segun Ovalle.JPG|200px|thumb|Alonso de Ovalle's 1646 engraving of Valdivia, [[Francisco de Villagra|Villagra]] and [[Jerónimo de Alderete|Alderete]].]]

In September 1543 new arms, clothes and other equipment arrived from Peru on the ship ''Santiaguillo''; thanks to these new supplies, Valdivia was in the position to start the rebuilding of Santiago and to send an expedition, led by [[Juan Bohón]], to explore and populate the northern region of Chile.<ref>{{cite book |title=Carta al emperador Carlos V |last=Valdivia |first=Pedro de |date=September 4, 1545 |language=es |quote=Procuré este verano pasado, en tanto que yo entendía en dar manera para enviar al Perú, poblar la cibdad de la Serena en el valle de Coquimbo, que es a la mitad del camino, y hase dado tan buena maña el teniente que allí envié con la gente que llevó, que dentro de dos meses trujo de paz todos aquellos valles, y llámase el capitán Juan Bohón |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/12593842001258285209068/index.htm}}</ref> This expedition founded [[La Serena, Chile|La Serena]] halfway between Santiago and the northern [[Atacama Desert]], in the valley of ''Coquimbo''.<ref name="Mariño2">{{cite book |title=Crónica del Reino de Chile |last=Mariño de Lobera |first=Pedro |author-link=Pedro Mariño de Lobera |language=es |chapter=XXI |year=1960 |quote=Pusieron al pueblo por nombre la ciudad de la Serena un lunes que se contaron quince días del mes de noviembre del año de 1543 y diéronle este nombre por respeto del capitán Valdivia, que era natural de la Serena en España...|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/13582842323460728544424/p0000001.htm#I_20_}}</ref> [[Valparaíso, Chile|Valparaíso]], though used as a port by the Spaniards from the start, had no considerable population until much later.

In 1544 Valdivia sent a naval expedition consisting of the [[Barque|bark]]s ''San Pedro'' and ''Santiaguillo'', under the command of [[Juan Bautista Pastene]], to reconnoiter the southwestern coast of South America, ordering him to reach the [[Strait of Magellan]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Carta a sus apoderados en la corte |last=Valdivia |first=Pedro de |date=October 15, 1550 |language=es |quote=...vista la voluntad del piloto e capitán Juan Batista de Pastene, y con el celo que había venido al socorro desta tierra con su navío llamado San Pedro, que fue por servir a S.M. y se me ofresció de le servir, y a mi en su cesáreo nombre, y le conoscí por hombre de valor y de prudencia y espiriencia de guerra de indios e nuevos descubrimientos, le crié e di la abtoridad de mi lugarteniente de capitán general en la mar, y le envié con su navío y con otro en conserva e gente la que era menester, a que me descubriese por la costa arriba hacia el Estrecho de Magallanes hasta doscientas leguas, y me trajese lenguas... |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/12593842001258285209068/index.htm}}</ref> The expedition set sail from Valparaíso and although Pastene did not reach this goal, he explored much of the coast.<ref>{{cite book |title=Carta a Hernando Pizarro |last=Valdivia |first=Pedro de |date=September 4, 1545 |language=es |quote=Viendo la voluntad del capitán Juan Baptista, por principios de mes de septiembre adelante le di un poder y le entregué un estandarte con las armas de S. M., y debajo del escudo imperial uno con las mías, para que me fuese a descobrir doscientas leguas de costa y tomase posesión, en nombre de V. M., por mí, y me trujese lenguas; y dile treinta hombres, muy buenos soldados, que fueron en su navío. |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/12593842001258285209068/index.htm}}</ref> He entered the  [[Bay of Concepción|bay of San Pedro]], and made landings at what are now known as [[Concepción, Chile|Concepción]] and at [[Valdivia, Chile|Valdivia]], which was later named in honor of the commander. Encountering severe storms further south, he then returned to Valparaiso.

[[File:Santiago - Casa de Pedro Valdivia i Capilla de Vera Cruz (1872).jpg|thumb|House of Pedro de Valdivia in [[Santiago de Chile]], along with the Vera Cruz capel, as pictured by [[Recaredo Santos Tornero]] in ''[[Chile Ilustrado]]'' (1872).]]

In February 1546 Valdivia himself set out, with sixty horsemen plus native guides and porters, and crossed the [[Itata River]]. He arrived as far as the [[Bío-Bío River]] where he intended to further efforts at colonization by founding another town. However, [[Mapuche]] warriors defended their territory at the [[Battle of Quilacura]]. Realizing that it would be impossible to proceed in such hostile territory with so limited a force, Valdivia wisely elected to return to Santiago shortly thereafter, after finding a site for a new city at what is now [[Penco]] and would become the first site of [[Concepción, Chile|Concepción]]. Still, Valdivia managed to subdue the country between Santiago and the [[Maule River]].

===Return to Peru===
[[File:Statue of Pedro de Valdivia (Santiago, Chile).jpg|thumb|Statue of Pedro de Valdivia (Santiago, Chile)]]
To secure additional aid and confirm his claims to the conquered territory, Valdivia returned in 1547 to Peru, leaving [[Francisco de Villagra]] as governor in his stead.<ref>{{cite book |title=Carta a sus apoderados en la corte |last=Valdivia |first=Pedro de |date=October 15, 1550 |language=es |quote=...proveí por mi Teniente General al Capitán Francisco de Villagra y le dejé a la guardia de esta tierra para que la defendiese e sustentase en servicio de S. M. e paz e justicia, por cuanto yo iba a servir a S. M. a las provincias del Perú a ser contra Gonzalo Pizarro... |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/12593842001258285209068/index.htm}}</ref> There he tried to gather more resources and men to continue the conquest. When the [[Gonzalo Pizarro]] rebellion began in Peru, the insurgents attempted unsuccessfully to win Valdivia to their side. Nonetheless, early in 1548 Valdivia joined the royal army of [[Viceroy of Peru|Viceroy]] [[Pedro de la Gasca]], and his military experience counted heavily in the [[Battle of Jaquijahuana|victory of Xaquixahuana]] on April 9 of that year. In the battle, Valdivia met [[Francisco de Carvajal]], who just like him had also fought in the [[Italian Wars]], been at the [[Sack of Rome (1527)|Sack of Rome]] and helped to defeat Diego de Almagro.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Espino López |first1=Antonio |date=2012 |title=El uso táctico de las armas de fuego en las guerras civiles peruanas (1538-1547) |journal=Historica|language=es |volume=XXXVI |issue=2 |pages=7–48 }}</ref>

Nonetheless, a discontented faction from Chile managed to have him tried in Lima, accused of tyranny, malfeasance of public funds and public immorality. One of the charges levelled against him was that he, being married, openly lived with [[Inés de Suárez]] ''"...in the manner of man and wife and they sleep in one bed and they eat in one dish..."''.<ref name=Barros>{{cite book |title=Proceso de Pedro de Valdivia |last=Barros Arana |first=Diego |author-link=Diego Barros Arana |language=es |page=32|quote=...que ha mas de ocho años esta amancebado con esta mujer, y duermen en una cama y comen en un plato... |url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0000482.pdf}}</ref> In exchange for being freed, and for his confirmation as Royal Governor, he agreed to relinquish her and to bring to Chile his wife, [[Marina Ortíz de Gaete]], who only arrived after Valdivia's death in 1554. He was also ordered to marry Inés off, which he did, upon his return to Chile in 1549, to one of his captains, [[Rodrigo de Quiroga]]. As recognition for his services Valdivia was finally appointed as ''[[adelantado]]'' and won the royal assent to his coveted title of [[Royal Governor of Chile|Governor of Chile]], returning to the settlement with his position and prestige considerably strengthened.

==Arauco War==
{{Main article|Arauco War}}
Between 1549 and 1553, after his return to Santiago, Valdivia began to expand Spanish rule south of the [[Biobío River]] into [[Araucanía (historic region)|Araucanía]], but faced heavy resistance from the indigenous population. Valdivia had clashed with the [[Mapuche]] Indians and defeated them in several battles, but he was never able to permanently subdue them as they were determined to not surrender . In spite of the fierce resistance at the [[Battle of Penco]], he founded [[Concepción, Chile|Concepción]] on March 3, 1550{{Disputed inline|Founding date: March 3 or October 5 of 1550?|talk=Talk:Concepción, Chile|date=August 2021}}. Later he founded more southern settlements such as [[La Imperial, Chile|La Imperial]], [[Valdivia, Chile|Valdivia]], [[Angol, Chile|Angol]] and [[Villarrica, Chile|Villarrica]], in 1551 and 1552.

===The 1553 uprising and the Battle of Tucapel===
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2023}}
After a brief stay in [[Santiago]], Valdivia returned to the south again in December 1552. To keep the route open between [[Concepción, Chile|Concepción]] and the southern settlements, Valdivia built a number of forts in the [[Cordillera de Nahuelbuta|Nahuelbuta Mountains]]. He moved against the Mapuche Indians again in 1553 and built a fort at Tucapel. By the advice of the cacique [[Colocolo (tribal chief)|Colocolo]], the Mapuches united their efforts choosing as [[Toqui]] (general-in-chief) the famous warrior [[Caupolicán]].

Valdivia's soldiers had earlier captured [[Lautaro (toqui)|Lautaro]], a Mapuche youth who became his [[Page (servant)|page]]. Valdivia taught the use of European military tactics and weapons to Lautaro, as he hoped Lautaro would serve as an [[Indian auxiliaries|Indian auxiliary]]. Lautaro secretly remained loyal to his own people and rejoined them to show [[Caupolicán]] a plan by which Valdivia could be defeated. Toward the end of 1553, the Mapuches under Lautaro revolted and attacked the over-extended Spanish forces in the south. One of the first actions of the rebellion was the attack on the fort at Tucapel, where they managed to destroy the fort on December 2, 1553. Valdivia was at Concepcion when he was informed of the attack, and he quickly left with his troops to go to Tucapel.

Valdivia and his army arrived at the ruins of Fort Tucapel, which had been burned down after its garrison retreated. A large Mapuche army led by Lautaro then suddenly emerged from the forests and attacked, which began the [[Battle of Tucapel]]. The Mapuche warriors attacked in several waves, which gradually wore down the Spaniards and their auxiliaries. Unlike in previous battles, the Spanish cavalry was unable to defeat their enemy, as the Mapuches had learned how to counter them by using [[Pike (weapon)|pikes]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cruz |first=Eduardo Agustin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adWKAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT337&dq=%22Battle+of+Tucapel%22+%22Pikes%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj05dev4_6PAxWQBDQIHURRDWEQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=%22Battle%20of%20Tucapel%22%20%22Pikes%22&f=false |title=The Grand Araucanian Wars (1541–1883) in the Kingdom of Chile |date=2010-04-27 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=978-1-4500-5530-7 |language=en}}</ref> After his army was routed, Valdivia attempted to escape with his horse, but he was captured by the victorious Mapuches, who planned to execute him.

===Death===
[[File:Últimos momentos Valdivia.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Last moments of Pedro de Valdivia before the Mapuches executed him. Painting by [[Nicolás Guzmán Bustamante]]]]
There are many different accounts of how Valdivia's killing took place. According to [[Jerónimo de Vivar]], an author contemporary with the events, the execution of Valdivia was personally ordered by [[Caupolicán]], who had him killed with a lance, and later his head, and those of two of his bravest companions, were put on display.<ref name=Vivar>{{cite book |title=Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile |last=Vivar |first=Jerónimo de |author-link=Jerónimo de Vivar |language=es |chapter=CXVI |quote=ayer mataron al apo y todos los cristianos que con él venían, que no escapó ninguno, y todos los yanaconas de servicio, si no eran los que se habían escondido |url=http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/cronicas/contextos/10876.htm |archive-date=2012-04-28 |access-date=2008-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428171505/http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/cronicas/contextos/10876.htm |url-status=dead }}.</ref> [[Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo]], another contemporary chronicler, writes that Valdivia offered as a ransom for his life the evacuation of all the Spanish settlements in the [[Mapuche]] lands and the gift of large herds of animals,<ref name="Góngora3">{{cite book |title=Historia de Todas las Cosas que han Acaecido en el Reino de Chile y de los que lo han gobernado (1536–1575) |last=Góngora Marmolejo |first=Alonso de |author-link=Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo |language=es |chapter=XIV |year=1960 |quote=Viéndose con lengua les comenzó a hablar, diciéndoles que les sacaría los cristianos de el reino y despoblaría las ciudades y daría dos mill ovejas si le daban la vida. |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaObra.html?Ref=1102&portal=157}}.</ref> but this offer was rejected.<ref name="Góngora4">{{cite book |title=Historia de Todas las Cosas que han Acaecido en el Reino de Chile y de los que lo han gobernado (1536–1575) |last=Góngora Marmolejo |first=Alonso de |author-link=Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo |language=es |chapter=XIV |year=1960 |quote=hicieron los indios un fuego delante de él, y con una cáscara de almejas de la mar, que ellos llaman pello en su lengua, le cortaron los lagartos de los brazos desde el codo a la muñeca; teniendo espadas, dagas y cuchillos con que podello hacer, no quisieron por dalle mayor martirio, y los comieron asados en su presencia. Hechos otros muchos vituperios lo mataron a él y al capellán, y la cabeza pusieron en una lanza juntamente con las demás de los cristianos, que no les escapó ninguno. |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaObra.html?Ref=1102&portal=157}}.</ref> [[Alonso de Ercilla]] reported that Valdivia was killed with the blow of a club, and then with a knife a warrior cut open his breast and ripped out his heart.<ref name="Ercilla">{{cite book |title=La Araucana |last=Ercilla |first=Alonso de |author-link=Alonso de Ercilla |language=es |series=Primera Parte |chapter=Canto III |url=http://es.wikisource.org/wiki/La_araucana_primera_parte:_041}}.</ref>Another contemporary chronicler, [[Pedro Mariño de Lobera]], wrote that Valdivia offered to evacuate the lands of the Mapuche but says he was shortly thereafter killed with a large club by a vengeful warrior named [[Pilmaiquen]], who said that Valdivia could not be trusted to keep his word once freed.<ref name="Mariño3">{{cite book |title=Crónica del Reino de Chile |last=Mariño de Lobera |first=Pedro |author-link=Pedro Mariño de Lobera |language=es |chapter=XLIII |year=1960 |quote=un cacique llamado Pilmaiquen, a quien él había hecho vasallo . . . sin aguardar más embites levantó una gran porra que tenía en las manos y la descargó con gran furia sobre el infelice Valdivia haciéndole pedazos la cabeza |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/13582842323460728544424/index.htm}}.</ref> Lobera says that a common story in Chile at the time was that Valdivia had been killed by being forced to drink molten gold, although this story was most likely apocryphal.<ref name="Mariño4">{{cite book |title=Crónica del Reino de Chile |last=Mariño de Lobera |first=Pedro |author-link=Pedro Mariño de Lobera |language=es |chapter=XLIII |year=1960 |quote=hicieron con él muchas fiestas por burla y escarnio, y por remate trajeron una olla de oro ardiendo y se la presentaron, diciéndole: pues tan amigo eres de oro, hártate agora dél, y para que lo tengas más guardado, abre la boca y bebe aqueste que viene fundido, y diciendo esto lo hicieron como lo dijeron, dándoselo a beber por fuerza, teniendo por fin de su muerte lo que tuvo por fin de su entrada en Chile |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/13582842323460728544424/index.htm}}.</ref> 

The most detailed and most likely accurate account of Valdivia's death was given by [[Diego de Rosales]], a Spanish historian who spoke with several Mapuches. According to Rosales, the Mapuches ritualistically killed Valdivia as a form of [[human sacrifice]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Berger |first=Eugene C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=DGivEAAAQBAJ&q=ritual#v=snippet&q=ritual&f=false |title=This Incurable Evil: Mapuche Resistance to Spanish Enslavement, 1598–1687 |date=2023-05-23 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |isbn=978-0-8173-6110-5 |language=en}}</ref> After the Battle of Tucapel, a large crowd of Mapuche people gathered to watch the execution of Valdivia. The Mapuche warriors placed their spears and arrows on the ground in the shape of a circle, and they planned to kill Valdivia in the middle of this circle. When Valdivia was taken to the circle, a Mapuche man walked up behind him and killed Valdivia by smashing his head with a wooden club.<ref name=":0" /> The Mapuche crowd then began to stomp and chant after he was killed, and Valdivia's heart was then cut out from his body. Valdivia's heart was then cut into pieces and eaten by the Mapuche chieftains, as they believed they would absorb Valdivia's spiritual power by eating it. The Mapuches also turned Valdivia's skull into a drinking cup for [[chicha]], and they turned his leg bones into [[Flute|flutes]]. After Valdivia's execution, the Mapuches sang a victory song and held a long celebration.<ref name=":0" />

==In literature==
Valdivia was an educated man and wielded the pen as well as the sword. In 1552 Valdivia despatched Captain [[Jerónimo de Alderete]] with a narrative of his exploits directly to the king [[Charles I of Spain|Charles I]]. His twelve letters, addressed to the king and mostly preserved in the archives of the Indies, are models of a vigorous and fluent style, and of great historical interest.

His career and death are chronicled in the epic poem ''[[La Araucana]]'' by [[Alonso de Ercilla]]. He is also a major character in several historical novels, such as ''Inés y las raíces de la tierra'', by [[María Correa Morande]] (1964); ''Ay Mamá Inés - Crónica Testimonial'' (1993) by Jorge Guzmán; ''Arauco: A Novel (2013)'', by John Caviglia; and ''[[Inés of My Soul]]'' ({{langx|es|Inés del alma mía}}) by [[Isabel Allende]] (2006), ''[[Algo habrán hecho por la historia de Chile|They sure did something for the history of Chile]]'' by [[Álvaro Espinoza (actor)|Alvaro Espinoza]].

==See also==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Jerónimo de Alderete]]
*[[Francisco de Villagra]]
*[[Francisco de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]]
*[[Inés de Suárez]]
*[[Juan Jufré]]
*[[Arauco War]]
*[[Mapuche|Mapuche people]]
*[[Lautaro (toqui)|Lautaro]]
*[[Caupolicán]]
*[[Colocolo (tribal chief)|Colocolo]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin|26em}}
*{{Cite book |last=Amunátegui |first=Miguel Luis |author-link=Miguel Luis Amunátegui |title=Descubrimiento i conquista de Chile |url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0008747.pdf |year=1913 |publisher=Imprenta, Litografía i Encuadernación Barcelona |location=Santiago, Chile |language=es |pages=181–346 <!--|no-pp=550--> }}
*{{Cite book |last=Barros Arana |first=Diego |author-link=Diego Barros Arana |title=Proceso de Pedro de Valdivia i Otros Documentos Inéditos Concernientes a Este Conquistador |url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0000482.pdf |year=1873 |publisher=Librería Central de Augusto Raymond |location=Santiago, Chile |language=es |page=392 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Crow |first=John A |title=The Epic of Latin America |url=https://archive.org/details/epicoflatinameri00crow |url-access=registration |edition=4th |year=1992 |publisher=University of California Press |location=New York, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/epicoflatinameri00crow/page/331 331]–333 }}
*{{Cite web |url=http://www.xs4all.nl/~rehue/art/far1.html |title=An overview of the Mapuche and Aztec military response to the Spanish Conquest |access-date=15 October 2008 |last=Cruz Farias |first=Eduardo |year=2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040406194106/http://www.xs4all.nl/~rehue/art/far1.html |archive-date=2004-04-06 |url-status=dead }}
*{{Cite book |last=Cunninghame |first=Graham |author2=Robert Bontine  |title=Pedro de Valdivia, Conqueror of Chile |year=1973 |publisher=Milford House Inc |location=Boston, MA}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ercilla |first=Alonso de |author-link=Alonso de Ercilla |others=Eswikisource |title=La Araucana |url=http://es.wikisource.org/wiki/La_Araucana |language=es }}
*{{Cite book |last=Eyzaguirre |first=Jaime |title=Ventura de Pedro de Valdivia |url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0009043.pdf |year=1942 |publisher=Ediciones Ercilla |location=Santiago, Chile |language=es |page=198 |access-date=2009-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218145918/http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0009043.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-18 |url-status=dead }}
*{{Cite book |last=Gasca |first=Pedro de la |author-link=Pedro de la Gasca |others=Transcription |title=Información secreta... sobre el estado de las provincias de Chile cuando salió de ellas Pedro de Valdivia |url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0008845.pdf |year=1548 |location=Lima, Peru |language=es |pages=2 |access-date=2009-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215408/http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0008845.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead }}
*{{Cite book |last=Góngora Marmolejo |first=Alonso de |author-link=Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo |title=Historia de Todas las Cosas que han Acaecido en el Reino de Chile y de los que lo han gobernado (1536–1575) |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaObra.html?Ref=1102&portal=157 |series=Crónicas del Reino de Chile |year=1960 |publisher=Atlas |location=Madrid, Spain |language=es |pages=75–224 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Mariño de Lobera |first=Pedro |author-link=Pedro Mariño de Lobera |editor=Fr. Bartolomé de Escobar |title=Crónica del Reino de Chile, escrita por el capitán Pedro Mariño de Lobera... reducido a nuevo método y estilo por el Padre Bartolomé de Escobar (1593) |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/13582842323460728544424/index.htm |series=Crónicas del Reino de Chile |year=1960 |publisher=Atlas |location=Madrid, Spain |language=es |pages=227–562 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Medina |first=José Toribio |author-link=José Toribio Medina |title=Diccionario Biográfico Colonial de Chile |url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0008968.pdf |year=1906 |publisher=Imprenta Elzeviriana |location=Santiago, Chile |language=es |page=1,006 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Prescott |first=William H |title=History of the Conquest of Peru |url=http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/hst/southamerican/HistoryoftheConquestofPeru/toc.html |year=1843 |publisher=The Modern Library |location=New York, NY |archive-date=2015-12-23 |access-date=2009-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223064508/http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/hst/southamerican/HistoryoftheConquestofPeru/toc.html |url-status=dead }}
*{{Cite book |last=Roa y Urzúa |first=Luis de |title=La Familia de Don Pedro de Valdivia, Conquistador de Chile |url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0008748.pdf |year=1935 |publisher=Imprenta de la Gavidia |location=Sevilla |language=es |pages=119 |access-date=2009-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195322/http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0008748.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead }}
*{{Cite book |last=Valdivia |first=Pedro de |author-link=Pedro de Valdivia |title=Cartas |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaObra.html?Ref=1101 |series=Crónicas del Reino de Chile |year=1960 |publisher=Atlas |location=Madrid, Spain |language=es |pages=1–74 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Vivar |first=Jerónimo de |author-link=Jerónimo de Vivar |title=Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile (1558) |url=http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/cronicas/contextos/11498.htm |year=1987 |publisher=ARTEHISTORIA REVISTA DIGITAL |location=Madrid, Spain |language=es }}
*{{Cite web |url=http://www.vi-e.cl/internas/edu_dia/personaj/pedro_valdivia.htm |title=Pedro de Valdivia |access-date=15 October 2008 |work=Vi-E Educación al día |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327180930/http://www.vi-e.cl/internas/edu_dia/personaj/pedro_valdivia.htm |archive-date=27 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}
*{{Cite web |url=http://www.biografiadechile.cl/detalle.php?IdContenido=385&IdCategoria=8&IdArea=35&status=S&TituloPagina=Historia%20de%20Chile |title=Pedro de Valdivia |access-date=16 January 2009 |work=Biografía de Chile |language=es }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=none}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Royal Governor of Chile]]|years=1540–1547}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Francisco de Villagra]]}}
{{s-bef|before={{nowrap|[[Francisco de Villagra]]}}}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Royal Governor of Chile]]|years=1549–1553}}
{{s-aft|after={{nowrap|[[Francisco de Villagra]]}}}}
{{S-end}}

{{Royal Governors of Chile}}
{{Spanish Empire}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Valdivia, Pedro De}}
[[Category:1497 births]]
[[Category:1553 deaths]]
[[Category:Explorers of Chile]]
[[Category:Spanish conquistadors]]
[[Category:Spanish explorers]]
[[Category:Royal governors of Chile]]
[[Category:Spanish city founders]]
[[Category:Extremaduran conquistadors]]
[[Category:People from Villanueva de la Serena]]
[[Category:People of the Arauco War]]
[[Category:People of the Italian Wars]]
[[Category:16th-century executions]]
[[Category:Spanish people executed abroad]]
[[Category:1540s in the Captaincy General of Chile]]
[[Category:16th-century Chilean people]]
[[Category:16th-century Spanish people]]

[[Category:People killed in the Arauco War]]
[[Category:Founders of cities in the Viceroyalty of Peru]]
[[Category:Spanish colonial governors and administrators]]
[[Category:Encomenderos]]
[[Category:Spanish generals]]
[[Category:Human sacrifice victims]]
[[Category:16th-century Spanish military personnel]]