View source for Peleliu

{{distinguish|Polillo (disambiguation){{!}}Polillo}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Peleliu
| native_name        = 
| native_name_lang   = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead -->
| settlement_type    = [[States of Palau|State]]
| image_skyline      = Orange beach - panoramio.jpg
| image_alt          = 
| image_caption      = Orange Beach, Peleliu
| image_flag         = Flag of Peleliu.svg
| flag_alt           = Flag of Peleliu
| image_seal         = 
| seal_alt           = 
| image_shield       = 
| shield_alt         = 
| nickname           = 
| motto              = 
| image_map          = Peleliu_in_Palau.svg
| map_alt            = 
| map_caption        = Location of Peleliu in Palau
| pushpin_map        = 
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt    = 
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|7|0|N|134|15|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Palau}}
| subdivision_type1  = 
| subdivision_name1  = 
| subdivision_type2  = 
| subdivision_name2  = 
| subdivision_type3  = 
| subdivision_name3  = 
| established_title  = 
| established_date   = 
| founder            = 
| seat_type          = Capital
| seat               = [[Kloulklubed]]
| government_footnotes = 
| governing_body     = Peleliu State Legislature
| leader_title       = [[Governor of Peleliu|Governor]]
| leader_name        = [[Emais Roberts]]<ref>{{cite web |title=State governments organized, Hideo as Ngchesar governor, Ngirakamerang, Ngaraard Speaker |url=https://islandtimes.org/state-governments-organized-hideo-as-ngchesar-governor-ngirakamerang-ngaraard-speaker/ |website=Island Times |date=7 January 2022}}</ref>
| unit_pref          = Metric
<!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion -->
<!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->| area_footnotes     = 
| area_urban_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> -->
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| area_blank2_title  = <!-- square kilometers -->
| area_total_km2     = 13
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| width_km           = 
| dimensions_footnotes = 
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| population_total   = 484
| population_as_of   = 2015 Census
| population_density_km2 = auto
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| population_blank1_title = Official languages
| population_blank1  = [[Palauan language|Palauan]]<br>[[English language|English]]
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| iso_code           = PW-228
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}}

'''Peleliu''' (or '''Beliliou''') is an island in the island nation of [[Palau]]. Peleliu, along with two small islands to its northeast, forms one of the sixteen [[states of Palau]]. The island is notable as the location of the [[Battle of Peleliu]] in [[World War II]].

== History ==
Peleliu was traditionally divided into five villages. Teliu is located on the southwest coast bordered on the north by Ngerkeiukl on the west coast, Ngesias in the central portion of the island, and Ngerdelolk on the east coast. Ngerchol occupies the northern part of the island on the west side of Bloody Nose Ridge. Most of the surface remains of the traditional villages have been obliterated. However, the locations of the villages and the locations of features within the villages, including odesongel, are known and preserved in the oral tradition. These traditional features are important symbols giving identity to families, clans and regions.<ref name=":12" />

The lagoon and adjacent rock islands are important resource areas, and probably were intensively exploited prehistorically. Important resources include many different species of trees and other plants and many different species of fish and shellfish. On the islands, traditional gardens would have been located in areas where sufficient soil had accumulated in low lying pockets and marshes.<ref name=":12" />

First sighting of Peleliu, [[Babeldaob]], and [[Koror]] recorded by Westerners was by the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish expedition]] of [[Ruy López de Villalobos]] at the end of January 1543. They were then charted as ''Los Arrecifes'' ("The Reefs" in Spanish).<ref>Burney, James ''A chronological history of the discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean'', London, 1813, v.I, p.233.</ref> In November and December 1710 these three islands were again visited and explored by the [[Spanish East Indies|Spanish missionary]] expedition commanded by [[Sargento Mayor]] Francisco Padilla on board of the [[patache]] ''Santísima Trinidad''. Two years later they were explored in detail by the expedition of Spanish naval officer [[Bernardo de Egoy]].<ref>Coello, Francisco "Conflicto hispano-alemán" ''Boletín de Sociedad Geográfica de Madrid'', t.XIX. 2º semestre 1885, Madrid, p.296.</ref>
Following its defeat in the [[Spanish–American War]], Spain sold Palau (including Peleliu) to [[German Empire|Germany]] in 1899. Control passed to [[Japan Empire|Japan]] in 1914.

During [[World War II]], the [[Battle of Peleliu]] was a major battle between units of the [[United States Marine Corps]] and [[United States Army]] against the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] in 1944. The battle for the island was particularly brutal because by this time the Japanese military had evolved island defense tactics with strong fortifications in the island's caves and rock formations within the [[Umurbrogol Mountains]] (Bloody Nose Ridge), which enabled a [[defense in depth]] which maximized casualties on the attacking force. On both sides involved in the fighting there were high losses with more than 2,000 Americans and 10,000 Japanese killed. There were no casualties among the local civilians because they had been evacuated from Peleliu to other islands of Palau in 1943.

The ruins of many of the military installations of the era, such as the airstrip, are still intact, and shipwrecks from the battle remain visible underwater just off the coast.  There are war memorials on the island to both the American and the Japanese dead. Peleliu and Angaur were the only islands in the Palau archipelago to be occupied by the Americans during the war. The capital of Koror remained in Japanese hands to the end of the war.

Peleliu was formally placed under the control of the [[United States]] under [[United Nations]] auspices in 1947 as part of the [[Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands]]. In 1947, two and a half years after Japanese surrender, there were over 30 Japanese still hiding in caves, believing the war was not over. The Americans sent a senior Japanese military official into the caves and convinced them to surrender. The last Japanese survivor, Keiji Nagai, died in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saeki |first=Kentaro |date=2019-12-04 |title=End of an era with death of last Peleliu survivor |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/backstories/775/ |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=NHK WORLD |language=en}}</ref>  

Palau became independent in 1978, and Peleliu was organized as a state within the new republic. <ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150121121157/http://www.palaupif.com/annex.html Calendar of Events]}} –  Palau PIF. Retrieved 21 January 2015.</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Peleliu State map-fr.svg|thumb|Map of the state of Peleliu]]
[[File:Muzeum peleliu.JPG|thumb|Peleliu World War II Memorial Museum]]
Peleliu is approximately {{convert|10|km|nmi}} northeast of the island of [[Angaur]] and {{convert|40|km|nmi}} southwest of the island of [[Koror]]. The state of Beliliou includes the islands of Beliliou, Ngedbus, Olngeuaol, [[Ngercheu]], Belualasmau, Ruruid, Ngebad, Ngurungor, Ngesuall, and several islets. The total area for the state is approximately {{cvt|19.52|km2}}. Beliliou Island, like [[Angaur]], is a raised platform coralline island with an area of {{cvt|16.98|km2}}. Located at the southern tip of the lagoon which encircles the main group of islands, Beliliou is surrounded by a thick fringe of mangrove forest comprising more than a quarter of its total area. On the island's west side is a steep spine named Bloody Nose Ridge during the Battle for Peleliu in World War II - rising to an elevation of {{convert|75|m}}. A second raised area, Rois ra Sang and Roischemiangel, rises to elevations of just over 50 m at the northern tip of the island. The rest of the island generally lies below {{convert|10|m}} in elevation. Along this ridge, jagged spires of coralline limestone jut skyward in a tangled maze.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last1=Snyder|first1=David.|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003299366|title=Archaeology and historic preservation in Palau|last2=Adams|first2=William Hampton|last3=Butler|first3=Brian M.|date=1997|publisher=U.S. National Park Service|series=Anthropology research series / Division of Cultural Affairs, Republic of Palau 2|location=San Francisco}}</ref>

Much of Beliliou is covered by a limestone island forest with stands of [[Casuarina]] forest along sandy beach [[berm]]s. With the exception of Ngercheu, the rest of the islands in the state are low, flat islands with large areas of sandy deposits covered by coconut or Casuarina forests. Ngercheu, located in the northern part of the state, has a typical rock island profile with steep cliffs of uplifted reef covered by a rock island forest.<ref name=":12"/>

The geography of Beliliou has been dramatically reshaped by the events of World War II. In preparation for the anticipated American invasion, the Japanese defenders transformed Beliliou into a defensive fortress. The build up, which was underway by 1943, began with the evacuation of Palauans from Beliliou to [[Babeldaob]]. As many as 10,000 Japanese defenders dug into the natural caves and fissures of the coralline limestone formations, reinforcing these positions with concrete bunkers. So well established were the Japanese defenders that they withstood a massive naval bombardment and met the American invasion force at nearly full strength on September 5, 1944. The Battle of Peleliu, which proved in hindsight to be a costly miscalculation by the Americans, dragged on for weeks of bitter fighting at a terrible cost of lives.<ref name=":12"/>

Most of the land use in Beliliou today is for private gardens located in and around residential areas. There are no commercial enterprises active today, and municipal use is limited to a few small facilities. A large coconut plantation is on Ngedbus Island.<ref name=":12"/>

===Climate===
{{Weather box   <!-- Infobox begins -->
| single line = Y
| location    = Peleliu (1991–2020)
<!-- Average high temperatures -->
| Jan high F  =84.1
| Feb high F  =83.4
| Mar high F  =84.7
| Apr high F  =85.9
| May high F  =86.1
| Jun high F  =85.1
| Jul high F  =84.7
| Aug high F  =85.6
| Sep high F  =85.9
| Oct high F  =86.0
| Nov high F  =86.3
| Dec high F  =85.1
<!-- Mean daily temperature -->
| Jan mean F  =80.9
| Feb mean F  =80.1
| Mar mean F  =81.1
| Apr mean F  =82.2
| May mean F  =82.5
| Jun mean F  =81.6
| Jul mean F  =81.3
| Aug mean F  =82.2
| Sep mean F  =82.3
| Oct mean F  =82.1
| Nov mean F  =82.4
| Dec mean F  =81.5
<!-- Average low temperatures -->
| Jan low F  =77.6
| Feb low F  =76.8
| Mar low F  =77.5
| Apr low F  =78.5
| May low F  =78.9
| Jun low F  =78.1
| Jul low F  =77.8
| Aug low F  =78.8
| Sep low F  =78.7
| Oct low F  =78.2
| Nov low F  =78.4
| Dec low F  =77.8
<!-- Total precipitation, this should include rain and snow. -->
| precipitation colour    =  green
| Jan precipitation inch  =9.68
| Feb precipitation inch  =8.97
| Mar precipitation inch  =6.76
| Apr precipitation inch  =6.25
| May precipitation inch  =10.71
| Jun precipitation inch  =13.96
| Jul precipitation inch  =11.91
| Aug precipitation inch  =10.15
| Sep precipitation inch  =8.04
| Oct precipitation inch  =8.85
| Nov precipitation inch  =8.73
| Dec precipitation inch  =12.73
<!-- Snowfall -->
| Jan snow inch  =0.0
| Feb snow inch  =0.0
| Mar snow inch  =0.0
| Apr snow inch  =0.0
| May snow inch  =0.0
| Jun snow inch  =0.0
| Jul snow inch  =0.0
| Aug snow inch  =0.0
| Sep snow inch  =0.0
| Oct snow inch  =0.0
| Nov snow inch  =0.0
| Dec snow inch  =0.0
<!-- Mandatory fields, source -->
| source = NOAA<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/us-climate-normals/#dataset=normals-monthly&timeframe=30&station=PSC00914712 |title=NOAA NCEI U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access |publisher=NOAA |access-date=2025-04-05 }}</ref>
}}<!-- Infobox ends -->

== Demography ==
The population of the state was 484 in the 2015 census and median age was 34.5 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=2015 Census of Population, Housing and Agriculture for the Republic of Palau |url=https://www.palaugov.pw/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/2015-Census-of-Population-Housing-Agriculture-.pdf |website=Palau Government |publisher=Office of Planning and Statistics}}</ref> The official languages of the state are [[Palauan language|Palauan]] and [[English language|English]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Leonard |first1=Thomas M. |title=Encyclopedia of the Developing World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=08OV704armMC |publisher=Taylor & Francis |language=en |date=2006|isbn=9780415976640 }}</ref>

In June 1972, the resident population was 843.<ref>{{cite book |title=Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPZNAQAAIAAJ |publisher=Bureau of International Organization Affairs, Office of United Nations Political Affairs |language=en |date=1972}}</ref> {{As of|2000}}, its population was about 571, making it the third most populous state of Palau.<ref>''Patterson, Carolyn Bennett, et al. "At the Birth of Nations: In the Far Pacific." National Geographic Magazine, October 1986 page 493. National Geographic Virtual Library, Accessed 17 May 2018.'' "An example is Peleliu, the tragic island where more than 13,000 Americans and Japanese died during [[Battle of Peleliu|less than three months of fighting]], often hand to hand, in the autumn of 1944.  Pat and I went to Peleliu from [[Koror]], the republic's capital, by speedboat, a wave-tossing, rear-slapping 45&nbsp;minutes, and arrived to discover it was election day, with five candidates running for governor.  Although Peleliu claims a population of 2,000 people, only 400 actually live there.  More registered voters live in Koror than on their home island, and 800 send votes from [[Guam]].  The situation is similar in Palau's other states."</ref> Most of the island's population lives in the village of [[Kloulklubed]] which is the state [[capital (political)|capital]] on the northwestern coast. Including the capital, there are a total of four villages:

* [[Kloulklubed]] (northwest)
* [[Imelechol]] (northeast)
* [[Lademisang]] (southernmost, in the central part of the island)
* [[Ongeuidel]] (northernmost)
Today, the major concentration of people live in Kloulklubed near the northern tip of the island.<ref name=":12"/>

=== Islands of the state ===
The state consists of the following islands:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Island
! Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
! Population (2000)
! Coordinates
|-
| [[Peleliu (isla)|Peleliu]]
| align="right" | 12.8
| align="right" | 571
| {{Coord|07|00|44.65|N|134|15|01.24|E|region:PW}}
|-
| [[Ngercheu]]
| align="right" | 0.93
| align="right" | 0
| {{Coord|07|05|33.51|N|134|16|41.12|E|region:PW}}
|-
| [[Ngesebus]]
| align="right" | 0.95
| align="right" | 0
| {{Coord|07|03|23.92|N|134|15|35.94|E|region:PW}}
|-
| [[Ngurungor]]
| align="right" | 0.54
| align="right" | 0
| {{Coord|07|01|16.39|N|134|16|20.731|E|region:PW}}
|-
| [[Kongauru]]
| align="right" | 0.34
| align="right" | 0
| {{Coord|07|03|47.92|N|134|16|26.14|E|region:PW}}
|-
| [[Murphy Island]]
| align="right" | 0.02
| align="right" | 0
| {{Coord|07|03|54.97|N|134|16|56.75|E|region:PW}}
|}

=== Phosphate ===
As at Angaur, phosphate mining in the Bloody Nose Ridge area of Beliliou began during the German administration and continued into the Japanese administration. The phosphate was loaded onto ships at a small harbor facility located at the northern tip of the island.<ref name=":12"/>

==Environment==
[[File:Micronesian megapode 6.jpg|thumb|Both [[Important Bird Area|IBAs]] are important for Micronesian [[megapodes]].]]

===Important Bird Areas===
The island has been designated an [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA) by [[BirdLife International]] because it supports populations of most of Palau's endemic birds, including [[Micronesian megapode]]s, [[Palau ground dove]]s, [[Micronesian imperial pigeon]]s, [[Palau fruit dove]]s, [[Palau swiftlet|swiftlet]]s, [[Palau scops owl|owl]]s and [[Palau kingfisher|kingfisher]]s, [[Micronesian myzomela]]s, [[morningbird]]s, [[Palau fantail]]s, [[Palau flycatcher|flycatcher]]s and [[Palau bush warbler|bush warbler]]s, [[giant white-eye|giant]], [[dusky white-eye|dusky]] and [[citrine white-eye]]s, and [[Micronesian starling]]s.<ref name=bli>{{cite web |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/peleliu-iba-palau|title= Peleliu|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2021|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 5 March 2021}}</ref>

The sandflats, mangroves, seagrass beds and islets just off the northern end of Peleliu provide feeding and roosting habitat for various [[wader]] species, as well as being home to  megapodes. The site is an IBA for the megapodes, [[Far Eastern curlew]]s, [[ruddy turnstone]]s, [[great knot]]s, [[red-necked stint]]s, and [[grey-tailed tattler]]s.<ref name=bli2>{{cite web |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/northern-peleliu-lkes-(sandflats)-iba-palau|title= Northern Peleliu Lkes (sandflats)|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2021|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 6 March 2021}}</ref>

==Political system==
Peleliu has its own constitution, adopted in 1982.<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of the State of Peleliu: September 11, 1982 (Palau [pw]) |url=https://oxcon.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:ocw/law-ocw-cd858.regGroup.1/law-ocw-cd858 |website=Oxford Constitutions |language=en |doi=10.1093/law:ocw/law-ocw-cd858.reggroup.1/law-ocw-cd858| doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 }}</ref> The state government was established in 1983. The state of Peleliu has an elected chief executive with a 3-year term length, known as the [[Governor of Peleliu|governor]]. The state also has a legislature elected every three years.<ref>{{cite web |title=State/National Election Schedule |url=https://palauelection.org/election-dates/ |website=Palau Election Commission |language=en |date=5 November 2020}}</ref> The state population elects one of the members of the [[House of Delegates of Palau]]. Obak is the title of the traditional high chief from the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Council of Chiefs – PalauGov.pw |url=https://www.palaugov.pw/executive-branch/council-of-chiefs/}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Peleliu Airfield]], created by the Japanese in World War II, has the longest and widest runway in Palau ({{convert|1850|m|ft}}), but was used only by small chartered aircraft after Palau's domestic flights were discontinued in late 2005.  The landing strip was built during the Japanese era and originally consisted of a 6,600-foot runway oriented SW to NE with a smaller perpendicular runway intersecting the main run way about 2,200 feet from the SW. Additional taxiways connected the runways to airport facilities located to the north of the runways. The landing strips were unimproved, but still served for the daily flight from the Airai airport by a single engine plane. A third landing strip was built on Ngedbus Island, just north of Beliliou, during the Japanese administration. It was abandoned after the Battle of Peleliu and today is overgrown with a coconut plantation.<ref name=":12"/>  In any event, in mid-2024 after months of work, U.S. Marine engineers reactivated the Peleliu airfield to enhance US military capability in the Pacific region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.audacy.com/connectingvets/news/military-reactivates-world-war-2-era-airfield-in-the-pacific |title=US Military reactivates World War 2 era airfield in the Pacific|date=28 June 2024 |publisher=Audacy, June 29, 2024|accessdate=September 8, 2024}}</ref>

A regular boat service connects the island twice a week to Koror and Angaur.  Travel time by boat from Koror is over an hour.  The small harbor in the far north of the island is shallow and suitable only for yachts with shallow draft.

The main road lies on the west side of Bloody Nose Ridge and extends from [[Kloulklubed]] to the landing strip. Secondary roads extend to all parts of the island.

==Peleliu Battlefield==
{{Infobox NRHP
| name                 = Peleliu Battlefield
| nrhp_type            = NHL
| image                =
| caption              =
| location             = Peleliu, [[Palau]]
| locmapin             =
| built                = 1944
| architect OR builder =
| architecture         =
| added                = February 4, 1985
| area                 = {{convert|7680|acre}}
| refnum               = 85001754<ref>{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref>
}}
The entire island has been listed in the United States on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] as the '''Peleliu Battlefield''', and has been designated a U.S. [[National Historic Landmark]].<ref>{{NRISref|version=2009a}}</ref>

== Education==
The [[Ministry of Education (Palau)|Ministry of Education]] operates public schools.
[[File:ペリリュー島教会.jpg|300px|thumb|A church in the state of Peleliu]]
Peleliu Elementary School opened in 1946, and had its second building open in 1966, with the first still in use.<ref>"[http://www.palaumoe.net/peleliu/ Peleliu Elementary School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005202159/http://www.palaumoe.net/peleliu/ |date=2017-10-05 }}." Ministry of Education (Palau). Retrieved on February 22, 2018.</ref>

[[Palau High School]] in [[Koror]] is the country's only public high school, so children from this community go there.<ref name=about>"[http://www.palaumoe.net/phs/about.php About] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303134015/http://www.palaumoe.net/phs/about.php |date=2018-03-03 }}." [[Palau High School]]. Retrieved on February 22, 2018.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}{{NPS|last1=Snyder|first1=David|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003299366|title=Archaeology and historic preservation in Palau|last2=Adams|first2=William Hampton|last3=Butler|first3=Brian M.|date=1997|publisher=U.S. National Park Service|series=Anthropology research series / Division of Cultural Affairs, Republic of Palau 2|location=San Francisco}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/islands_oceans_poles/palau_beliliou.jpg Map of Peleliu]
*[https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1180/index.htm Peleliu National Historical Park Study Preliminary Draft]
*[http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/peleliu/default.aspx Bloody Peleliu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421175639/https://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/?aspxerrorpath=%2Fwwii%2Fpeleliu%2Fdefault.aspx |date=2021-04-21 }}
*[https://thewiredjester.co.uk/2009/04/11/thousand-yard-stares-ruins-and-ghosts-of-the-battle-of-peleliu-1944-2008/ Photos of WW2-era relics and equipment on Peleliu]
*[https://palauconsulate.org.uk/ Honorary Consulate of the Republic of Palau to the UK & NI]

{{States of Palau}}
{{National Register of Historic Places in Palau}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Peleliu| ]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Palau]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks of the United States by insular area]]
[[Category:States of Palau]]
[[Category:Islands of Palau]]
[[Category:World War II on the National Register of Historic Places]]
[[Category:Important Bird Areas of Palau]]
[[Category:Important Bird Areas of the Caroline Islands]]